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SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STANDS

INSTALLED ON TORRENTIAL BEDLOAD DEPOSITS


INSIDE THE MANAGED HYDROGRAPHIC
NETWORK FROM THE UPPER SOMEŞUL MIC
WATERSHED

F. S. LUPAŞCU I. CLINCIU2
Abstract: Observations and measurements achieved in twelve experimental
plots - inside five valleys ((Valea Soponii, Pârăul Brădet, Pârăul Răşca Mare,
Pârăul Negruţa şi Valea Leşului)) – have demonstrated that the grey alder is the
species that installed with the highest frequency on the siltations, created or in
creating process, along the managed torrential hydrographic network from Upper
Someşul Mic Watershed. The age of the stands varies between 5 and 20 years, the
density from 5 000 to 9 500 trees per hectare, the collar diameter (d c) between
25.5 and 203.5 mm, the breast height diameter (dbh) from 17.6 to 165 mm, the
heigth (h) between 3.7 and 12.5 m.

Key words: torrential bedload deposit, siltation, stand, grey alder.

1. Introduction hydrotechnical works. Here, the grey alder,


willow and the spruce tree are installed
As it is well-known, the installation of with a big easiness, because of a high
forest vegetation under the shelter of degree of humidity of the torrential
hydrotechnical works is one of the main bedload deposits and because of a
goals of any torrential watershed supplement of nutritious substances.
management project.
Indeed, by the sediment storage both
directly – by the transverse hydrotechnical
works (small dams and dams) – and
indirectly, by the cover of beds with all
types of works, and also by the reciprocal
support of traverses, there can be ensured
not only the prote0ction of objectives
against torrential floods, but also an
important ecological effect, as a result of
the installation and development of forest
vegetation inside the torrential bedload
deposits of the managed hydrographical
network. Fig. 1. Forest vegetation installled on the
First of all, we deal with the atterations accretion of the 5B1.5 sill on Leşu Brook.
which are created by the tansverse Photo F. Lupaşcu, 2005
____________________________________________________
1
National Forest Administration – Cluj Napoca Branch
2
Dept. of Forest Management, Transilvania University of Brasov.
b)
a)

c)

d)

Fig. 2. Without the created or in creating process siltations, the grey alder
developed: properly in the execution zone of the works, sometimes precisely on
certain components, on the crown of the leading walls (a,c), on the spillway (b),
including on the torrential bedload deposits inside the aprons (d).
Photos: F. Lupaşcu, 2005.
Consequently, they can achieve an rings in order to tell the age. The
important improvement of conditions diameter was measured with the sliding
inside the torrential bedload deposits. callipers, while the height was measured
Soil. with a stake having the gradation every
From the hydrological point of ten centimeters.
view , the most interesting directions of
our research are: 2. Proportion of the forest vegetation
- the degree of installation of the instalalation inside siltations
natural forest vegetation inside The experimental data have shown there
siltations; is a very large variability regarding the
- the composition, age and density percentage of the forest vegetation
of the developed stands; installed inside siltations (from 0 % to 100
- the statistical variability and %) depending on: bed sizes, period of
distribution of the most important works exploitation, their siltation degree,
biometrical characteristics: the collar humidity and granulometrical composition
diameter (dc), the breast height diameter of deposits, supplement of nutritious
(dbh) and the height (h). substances and others.
With regard to all the research For all the managed torrential valleys,
aspects, our experimental observations the part of siltations surface with installed
and measurements in two stages were forest vegetation is almost 5.3 hectares
developed as follows : (out of a total of 17.8), which means a
- in a first stage, in a visual way, we percentage of 30%.
estimated the percentage of forest Among the torrential valleys with the
vegetation installation inside the most important consolidated surface by
siltations of all the 38 managed means of natural afforestation there are:
torrential valleys and for all the small Bătrâna Brook (100%) and Crucii Brook
dams and the dams achieved during the (92%). At the opposite pole range: Custurii
last four decades inside Upper Someşul Brook, Petrii Brook, and Fânaţelor Brook,
Mic Watershed (starting from 1964). where the installation percentage is about
- in the second stage, biometrical 0%. In one case (Râşca Mare Valley) –
measurements were carried out inside 12 pursuant to the new carried out works – the
experimental plots; these were placed formed siltations were scattered by the
along five torrential valleys with direct building equipments, so that the natural
flow in the water storage lakes. installed vegetation was, to a large extent,
The work operations were the dislocated or destroyed.
following: painting and numbering of all
trees, inventory of trees regarding the 3. Species, age, density
species and measurement of three
biometrical characteristics: height (h in The inventories carried out in the 12
meters) and collar diameter (dc), when h experimental plots have shown that white
≤1.3m, and height (h in meters), collar alder is the species with the greatest
diameter (dc in milimeters) and basic capability in the forest vegetation
diameter (dbh also in milimeters), installation process. The frequency
when h≥ 1.3 m. Only for some trees, by identified for this species is about 58 %.
probing, there were numbered yearly
Sporadically, willow and common spruce
were installed.
Due to a very active growth in the first 120
10-15 years after installation, due to its 100
80
system of strong ramified roots and also 60
to a very vigurous capability in the 40 y = -0.4522x2 + 18.169x - 81.907
suckering and shooting out process, the 20 R2 = 0.8457
grey alder was recorded as the species 0
with the most important contribution to 8 13 18 23

