FE Exam Fluids Review

Xiaofeng Liu, Ph.D., P.E., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Texas at San Antonio

Content
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Fluids properties: Density, specific volume, specific weight, and specific gravity Stress, pressure, and viscosity Surface tension and capillarity The pressure field in a static liquid Manometers Forces on submerged surfaces and the center of pressure Archimedes principle and buoyancy One-dimensional flows The field equation (Bernoulli equation) Fluids measurements (Pitot tube, Venturi meter, and orifices) Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) and Energy Line (EL) Reynolds number Drag force on immersed bodies Fluid flow (Pipe flow; Energy equation) The impulse-momentum principle (Linear momentum equation) Dimensional analysis and similitude Open-channel flow
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1. Fluid properties
Density, specific volume, specific weight, and specific gravity

2. Stress, pressure and viscosity

3. Surface tension and capillarity

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4. Pressure field in static fluid

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4. Pressure field in static fluid

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5. Manometers
General procedure of reading manometer
Starting from a point where pressure is know (such as the open end of the manometer) Travel through the entire tube until the point of measurement Pressure change over a column of fluid (i) is hi (head in terms of this fluid); convert it to head of specific fluid if desired (h= i/ hi)
If traveling downward, pressure increases (plus) If traveling upward, pressure decreases (minus) Two points at the same elevation in a continuous fluid are at the same pressure

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6. Forces on submerged surfaces

Force on a plane surface

F = hc A

Means the magnitude to the pressure force equals the pressure at the centroid times the area. It doesnt mean the location of the force is at centroid

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6. Forces on submerged surfaces

Center of pressure
I0 Ayc2 + I c I = = yc + c yp = yc A yc A yc A

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Force on a curved surface

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7. Archimedes principle and buoyancy

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A 24 cm long rod floats vertically in water. It has a 1 cm2 cross section and a specific gravity of 0.6. Most nearly what length, L, is submerged?

24 cm

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8. One-dimensional flow
Continuity equation: conservation of mass Lets look at a simple version: continuity in a tube If the volume of the tube does not change, then what ever comes in should goes out.

V1 A1 V2 A2 = 0
Continuity equation (steady)

If the volume of the tube does change with time

V1 A1 V2 A2 = dVol dt
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Continuity equation (unsteady)

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9. Bernoulli equation

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11. HGL and EL

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12. Reynolds number

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13. Drag force on immersed bodies

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14. Fluid flow (pipe flow)

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15. The impulse-momentum principle

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16. Dimensional analysis

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18. Open-channel flow

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