Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 About Mathura Refinery Mathura Refinery is the sixth refinery of Indian Oil which was commissioned in 1982 with capacity of 6.0 MMTPA to meet the demand units of petroleum products. The major secondary processing Unit provided were Fluidised Catalytic Cracking

(FCCU),Vis-breaker Unit (VBU) and Bitumen Blowing Unit(BBU).The original technology for these units was sourced from USSR,UOP etc. With the commissioning of Once Through Hydrocracker Unit in July 2000, capacity of Mathura Refinery is increased to 8.0 MMTPA. Diesel Hydro treating unit (DHDT) & MS Quality Up-gradation unit (MSQU) was installed with worldwide class technology from Axons and UOP in 2005 for production of EURO-III grade HSD &MS. Mathura Refinery is having its own captive power plant, which was augmented with the commissioning of three Gas Turbine (GT) And Heat Recovery Steam Generator in phases from 1997 to 2005 using Natural Gas as fuel to take care of environment. Mathura Refinery has planted 1,67,000 trees in surrounding areas including refinery & township and 1,15,000 trees in Agra region around Tajmahal. The Ecological Park which is spread across 4.45 acres is a thriving green oasis in the heart of sprawling Refinery. 1.2 Refineries under IOCL Refineries under IOCL are listed below:1

i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii.

Mathura Refinery Digboi Refinery (Upper Assam) Barauni Refinery Gujarat Refinery Haldia Refinery Panipat Refinery Bongaigaon Refinery Guwahati Refinery

1.3 Products of IOCL Different products of IOCL are been listed below, i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. 1.4 Indane Gas Auto Gas Natural Gas Petrol/Gasoline Diesel/Gas Oil ATF/Jet Fuel SERVO Lubricants Marine Fuels Kerosene Petrochemicals

Objective

* To undergo training on study of production of fuels such as Diesel, Kerosene, Naphtha, Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF) and High Speed Diesel. * To study the Safety measures in the plant. ---***--

Chapter-2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 General Basically, molecular molecular the process cracks into and the high-boiling, boiling, hydrocarbons high lowers and

weight weight

hydrocarbons olefinic

lower

aromatic

hydrogenates them. Any sulphur and nitrogen present in the hydro cracking feedstock are, to a large extent, also hydrogenated and form gaseous hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3) which are subsequently removed. The result is that the hydro cracking products are essentially free of sulphur and nitrogen impurities and consist mostly of paraffinic hydrocarbons. Hydro cracking plants are capable of processing a wide variety of feed stocks of different characteristics to produce

a broad range of products. They can be designed and operated to maximize the production of a gasoline blending component (called hydro crack ate) or to maximize the production of diesel oil. 2.2 Definition Hydro petroleum constituent cracking is a catalytic in chemical the crude process highoils used to in

refineries

for

converting petroleum

boiling more

hydrocarbons

valuable lower-boiling products such as gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel and diesel oil. The process takes place in a hydrogen- rich atmosphere at elevated temperatures (260-425) and pressure (35200 bar).

2.3 History Hydro cracking was first developed in Germany as early as 1915 to provide liquid fuels derived from their domestic coal deposits. The first plant that might be considered as a

commercial hydro cracking unit began operation in Luna, Germany in 1927. Similar efforts to convert coal to liquid fuels took place in the Great Britain, France and other countries. Between 1925 and 1930, Standard Oil of New Jersey collaborated with I.G. Farben industrie of Germany to develop hydro cracking capable of converting heavy petroleum oils into fuels. Such processes required pressures of 200-300 bar and

temperature of over 375 and were very expensive. Hydro cracking enjoyed rapid growth in the United States during late 1960s and early 1970s. As of 2001, there were about 155 hydrocracker units

operating worldwide and processing about 4,000,000 barrels per day of feedstock. 2.4 Hydrocracking Unit in MATHURA REFINERY Hydro cracking unit in Mathura Refinery is used to reduce sulphur emission and to maximize the middle distillate products produce in fractionating tower. Feed in Hydro cracking unit consist of VGO (Vacuum Gas Oil), it consist of both High Vacuum Gas Oil as well as Low Vacuum Gas Oil.

