R O M A N I A

M I N I S T R Y O F E N V I R O N M E N T A N D W AT E R S M A N A G E M E N T

R E P O R T on THE ENVIRONMENTAL STATE IN ROMANIA DURING 2003

SYNTESIS
Buchares 200!

The preoccupation for the environment protection became a common place ever since the end of the nineteenth century, when the transition was done from the attitude of passive admiration for the nature's beauty, to the active one, for its protection and prevention from the abusive exploitation of natural assets. Without protecting the environment, a sustainable development can not be ensured. The sustainable development includes environmental protection and the environmental protection stipulates the sustainable development. The existent requests and exigencies from the European Union impose a new approach of the overall environmental problems from the viewpoint of effects and pressure on the environment and of all consequences of socio economical development. The United !ations "onference for Environment and #evelopment $U!"E#%, which too& place in 'io de (aneiro in (une )**+ showed that the environment and the sustainable development cannot be thought of as isolated fields and that the only way to long term economic progress, is to lin& it to the environment protection. The &ey problem of the sustainable development is the reconciliation between two human aspirations the necessity to continue the economic and social development, and also to protect and improve the environment as the only way to the welfare of both the present generations and the future ones. ,n important message of the -th ,ction .rogramme for the Environment is, among other things, to refresh the reporting systems to the European "ommunity in order to ma&e it possible a better analysis and assessment of the current requirements by indicating some ways of improving the efficiency of the future measures of environment protection. /n this occasion, the environment sources were identified the sustainable development is addressed to0 the climatic changes, the irrational use of the natural regenerating and non regenerating resources, the loss of biodiversity and the accumulations of persistent chemical substances in the environment. The progress1 measurement to reach the goals proposed needs information about the state of the environment and the causes that stay at the grounds of the environment problems. 2t is necessary an efficient reporting system referring to the environment policies1 enforcement and implementation. 3eing located in the European region of interference of "arpathian #anubian and #anubian .ontic ecosystems, 'omania has a natural and landscape stoc& of a beauty, variety and balance of envy. There are a lot of natural pieces in this country, protected by people, who made them pretty with dwellings, churches, architectonic assemblies, storage basins and other buildings that reflect their creative nature. The large problematic of the environment protection in the context of the sustainable development focuses on fighting the pollution phenomena inherent to some human activities in the current stage, on preventing the possible deteriorations, the assimilation, ad4ustment and enforcement of the environment requirements for the accession to the European Union, on achieving some common international pro4ects for the #anube and the 3lac& 5ea1s potential capitali6ation, for protecting biodiversity and the humid 6ones, on the water quality and forest state1s monitoring, on monitoring the ecological phenomena1s effects of global interest, on solving some acute problems such as the waste reduction and capitali6ation and the agriculture1s turning ecological, the promotion of clean technologies, the change of the human communities into sustainable ones. The present 'eport on the state of the environment in 'omania in +778 was elaborated in accordance with the dispositions of art. -9, letter 4% of the :aw no. )8;<)**9 on the environment protection, modified and re published. The contents of the 'eport is made of a range of problems specific to the field, and having correspondence with the system of indicators1 structure accepted by the European Environment ,gency. The main idea is to describe the interaction between society and the environment. The 'eport was structured in )= distinct chapters, each approaching a certain aspect. >or an easy follow up, elements of synthetic visual presentation ? tables and graphic representations ? were included in each chapter, so that the global evaluations in the text to be confronted and detailed with the figures at national level or at the level of a particular interest1s area. >or a succinct presentation of the state of the environment in 'omania, in +778 year was elaborated this material.

Economic evolutions
Romanias geographic position and the length of its borders are listed in Tables 1 and 2. Comparing with the other European States is a country with average dimensions, with an area of 23 ,3!1 "m2 and a population of 21,#!$,#!3 inhabitants %the 13th country in Europe, as length&'
Romanias geographic position The e"treme point North (orodi)tea *illage So$th 0imnicea 1own East Sulina 1own West +eba *eche Commune 1) after Greenwich The ength o( Romanias bor&ers Tota bor&ers +ulgaria 2ugoslavia 4oldovia Republic 5craine 5ngary 1he +lac" Sea Tota +!,-.2+!.+ 1,2., 20!.+ 2,-., ,,0./ !-+.1 The ength o( bor&ers (km) Terrestia Ri*erine !/01.2 !0!2.13!'1 $#-'2.,' 2 !', 3 , 1'3 2#3' 3$3'! $1.'! 32'1 3 3 #o$nt% +oto)ani 1eleorman 1ulcea 1imi) Eastern ongit$&e 2,-$2-./ 2.-2332/ 2!-$12$/ 2--1.$$/
!'

Tab e ! Northern atit$&e $ -1.-,/ $3-3#-#/ $.--!3,/ $,--#2#/ Tab e ) Maritime ),3., 22'2 3 3 31'# 3 1!3'.

+eing located in the European region of intreferrence of Carpathian and 6anubian37ontic comple8 ecosystems, Romania has a natural landscape stoc" of a beauty, variety and balance of envy' 9atural resources represent the natural capital, an essential compound of Romanias assets'1he evaluation of this resource by e8ploitation both of non3regenerating raw materials and of those regenerating and their processing into products necessary for life itself, determines greatly the level of economic and social development of the country, the state of the environment and life conditions of population' Romanias non-re eneratin natural resources were and still are e8ploited and processed with technologies that led to the severe pollution of some regions from the country' 1he e8traction and the use of fossile fuels %coal, oil&, mining e8tractions, siderurgical and metallurgical industy, power industry, cellulose and paper industry, chemical and petrochemical industry, building materials industry and others, contribute very much to environmental factors pollution, with common pollutants %sulphur dio8ide, carbon dio8ide, nitrogen mono8ides, ammonia& with heavy metals, sedimentable powders and powders in suspension and other specific pollutants %formaldehydes, sulphuretted hydrogen, carbon disulphide, chlorine, chlorides&, etc' 1he main non3regenerating raw materials resources and the amounts that are e8tracted are under the necessities of national economy, the completing import r represents a permanenece for our country' 1he use of non3regenerating resources li"e: metals, minerals and hydrocarbons associated with producing the wastes generates a lot of impacts on the environment and on human health' Romanas territory has a eo raphical unit with a series of compounds: natural %relief units, the hydrographic networ", the bioclimatic system&; human %the origin and distribution of population, the system of urban sites&; economic %natural resources, farming use, transportation system, the territorial distribution of industrial branches and centres&' Romanias natural unit is given by the !arpathian a"is , hydrographic networ", the concentric and proportional character of high steps of relief as well as overall bioclimatic features'1hese elements build up Carpathian < 6anubian < 7ontic area' Romanias re eneratin natural resources are differentiated, but on their turn, limited' =mong them, the most important ones are: water, soil, fauna, flora and forests resources' Romanias entire development from the last decade is characterised and influenced by the process begun after 1! !, of the transition from the old socio3economic system to a new one, from the administrative economy of commanding to the mar"et economy, from an economy greatly self3centered to an economy which integrates itself in the European and worldwide structures' The main macro-economic inde" is gross &omestic pro&$ct %G#$& that represents the value of goods and services resulted from the processes of output within the national economy for them being consumed, invested, stored and e8ported'
1

1he evolution of >ross 6omestic 7roduct was evaluated in similar conditions from a methodologic point of view and it is shown in Table % and &i ure 1.
The e*o $tion o( Gross Domestic 4ro&$ct!5 &$ring !--06)//) Reso$rce categories =griculture, hunting and silviculture ?ishing and fisheries @ndustry1& Constructions 1rade !--0 .3#.3' 1!'1 ! 212' 1!-2!'2 $-!-2'1 3..2#'1--1,'3 2$-'$ ++!1,3.2 3! -,', . .!'$ 33$1.'$ +3+3-0.) !22!!.) 2!., !--#2##,'2!'2 13.3$3' 2#3#,'# ,-!13'2 .$2 !'2 1,3$3'1 1-#!2'# Tab e + billion '() * current prices )/// )//! )//) ! $'3 1.,12 ', 1#1-#.'2 3-'2 .-', ..'$ 21!$#!'# 323-$,' $2 . '# 3!2 #'1 ,2333'# $2,.'3 23,$'3 1-,,$-'# 13 ..#'1 -3.3'$ 232,-'3 1.#,$' 11, 13'2 31- #', 1 - 2'! 1.-3! ' $32.1' 3-22#'$ !+1)/--., 1.#$..'! !3,1'. 3,3--'!1!)2!2.0 2-,/).3 20.-

1ransport, storage communications Education (ealth and social assistance

..
.

and

Gross a&&e& *a $e 1a8es for product Custom ta8es Subsidies for products Gross &omestic pro&$ct 6 Tota Gross &omestic pro&$ct per inhabitant (thousand ROL) 4ri*ate sector share o( the gross &omestic pro&$ct (+)

,0/,31.! 3!!+)1.! !/,)0+3.+ ,1,-.'# -,3'121 .#'# #2$2'. !-.1', !-3 '2 33.!3'1 3$,,,', 3,-$,'2 1,13+/.) 0/+33+.! !!23203./ ),+//./ 2+.3 +10)2., 21.2 1)!/-., 20./

Fig$re ! Gross Dom estic 4ro&$ct E*o $tion 7 ithin !--0 6 )//)
2----,1.---,1----,.---,,gross domestic product gross added value gross domestic product Ainhabitant 1!! 3#3#! ,2 331.$#,, 1,,11,2 1!!! .$.#3-,2 $ -$#.,1 2$3-2---3##3,1 #1132.,1 3. 2,,$ 2--1 11,#, # 1-$2 3#,3 .21-!,$ 2--2 1.12,1,, 13.2-!!,$ ,!$-2,#

,ource- .ational ,tatistical /nstitute * ,tatistical 0earbook of 'omania, 211%

?or the period 1!! < 2--2, the 2olume indices had as reference year 1!! being the first year for which the >67 has been calculated according to SEC 1!!. methodology 1& (Table 3). @n the structure, the contribution of branches to set up the G#$ (Table 4& shows an improvement of the proportionality condition and an evolution to the modern structures specific to the developed economics, as well'
Gross Domestic 4ro&$ct In&ices 7ithin !--06)//) #ategories o( reso$rces =griculture, hunting and forestry ?ishing and fishery @ndustry1& Constructions 1rade 1ransport, storage and communications Education (ealth and social assistance ... Gross a&&e& *a $e 7roduct ta8es2& Custom ta8es 7roduct subsidies Gross &omestic pro&$ct Gross &omestic per inhabitant !--0 #!'1 3 ##'3 1--'2 -', #!'! 123'3 121'# 0,.) ,1'! 1,.'1#'! 0+.1 02.! !--1-3'3 1--'# ! '. !#'# 1-1'2 !,' 1-3'# 1'--.1 !$'2 !1'1 !$'3 -0.0 --./ Tab e , billion '() * current prices )/// )//! )//) $', 1- '3 1--'# 2', ,', #!'# 1-$'3 1- '! 11.'$ 1-3'! 11.'$ 12$'1 1-3'2 1-$'! 11$'1-1'3 1- '. !'3 !/!.3 !,'2 ,' !-'1 !/!./ !/!.+ 1-.'1-.', #.'2 !/0.1 !,' #.' 1-3' !/2.0 !/3.) 11-'3 1-!'2 ! '$ !!+.1-1'# , ', !1'!!).! !!1.3

/ncludin the electric and thermal power, as and water 2) /ncludin T56 (65T)
&

,tartin with 1787, the national accounts of 'omania ha2e been drawn up accordin to the methodolo 9 of the /nte rated :conomic :uropean 6ccounts ,9stem 17;7 (,:! 17;7). ,ince 1778 the new :uropean 6ccounts ,9stem 1774 (,:! 1774) has been usin . The data for 1778 ha2e been drawn up accordin to the methodolo ical principles of the two s9stems (,:! 17;7 and ,:! 1774) thus pro2idin a linkin 9ear between the two 2ersions of ,:!. ,tartin with 1777, the calculation has been carr9in out onl9 accordin to the methodolo ical re<uirements of ,:! 1774.

