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CHAPTER-2 NETWORK LAWS AND THEOREMS

For any closed path in a network, Kirchhoff Voltage 1. SOME BASIC TERMS:Law (KVL) state that the algebraic sum of the voltage is zero. 1. Node:- Any point in a circuit where the terminals of two or more elements are connected together. 2. Branch:- A branch is a part of circuit Key points: (a)
v (t ) = 0 Closed Path

(b) While going in direction of current, voltage drop is taken as ve

which extends from one node to other. A branch may contain one element or several elements in series. It has two terminals. 3. Essential Node: -If three or more elements are connected together at a node, then that node sometimes called essential node. 4. Mesh: -Any path which contains no other paths with in, called mesh. 5. Loop: -A path which contain more than two meshes, called a loop. Thus a loop contains meshes but a mesh does not contain loop. Example 1: Consider the following circuit:iR - V = 0 V - iR = 0

(c) While going opposite to direction of current, voltage drop across resistor is taken as positive (+ve)

(d) This law applies equally to DC, time variable sources. Example : (a) Point 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are nodes. (b) a, b, c, d, e, f and g are branches. (c) Meshes are:- 1 2 5, 2 3 5, 3 4 5 (d) Loop are:- 1 2 3 5 1, 2 3 4 5 2 (e) Essential mode:- 2, 3 shown:Write KVL equation for the circuit

2. KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW:

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+Va - V1 - Vb - V2 - V3 = 0

(a) Equivalent Resistance:- When element is resistance :

v = i ( R1 + R2 + R3 )
v = i R eq .
R eq. = R1 + R2 + R3

Or

Va - iR1 - Vb - iR2 - iR3 = 0 Va - Vb = i ( R1 + R2 + R3 )

3. KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW : KCL states that the algebraic sum of currents at a node is zero. Alternatively the sum of currents entering a node is equal to sum of currents leaving that node. Key Points: (a) It is based on the conservation of electric charge. (b) i (t ) = 0 (c) Sign convention is arbitrary. (d) Current entering node are assigned +ve sign and current leaving node are assigned ve sign. Example : Write the KCL equation for the principal node shown in fig below:-

(b) Equivalent Inductance:- When element in above circuit is inductor then :

v = L1 di di di + L2 + L3 dt dt dt di dt

v = ( L1 + L2 + L3 )

Leq = L1 + L2 + L3

For any number of inductance:

Leq = L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 + ........

Solution : Principal node:- Same as essential node.

i1 - i2 + i3 - i4 - i5 = 0 i1 + i3 i2 + i4 + i5 .

(c) Equivalent Capacitance :When the circuit element is capacitor in above circuit then,
v= 1 1 1 i dt + i dt + idt c1 c2 c3

4. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS IN SERIES:The 3 passive circuit elements in series connection have same current i. The voltages across elements are v1 , v2 , v3 . Total voltage v = v1 + v2 + v3 .

1 1 1 v = + + idt c1 c2 c3
v= 1 i dt Ceq
1 1 1 1 = + + Ceq c1 c2 c3

Then

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5. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS IN PARALLEL:The 3 element are connected as shown in figure (a) Equivalent Resistance:- i = i1 + i2 + i3
i= v v v + + R1 R2 R3

This concept is applicable to n number of resistance.

v1 = v v2 = v R1 R2 + R3 + R1 R2 R1 + R2 + R3

1 1 1 i = v + + R1 R2 R3
Then
1 1 1 1 = + + R eq R1 R2 R3

7. CURRENT DIVISION : A Parallel arrangement of resistors results in a current divider.

i= v v v v + + and i1 = R1 R2 R3 R1

(b) Equivalent Inductance :

1 1 1 = + + ..... Leq L1 L2

1 i1 R1 = 1 1 1 i + + R1 R2 R3

Thus i1 =
L1 L2 L1 + L2

R2 R3i ( R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1 )

For two inductance L eq = (c) Equivalent Capacitance :

C eq = c1 + c2 + ......

For two branch current divider:i1 = R2 i R1 + R2

For 2 branch circuit, the current in one branch is equal to the :

This is of the same form as resistor in series .

Totalcurrent

Resistance of Other Branch Total Resistance

6. VOLTAGE DIVISION : A set of series-connected resistor is referred as a voltage divider. Note:- while in voltage divider:Resistance of Other Branch Total Resistance

Current across one branch = Total voltage

Example : 1: Find all branch currents in the network shown below :-

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120 - 30 I - 2VA - 15 I = 0; VA = -15I

Thus

I=

120 = 8 A. 15

P 120V = -8 120 = 960w

P30W = i 2 R = 82 30 = 1920w
Solution : Circuit can be simplified as
RL =| zg + jx L |
2 P 15W = 8 15 = 960 w

Total power absorbed

= -960 + 1920 + 960 - 1920 = 0 W .

Note: Power absorbed by source = (Power delivered by source) Req. (Left) = S +

12 8 = 9.8W 20

63 = 2W Req. (Right) = 9
Using current divider theorem:I3 = I4 = 2 13.7 = 2 - 32 A 9.8 + 2 9.8 13.7 11 - 38 A. 9.8 + 2

Example : 3: Twelve identical wires of resistance 6L each are connected in form of a cube. Find the effective resistance of network acrosss LD. Solution :

I 3 = I1 + I 2 I1 = 8 2 - 32 = 0.93 A, T2 = 2.32 - 0.93 = 1.39 A. 12 + 8

I 4 = I5 + I6 I5 = 3 11.38 = 3.79 A. I 6 = 11.38 - 3.79 = 7.59 A 3+6

Current distribution of circuit if as shown in figure applying KVL across A - B - C - D :

i i i V = R+ R+ R 3 6 3

Example : 2:- In the circuit shown, what is the power absorbed by each element.