Primary products from Hydrocracker Unit are listed below;i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. LPG Stabilize Light Naphtha Heavy Naphtha Aviation Turbine Fuel or Superior Kerosene High Speed Diesel FCCU Feed

2.5 Hydrocracker Technology It is an extremely versatile catalytic process in which feedstock ranging from Naphtha to vacuum residue can be processed in presence of Hydrogen and catalyst to produce almost any desired products lighter than catalytic converting petroleum takes chemical the crude in process to used highoils a boiling more feed. Hydro cracking is a petroleum refineries hydrocarbons for in in

constituent valuable rich

lower-boiling at

products elevated

such as gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel and diesel oil. The process place hydrogenatmosphere temperatures (260-425) and pressure (35-200 bar). Basically, molecular molecular the process olefin cracks into and the high-boiling, boiling, hydrocarbons high lowers and

weight weight

hydrocarbons

lower

aromatic

hydrogenates them. Any sulphur and nitrogen present in the hydro cracking feedstock are, to a large extent, also hydrogenated and form gaseous hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3) which are subsequently removed. The result is that the hydro cracking products are essentially free of sulphur and nitrogen impurities and consist mostly of paraffinic hydrocarbons.

2.6 Design basis OHCU of Mathura Refinery Hydro feed is cracking Arab unit mix & of 30% Mathura Bombay Refinery High by is designed to

process 1.2 MMTPA of VGO (Vacuum Gas Oil) from VDU. The design 70% weight. Earlier catalyst loaded in the reactor was from Chevron and was designed for 60% conversion. As the need for processing High Nitrogenous VGO was arising, it was decided to replace the catalyst capable of processing this kind of feedstock. Catalyst provided by UOP was capable of processing all kind of feedstock in Refinery and has 65% conversion ratio. 2.7 Hydrocracker Process Configuration Depending upon the feed, product mixture and capacity of unit, following configuration can be adopted for Hydrocracker:1. Single Stage: - For 100% conversion of feed to product. 2. Two Stages: - For 100% conversion of feed to product. 3. Once Through: - For partial conversion of feed to product (60-80) %. In Once Through bottom operation is taken as there is no i.e. Recycle FCC feed. and In

Fractionation

product

Single Stage scheme the unconverted material from Fractionators bottom is recycle to the first reactor along with the fresh feed. In the two scheme the unconverted material is routed separately to another reactor. takes place to Extinction. Flow Sheet of Hydrocracking Technology is shown in figure 2.1. --****-In both the above cases Cracking

Fig. 2.1:- Flow Sheet of Hydrocracking Technology Source:- www.hydrocracking/wikipedeia.com

Chapter-3 PROCESS DESCRIPTION AND FIELD METHODLOGY

3.1 Process Description 3.1.1 Brief Description In Hydrocracker the VGO Feed is subjected to cracking over catalyst beds in presence of H2 at pressure 185kg/cm2 and temperature of 365-441. The cracked products are separated in fractionators. Light Ends are recovered in debutanizer column. The process removes almost all sulphur and N2 from feed into H2S and Ammonia. The Unit Consists of Following Sections:i. ii. iii. iv. Make up H2 Section Reaction Section Fractionation Section Light Ends Recovery Section

3.1.1.1 Make Up H2 Section It consists of three identical parallel compressor trains, each with three stage of compressor. During normal operation two trains are in use and compress make up H2 from a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit to reactor section. The compressed make up H2 is combined with recycle gas in the reaction to form reactor feed gas. The makeup H2 compressor section is also used to compress a mixture of H2 and air during Catalyst Regeneration. 3.1.1.2 Reaction Section It contains one reaction stage in a single high pressure loop. Due to reactor weight limits of approx. 400 metric tons,
8

the

reaction section consists of two reactors in series. The

Hydro treating and Hydro cracking reaction take place in the reaction stage at high temperature and pressure. A high hydrogen partial reaction pressure and to is required to promote of the hydro An cracking of prevent coking catalyst. excess

hydrogen is recirculated in the reactor loop for reactor cooling to maintain a high hydrogen partial pressure and to assure even flow distribution in the reactors. 3.1.1.3 Fractionation Section It is used to separate reaction products into sour gas, unstabilized liquid naphtha, heavy naphtha, kerosene, unconverted products which serve as feed to FCC unit. The sour gas and unstable naphtha are sent to the light end section to make fuel gas, LPG and Light Naphtha. 3.1.1.4 Light End Recovery Section Light Naphtha from the fractionators is sent to Deethanizer, where gases are recovered and sent to Amine Absorber where the H2S is absorbed with amine and H 2S free fuel gas is sent to fuel gas system. Rich amine Unit. with The dissolved bottom of H
2S

is

sent is

to

Amine to

Regeneration

deethanizer

sent

debutanizer, for the recovery of LPG, LPG is taken out from top and sent to treating section where it is washed with Casuistic for removal of H
2S.The

stabilized

Naphtha

from

the

bottom

of

the

stabilizer is sent to H2 unit for production of Hydrogen. 3.2 Reactor Effluent Cooling The two phase reactor effluent which is at high temperature 400/415 at SOR/EOR are cooled by various heat cooling that take place are given below:
9