Sector contrib$tions to create the Gross Domestic 4ro&$ct Tab e 1 billion '() * current prices !--/ )//) Va $e Va $e 8 o( GD4 8 o( GD4 %SEC 1!#!& %SEC 1!!.& Gross Domestic 013.6 !1!))13 6 4ro&$ct Gross A&&e& *a $e 300.! 6 !+1)0+3.3 6 1 #'1 21' 1##'211 11'# agriculture 3$#', $-'. $3!$!-', 2!'1 industry $,'.'$ #.#-.'$ .' constructions 22#'3 2,'. ,#.!32 $$'# services
,ource- .ational ,tatistical /nstitute

1hus, in 2--2, the agriculture, forestry and fishery contributed by 11'#B to create the >67, the industry by 2!'1B, constructions by .'-B and services by $$'#B' 1he main indicators of the industrial output within 1!!,32--2 are given in Table =:
In&$stria o$tp$t in&ices b% acti*ities Economic acti*it% 1otal E8tractive industry 7rocessing industry Electric and thermal power, gas and water
>

Tab e 2 1778-111 !--!#', !2', ! ', !$'# )/// 1-$'. !#'2 1-,', !$'3 )//! 113'3 1-2'1 11#'2 !3'1 )//)9 12-'1 ! '1 12,'. !1'. .'-'# ,', # '3

!--0

$ro2icional data Source- .ational ,tatistical /nstitute * 'omanian ,tatistical 0earbook, 211%

Power sector, a strategical component of the national economy infrastructure, represents the basis for the general development of the country' 1he thought rhythm of economical increase is of $3.B yearly' Cithin 2--- < 2--3, Romania had a mean yearly rate of economical increase %>67& of .'2B, i'e' double compared to the total consumption increase of primary power resources' 1he need provision relied as a 21'. percentage on coal; 2 '.B on crude oil and oil products; 3.B on roc" gas; 3'1B on nuclear power; $' B on secondary power resources and 3'.B on regenerable power resources and other fuels' Table ; gives the primar9 power consumption within 1!!#32--2'
Energ% cons$mption !--0 !--)/// )//! Gross &omestic energ% cons$mption (thousand tons of oil e<ui2alent2)) !' Tota ,11/1 ,/-0+ +2123 +2+3, +3-3! Electric energy 1.2, 1,,. 1.-3 1212 11#2 Coal !#$1 #!,$ , .3 #$#. 1,! Crude oil and petroleum products 131$3 11 $. 1-2$, ! 1- -. Roc" gas 1.!3 1$!,! 13#313,#! 1331. Fina energ% cons$mption (thousand tons of oil e<ui2alent2) @ndustry %including construction& 12.## !!-$ 2!-1# !3.1 =griculture, forestry, fishery !12 #,, $,$ 3!. 2 , 1ransport and communications $2 $ 3! .$ 313!$& 3.- $& 3!#.$& Dther activities !!2 1-,, #!$ 12 1,2! 7opulation !,#3 !$12 #.# $33 #1!# Energ% cons$mption5 per inhabitant (tons of oil e<ui2alent2)?inhabitant) >ross domestic energy 2'-1 1' 21 1',2 1',21 1',!$ consumption ?inal energy consumption: industr9 (includin -'.. -'$$-'3,. -'$-2 -'$1# construction) -'-$-'-3$ -'-21 -'-1 -'-13 a riculture, forestr9, fisher9 $ $ $ transport and -'1!-'1## -'1$-'1., -'1##& communications residential and of other -'$#3 -'$,, -'$2. -'3#, -'3!$ acti2ities
1) 2) %)

Tab e 3 !--3 )//)

+2,0/ 113, 13 !3,! 1332, 1-,21 2# $3-.$& # #2 $ 1',#$ -'$ # -'-13 -'1!
$&

-'3#.

/ncludin ener 9 products obtained and consumed in households (il e<ui2alent (11111@cal?@ ) :"cludin asoline and ethane from e"traction oil *wells which are included in crude oil 3) 6ccordin to international methodolo 9 communications are included in other acti2ities ,ource- .ational /nstitute of ,tatistical * 'omanian ,tatistical 0earbook, 211%

Agric$ t$re, due to its features %soil use, natural biological process "eeping& represents one of the maEor economic activities' = light decrease of the farming area has been recorded in 2--3 compared to 2--2, for the benefit of other uses %forests, yards and buildings&' =nalyFing the evolution of the agricultural lands distribution on types of use between 1!!,32--1 one can see that the arable lands area maintains at about ,3B of the total agricultural lands, while the rest is distributed among pastures %about 23B&, hay3lands %about 1-B&, vineyards %1' B& and orchards %1'#B&' 1he transports sector was and remained further an important energy consumer %hydrocarbons and electric power&' @mportant efforts are done currently to achieve new highways and to endow the urban transportation with new vehicles' @n the given conditions, they will contribute to intensifying the emission of pollutants in the atmosphere' Ce are far enough from having an ecologic transport' The construction works recorded decrease until 1!!,, then an increase has been noticed' So, the sums invested in the construction wor"s in 2--2 increased 1-'-1 times against 1!!#' 1he biggest increase is recorded in 2--2 against 1!! , within the maEority private form of property, of about $ times, against the state3owned form of property where the increase was about 2 times at the level of the same year' 6ue to her geographical position Romania has a high diversity of natural resources offering the possibility to practice a large variety of tourism forms. Romania has the advantage of a high diversity of relief forms, e8it to the +lac" Sea, presence of the 6anube and its 6elta, many "inds mineral water resources %1A3 of the European mineral water resources& as well as an adeGuate climate allowing practicing tourist activities during the whole year' =though, Romania has the highest touristic accommodation capacity among the Central and East European countries %3,33 accommodation units in 2--2&, she is on the last place concerning the indicators Hnumber of tourists accommodated within touristic accommodation structures received in the accommodation units and number of night passing' =t present, the contribution of the Romanian tourism to the national economy is still insignificant compared to the successes of other concurential countries including those from East Central Europe' 1he tourism has a direct contribution to >67 of only 2',B; this is a too low value of we consider the progress made by other countries such as: (ungary 1-B; 7oland 13'1B'

Air quality
1he indicators connected to the atmospheric environment are structured on two levels: pollutant emissions (pressure indices), air <ualit9 (state indices) and the taken measures and their efficienc9 (response indices).
Emissions

1he substances released in the atmosphere contribute to the following phenomena: climatic chan es, oAone la9er depletion, acidification, photochemical smo and air <ualit9 ' 1he emissions are measured by adeGuate assessment methods based on the emission factors and activity indicators' 1he national level emission analyses, sectorial distribution, spatial and temporal targets represent "ey3elements in setting up the environmental priorities, identifying the targets and policies that should be adopted locally and nationally' 1he selected indicators should meet the identification criteria and be relevant for the main problems on the atmosphere'
Air :$a it%

1he air Guality related indicators are calculated according to the data recorded by the air Guality monitoring system and considered the most important in assessing the concrete situations compared to the Guality targets set up by regulations' =ir is the most important environmental factor for the pollutants transportation because it is the support where the most rapid transport of them ta"es places in the ambient environment, so that the sur2eillance of the atmosphereBs <ualit9 is on the fist place in the monitoring activity' +y the Iaw 3A2--1, Romania has ratified the Jyoto 7rotocol of the 5'9' ?rame Convention on the climatic changes being among the first States that have ratified this document of a particular importance for the climatic changes issue' Jyoto 7rotocol mentions the greenhouse effect gas as follows: carbon dio"ide, methane, nitro en o"ide, h9drofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and s9lphur he"afluorides. 1he emissions of greenhouse effect gas have been calculated according to the K 'e2ised 177= /$!! Guidelines for .ational Greenhouse Gas /n2entories/ methodology' 1he 9ational @nventories for the
$

greenhouse effect gas have been up3dated this year starting with the reference year 1! ! according to the reGuirements of the 59 ?rame Convention concerning the Climatic Changes' 1he assessment of such emissions represents a useful instrument for the decision ma"ers in order to evaluate the situation of Romania concerning the compliance with the obligations set up by Jyoto 7rotocol (&i ure 2).
Fig$re ) The tota greenho$se gas emissions
3----2.----

G !(2 echi2alent

2----1.---1----.---1! ! 1!!- 1!!1 1!!2 1!!3 1!!$ 1!!. 1!!, 1!!# 1!! 1!!! 2--- 2--1 2--2

:m isii totale aAe cu efect de sera

Tinta @9oto

1he total annual greenhouse gas emissions are given in &i ure %' 1he greenhouse gases are the following: !(2, !C3, C2(, $&!, C&! and ,&' Dnly the 7?Cs emissions have been included in the national inventory, the other fluorinated compounds could not been assessed due to the lac" of the data necessary for the calculation' 1he sectors where the greenhouse gas emissions have been assessed are the following: ener etic, industrial processes, sol2ent and other products uses, a riculture and waste' @n the calculation of the net emissions of greenhouse gas, the CD 2 retaining by forest is ta"en into consideration' =nnual carbon dio8ide emissions are given in &i ure 3' 1he decrease of these emissions is due mainly to the power consumption and different industrial branches outputs reducing' 4ethane emissions (&i ure 4) decreased significantly from .1,#2. thousand tons CD 2 eGuivalent in 1! ! to 2$,31$ thousand tons CD2 eGuivalent in 2--2 %representing $#B of the greenhouse gas emissions recorded in the reference year 1! !&' @n 2--2 a reducing of 92D emissions compared to 1! ! was recorded mainly due to the decrease of chemical fertiliFers used for agricultural purposes (&i ure =). 1he energetics has the highest contribution to the total greenhouse gas emissions' @n 2--2, of the total of 13,,.$# thousand tons CD 2 eGuivalent, 1-$,#3, thousand tons %CD 2 eGuivalent represent the greenhouse gas emissions generated by energetics activities %i'e' #,'#B of the total greenhouse gas in 2--2&' Such greenhouse gas emissions are mainly generated by fossil fuel burning for producing electric and thermal power and by crude and roc" gas e8traction as well' 1he reducing of the greenhouse gas emissions was mainly caused by the consumption decrease in this sector (&i ure ;).