the consolidation, by forest means, of the


torrential bedload deposits from the Upper
Someşul Mic Watershed (fig.2). V
ârsta (ani)
Fig. 4. Correlation and regression
between age (X) and dbh (Y) for the white
alder.

Further on, with the inventoried trees


number and the surface of each plot,
estimations regarding the density of trees
number per hectare could be made. The
average density is nearly of 7 667 trees /
ha, while the range is defined by 5 000 (in
case of plot no V – Soponii Valley) and 9
Fig. 3. Aspects that illustrate the testing 500 (recorded in case of plot no VI –
plots set up for the research of the Brădet Brook).
biometric characteristics of the trees: plot
no.9 (Negruţa Brook). 4. Main biometrical characteristics of
Photo F. Lupaşcu, 2005 the stands

In terms of age, the installed stands are The data centralized in the experimental
relatively even-aged stands, the age of plots index have shown that the collar
trees varying from a few years to 15 years. diameter (dc) varies between 25.5 and
For age estimation purposes, in three out of 203.5 mm, the basic diameter (dbh) from
the five experimental plots, sectionings of 17.6 to 165 mm, and the height (h)
the trees were made and their yearly rings between 3.7 and 12.5 m.
were numbered, in case of 2-5 trees for For methodological reasons in the
each plot. As an example, in the following development of research, all
figure, correlation and regression between experimental plots were selected and
age and basic diameter, for all biometrical characteristics were
experimental plots, are illustrated. processed and analysed with the aid of
mathematical statistics methods.
Average, variance, standard deviation
and variation coefficient were
determined, for each characteristic. Also,
the simple corellation coefficients were
calculated and only for two of these
correlations, regression equations were
established. Finally, for one of the 180
experimental distributions, its fitting by 160
the most well-known theoretical 140
120
distribution (i.e. the normal distribution) 100
was made. Statistical indicators were 80
determined for the measured values 60 y = 0.8231x - 3.6792
(expressed in milimeters or in meters). For 40 R2 = 0.9345
20
two cases, parallel calculations were
0
developed: with ungrouped data into 0 100 200 300
classes and with grouped data into classes.
Among all the measured characteristics,
the greatest statistical variability is shown by
the basic diameter, for which the variation Fig. 5. Regression between basic diameter
coefficient is about 51 %. (dbh = y) and collar diameter (dc = x).
Applying to all three researched
variables, taken two by two, the simple Finally, resorting to an adjustment test (χ
analysis of correlation ended with a 2), for only one of the measured biometrical
significant coefficient for all the situations, characteristic (i.e. the collar diameter), the
for study option „measured values” (table 1). observed distribution has been compared
From the point of view of regression, the with one of the well-known theoretical
regression between basic diameter (dbh) distribution: the normal distribution.
and collar diameter (dc) was studied. For Because the calculated χ2 < theoretical χ
regression type selection, we used the 2, the null hypothesis was accepted, that
facilities provided by the computer, which means the collar diameter follows the
automatically lists the determination normal distribution.
coefficient value(R2), indicating the quality
of estimation, too.
Table 1 20 χ2exp < χ2 5% χ2exp =2,34
The simple correlation coefficients χ2 5% = 12,59
Specification 15
dc dbh H
of variable
dc - 0,967*** 0,848** 10
***
dbh - - 0,866
5
H - - -
For α = 0,001 and f = N – 2 = 107 – 2 = 0
105 freedom degrees: r = 0,321 0 50 100 150 200

The best estimation of experimental Fig. 6. The frequency curve for alder at
data was offered by the linear function, the the collar diameter and its fitting
regression equation being: dbh = 0.8231 dC according to the normal curve.
– 3.6792.