3.2.1 Effluent Feed Heat Exchanger After leaving main reactor the effluent is initially cooled by incoming VGO feed and is further cooled by heat exchanger with recycle gas and with product fractionators feed. The effluent is further cooled to 210 by exchanging heat with boiler feed water. About 12MT/hr medium pressure steam at pressure of 14kg/cm2 is generated in this exchanger. 3.2.2 Hot High Pressure Separator This is used for following reasons; the reactor products and gases are separated from the reactors. The effluent inlet temperature shouldnt be more than 210. This is due to:i. ii. To avoid hydrogen attack carbon steel. To minimize heat exchange area needed for reheat. Liquid from HHPS flows to the power recovery turbine where it is cut down in pressure before entering the hot low pressure separator. A steady liquid flow to PRT is very critical for its proper operation. The variations in the liquid level in the HHPS are not controlled by varying the liquid flow to the PRT.t 3.2.3 Cold High Pressure Separator Cooled Reactor Effluent vapours, condensed light hydrocarbons and sour water enter the CHPS at about 65 after leaving the effluent vapour air cooler. Hydrogen rich recycle gas gets separated from the oil and water phase exits the CHPS and enters the recycle gas loop. The majority of water entering the separator settles to the bottom of the drum because of its higher density relative to the oil. However some small water droplets may become entrained in the
10

oil.

To

reduce

water

carry

over

the causes

oil

is

passed water

through

a to

vertical

coalescing

pad,

which

the

droplets

coalesce into droplets large enough to settle into water phase in the bottom of drum. Liquid hydrocarbons drawn off just below the horizontal baffle at the farthest from coalescing pad and is sent to the CLPS. 3.2.4 H2S Absorber The H2S absorber is designed to remove at least 95% of the H2S out of the recycle gas in order to minimize the H2S partial pressure in the high pressure loop and increase the hydrogenation rate of Aromatic Compounds. The resulting H2S concentration in the recycle gas is less than 500 ppm. The H2S is removed from the recycle gas by being absorbed by an v amine solution (25 wt %) flowing counter current to the recycle gas. The H2S absorber consists of eight valve trays. The H2S rich amine stream from the bottom of the absorber is let down in pressure and sent to a flash drum and amine generation unit. 3.3 Wash Water System Nitrogen compounds in the feed get converted into ammonia in the reactor by hydrogenation, since a high ammonia concentration in the recycle gas affects the catalyst activity it is therefore removed from the reactor effluent to prevent its build up in the Recycle Gas. Besides ammonia may react with H2S to form Ammonium Bisulphide, which can precipitate at temperature below 150 . There will deposit on exchange tubes, Causing plugging and reducing heat transfer.

11

For keeping the ammonia Bi-sulphide in dissolve rate condensate and polysulfide solution is injected into reactor effluent upstream of the air cooler on a continuous basis. The ammonia is removed with an equal and of hydrogen sulphide as an aq. Solution of NH3NS from downstream high pressure separator. There are four cooler and each handle double inlet and outlet. 3.4 Cold Low Pressure Separator The HHPS hydrocarbon liquid is letdown in pressure through

the PRT and letdown value is flashed at 36.0kg/cm2g in the HLPS. The vapour from the HLPS becomes part of the CLPS feed and the liquid becomes part of fractionators feed. This high temperature and low pressure flash allow for recovery of dissolved hydrogen from HHPS liquid. Additionally the HLPS protects the downstream fractionators in the event that the HHPS losses liquid level and high pressure gas flows to the downstream low pressure equipment. Before entering the CLPS, the HLPS vapours is cooled in the HLPS vapour air liquid cooler from to the 65 CHPS. for is and The is low then combined , with low let

hydrocarbon membrane hydrogen

temperature to be

pressure flash in CLPS release H2 rich vapour which is sent to purification consumption. unit(MPU) The CLPS H2 recovery designed to reduce a 3 phase

separator. 3.5 Product Fractionators The fractionators operate much like a crude unit atmospheric column to separate the products. The fractionators contains a total of 51 trays , out of the 39 trays above and 12 trays below due flash zone. In normal operation , off gas and unstabilized light
12

naphtha are sent over head, heavy naphtha is drawn as side cut from trays, kerosene from 18 and diesel 30. The unconverted oil is drawn at the bottom. The fractionating column is divided into two sections: i. ii. Stripping Section Over Head or Rectifying Section