5 V = R i 6

Thus Req. =

5 R 6

Solution : Wnting KVL for the loop:-

5 Req. = 6 = 5 R 6

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8. STAR-DELTA TRANSFORMATION (DY)

R1 = R2 = R3 =

Ra Rc Ra + Rb + Rc Ra Rb Ra + Rb + Rc Rb Rc Ra + Rb + Rc

(b) Star to Delta Transformation:Also (I to II transformation)

Ra = Rb =

R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1 R3 R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1 R2 R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1 R1

(a) Delta to star Transformation:Also (II to I transformation)

Rc =

9. SOURCE TRANSFORMATION : Voltage source in series with resistance can be converted to equivalent current source in parallel with resistance.

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and Solution theorem:: Applying source Transformation

Transformation of voltage source to current source. Transformation of current source to voltage source. Note:For dependent sources, source Transformation can also be applied. However, the dependent variables should be kept intact, since the operation of the dependent source depends on it. Example : 1:- Do the source transformation of the following circuit:Note:Appling KVL:I= 10 + 1 - Vn / 2 5

Vn = + I

Solution :

and

Example 2: In the following circuit, find the current flowing through 2W resistor.

I=

10 + 1 5

I 2

I = 2A

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NETWORK THEOREMS: 1. Super Position theorem:A linear network which contains two or more independent sources can be analyzed to obtain the various voltages and branch currents by allowing the source to act one at a time then super posing the results. Key Points: This theorem is applicable to linear network and time varying or invarying network. Voltage source are replaced by SC current source by open circuit. It is also applicable for circuit having initial condition. With dependent source, super position can be applied only when the control function are external to the network containing the source, so that controls are unchanged, as the source act one at a time. This theorem directly can not applied to computation of power because power is non linear. Example : -Compute the current in the 3W the resistor by applying the super position theorem. Example : 2 :
16 2 I 11 = 3 = 1.2 A 16 +3 3
(3 + 4)2 + 4 = 5.5W 9 I= 20 = 9.9 A. 5.5 20 - 4 9.9 = -9.8 A 2

Req. =

20 - 4I - 2i = 0
i=

and

So I 1 = 19.7 A. Step-2: Replacing 20V voltage source with SC and finding current through 3W resistor:-

Thus current through 3L Resistor is

I = I 1 + I 11 = 20.9 A.

Solution : Step-1: Replacing 2A current source with open source and finding current through 3W resistor:-

By using which of the following theorem is possible to find the current through inductor:

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1. Thevenin theorem 2. Super position theorem 3. Millman theorem 4. Nortons theorem Solution : If the sources have some frequency, it is easy to get solutionby using will man theorem. While if sources have different frequency, then current through inductor is find out by using super position theorem.

3. When circuit has dependent source, then connect 1A source at terminal ab and find V. This voltage Vab is equal to Rth. For circuit consisting of only dependent sources, Vth = 0 but Rth 0.

Example : Find the Thevenin equivalent of the following circuit:

2. Thevenins Theorem : A linear, active and resistive network which contains one or more voltage and current source, can be replaced by a single voltage sauce of voltage called Thevenin voltage and series resistance called Thevenin resistance Rth. Solution : Vth = Vab
Vab - 20 Vab - 10 + =0 3 6

Vab = 10V . Rth Can be obtained by shoestring voltage

sources:Key Points: The resistance Rth can be computed by 3 methods:1.

Rth = Vth Vth = Open IN
63 + 3 = 5W. 6+3

circuit

voltage

Rth =

(VOC)
IN =

Example : For Case 2:- Determine the current Short circuit current at through 1W resistor across x-y in the circuit shown using Thevenins theorem:-

terminala-v. 2. In the absence of any dependent sources, the Rth is equivalent to resistance at terminal a-b while making all voltage sources SC and current source open circuit.

Sol:To find Vth, remove 1L resistor a cross x, y terminal and calculate Vxy as:-

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Any two terminal linear bilateral network containing active and passive elements can be replaced by a equivalent current source in parallel to an equivalent impedance. Current source is equal to the shout circuit current through given terminals. KVL at left most loop:18 - V0 - 2V0 = 0 V0 = 6V VA = 2V0 = 12V
I= VA - 15 1 =- A 9 3

Key Points:
I N Norton equivalent current
IN = Vth Rth

Vxy = VA - 5I = 13.67V . To find Thevenin Resistance, open circuit the 5A current source and short circuit 18V and 15V voltage source. Inject a 1A current in to network at x,

To find RN , it follows the 3 methods as given for Thevenin circuit.

RN Can be obtained in same manner as Rth.

Example : - Find the current flowing through 3Wresistor using Nortons theorem.

V0 = 0 VA = 0
VA - 5i = V xy
-5i = Vxy ........(1)

Solution :

Andvxy = 4(i + 1)

-5i = 4i + 4
4 i = - A. 9

Step-I:- Replace lord resistor by short circuit and find I S .C

Vxy = 5

4 = 2.22V . 9 2.22 = 2.22W 1A

Thus Rth =

3. Nortons Theorem:Q I SC = 5 A.

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