Strategies for

Waste
Management

Editors
V. Murugesan
R. Jayabalou
S. Nanjundan
M. Palanichamy
-
 (j)r/I~.//71 j.-
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Proceedin g s of thtfSth :~>'" ., \ ., ( . - \
\ -.,;l'~\ (.0( "
Asian Academic Network for
Environmental Safety and Waste Management
December 10 - 13, 2006

Editors
V. Murugesan
R. Jayabalou
S. Nanjundan
M. Palanichamy

Organised by

Department of Chemistry
and
!:'Centre with Potential for Excellence in Environmental Science
Anna University, Chennai 600 025
A . .( ,I.",?\ r".,,;;.,)'- / _ OJ
, .: .-' ,-, - '
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-I\r- f . -;f-; '\ 't ,.--)'" r. .'<. '-~-, l c.-- . _'! (-

----
 II E-Wastc

14. Cannibalizing used PCs in government sector: Malaysia E-waste project 75

3 Mus/ala Man, Md Yazid Mohd Saman and Wan Aezwani Wan Abu Bakar
15. Conceptual model for E-waste recycle and reuse 87
15 Arunoday Chakraborty, Rajat Chakraborty and Anjali Srivastava
16. Electronics waste materials physicochemical analyses and remedial
23 measures 89
r Ramachandramoorthy
25 17. E-waste: A serious problem for our planet 91
R. AIolorvi::hi

27 III Solid Waste Treatment & Recycling (SWT & R)

IX. Solid waste management in Bangladesh: The present and future 99

29 Iv/.Habibur Rahman
II). Leaching characteristics of dioxins from MSW landfills containing
33 incineration residues 103
}illlg-.Iill Kim, ......ollg-}i.'(' 110m ami f)ol1g-llool1 1,('('
20. Use of GIS for logistics management and spatial planning for solid waste
35 \I '
management: A case study for Dhaka city corporation III
JId Mafi::ur Rahman, Mohammad Ali and A.l.A. Chowdhury
43 I. Asian regional research networking tor sustainable solid waste landfill
management 121
Kurian Joseph, C. Visvanathan, Chart Chiemchaisri, Gongming Zhou and
49
S.FA. Basnayake
"'\"'\
Refuse derived fuel - renewable energy from municipal solid waste
55 current practice and perspectives in Malaysia 127
Puvaneswari Ramasamy
3. Integrating local and foreign technology and resources to solve the MSW
63 management problem in Malaysia 129
i
Sivapalan Kathiravale, Muhd Noor Muhd Yunusand Mohamad Puad Abu
4. Isotope hydrology for groundwater contamination studies in sanitary
65 I landfill at Pulau Burung, Penang, Malaysia 131
Mohd Tadza Ahdul Rahman, Ismail Abustan, Nabsiah Abdul Wahid and
Komarudin Samuding
 Proceedings of/he 8'" AANESWM, December IO-l3. 2006
Anna Universi/y. Chennai. pp. III - 120

USE OF GIS FOR LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT AND SPATIAL

fapanl PLANNING FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY
FOR DHAKA CITY CORPORATION

Md. Mathur Rahmanl*, Mohammad Ali2 and A.LA. ChowdhuryJ

'Department of Civil Engineering; 2Environmental Engineering, Bangladesh University
of Engineering and Technology; 3Presidency University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
*Corresponding author: mafiz@agni.com

. Waste management is a global environmcntal issue which concerns about both

d.economicaland environmental problems. Bangladesh, being a densely populated country
:.,,::with rapid growth of urbanization, faces these problems immensely. There has to be
\~, 3ppropriate
planning for proper waste management by means of analysis of the waste
:: f situationof the area. This paper would deal with, how Geographical Information System
.icanbe uscd as a decision support tool for planning waste management. A model is designed
p.'forthe case study area in Dhaka city for the purpose of planning waste management. The
~suggestions for amendments in the system through GIS based model would reduce the
;;'waste management workload to some extent and exhibit remedies for some of the SWM
~+,problemsin the case study area. The waste management issues are considered to solve
~;tOI11e of the present
situation problems like proper allocation and relocation of waste bins,
ncbeckfor unsuitability and proximity convenience due to waste bin to the users, for the
} Rquiredareas and future suggestions. The model on DCC study area data for the analysis
~. f'andtheresults will suggest some modification in the existing system which is expected to
k'I ',.

. reducethe waste management workload to a certain extent.