Stripping Sections The fractionators has 51 trays for vapours liquid contacting. Feed at 345 enters the flash zone between 39 and 40 trays. In the stripping section (tray40-51), superheated medium

pressure steam is supplied to strip recoverable product out of fractionators bottom is controlled by FIC- 610. The un converted oil is cooled by heat exchange first with the reactor feed and lastly by an cooler before going to tank. Overhead Section Fractionators over head vapours are partially condensed in air cooler and the trim cooler. It is then combined with spill tank from the first stage off gas compressor at to and then The goes to fractionators interface overhead accumulator is pumped 43. water condensed The

hydrocarbon and water separate in the accumulator. The water under level controlled stripper. hydrocarbon liquid is split in two streams. One stream under flow FIC -6101 as loaded with TIC-6101 is sent back to column at tray-1 as reflux to maintain column overhead temperature at 102. The other stream is the product (i.e. unstabilized naphtha) and routed to the light end recovery section. Two stages of compression and two pumps compress the vapour and liquid product up to the required
13

pressure flashed

for knock

light out

end drum.

recovery The Some

section, out the

after

each

stage

of

compression, the vapour and liquid stream are combined , cooled knock of drum vapour presents goes entrained to the liquid going to 2nd stage compressor, remove condensed water to separates 1.1kg/cm2. Heavy naphtha is drawn from tray8 of fractionators and flows to the heavy naphtha side cut stripper. The heavy naphtha product is pumped via water cooler 07-E -011 to storage at 40. The vapour from stripper is return to fractionators above tray. ATF Product Side cut Stripper:ATF drawn tray-18 to side stripper 07-C-004.The stripper was designed with 10 valve trays with a thermo siphon reboiler, which exchanges heat with diesel pump around. The ATF first exchanges heat with cold feed VGO. Diesel Product Side cut Stripper: -High speed diesel is also drawn from tray 30 and flows to side cut stripper. It is designed with 10 valve trays and uses superheated medium pressure steam to remove light components from products. The over head vapour is returned to the fractionators above tray 28. 3.6 Light Ends Recovery Section The light end recovery section performs three basic vapour liquid. back fractionators overhead line when column pressure is maintained at

functions:I. II. III. Removes light ends and water from light naphtha, C-2, H2S. Separate LPG from light naphtha and treat LPG to meet desired specification. Sweeten the sour gas for further use as fuel gas.
14

3.6.1 Light Ends Compression Section The purpose of compression section is to compress the vapour from the fractionators over head accumulator to the pressure required in the fuel gas system. The light end compression section consists of two stages of compression. Between the two stages of compression stage there is a water cooler and a knock out drum. The vapour from the fractionators over head accumulator is compressed in the first stage of gas compressor before it is combined with the vapour compressed in second stage. The gas from 1st stage discharge is then cooled in a water cooler and flushed in a knock out drum. The knock out drum separate the vapour and liquid, removes any condensed water and prevents entrained liquid from going to the 2nd stage off gas compressor. The condensate is combined with the net liquid drawn from the fractionators over head accumulator, the sponge absorber bottom, as well as residue from the membrane purification unit after compression. 3.7 Deethaniser It removes light ends, C-2, H2S and water from light naphtha and LPG. The column is designed for high C-3 recovery and almost complete removal of H2S from light naphtha and LPG. The column contains three packed beds with the feed entering the top of column.The feed to the deethaniser comes from the combined liquid stream leaving the deethaniser reflux drum and is pumped to the top of the deethanizer. It mainly removes light ends H2S and water from light naphtha and LPG. It is main unit in removal of side product during the process.