Fig$re + Gross greenho$se gas em issions (thousand tons !(2:<)

3----2.---2----1.---1----.---1! ! amount 1!!1!!1 1!!2 1!!3 1!!$ 1!!. 1!!, 1!!# 1!! 1!!! 2--2--1 2--2 2,2 21 231$$ 1 -2.- 1#.$-. 1#3##$ 1, -$1 1#.123 1#!!1! 1,- #. 1$21#, 12$.!. 12#3.. 1313#2 13,.$#

Fig$re , Gross #O) ann$a em issions (thousand tons !(2 :<)

2----1.---1----.---amount

1! !

1!!-

1!!1

1!!2

1!!3

1!!$

1!!.

1!!,

1!!#

1!!

1!!!

2--!$.##

2--1 ! #.!

2--2 1-.,$1

1 2$$# 1,,$ , 12!,!, 13-$2$ 13-1## 12, -$ 133-$. 13 ,.. 123 ,$ 1-!--# !1 --

Fig$re 1 #;, em isions *a $es (thousand tons !(2 :<)

,---.---$---3---2---1---1! ! amount .1#2. 1!!$., 3 1!!1 3!!#! 1!!2 3$#,. 1!!3 32#31!!$ 31,,1!!. 31!,2 1!!, 321!! 1!!# 2 ,11!! 2,#$$ 1!!! 2.#2! 2--2.#1# 2--1 2.-!$ 2--2 2$31$

Fig$re 2 N)O em issions *a $es (thousand tons !(2 :<)

3---2.--2---1.--1---.--1! ! amount 2# ,. 1!!1 # $ 1!!1 1-11. 1!!2 ! ! 1!!3 1-.$! 1!!$ !23. 1!!. !#22 1!!, ,, 1!!# #!$ 1!! .!3, 1!!! ,. ! 2--,.. 2--1 #-12--2 ,-,#

Fig$re 3 #O) emissions generate& b% energetics (thousand tons !(2:<)

2----1.----

1-----

.----

1! ! amount 1!!1!!1 1!!2 1!!3 1!!$ 1!!. 1!!, 1!!# 1!! 1!!! 2--!$#.3 2--1 !!3$. 2--2 1-$#3, 1 - 33 1, #,- 13.3-- 131$,$ 131# $ 12,, $ 1311-2 13# $$ 12-$12 1-.!#$ !213!

1he "nowledge of the acidifying gas emissions values at national level is an important element to define the impact of the economic and social development upon the environment and creates the necessary bac"ground for the formulation of the environment protection policies' 1he data that spotlight the acidifying gas emissions were determined on the grounds of some patterns and estimates presented in K6tmospheric :mission /n2entor9 Guidebook - 2111K < the last CDR@9=@R guideboo" issued'
,

1he evaluation of these emissions is a useful instrument for the decision3ma"ers to appreciate Romanias situation as regards the compliance with the obligations that are incumbent to Romania in the perspective of the accession to the European 5nion' Romania has signed the Convention concerning the long distance transfrontier atmospherical pollution in 1!!!' 1his Convention has been ratified by the Romanian 7arliament through the Iaw 2#1A2--3 and aims firstly to reduce the acidification, eutrophication and tropospherical oFone layer' Concretely, our country has pledged that in 2-1- the level of emissions complies with the standards provided by the >Lteborg 7rotocol %&i ures 8 - 11).
Fig$re 0 Ann$a SO) em issions (tons ?9ear)
1.----1-----.----SD2 Emission threshold 2-1-

1!!. 1- $,., !1 ---

1!!, 1-$!1$!1 ---

1!!# 1-$$3-! !1 ---

1!! #!.--!1 ---

1!!! #2 -$. !1 ---

2--#.!--!1 ---

2--1 33#11 !1 ---

2--2 # - 3# !1 ---

Fig$re - Ann$a SO) em issions (tons ?9ear)

.----$----3----2----1----9D8 Emission threshold 2-11!!. $-,#2 $3#--1!!, 3!!#$3 $3#--1!!# 3! 2.. $3#--1!! 31$--$3#--1!!! 2,2--$3#--2--2!,--$3#--2--1 33-$,$ $3#--2--2 3.,!32 $3#---

2.---2----1.---1----.---9(3 Emission threshold 2-1-

Fig$re !/ N;+ ann$a em issions (tons?9ear)

1!!. 23$$.. 21----

1!!, 1!#-3# 21----

1!!# 211--21----

1!! 1!,--21----

1!!! 21---21----

2--2-,--21----

2--1 1,3! . 21----

2--2 1.,3-, 21----

1he evolution of the atmospheres non3purifying level during 1!!.<2--3 was analyFed for each pollutant apart considering the variation of the annual e8ceeding freGuency of the sanitary standard (&i ures 11 - 1%).
Fig$re !! Va $es o( ), h MA# e"cee&ing (re:$encies (or N;+5 7 ithin !--1 6 )//+

12 1-

, $ 2 1!!. B 1-!#,.$3211!!. 1!!, 1!!# 1!! 1!!! 2--2--1 2--2 2--3

Fig$re !) E"cee&ing (re:$encies *a $es o( MA# per 1!!, 1!!# 1!! 1!!! 2--2--1 2--2 2--3 ), ho$rs5 (or S$spen&e& 4o7 &ers5 &$ring !--16 )//)
'6F':./ ,65/.:,T/ T6'GF EF':,

#
6'6# D6/6 E6': !($,6 E/!6

Fig$re !+ Va $es o( ), h MA# e"cee&ing (re:$encies (or #a&m i$m 5 7 ithin !--1 6 )//+
B

1-,$21!!. 1!!, 1!!# 1!! 1!!! 2--2--1 2--2 2--3

D6/6 E6':

!($,6 E/!6

E:#/6,

Waters quality
'omaniaBs water resources are made up of the surface waters < inner rivers, natural and anthropic la"es, the 6anube < and in a smaller measure, 1-B respectively, the under round waters. =s reported to the countrys current population it means: the specific usable resource in natural re ime , of about 2,,,- m3AinhabitantAyear, considering also the 6anubes contribution; the theoretic specific resource, of about 1,##- m3AinhabitantAyear, considering only the contribution of the inland rivers, placing our country, from this point of view, in the category of the countries with relatively small water resources in comparison with the other countries resources' ?or 2--3, the water resourcesB utiliAation de ree (need?samplin report) is presented in Table 8. 1he diagram in &i ure 13 presents the water needs evolution'
The $ti isation &egree o( 7ater reso$rces in )//+ Water &eman& Acti*it% 7opulation @ndustry =griculture Tota Amo$nt (billion m%) 1',! .',$ 1' , -.!Water samp ings Acti*it% 7opulation @ndustry =griculture Tota Amo$nt (billion m%) 1'23 3'!3 1'3$ 2.1/ Tab e 0 <ti isation &egree % #2' ,!'# #2'3/.3
mld mc

Fig$re !, The 7 ater nee&=s e*o $tion in Rom ania

3211!!7opulation =griculture @ndustry 1D1=I 2,2. !,1 !,-, 1!!3 2,2. ,!. ,#$ 1!!. 2 .,! ,-2 1, 1!!# 2,-. 2,! #,$3 1!! 2,3,33 #,3. 1!!! 2,11 3,3, #,1 2--2,-2 3,-2 ,,,3 2--1 2 1,#$ ,,-$ 2--2 1, , 1,#. ,,1# !,# 2--3 1,,! 1, , .,,$ !,1!
T(T6) $opulation

2-,$1 1!,!$

12,$, 12,#, 12,,. 11,,# !,#

1he evaluation of the surface fresh waters Guality in Romania in 2--3 based on the processing of the basic preliminary analytical data obtained monthly in 311 surveillance sections of the 1st order' 1he total length of the rivers investigated in 2--3, of about 22,217 "m, is distributed as follows: st 1 cate or9 13,%21 km - =3.4+G

2nd cate or9 % cate or9 # cate or9

rd

4,172 km - 22.7+G 1,33= km - =.4+G 1,%=1 km - =.1+.

1he evolution of rivers water Guality, the during 1! !32--3 is presented in &i ure 14.

Fig$re !1 The e*o $tion o( ri*ers 7 ater :$a it% &$ring !-0- 6 )//+ (+ from len th)
procente(+)

,$2!-0!--/ !--! !--) !--+ !--, !--1 !--2 !--3 !--0 !--)/// )//+ )//! )//) -

cate or9 #

cate or9 ///

cate or9 //

cate or9 /

1he statistical analysis of the situation of the main used waters sources, according to the outcomes of surveillance done in 2--3, revealed the following overall aspects: =s compared with the total evacuated amount of $$!$'$#2 million m 3Ayear, 22 $'1-. million m3Ayear, meaning about ,-B are the used waters to be purified; Df the total volume of 22 $'1-. million m3Ayear of used waters needed to be purified, # !'1!- million m3Ayear, meaning about 3$B was enou h purified. 1he rest, #2$'2-- million m3Ayear, about 32B, are the non-purified used waters and ##-'#1. million m3Ayear 3 about 3$B, insufficient purified waters (&i ure 1=).
Fig$re !2 The &istrib$tion o( the 7 aste7 ater *o $mes accor&ing to their treatm ent stage5 in )//+
w astew ater sufficientl9 treated %3+ w astew ater not treated %2+ w astw ater insufficientl9 treated %3+

Results that under the aspect of the wastewater treatment stations functioning, the situation maintains rather critical in 2--3, the ratio between the proper situations and the improper ones being unfavorable to the first category (&i ure 1;).
Fig$re !3 The sit$ation o( the 7 aste7 ater treatment p ants ($nctioning &$ring the !--+6)//+
,$21!!3 1!!$ 1!!. 1!!, 1!!# 1!! 1!!! 2--- 2--1 2--2 2--3 proper functionin im proper functionin
,3,! 3,,1 ,-,$ 3!,, ..,. ..,! ..,2 ..,3 ..,3 . B . B ..,.B .2,#B $#,3B $$,, $$,1 $$, $$,# $$, $2B $2B $.,.B

1he =genda 21 relating to the 5nited 9ations Convention regarding 1he Iaw on the Sea, supports the integrated approach of ecosystems for oceans and coastal regions protection' Such an approach depends on the application of the precaution and prevention principles, with the purpose of biodiversitys maintenance and ecosystems productivity, leading at the same time to the improvement of life Guality for the coastal communities' Cith this purpose the concept of management integrated in maritime and coastal regions, was adopted' 1he main features of the European coastal regions are: waters pollution and eutophisation, biodiversity loss, land uses and landscape damages, coastal erosion' 1he all 'omanian littoral of the +lac" Sea is mantained the general trend registered in the last 1year, concerning the diminish of the cronical level of pollution, including the level of the hydrocarbons total indicator' (owever, the Guantities of nutrients from the water and sediments are maintained to a level that allows manifestation of the eutrophiFation phenomenon sometimes in the estival season, the favorised conditions of the canicular temperatures' @n comparison with the data of 2--2, in 2--3 the hydrocarbon concentrations increased 1'! times in seawaters and 2'# times in superficial sediments' 9o accidental pollution with hydrocarbons was registered'
!