5. Conclusions
The development of the information
referring to the forest vegetation that installs
on the torrential hydrographic watersheds 1. Ciortuz, I., Păcurar, V.: Land
managed network is necessary from two Reclamation. Lux Libris Publishing
points of view: House, Braşov, 2004, 231p.
- In the first instance, to estimate the 2. Clinciu, I.: Torrents Control.
consolidation effect carried out after Transilvania University of Braşov,
constructing the management works on the 2001, 248 p.
torrential hydrographical network and to 3. Clinciu, I., Chitea, Gh.,Păcurar, V,
take this into consideration to decide the Petritan, C., Lupascu F., Indreica, A.,
continuing or stopping of the interventions 2004: Effects of the torrential
in the watershed. hydrographic network management
- In the second instance, to organize the works from the Upper Tărlung
monitoring and maintenance activity of the Watershed. Research article CNCSIS
constructed works on the torrential grant 600 (director: prof. dr. eng. Ioan
hydrographical network, knowing that, due Clinciu), 2004, 45 p.
to the very heterogenic conditions in this 4. Giurgiu, V.: The use of mathematical
area of the watershed, the installation of the statistics methods in Forestry. Ceres
vegetation is made in an uncontrolled Publishing House , 1972, 565 p.
manner. Indeed, the vegetation installs not 5. Giurgiu, V.: Dendrometry and forest
only on the existing siltations or on those in
auxology. Ceres Publishing House,
creating process, but properly in the
Bucharest, 1979, 692 p.
execution zone of the works, sometimes
6. Haralamb, At.: Culture of forest
precisely on certain components, on the
species. Agrosylvicultural Publishing
crown of the leading walls, on the spillway,
House, Bucharest, 1967, 755 p.
including on the torrential bedload deposits
7. Lupaşcu, F., Clinciu I.,: Some results
inside the aprons.
of the researches regarding the effects
This is why the proportion of the forest
of the torrential hydrographic network
vegetation installation inside siltations,
management works from the Upper
species, age, density and the main
Someşul Mic Watershed. Forest
biometrical characteristics of the stands,
Review (publishing in progress), 2009.
including the correlations and regressions
8. Munteanu, S.A.,Traci, C., Clinciu, I.,
between these characteristics, represent
Lazăr, N., Untaru, E., Gologan, N.:
elements that can support the practising
Torrential hydrographic watershed
engineer to assume the best decisions
management by forest and
connected to monitoring the managed
hydrotechnical works. (vol.II).
torrential watershed.
Romanian Academy Publishing House,
It is a matter of planning the best moment
Bucharest. 1993, 311 p.
when to carry out the maintenance
9. Nicolescu, N.V: Forestry. Aldus,
operations and of optimization, in time, of
Publishing House, Braşov, 2003, 127
the joint between the hydro-technical work
p.
on the torrential hydrographical valley and
10. Şofletea, N., Curtu L.:, Dendrology.
the installed vegetation as a result of this
Transilvania University Publishing
practice.
House, Braşov, 2007, 418 p.
11. Traci, C., Afforestation of degraded
References
lands. Ceres Publishing House,
Bucharest, 1985, 282p.
Unele caracteristici ale arboretelor instalate pe depozite
torenţiale de pe reţeaua hidrografică amenajată în bazinul superior
al Somesului Mic
Rezumat: Observaţii şi măsurători realizate în 12 pieţe de probă, amplasate pe cinci văi
torențiale (Valea Soponii, Pârăul Brădet, Pârăul Răşca Mare, Pârăul Negruţa şi Valea Leşului)
in bazinul superior al Someşului Mic, au arătat că aninul alb este specia care s-a instalat cu cea
mai mare frecvenţă pe aterisamentele formate sau aflate în proces de formare, pe reţeaua
hidrografică amenajată in aceasta zona a tării.
Arboretele instalate sunt relativ echiene (5-20 ani), desimea acestora variind de la 5 000
la 9 500 de arbori pe hectar, diametrul la bază (dc) între 25,5 şi 203,5 mm, diametrul de bază
(d1.3) între 17,6 şi165 mm, iar înălţimea (h) între 3,7 şi12,5 m.
Cuvinte cheie: depozit torențial, aterisament, arboret, anin alb.
Recenzent:
Supervizor traducere limba engleză:

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