15

3.8 Hydrogen Generation Unit Objective To meet the Hydrogen requirements for DHDS/DHDT/OHCU/Reforming units and other Hydrocrackers. Feed Natural Gas or Naphtha CATALYST- Co-Mo ZnO NiO Ni CuO for Hydrotreater for H2S and chloride absorber for Prereformers for Reformer for HT/LT Shift Reactors

3.9 HGU Product Purity and Operating Conditions 1. HGU Product is 99.99% pure Hydrogen. (Flow Sheet

Hydrogeneration Unit is shown in fig. 3.2) 2. Operating Conditions: Temperature-(860-870) deg Pressure 20-38 kg/cm2g 3.10 Process Description: HGU is designed for the production of 34,000 MTPY Hydrogen. The HGU Section is divided in following section:I. II. III. Desulphurization Reforming CO-Conversion The Flowsheet of Hydrogeneration Unit is shown in figure 3.116

Fig. 3.1:- Flow Sheet of Hydrogeneration Unit Source:- www.Mathurarefinery.com

17

3.10.1 Desulphurisation The Naphtha feedstock containing up to 200wt ppm sulphur compounds must be desulphurised because the catalyst in the

reforming section are extremely sensitive to sulphur compounds, since this will cause Deactivation of catalyst. So are the cases for Shift Catalyst. It contains three reactors, first a hydro generator loaded with cobalt-molybdenum-oxide. Hydrogenation catalyst followed by the H2S absorber which contains zinc-oxide absorption catalyst. Hydrogenation The first catalyst in the desulphurization system is placed in a single bed in the reactor. The catalyst used is cobaltmolybdenum .5kg/l. reaction:RSH +H2 R1SSR2 + 3H2 R1SR2 +2H2 ---------> --------> RH +H2S R1H +R2H +2H2S hydrogenation The catalyst. It has a bulk the density of

hydrogenation

catalyst

catalyses

following

---------> R1H +R2H +H2S ---------> C4H4 + H2S

(CH)4S + 4H2

COS + H2 --------> CO + H2S

18

For the naphtha feed stock a hydrogen flow of .1 Nm3/kg feed stock is needed for the hydrogenation where .03Nm3/kg is

sufficient when natural gas as feed stock. Activity of H2 depend on concentration of H2 and inlet

temperature to the reactor . At low temperature hydrogenation will be incomplete and at temperature above 400 polymerization products could be formed on the surface of the catalyst and decrease the activity. Absorption of sulphur Many plant the H2 catalyst in the first reactor the

hydrogenated process feed is sent and the sulphur Here the H2S formed is absorbed by the second

absorbers. 2nd Absorber

catalyst in a total of 4 beds in:H2S + ZnO -------> ZnS + H2O Among normal operation the sulphur content of the feed

stock in contact with the ZnO catalyst is reduced according to the equation costant:H2S/H2O = 2.5 X 10-6 at 380

19

3.10.2 Reforming section The gas from the desulphurization is mixed with steam and sent to the reforming section where hydrocarbon and steam

reaction over the top nickel reforming catalyst. It take place in two step: first in the adiabatic prereformer and tubular reformer. By incorporation of the pre-

reformed , considerable energy saving are obtained because heat from the waste heat section of the tubular reformer. Secondly, operation at a incorporation low steam of the ratio pre may reformer be allows flow

/carbon

maximum

through the tank is reduced. Further we pre reformer is reduced the possibility of carbon formation in the tubular reformer. Ex:> CNHM + n H2O ---------> n CO + (n+ m/2)H2

heat(694kj/mol.fraction.C4H10) CH4 + H2O ------> CO +3H2 Heat CO + H2O --------> CO2 + H2 + Heat(41kj/mol) CO +3H2 ---------> H2O + CH4 + Heat(206kj/mol)

Ratio used is H2O/C =2.3

20

3.10.3 Co- Conversion Chemical Reaction:> The preciously membrane shift reaction taking place:CO + H2O --------> CO2 + H2 + Heat Process to very close to equation. A low equation consist of CO is formed by lower temperature and none steam, while we reaction rate will higher at higher. More steam can give an apparently cover reaction rate due to higher space velocity, given by a slower contact time. The maximum conversion is

obtained at optimum temperatures which depend upon activity of the shift catalyst. Co- Shift Catalyst The MT shift concentrate is filled with catalyst is LK -811 on bed, consist The of oxide 811 of copper, is zinc and chromium. to

Operation:

LK-

catalyst

extremely

sensitive

sulphur poising. Chlorine and silica are also strong poisons. Sulphur section are, compound not absorbed in the on desulphurization pre reformer

quantitatively

absorbed

the

catalyst. Only chloride present in the process steam will reach the MT shift catalyst. The result is that during the life of the catalyst the active volume is only diminishing slowly.

21

It is oxidized rate LK 811 catalyst can be heated to 400 by air or steam , when it is reduced temperature above 340 should be avoided. The catalyst is activated by reaction at 150200 with N2 gas contain .5-2 vol. % H2. The reductions of the Cu react with the hydrogen under formation of free copper. Upper temperature for LK-811 are between 200 and 341 With normal inlet temperature of 205. At temperature near the

dew point, the activity will decrease due to capillary condition of water inside the catalyst, thus reducing should the free area. be kept Any at

operation

inlet

temperature

therefore

least 15 above the dew point.