1he pollution with or an chlorinated pesticides %C!D, lindan, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, ##T, ###, ##:&, was manifest in different degrees, thus, it was higher in the northern Fone %Sulina < >ura +uhaF& of the Romanian seaside, which is influenced by the 6anube river' = great variety of compounds both in water and in sediments were identified in that area' 1he concentration values were between -'-.$ < $#'3$ gAl for water and between -'--3 < $'3!! gAg dried substance for sediments' @n the southern %Fone 9Mvodari < *ama *eche& the seawater contamination with organ chlorinated pesticides was small %between -'-$$ < -'!$! gAl&, only for lindane the values were occasionally higher %-'-,-$ gAl and -'!$! gAl&' @n the tested sediment samplings, the concentrations were between -'--1, and 1#'$! gAg dried substance, slightly higher than those of the period 2--132--2 for the maEority of the investigated compounds %(C+, lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin&' 1he process of coast erosion appears with different intensity along the Romanian seaside being higher near the 6anube 6elta and lower in the central south sector of the seaside because of the geomorphological structure of the coast as well as the e8istence of hydrotechnical wor"s of protection' 1he coastal erosion, in the geomorphological cycle of 2--232--3 years, had a general tendency of decreasement of the negative modification against the previous years' +y increasing Romanias e8igencies for the environmental protection, including against the maritime environment, on the bac"ground of economic activities decreasement with conseGuences on the environment, both in the 6anubes pool and in the coastal region, there were continued the ten&encies (or maritime ecos%stems reco*er% and the recovery of environmental factors Guality'

Soil quality
Soils of Romania are classified in 1- classes, 3! types, $#- subtypes; they are divided into numerous detailed soil categories differentiated through their characteristics, productive capacity and measures of maintaining and increasing fertility' 1he natural factors determining soil Gualities in Romania are: the relief, the litholo 9, the climate, the 2e etati2e and the time ' Climate and vegetation are influences by human activities and for this reason, man should support soil Guality conservation' Dne Table 7 and &i ure 18 can notice that the main share belongs to the a ricultural lands %,2'2$B&, the ne8t share belongs to forests and other lands forest 2e etation %2#'!.B&' (ther lands cover !' 1B of the countrys are %waters, pools, yards, constructions, communications ways, unproductive lands&'
Soi s &istrib$tion accor&ing to categories o( $ses in )//)!' T%pe o( $se =gricultural lands ?orests and other lands with forest vegetation +uilding and yards Road and railroads Caters, ponds and la"es Dther land areas TOTA>
1)

Tab e Area B ,2'2$ 2#'!. 2',# 1',$ 3'.# 1'!3 !//

ha 1$ 3,. . ,,,3-!# ,3.!-. 3 !!#$ .1#2, $,1# $ )+0+-/3!

#ata processin after Einistr9 of 6 riculture, &orests and 'ural #e2elopment

w aters, ponds and lakes road and railroads 1.=3 buildin and 9ards 2.=; forests and other lands w ith forest 2e etation 2;.74 %.4;

Fig$re !0 Soi &istrib$tion accor&ing to categories o( $ses in )//)

other land area 1.7%

a ricultural land =2.23

1-

1he diversity of natural and anthropogenic conditions brings about a high variability of soil suitability for agriculture. 1he Guality of agricultural lands is given by soil fertility as well as the influence e8erted on plants by the other environmental factors' 1a"ing this into consideration, agricultural lands can be divided into 4 <ualit9 classes differentiated by the mean mark of e2aluation %class @ < 131-- points N class * 132- points& (&i ure 17). Dne can notice that in the case of arable lands %,3'$-B& most of the lands are classified into Guality classes @@ and @@@ without the application of pedo3ameliorative measures' 1hus, only !'2$B of the total lands are classified in Guality class @, the other classes showing some restrictions' =s regards pastures and bay fields most of them are classified into classes @@@ and *, as regards vineyards, classes @@ and @* and orchards, classes @@@ and *'

Fig$re !- >an& area c assi(ie& in :$a it% c asses a(ter the bonit% mar? per the 7 ho e co$ntr% in )//+
class 5 1%.%4+ class / =.28+ class // 21.82+

class /5 2=.77+

class /// %2.4=+

?rom an inventory completed by @'C'7'=' in collaboration with 3# D'S'7'=' for $1 counties and with other research units on about 12 million ha agricultural lands, out of which on about #'. million ha tillable lands %about -B of the tillable area&, the soils Guality is affected in a smaller or bigger measure by restrictions' 1heir damaging influences are seen in the deterioration of the soils characteristics and functions, in their bio3productive capacity, respectively, and what is more serious they harm the agricultural produces Guality and the food security, with serious results on the human lifes Guality' 1hese restrictions are determined either by natural factors %climate, forms of relief, edaphic characteristics etc&, or by agricultural and industrial actions' @n many cases the factors above3mentioned can act synergic in the negative sense, having as effect the soils Guality reduction and even their functions cancellation' 1he problems on the soils degrading should be approached in a larger conte8t, generaliFed at the entire countrys territory' 1he draught, the soils degrading and the desertification are national interest preoccupations' Romania has signed the Convention on 6esertification Control ratified by the 7arliament through the Iaw no' ,2!A1!!#' The .ational ,trate 9 and the 6ction $ro ram on #esertification Control, the Iand 6egrading and 6raught was elaborated . ?or solving the problems raised by draught phenomenon and generally by the desertification problems, Romania too" a series of actions: 1. le islati2e actions 2. or anisatorical actions %. actions concernin research and plannin 3. measures taken for pre2entin and control of desertification .' The list of actions concerning desertifications control in Romania, proposed for 2--332-22 period within the Spanish3Romanian proEect, elaborated under of 4inistry of =griculture, ?orests, Caters and Environment %2--132--2& 3 ,. positions for # domains, namely: legislation, policy and social, substructure, human resources, scientific research and databases elaboration, rural development and the recovery of landscapes in the areals with ris"s of desertification, environment' 1he irrational use of fertiliFers determines the appearance of an e8cess of nitrates and phosphates that have a to8ic effect on the microflora from the soil and leads to these elements accumulation in vegetation'1he limit between the deficit and the e8cess of one element is hard to be distinguished, everything depends on the nature of plants and environment'1he evolution of chemical fertiliFers Guantities used in agriculture is shown in &i ure 21.

11

Fig$re )/ E*o $tion o( (erti i@er am o$nts $se& in agric$ t$ra

----#----,----.----$----3----2----1----1! , 1!!1!!. 1!!, 1!!# 1!! 1!!! 2--2--1 2--2 2--3

.itrous

$hosphatic

$otassic

@n the period 2--132--3 the amount of natural fertiliAers that were possibly used was between 33'! and 3 million tons %the estimation was done according to the number of animals&' =ccording to the data published by the 9ational @nstitute of Statistics, in 2--1, the amount of natural fertiliFers used in agriculture was 1.,32# thousand tons and in 2--2, 1.,#$, thousand tons' 1he dynamics of fertlisation shows that, from this viewpoint, a K pressure/ on the soil does not e8ist, this being only a factor of yields decreasement, out of draught and other restrictive factors' 7esticides are gradually dispersed into the environment or translocated in plants; some pesticides can persist in the soil for many years' @n comparison with the member3countries of the European 5nion, Romania is still far from being OsaturatedO with phytosanitary products' @n the last 1- years, in our country the consumption per ha of arable land, vineyard and orchards is between 1',1 and -'$ "g of active substance (&i ure 21).

Fig$re )! E*o $tion o( the $se& pestici&e amo$nts

1$--12--1-----,--$--2--1!!1 1!!2 1!!3 1!!$ 1!!. 1!!, 1!!# 1!! 1!!! 2--2--1 2--2 2--3

@nsecticides
1)

?ungicides

(erbicide

6ccordin to tha data of the Einistr9 of 6 riculture, &orests and 'ural #e2elopment > #ata for semester / of 211%

Biodiversity and forests

1he concept of biodiversity contains: diversity of living organisms coming from aGuatic and terrestrial ecosystems as well as of ecological comple8es to which these ecosystems belong; diversity within species and of species; diversity of ecosystems' Romania is an European country with a particularly varied and well preserved natural capital, mostly due to the fact that five bio3geographical regions < alpine, continental 7annonian, steppe3li"e and the +lac" Sea interfere on our countrys territory' =s a conseGuence of its geographic position, Romania is a country with a high biological diversity, e8pressed both at the level of ecosystems and at the level of species' =s the integrated monitoring system, the monitoring of biological diversity included, has not been employed, there are no concrete data that can be used for a complete analysis of biological diversity state, e8cepting some wild species which are the subEect of some research proEects and progammes of universities, museums, research institute as well as of some non3governmental specialiFed organiFations'

12

Romanias natural and semi3natural ecosystems cover about $#B of the countrys area' ?ollowing the studies of the +iotops CDR@9E 7rogramme, # 3 types of habitat %13 coast areas, ! wet areas, 1!, lawn areas, 2-, forest areas, .$ swamp areas, !- roc"y sandy areas and 13. agricultural areas& have been identified in 2,1 Fones all over the country' =t the same time, $$ Fones of avifaunal importance have been identified and which cover ,,..# "m 2 that is 3B of the countrys area' Hild flora and fauna = great diversity of habitats mirrors a great diversity of wild flora and fauna' The wild flora and fauna are a natural inheritance of aesthetic, scientific and cultural value' 1he diversity of flora and fauna is related to the e8istence of some large undeteriorated alpine and forest habitats, associated to the Carpathians, as well as to the e8istence of some populations of wolves, bears, chamoi8 and lyn8es that are considered to be the greatest in number in Europe' 3,#-- plant species have been identified in Romania, out of which, until now, 23 are declared natures monuments, #$ are e8tinct, 3! are endangered, 1#1 are vulnerable and 1,2.3 are rare' 1he species characteristic to pastures are about 3#B of all the e8isting species in Romania' 1he fauna is rich and varied due to the variety of aGuatic and terrestrial ecosystems' 1he high level of afforesting, especially in the mountain and sub3Carpathian Fones provides good living conditions for many animal species of scientific and cynegetic interest' 33,#!2 animal species were identified out of which 33,- . are invertebrates and #-# vertebrates' @n 2---, 4EC4 financed the drawing3up of the KRed +oo" of vertebrates in Romania/, which was completed in 2--2, but in 2--3 it was still not published by the Romanian =cademy' ,tate of protected natural areas 7rotected areas, trough their natural value and the low level of human intervention on their territory, are the best e8amples and models for natural and seminatural ecological systems' =ccording to the 5rgency Drdinance no' 23,A2--- on the system of protected natural areas, conservation of natural habitats and wild flora and fauna, in our country the accepted cate ories of natural protected areas defined depending on the assigned management goals are the following: scientific reserve, natural reserve, national park, natural park, naturalBs monument, biosphere reser2e, wet area importance ('6E,6' site), site of the world natural inheritance. The total area of the national parks, natural parks and biosphere reser2es is 1,214,%24 ha (121,;;7 ha are maritime area) which is 3.43+ of the countr9Bs territor9 %&i ure 22, Table 11 and Table 11). @n addition to national par"s, natural par"s and biosphere reserves, there are ,!3 scientific reser2es, natural monuments and natural reser2es whose total area has not been determined yet; it is estimated to be about 1--,--- ha' =t the end of 2--3, the territory of the protected natural areas is .'-B of the countrys area' 1he national networ" of the protected natural areas is presented in &i ure 2%.
Fig$re )) Map o( Aiosphere Reser*es5 Nationa an& Nat$ra 4ar?s

13

Areas o( Nat$ra 4ar?s Nat$ra 4ar?s +alta 4icM a +rMilei >rMdi)tea 4uncelului 3 Cioclovina 7orPile de ?ier 4unPii =puseni +ucegi *QnMtori 3 9eamP TOTA> Areas o( Nationa 4ar?s Nationa 4ar?s Semenic 3 Cheile Cara)ului CMlimani CeahlMu Cheile +icaFului 3 (Mma) Cheile 9erei 3 +eu)niPa CoFia 6omogled 3 *alea Cernei 4unPii 4Mcinului 7iatra Craiului ReteFat Rodna TOTA> Dan$be De ta Aiosphere Reser*e Area (ha) 3,21$ 2.,13 ##$2 ,!3# 3,#. 1,#$, ,1211 113$. 1$#!. 3 13 $#22# +/)0/+ 132)!2 #o$nt% Area (ha) 2-$., 3 1 $ 12 1,#,-,$ 32,2$ 3- 1 +)2+/2 #o$nt%

Tab e !/

+rMila (unedoara Cara)3Severin, 4ehedinPi =lba, +ihor, CluE +ra)ov, 6QmboviPa, 7rahova 9eamP

Tab e !!

Cara) Severin +istriPa 9MsMud, 4ure), (arghita, Suceava 9eamP (arghita, 9eamP Cara) Severin *Qlcea Cara) Severin, 4ehedinPi, >orE 1ulcea =rge), +ra)ov (unedoara, Cara) Severin, >orE +istriPa 9MsMud, 4aramure) 1ulcea, ConstanPa

The total area of the strictl9 protected rowin stock situated in Fones of special conservation of national par"s and natural par"s as well as in scientific reserves of the 6anube 6elta +iosphere Reserve is 12%,%37 ha which is 1'!$B of the total area of the growing stoc"' =ccording to @C=S researches, out of ,!3 scientific reserves natures monuments and natural reserves situated out of national par"s, natural par"s and biosphere reserves, almost 3.- protected natural Fones include growing stoc" and their area is about 3!,--- ha' @f we consider that almost half of this growing stoc" is strictly protected, than we come to the conclusion that 2'2B of the national growing stoc" is strictly protected' #on&itions o( (orests The gro7ing stoc? is all the forest areas, land areas destined to afforestation as well as areas for the needs of culti2ation, production and sil2icultural mana ement.

=t the end of 2--3, the total rowin stock area was =%=8.4 thousand ha; in addition to that there are about 32- thousand ha with wooden vegetation %afforested pastures, tree lines, etc'& that is 2,'#B of the countrys area' 1he national growing stoc" is not uniformly distributed as regards the geographical Fones (&i ure 23).
The structure of forests b9 species and roups of species is presented in &i ure 24 and mirrors the forests distribution by geo3climatic Fones according to the ecological needs of every species: leaf-bearin species- ;1+ (%1.2+ beech, 18.1+ <uercine species, 14.1+ other hard lead-bearin species, 4.2+ soft leaf-bearin species)G coniferous species- %1+ (22.;+ spruce fir, 3.7+ fir, 2.3+ other coniferous species).

1$

Fig$re ), Distrib$tion o( the nationa gro7 ing stoc? other land

coniferous forests 27+ area 2+

leaf-bearing forests =7+

Fig$re )1 Str$ct$re o( (orests b% species an& gro$ps o( species

2arious soft w ood9 specie s 3.7 beech %1.4

2arious hard w ood9 species 14.;

coniferous oak 18 species 27.7

+y the t9pe of propert9, the 9ational growing stoc" is divided into (&i ure 2=) state public property: $$$#'-$3 thousand ha, out of which: 333%.=73 thousand ha are administrated b9 the .ational 6dministration of &orests * 'omsil2aG %.%47 thousand ha, b9 other ownersG public property of territorial administrative units: #..'23, thousand ha; private property: 11,,'21$ thousand ha, out of which: 4%;.11= thousand ha belon to le al personsG =27.178 thousand ha belon to natural persons. 1he evolution of the distribution of the national growing stoc" b9 t9pe of propert9 in the period 2---3 2--$ is presented in &i ure 2;.

Fig$re )2 Distrib$tion o( the nationa gro7 ing stoc? b% t%pes o( propert%

le al persons 8+ territorial administrati2e units 12+ .ational other ow ners 1+ 6dministration of &orests ;1+ natural persons 11+

Fig$re )3 E*o $tion o( the gro7 ing stoc?

1--B -B ,-B $-B 2-B -B 2--pri2ate propert9 2--$ state propert9 B 33B !2B ,#B

=lthough Romanias forest area is only 2,'#B of the countrys area, they have various social and ecological functions' Ii"e other functions of forests, the economic functions is e8tremely important as forests are a natural resource necessary for our countrys sustainable development' @n 2--3, the capitaliFation of different products amounted to a global value of 11#-$'$ billion lei, out of which the capitaliFation of woody mass is ##'2B %!-3,'1$ billion lei&'
1.

1he income obtained from the national growing stoc" and forest vegetation beyond the growing stoc" is an follows: from forests of state public propert9, administered b9 the .ational 6dministration of &orests- !2#!'$ billion lei, out of which ,, -- billion lei are from woody mass; from forests of other owners: 2-. '1$ billion lei, out of which 2-. '1$ billion lei from woody mass; from forest 2e etation be9ond the national rowin stock: 1 - billion lei from capitaliFation of the collected woody mass' @n 2--3, in the economic circuit there was a Guantity of woody mass of 1.,!$2 thousand m 3, out of which: 12%%2.% thousand m% for economic a entsG %=17.; thousand m% for suppl9in needs of the population.

@n comparison to the yearly approved value of gathering in, which is 1#,$-- thousand m3, the capitaliFed woody mass is !1',B' 1he capitaliFed forest 2e etation from be9ond the national rowin stock was $$# thousand m3 wood out of which 1 2'1 thousand m3 for economic a ents and 3 #$', thousand m3 for suppl9in needs of the population (&i ure 28). 0oning of forests on the main Fones of height is not uniform: in the mountains, forests area is . '.B, in the hill9 Aone, only 3$' B and on the plain, the smallest value, only ,'#B' 0oning of forest by the main Fones of height is presented in Table 12 and &i ure 27.
Fig$re )0 #apita i@ation o( 7 oo&% m ass b% $se an& properties
be9ond the row in stock pri2ate local councils stat
2--$--,----1---12---

economic a ents

suppl9 for population

Boning o( (orests b% the main re ie( (orms Re ie( (orm 4ountain (ill 7lain A tit$&e over #-- m 1.- < #-- m under 1.- m

Tab e !) Tota share at co$ntr%s e*e %B& . '. 3$' ,'#

Fig$re )- Boning o( the nationa gro7 ing stoc? b% the m ain re ie( (orms
plain =.;+ m ountain 48.4+ hill %3.8+

The state of forest health is influenced by air pollution, insects, diseases, fire, bad weather and other climatic aggressions' 1he main parameters considered for the evaluation of the state of forest health were: e"foliation, discoloration of the folia e of the tree crowns and ph9sical dama e caused by the action of various biotic and abiotic factors on forests' @n 2--3, out of a total number of e8amined trees %1-1,2$3& #'$B were healthy %e8foliation classes -31& and 12',B, deteriorated %e8foliation classes 23$&, (Table 1%).
E"(o iation b% gro$ps o( species (coniferous deciduous) in )//+ Tab e !+

1,

Gr$op o( species Coniferous 6ecidous Tota

/ , ',-'. 2).)

# a s s Cgro$p o( e"(o iation c asses' 8 ! ) + , +6, )6, 22'2 ', -'# -'. 1'2 !' 2,'2 11' -'! -', 1'. 13'3 )1.) !!.! /./.2 !.1 !).2

!6, 32'3!'. +3.0

=s regards the discolourin of three folia e , the values of the percentage by classes and groups of classes of discolouring for all coniferous and leaf3bearing species were of not maEor difference in 2--3 as compared to the preceding year' @n 2--3, re eneration cuttin s carried out along =7,=%7 ha have been applied on the national growing stoc"' Dut of these, 1!,#-2 ha represent the area where, as a result of these cuttings, the old brush stoc" has been removed %permanent successive and progressive cuttings, erased cuttings, coppice cuttings and replacement3recovery cuttings of the low yield brushes&' !onser2ation operations were performed on .,#3 ha and h9 iene and cleanin operations, on #-$,. ha. 1he area of state public property which is administered by the 9ational =dministration of ?orests < Romsilva and which was subEect to cutting operations was #2'3B of the total area for regeneration cutting and 1'13B of the total administered growing stoc"' 1he substantiation made by the @nstitute of Silvicultural Research and @mprovement was followed by an Drder of the 4inister of =griculture, ?orests, Caters and Environment no' 13#A2- ?ebruary 2--$, in which the determined Fones showing deficit of forest on their entire area are the following counties: CMlMra)i, ConstanPa, +rMila, 1eleorman, @alomiPa, +oto)ani, >alaPi, 1ulcea, Dlt, >iurgiu, 6olE and 1imi), and only partially, the counties of +uFMu, =rge), *rancea, @a)i, =rad, +ihor, Satu 4are, CluE and 4ure)' #3 ha land areas were overta"en and afforested to build shelter3belts for fields as well as 3,3,# ha degraded land unsuited for agricultural use' =t national level, 3$1 ha were afforested for antierosion' @n the south of the country, in Fones showing deficit of forest the e8ploitation of woody mass was prohibited for a three year3period in conformity with the provisions of Iaw no' .#-A22'12'2--3' =t the same time, in accordance with Drder no' 1-#A1#'-2'2--$ of the 4inister of =griculture, ?orests, Caters and Environment the growing stoc" area of the state public property is to be increased according to the 7rogramme for E8tending the national growing stoc"'