--****--

22

Chapter-4 SAFETY MEASURES AND BEST PRACTICES

4.1 Quality Policy of Mathura Refinery Mathura refinery is committed to achieves satisfaction of its cooperative societies, farming community and customers by manufacturing and supplying specified quality product by pursuing. Improving technology for Enhancing/maintaining productivity and growth. Creating safe & healthy working conditions and eco-friendly

environment. 4.2 Co-operation and team spirit. Development of human resources. Quality Control & Resource Conservation Mathura Refinery has created following facilities to monitor and control product Quality & Resource Conservation. A well-equipped quality control laboratory. Technical core group for monitoring product quality and energy consumption. Conservation of natural resources by implementation of FMS. HRD cell for creating all round awareness and competence on

quality & environment issues. 4.4 Energy Conservation & Cost Reduction Salient features of the strategy adopted for energy conservation are as given below:

23

Incorporation of proven energy conservation schemes. In-house minor modifications for energy conservation schemes

involving small investments. Utilisation of excess steam from one plant to another. Trimmed operation of cooling towers to achieve most optimum

cooling water temperature. Minimize the unscheduled shutdowns by adopting exhaustive

preventive maintenance schedule for all the standby equipments. Optimizing the process parameters. Operating only one gas turbine in place of two gas turbines during winter months. Adopting change in original philosophy by operating motor drives during normal operating in place of condensing turbines, thereby reducing heat loss to cooling water which is a major heat sink. Monitoring of energy consumption of individual plants/section by monitoring the overall steam balance of the complex. With the above efforts, the average capacity utilisation of

plants at Mathura Unit has been around 116% resulting in realization of capital cost as well as saving of foreign exchange by avoiding import of refining of products. S, far Mathura Unit has produced and supplied over 7.2 million MT of Mathura in just 12 years of operation. 4.5 Safety Practices The quality levels of Mathura Unit reflect in its safety

performance also. Aonla Unit has observed accident free for almost three years. Several safety features are in built in the design of the plant. Fire alarm system network has been installed and commissioned

24

throughout the factory consisting of automatic fire detection system and manual call alarm system. 4.6 Mathura unit-Environment To keep pace with the stringent environmental regulations and to maintain ecological balance, zero effluent technology for ammonia and urea plants have been selected at the outset. The lagoons constructed to store the treated liquid effluent attract a large The number of migratory birds specially during winter seasons. air quality

constantly monitored by providing high volume samplers at different locations around the factory campus. Eighty meter eide green belt has been developed around the factory and the township to keep the environment clean. Till date monitor than 15.0 lakh trees have been planted. 4.7 Afforestation Once a wasteland, Mathura Refinery not only has come up as a hope for millions of farmers but also a true success story of unstinted and dedicated efforts of employees who have turned up the land in to an oasis. The dream of Green-Land comes through refinery never ending commitment to the society, dedicated and innovation handwork of its employees. The eco-friendly environment has attracted a large population of birds of various species. An 80m wide green belt is development at the Northern and Eastern sides of mathrua refinery Complex and 250m along with interface of township and plant. Continuous replantation of dead trees is carried out and overall green cover is also extended.

--****--

25

Chapter-5 SUMMARY AND C0NCLUSION

5.1 Summary Hydro petroleum constituent cracking is a catalytic in chemical the crude process highoils used to in

refineries

for

converting petroleum

boiling more

hydrocarbons

valuable lower-boiling products such as gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel and diesel oil. The process takes place in a hydrogen- rich atmosphere at elevated temperatures (260-425) and pressure (35200 bar). Hydro cracking plants are capable of processing a wide

variety of feed stocks of

different characteristics to produce

a broad range of products. They can be designed and operated to maximize the production of a gasoline blending component (called hydro crack ate) or to maximize the production of diesel oil. 5.2 Conclusion This process training their report of presents plant all the information to the about

methodology

the

according

equipment pressure

individually,

process

conditions,

temperature,

and operating conditions. All the necessary guidance for the preparation of the report is taken from the training manual of Mathura Refinery. There is a limitation in this training report regarding the details like optimization ,simulation and designing. --****-

26

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Mathura refinery plant manual 2. Website: www.hydrocracking/wikipedia.com 3. Website: www.ioclmathrua.com

----****----

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