Urban environment
1he urban environment meets several functions: housin , economic, cultural administrati2e, ecolo ical communication, aesthetic entertainment and strate ic. The air <ualit9 is statistically e8pressed through a series of indicators that show the pollution phenomenon under the form of spreading in the air of some polluted residual substances, resulted from economic activities' 1he air Guality in the settlements area is determined by measuring the hourly, daily or monthly average concentrations of different pollutant types and by comparing them with the limit values or, in a case by case basis, with the ma8imum admissible limits regulated in the normative acts in force %4EC4 Drder .!2A2--2 for relevant pollutants, respectively S1=S 12.#$3 #, for the rest of regulated pollutants&' 1he pollutants emissions concentration in the ambient air can vary with the meteorological conditions, more or less favorable to a good dispersion' 1he air Gualitys surveillance at local level is done by measuring some: common pollutants %SD2, 9D2, 9(3, particulate matters& in all the local networ"s in industrial andAor urban areas; specific pollutants %(Cl, fenols, aldehides, Cl2, (2S, CS2, ?, (2SD$, heavy metals: 7b, Cd&, in industrial areas, depending on their activity' &rom the measurements and outcomes obtained and compared with the normati2e acts in force, the urban areas in 'omania can classif9 in urban areas with reduced pollution , as: 7iatra 9eamP, SfQntu >heorghe, 4iercurea Ciuc, =le8andria, =nina, where the annual average values place around the sanitary norm or below this value' 1he

1#

sporadic over fulfillments registered are due to the industrial activities specific to the respective areas and the road traffic as well; urban areas with medium pollution , as: +ucharest, Suceava, +acMu, *aslui, 1Qrgovi)te, >alaPi, Craiova, 1ulcea, where the annual average values concentrations e8ceeds the limit for certain pollutants only; stron l9 polluted urban areas, as: 0latna, +aia 4are, Cop)a 4icM, 4edia), (unedoara and CMlan, where the annual average concentrations e8ceed the sanitary norm for the maEority of indicators' 5ntil 2--2 year, the drin"ing water Guality was assessed according to S1=S 13$2A1!!13 #rinkin water, and the water supply conditions were regulated according to 1he 4inistry of (ealths Drder .3,A1!!,3 C9 iene .orms. 1he most significant legislative change in the potable waters field is Iaw no' $. A2--2 on the potable waters Guality, which is the transposition of 6irective ! A 3AEEC < Iualit9 of water destined to human consumption' 1he law regulates the potable waters Guality, having as obEect the human healths protection against the effects of any "ind of contamination of the water, by insuring its Guality of clean, sanogenous water' 1he surveillance of the populations supply with potable water is the responsibility of the 4inistry of (ealth and ?amily, in accordance with Iaw no'1--A1!! on the public health assistance 1he drin"ing waters Guality monitoring, the inspection and sanitary authoriFation of the public systems of water supply and of the public wells is the responsibility of the county and the +ucharest municipalitys 7ublic (ealth 6irections' 1he Guality of the water which is delivered through the public networ" is controlled by the counties and +ucharests 7ublic (ealth Service' 1he water used for population needs was safe from the microbiological point of view, as it resulted from the analyFed sample outcomes for Total !oliforms and &aecal !oliforms indicators, e8pressed as unsuitable sample percent, from the total of the analyFed ones' 1he chemical Guality of the water distributed through the public supply system was characteriFed only by few genera in&icators D !(#, ammonium, nitrates and other to"ic substances, which varied from a county to another, depending on the endowment of sampling laboratories, without being analyFed to8ic indicators such as: lead, terhalmeth9ls or pesticides' 1he assessment of populations health condition consists in the identification of the ris" factors, related to: the urban air Guality; drin"ing water supply; collecting and removal of any "ind of liGuid and solid wastes; urban noise; biotope3 improper conditions %noise, lighting system, population agglomerating, etc&; Guality of services %any "ind& provided to the population' 1he main air pollutants from our country are divided in three groups: irritatin , carcino enic and to"ic-s9stemic. 1he estimation of the health condition is made by ta"ing into account some indicators, such as: balance rate presents a continuous decrease, determined mainly by the social3cultural factors; ross death rate in the urban area is lower than the one from the rural area; a2era e life span has an increase tendency starting from 1!!#3,!, 2 years in the urban area and ,#, - in rural area and it reaches #2,2 years in the urban area as compared with ,#,- years in the rural area; child death rate, although declining, is very high comparatively with other European countries' @n order to monitor the en2ironment pollution impact on the human health , it is reGuired the monitoring of some health indicators, approved and proposed by 1he European Community, which may reveal the degree in which the population health may be influenced as a result of short time or long time e8posures' ?or these, eneral and t9pical health indicators are selected of chronic or acute diseases'

Cithin the social3economic activities with an incidence on the environmental elements, an important component refers to the human settlementsB e2olution' 1his is tightly connected to the populations evolution and mobility, to the habitats construction and use

1he population numbers variation has an influence on the housing, infrastructure and services demand, who in their turn lead to modifications of the human life' The lifeBs <ualit9 is and should be an essential component in the social3economic development of Romania' ?or the towns and cities inhabitants, meaning for more than ..B of the Romanian population, the lifes Guality is also strictly depending on the communal administration services Guality, on the environments Guality they are living in'
1he development and regeneration of a settlement is significantly due to the changes which are produced into the local economy structure, in the population structure and in the community culture' 1he development of an urban system is considerably influenced by the application of a proper management, focused on four main goals: the infrastructure de2elopment and pro2idin of access to this infrastructureG pro2idin the access to the bu9in of a dwellin placeG en2ironmental protectionG po2ert9 diminishin . 1he ris" factors which are associated with the urbaniFation process consists in: air pollutionG noiseG traffic road accidentsG stress and problems associated with the life st9le chan e. 1he main pollution sources from the urban area are: the transportation sector, personal heating systems and the industrial sources' @n order to assess and manage the air Guality within 1he 9ational System of air Gualitys integrated assessment and management, 11 urban a lomerations and 8 de2elopment areas have been established on the Romanian territory' 1he agglomerations geographical area is given by the territory boundaries of the localities which form the above3mentioned agglomerations, boundaries which have been settled according to the regulations in force:
The map 7ith Romanian agg omerations

6 enda )ocalJ 21 1he =genda 21 is an implementing guide of the concept accepted in unanimity Kof sustainable development/, that was defined, developed and adopted officially at world level in 1!!2, at the pea" meeting from Rio de Raneiro and that represents the capacit9 to perform a sustainable de2elopment to uarantee?ensure the satisfaction of the current needs without endan erin the capacit9 of the future enerations of satisf9in their own needs. =ccording to the provisions established within the Rio de Raneiro Conference, each local authority has the obligation to elaborate its own local strategy of sustainable development' 1he 4inistry of Environment and Caters 4anagement coordinates the implementing of the principles of sustainable development at local level, the territorial environmental protection inspectorates being directly involved in the accomplishment of the Iocal =genda 21' 1he implementing of Iocal =genda 21 will have economical3social effects that will lead to improving of life conditions for the whole population' 1herefore the citiFens participation is very important, since they must be aware that is reGuired that they accept the responsibility of the immediate or future effects of their actions:
1!

7loie)ti %http:AAwww'ploiesti'ro&; >alaPi %http:AAwww'galatiportal'ro&; 1Qrgu 4ure) %http:AAprimaria'tirgumures'ro&; +aia 4are %http:AAwww'primarie'multinet'ro&; @a)i %http:AAwww'primaria3iasi'ro&; RQmnicu *Qlcea %http:AAwww'primariavl'ro&; >iurgiu %http:AAvirtcom'ipa'roAgrAprimarie'html&; Dradea %http:AAwww'oradea'ro&; 4iercurea Ciuc %http:AAclmc'topnet'ro&' @n all the ! cities in which the Iocal =genda 21 was implemented, strategies and local plans for a sustainable development have been elaborated, documents which were approved as a result of the public meetings and debates' (aving in view the results obtained by now in the implementation of 1he Iocal =genda 21 and from the previous e8perience, 1he >overnment of Romania has decided to e8tend this program in other $- municipalities, in 2--332--# period' 1hus, in 2--3, the elaboration process of the sustainable development strategies at the local level, has been carried out in 13 localities: =rad, CQmpina, Sibiu, Sighi)oara, *atra 6ornei, Slatina, 4edia), 1Qrgu Riu, 1Qrgovi)te, ?Mlticeni, 7ite)ti, 0imnicea, +olintin *ale' @n 2--$, Iocal =genda 21 was e8tended in the ne8t localities: +orsec, +ra)ov, +u)teni, 7iatra 9eamP, +istriPa' 1his year, for the first time, Iocal =genda 21 will be applied at the county level, namely, 4ure)'

Waste
1he 4inistry of Environment and Caters 4anagement had in view the legislation harmoniFation in the waste field and it has completed the wastes national strategy and the national action plan for the industrial and urban waste management' @n 2--2, over +0) mi ion tons of wastes were generated, out of which, about +8 are $rban 7astes and -38 are wastes produced by the mining sector, industry, farming and construction activities' +y their source, urban wastes included populationBs domestic wastesG economic a entsB domestic wastesG wastes from social o2erheads (street wastes, s<uare wastes, reen areas)G wastes from construction and demolishin works. @n 2--2, municipalities collected #',3 million tons of wastes, both from the population, economic agents and from the public services' = total amount of !'. million tons of urban wastes has been estimated to be generated in 2--2, both in the urban and in the rural area %1'!. million tons of wastes remained uncollected in urban and rural area 3 estimated amount) (Table 13 and &i ure %1). Table 14 shows the wastes which were generated in 2--2 and &i ure %1 presents the waste weight produced in Romania, in 2--2'
M$nicipa 7aste generate& an& co ecte& in )//) M$nicipa 7aste #o ecte& &omestic 7astes mi8ed3up from the population from the economic a ents separately Wastes (rom the p$b ic ser*ices Tota 5rban suldge Caste from the constructionAdemolishing #o ecte& tota m$nicipa 7aste <nco ecte& &omestic 7aste Generate& tota m$nicipa 7aste 6omestic wastes S services %collected& 5ncollected domestic wastes Tota Tab e !, Waste :$antit% million tons 1.3) .'22 %.=4 1.4; -'.!.!, 2.02 -'1. -',2 3.2+ !.-1 -.10 ,' , 1'!. 0.0!

2-

Fig$re +/ M$nicipa 7 aste generate& in )//) (million tons)

uncollected domestic waste !."# collected domestic waste $.%&

M$nicipa 7aste generate& in )//) M$nicipa 7aste domestic waste services waste urban sludge waste from constructionAdemolishing co ecte& tota 7aste $nco ecte& 7aste Tota 7aste the

Waste :$antit% million tons .'#2 1'1$ -'1. -',2 3.2+ !.-1 -.10

Tab e !1 4ercentage C8'

0/ )/ !//

Fig$re +! Wastes generate& in )//)

m unicipal waste %+ others 1+ industrial waste =+ waste from m inin 71+

1he percentage of domestic wastes selective collection is very low; only in 2--1, 2B value was reported, and in 2--2, #B value from the total collected domestic wastes, representing retrievable wastes separately collected within some trial proEects of selective collection or within the industrial units, institutions or even within the mar"eting field' +ecause of the low percentage of wastes selective collection from the population, appro8imately 3,B %over 2'. million tons annually& from the domestic wastes elements, representing retrievable materials %paper, board, glass, plastics, metals& are not recycled, but they are removed through the final disposal method together with the other urban wastes' Table 1= shows the generation indicators of urban wastes in 1!! 32--2 period'
The generation in&icators o( $rban 7astes m$nicipa 7astes m$nicipa (rom the tota m$nicipa pop$ ation economica 7astes Year 7astes agents (k ?inh.9ear (k ?inh.9ear) (k ?inh.9ear) 1!! 1!# $ 2 1 1!!! 23. 1-1 33, 2--2#11, 3 , 2--1 2. 111 3,! 2--2 2 3 121 $-$ a*erage ),!/3 +12 Tab e !2 (rom s $&ges b% the 7astes the $rban treatment constr$ction E (k ?inh &emo ishing racordat.9ear) (k ?inh.9ear) 13 1$ 1$ 1 1. # 1, 1 1, 2! !1 !3

@n 2--2, the waste amount which was generated by the mining, industry, agricultural and construction sector was +3)., mi ion tons, out of which the biggest amount %!-B& are wastes generated by the drawin acti2ities (minin ) 3 3$. million tons, and 2$'$ million tons are production wastes enerated b9 the industr9 and a ricultural sector %the rest of 3 million tons are other waste t9pes, which are not the subEect of 1he 9ational 7lan of Caste 4anagement, respectively stoc" raising deEections, waste waters, e8plosive wastes, etc&' 1he biggest amount of tailin s was produced in the earth coals mining activities' 1he generators of wastes from industr9 and a riculture have produced in 2--2, 2$'. mil tons of wastes' ?rom the total wastes amount generated by the producers, over 33B have been capitaliFed and appro8imately ,#B have been disposed through different means %storage, burning&'

21

?or the investigation realiFed during the 2--3 year, referring to wastes management in 2--2; a new classification for wastes was utiliFed, according to =nne8 2 of the >overnmental 6ecision no' .,A2--2, on )ist of wastes, includin haAardous wastes , which assume the new European list of wastes' 1he >overnmental 6ecision no' .,A2--2, on the evidence of waste management repeal the >overnmental 6ecision no' 1..A1!!! on introduction of the European Catalogue of Castes %ECC& and of the Iist of (aFardous Castes' 1his new >overnmental 6ecision replaces the European Catalogue of Castes and the Iist of (aFardous Castes with the new :uropean )ist of Hastes, regulated in the European 5nion countries through Council 6ecisions 2--A.32AEC, 2--1A11 AEC, 2--1A11!AEC and 2--1A.#3AEC' 5sing the new list of wastes, in Romania, during 2--2 year, over 2,- types of haFardous wastes were identified from a total of $-. types recorded' 4ost of haFardous wastes % B& were eliminated through storage, co3incineration or incineration' 6ata analysis, which are available from the annual report concerning the waste management, shows that, in 2--2, over 22-,--- tons of sludge resulted from the waste water treatment, have been generated, from a total of over 2', million tones of total residual sludge, classified according to 1he Castes Iist' @n Romania, the storage is the main option of urban waste disposal' ?rom the total generated wastes, about !.B are disposed in each year' =t least one waste landfills are located in every locality' @n 2--2, 2,2 urban waste landfills were registered, belonging to towns and municipalities' 1hese were representing 1#B from the total waste landfills from the country' ?rom the total inventoried waste landfills, the situation in 2--2 will be presented ne8t: waste landfills are new, authoriFed before the >6 no' 1,2A2--2 became effective and they reGuire the improvement of the operation and monitoring activities for a total compliance (&i ure %2 and &i ure %%). 1hese waste landfills will meet the standards until the early 2--#' )1! urban waste landfills have free variable capacity which do not meet the reGuirements of 6irective no' !!A31AEC and >6 no' 1,2A2--2 %unsuitable waste landfills&' 1hese waste landfills will be closed in stages, as it follows: !1/ urban waste landfills with a total area of .1# ha and with very limited free capacity, will be closed until 2--!; !/! urban waste landfills will be closed during 2--!32-1# %for these waste landfills, Romania reGuests an years transition period for the implementation of 6irective no' 1!!!A31AEC&'
The ocation o( the ne7 $rban 7aste an&(i s Fig$re +)

1he industrial wastes generated by the trading companies are stored in their own waste landfills %catch pits, sludge beds, waste dumps, platforms&' 1hese storage sites have not been designed by ta"ing into account the reGuirements of >6 no' 1,2A2--2, neither by considering the wastes admitted at the storage moment %liGuid, combustible, corrosive, etc'& and neither from the constructive point of view' Currently, appro8imately !2- in&$stria 7aste landfills are registered in Romania, without the ones from the mining sector which occupy about 2,#,. ha' 1he classification of the industrial waste landfills according to the >6 no 1,2A2--2 is the ne8t one:
22

47 a class waste landfills- industrial haAardous, which occup9 %;8 haG 118 b class waste landfills- industrial non-haAardous, with an area of 2,%83 haG 2 c class waste landfills * industrial spent, with an area of % ha.

4ost of them are not in compliance with 6irective no' 1!!!A31AEC and must be closed in stages, as it follows: 1, waste landfills are suitable, including $ from the Ka/ class %with an area of #2 ha&; .$ waste landfills are not suitable and they will be closed until 2--# %,11 ha&; $1 waste landfills are not suitable, they are regulated by @77C 6irective and will be closed until 2--# %. - ha&; . waste landfills are not suitable, they are regulated by Iaw no' ,$.A2--2; for each of them a transition period is reGuired %1,.-2 ha&' Dnly 3-B from the industrial waste landfills have operation licence' 1he others are operating without licence, although many of them are located in unsuitable areas and they are not under control' =ccording to the data reported in 2--2, there are 1- ha@ar&o$s in&$stria 7aste an&(i s , with an area of 3# ha, representing appro8imately 1$B from the total areas occupied by the industrial waste landfills' ?rom them, $ are in compliance with 6irective no' 1!!!A31AEC concerning the wastes storage, the others will be closed in stages, until 2--#, or in accordance with the transition period for the implementation of 6irective !,A,1AEC concerning the prevention and pollutions integrated control %@77C 6irective&' =ccording to 1he 9ational 7lan for Caste 4anagement and to the @mplementation 7lan of 6irective no' 1!!!A31AEC, starting from 2--#, the haFardous wastes will be treated before storage' 1his will be performed only in new storage places, developed in compliance with 1he 6irectives provisions, which will have an average capacity of 2--,--- tonsAyear' 1he first facility of this type will be built during 2--#32--! period' 1he application of a sustainable system of waste management implies maEor changes in the current practices' 1he implementation of these changes will reGuest the involvement of all the society elements3 natural persons as consumers, and also companies, social3economic institutions and public authorities'

Radioactivity
1he 9ational 9etwor" for Environmental Radioactivity Survey %99ERS& is part of integrate survey system of environmental pollution in Romania in the framewor" of 4inistry of Environment and Caters 4anagement %4EC4&' 99ERS carries out the monitoring and control of the legal provisions compliance concerning the environmental protection against radiation, ensuring the detection, warning and alarming the decision ma"ing factors in case of some accidents with an radiological impact on the environment and on the population health condition' =lso the national database for environmental radioactivity is connected to informational system of European 5nion, realiFing a bi3directional transfer of data between Romania and the radiological networ" from E5, on E5R6E7 %E<Ropean Data Echange 4latform&' @n the framewor" of standard program for monitoring carried out in 99ERS, the following environmental factors have in viewF air < through determination of global beta activity and spectrometric gamma analyse of aerosols and air deposition %wet and dry&, as well as continuously measuring of flow al e8ternal gamma doFe absorbed; water < through determination of global beta activity and spectrometric gamma analyse of main river waters, as well as phreatic and drin"ing waters; 2e etation < %with sampling period between =pril and Dctober& through determination of global beta activity and spectrometric gamma analyse of spontaneous and comestible vegetation %cereals, etc&; unculti2ated soils < through determination of global beta activity and spectrometric gamma analyFe' 6uring 2--3, in the framewor" of standard program for survey, the territorial R= Stations carried out 2- ,32# global beta measurements and the central laboratory IER +ucharest carried out 1,#,spectrometric gamma analyFes and 3,$-- analyFes with liGuid scinlator'
23

?or the environmental factors had in view, during 2--3, overpasses of warningAalarming operational thresholds were not recorded and events of radioactive contamination of environment were also not recorded' 1he trend of artificial radionuclide concentration decrease into the environment is maintained, highlighting a significant mitigation of the air factor, soil remaining the environment element with the highest radioactive content' 1he environmental monitoring program in the impact area of C9E37RD6 Cernavoda had as a main goal, that of identifying some li"ely radioactive emissions into the environment, over the regulation limits, as well as the assessment of the populations additional e8posure, as a result of the nuclear facility operation' =ll the recorded values complied with the warningAalarming operational limits within 99ERS'

Accidental Pollutions
1he analyFe of accidental pollutions suppose a classification of them according with: causes of pollution productionG polluted en2ironment. 1he causes of accidental pollution can be: accidental pollution produces from technolo ical causes and human ne li enceG accidental pollution of localities and lands with oil products, throu h breakin transport these productsG accidental pollution due to traffic accidentsG accidental pollution caused b9 the natural factorsG accidental pollutions with oil products of #anube 'i2er. @n function of the environment factor polluted, the following types can be distinguished: air pollutionG soil pollutionG water pollution. 6uring 2--3, in Romania not a maEor environmental accident was recorded, as it is specified in the >overnmental 6ecision no' !.A2--3 concerning the control of activities that present ris"s of maEor accidents and in which are implied dangerous substances' @n pursuance of data sent by the district divisions of the >eneral (eadGuarters of the Environment Service, results that in 2--3, +3! accidental pollutions were recorded against 33- accidental pollutions recorded in 2--2' =ccording to the environmental factor were recorded (&i ure %3): air pollutions $ soil pollutions 232 water pollutions !1
Fig$re +, Graphic representation o( the tota n$m ber o( acci&enta po $tions5 on en*ironm ent (actors5 &$ring )//)6)//+
1.$ 232 1$!1

the pipe that

sol apM aer

-

7reventing and diminishing the accidental pollutions with maEor impacts on the environment represent one of the main goals of 2--332--$ 4easurements 7lan of 4CE4' =lthough some progress were made, in what the decreasement of pollution level in some regions concerns, the problems concerning the pollution are still present, and the environment will continue to deteriorate itself, if a series of measures are not ta"en'

Expenses for the environmental protection

3,
.-

$
1-1.2-2.3-3.$-$.pollutions number

2--2

2--3

2$

:n2ironment protection e"penses are the economic solution given by the society when approaching issues generated by environmental conditions at a certain moment' 1he environment protection e8penses include e8penses %made& for the development of environment protection and monitoring activities and which refer to the prevention and mitigation of the environmental damages' @n the last two years, these e8penses are determined according to the results of some statistics carried out in compliance with E5RDS1=1 guidelines' @n 2--2, at national level the total en2ironment protection e"penses were )3!0)00! mi ions RO> representing the sum of investments and internal current e8penses' The e"ternal current e"penses have not been considered in the calculation in order to avoid their double3entry boo""eeping' 1he structure of the total e8penses for environmental protection on the national level, in 2--2, is presented in &i ure %=.

Fig$re +2 The str$ct$re o( the en*ironm ent protection e"penses at nationa e*e in )//! Total e"penses at national le2el K 2;.18 thousands billions '()
current internal e"penses ==.82+ in2estm ents %%.18+

The in2estments represented 33'1 B i'e' !'-2 thousands billions RDI. 1he investments structural weight on activities typical for the environmental protection field is presented in &i ure %;.
Fig$re +3 The str$ct$re o( the in*estments (or en*ironm ent protection Total in2estments K 7.12 thousands billions '()
natural resources protection 1.7=+ w ater <ualit9 noise and ibrations reductiion 1.4;+ soil and uner round w ater protection 18.3%+ w aste mana ement 2%.84+ protection 24+ other acti2ities 4.87+ air protection 2%.28+

1he e8penses evolution at the national level between 2---32--2 was:

#omparati*e sit$ation (or %ears )/// an& )//) (current prices) Year 2--2--1 2--2 G.D.4. --'3 11,#'# 1.12', Tota e"penses (or en*ironment protection '! 13'! 2#'23 8 o( G.D.4. 1'11 1'1! 1' Tab e !0 thousands bilions '() In*estments (or 8 o( en*ironment G.D.4. protection 3'# -'$, ,'2 -'.3 !'-2 -'.!

Dne of the most important economic instruments used by the environment policy is represented by the En*ironment F$n&' 1he le islati2e framework for the setting up, the management and the use of the ?und for Environment is established through Iaw no' 2!3A2--2 %the Dfficial >aFette 33-A-#'-,'2--2& regarding the abrogation of the >overnment Drdinance of 5rgency no' !3A2--1 for the change and completion of Iaw no' #3A2---' 1he following problems have been regulated: sources of income for the settin up of the &und for :n2ironmentG the wa9 of usin the fund for en2ironment. 1he institutional framewor" is provided by setting up the =dministration of the ?und for Environment, a public institution and legal body under the authority of the 4inistry of Environment and Caters 4anagement' 1he financial operations of the Environment ?und, which imply the setting up,
2.

management and the utiliFation of the financial resources will be carry on through the States 1reasury 5nits' =t the present, the in case of the ?und for Environment comes from ta8es laid down as follows: cotM de +8 of the income collected by the economic agents who collect or turn into good account ferrous and non-ferrous wastesG sums of money charged on pollutant emissions into the air which effect environment components; charges on the use of now land areas for starin rec9clable wastesG +8of the value of packa es marketed b9 producers and importers, e8cepting those used for drugs; )8 of the value of dan erous chemical substances mar"eted by producers and importers, e8cepting those used for the production of drugs; /.18 of the value of dan erous chemical substances mar"eted by producers and importers, which are used in agriculture; +8 of the bidding price for wood stock purchased from the 9ational ?orest =dministration and from other owners of forest, legal or natural persons; !.18 of the income charged throught the finite products tabacco commercialiFation. 1he incomes of the ?und of Environment registered on 23 6ecember 2--3 are given in Table 17'
The incomes o( the En*ironmenta F$n& in Romania Tab e !-

registre& on )+ December )//+

AMO<NT Castes %ferrous and non3ferrous& 7ollutants emissions 5se of new lands 7ac"aging Chemical dangerous substances 7esticides Cood mass 1obacco TOTA> 2. 1#1 -'. 2.. 1-. 1 3! 13 0,).1

1he IS4A %/nstrument for ,tructural $olicies of $re-6dhesion & is a financial instrument created by the European Commission through the @S7= 7rogramme for the period 2---32--, which is destined for to investment financing for the environment infrastructure of the urban public services' 1his program is meant to help the process of Romania adhesion to the European 5nion by implementing e8pensive directives in the fields of environment protection and water management' 1he proEects approved in the period 2---32--3 and whose value amount to appro8imately 033.1 mi ions E<RO plays an important role in the implementation of the E5 directives' ?rom the total sum of about 0,/ mi ions E<RO that are destined for environment in the period 2---32--,, 21/ mi ions E<RO have been already allocated. @n Table 21 are presented the proEects approved for financing in 2--3 by the @S7= 4anagement Committee in +russels'
IS4A proGects appro*e& (or (inancing in )//+ No Tit e o( the IS4A proGect 1. Caste management in DHmbo*iIa county 6istrictual proEect concerning the integrated 2. waste management in Te eorman county Rehabilitation, improving and e8tention of 3. sewerage system and the improvement of waste waters treatment system in 4iteJti 1he improvement of drin"ing water treatment 4. system and of collecting waste waters in AacK$ 1echniGue assistance for strenghtening the institutional capacity of @S7= proEects 5. beneficiary in the field of water management in Romania 1echniGue assistance for preparing @S7= ,' proEects in the environmental sector TOTA> Tota *a $e 2. !$--21$-,--$1#.---.2--,--#-----12#.---!2/0/2/// Tab e )/ IS4A grant 1!$2---1,-.$.-31312.-3!--$.-#-----!!$.--!))3+21//

National Action Plan for the Environmental Protection NEAP

=ccording to the provisions of the .ational $lan for 'omaniaBs adhesion to the :uropean Fnion, among the urgent priorities there is the updatin of the .ational :n2ironment $rotection $lan. 1his is necessary both for establishing %on a common agreement with all the factors of interest& the proEects that represent Khot points/ identified at the national level, for which urgent measures for environment
2,

factors improvement must be ta"en, and for the identification of priority proEects that are to be financiated for the purpose of Environment ?und operation' @n 2--3 for updatin the .ational :n2ironment $rotection 6ction $lan , a series of activities within the RERe7 1'! proEect: KStrengthening of the capacity of harmoniFation with the Community environment acGuis/, through the activity of 9E=7 Secretariat' @t was achieved a procedure of processing the information referring to the proposals of environment proEects and an information system with a database, that ensures the management of the information that refer to the state of proEects included in 9E=7' = great amount of information was systematiFed, and as a result was presented the following : the final version of proEects lists accepted to be included in 9E=7; reports obtained as a result of data processing from the achieved database ' 1he main steps of the updating process are: to identify proEect proposals at local and control level; to elaborate selection and priority criteria; to analyse and select proEects that are to be included in the 9E=7; to prioritise the selected proEects; the 9E=7 approval by the @nterministry Commitee for coordination the integration of environment protection field in the policies and district strategies at the national level, founded in accordance to the provisions of >overnment 6ecision no' 1-!#A2. Dctober 2--1; to identify potential sources of financing as well as to obtain interface with specialiFed programmes %@S7=, 7(=RE, Iife, S=7=R6, etc'&; to elaborate and use an information system for the monitoring of the 9E=7 implementation' 1he 9E=7 complies with the general principles and priority obEectives included in the Environment 7rotection Strategy of Romania; this document which had been also update is an uniGue and integrating approach of the environment protection issues in our country' 1he obEectives of the Environment protection Strategy get materialiFed through the 9E=7 as well' @n addition, the 9E=7 also complies with the >overning 7rogramme that establishes measures and actions to protect and provide a safe and clean environment for all the inhabitants of Romania' 1he elaboration of the 9E=7 and its permanent updating is a comple8 process of monitoring the implementation of actions and concrete proEects aimed at the progressive improvement of environment component Guality in Romania' 1he results obtained after the information process from the database attached to 9E=7 proEects are: 1he investments value for the 9E=7 proEects ensemble on wor"ing groups and years (Table 21)G 1he investments value for the 9E=7 proEects ensemble on counties; 1he way of investments financiation reGuested for the environment proEects of 9E=7; 9umber of selected proEects and the necessary investments on ministry and wor"ing groups; 9E=7 proEects distribution on counties and proEect categories; 9E=7 proEects distribution on counties and proEect types; Environment proEects distribution on wor"ing groups and target3groups; 1he overall approach of essential pollutants, percentage connected to environment problems; 1he conformance of proEects from 9E=7 to the European legislation' @nformation referring to the state of 9E=7 actualiFation must be achieved by all the factors of interest'
The in*estments *a $e (or the NEA4 proGects ensemb e on 7or?ing gro$ps an& %ears Wor?ing gro$p G>! Caters Guality G>) =ir Guality, climate change and @77C G>+ Caste and dangerous chimical substances management N$mber proGects 2 .$. Tota ,1$'3 .$-'! , $'! First %ear 2- '. 2-!', .!$', Secon& %ear 1#,'2 22,'# . ', Thir& %ear 1$2'!.'3 23'Tab e )! %million :F'() Fo$rth %ear #'# !'2 '

2#

G>, 7rotection of nature, biodiversity, soil and forests G>1 (oriFontal legislation, protection against noise and institutional development Tota 4ercentage (rom the tota C8'

3# !2/

,,'! 1',

1,'1 -'

2-'2 -'.

2$'-'2

,', -'1 !!).+ 1.008

!-/0.2 !/)-.2 ,0).) )0,.1 !//.//8 1+.-,8 )1.)38 !,.-!8

1he schematic presentation of the information dissemination procedure is presented in &i ure %8.

DATAAAS E

A44>I#ATIONS

NEA4 4ROLE#TS

7resentation programs @ntern and international communications 7ublications

MINISTERIES INTERMINISTRY #OMMITTEE RERe4 #ONFEREN#ES AENEFI#IARIES FINAN#IATING 4ERSONS A4Ms >O#A> #O<N#I>S ONGs

RA4ORTS 4RO#ESSING

'igure &(