Introduction
. Dhaka, which is emerging as a mega city with a population of over 10 million,
is beset with problems of urban influx, inadequate infrastructure, and overburden
managcmcnt capacity. Growing waste volume in this city has become one of the critical
socia-economic and technical concerns like any other developing cities of the world. At
present,the waste generation rate in Dhaka is around 0.5 kg/day per capita. The rate is
Dotconsiderably high compared with the rate of other developing countries; however,
, thetotal amount of the waste generation is around 5,000 tonn. per day due to its large

III
 -- - -

Solid Waste Treatment & Recycling

population. The generated waste, which shall be disposed appropriately in the future, will that (
increase rapidly due to the economic and population growth. lL is, therdore, pen;eivcd as a ~
that appropriate waste management measures are urgently needed to keep the city clean. From
"The Geographic Infonnation System (GIS) helps to manipulate data in the computer updat
to simulate alternatives and to take the most effective decisions". A comprehensive
GIS project for solid waste management, for the Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) can
restructure the entire system of garbage collection, disposal and monitoring using GIS-
MIS-GPS. Therefore. GIS-MIS-GPS for Solid Waste Management (SWM) envisions a
future where GIS is recognized as an integral and indispensable information tool for civic
management, serving the integrated infonnation needs of the citizens.

The objectives of the project

The specific objectives of this study include:
To mah: (iiS as a tool 14)("
making decisions on investment in infrastructure
1;I\;ilitics.
To make it as an effective & ellicient mechanism for managing the garbage.
Route optimization-shortest path from the collection point to the
dumping yard.
· To maximize all the infrastructure facilities used.
· To help in making decisions about the sorting area, disposal area, truck routes
and transfer station justification.
· To optimize the number of collection points and transport of garbage.
· To maximize the collection coverage, optimize fuel efficiency.
· To optimize the transportation of garbage from collection points to
dump-yards.
Use of GIS

One of the objectives of GIS in the study was to prepare tabular data for the present .
evaluation and the future prediction about solid waste and to prepare map production
(Figure 1).
In order to apply GIS to the study, it is necessary to understand the use of GIS .
clearly and also make it clear the design of database in the process. It should be understood

112
 thatGIScan not solve problemsand issues,but GIS can supportthe practicalplanning
asa supporting tool. Contribution of GIS activity in the study is mentioned in Figure 2.
Frompoint of view about facility management in GIS, if once established those databases,
updatingand maintenance would be easier for DCe.
Diagram of the use of GIS to SWM

Dala Analysis and labulalion

I Potential of Land Use I
~uiltup.re.
~Ie.re.
~.rt". (ordCC'\'clopmcnt
- Type o(waste on land ule Overlay analysis and Cross matrix
-sources
Identification of SW generation analysis among thematic maps

-in each waste

CalculatOR of was Ie quantities
Tabuladon of data on ward or Zone
Repartation for waste type

r
II ~
Definition of urban area

I Evalution or SW I r ,
I ~eneration and 1 I EvaltltionofSW I
I quantities JI
generationand I
: Prediction of future I
IT L ~\Y ~n_!.r!!I!...n!...
_J

Tabular data on the wards-wize

and the zone-wise in the study

~e~

GIS data orSWM racility:

GIS maps suporting to master plan SWM racillty:
or SWM -waste container,
QJ -dustbin.
- illegaldumping sites,
-open dumping Ipo4
-hospital" Clinic"
Dilgon.slle centers

Figure 1 Schematic Diagram for the use of GIS

GIS data resources used in the study were as follows:
· Ward-wise tabular and analysis data such as population, statistic data etc.
· SWM facility data concerning to the primary collection such as waste
container, dustbin, illegal dumping site and open dumping spot, medical
facilities about hospitals, clinics, and diagnostic centers.
· Thematic maps of Geographic Information produce by the JICA study
in SOB: The Study on Urban Information Management for Greater
Dhaka City.
· Land use, land condition, social economic condition and building and housing
type relating to solid waste generation sources, road condition concerning to
accessibility to collection vehicle and administrative boundaries concerning
113

--
Solid WasIl' T,.ealllll'lIl (~ Rl'qdillg

to population census and grand elevation relating to flooding to make an trans

influence for SWM operation in flood season. to co
In the study area it was extremely difficult to acquire the latest and the most reli- ofth
able basic data, so it became important data resources for topographic map and thematic shall
maps compiled on those base maps.
FigU!
Process of study The use of GIS dust!
Production of geographic information data in the colle
Survey activities relating to study 6,87:
preparation for master plan Production of geographic information data using the v
existing data wast
! 6 m3
GIS functions:
Practical condition for - Display of information - Data query and
preparation of master plan: display
- Prehension, - Survey and analysis - Link of relevant
- Analysis, data
- Evaluation, - Overlay and tabulation by query
- Prediction -Production of thematic map and evaluation map
- Map printing
I I

Application development for solid waste

Monitoring and maintenance of management: Monitoring and supporting of
master plan plan, updating of data base, facility management
and other application developments

Figure 2 Relation between the process of study and the use of GIS

Appropriate setup of waste containers

The waste bins are needed to be located at suitable locations so that households
can find the bins at walking distance. Moreover, Huda identified that very low profile
technology which is used by Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) is one of the reasons behind
the inadequate management of solid waste in Dhaka city. Under these circumstances,1 Fig
there is a possibility to use modern technology to deal with this specific problem andto
improve the overall solid waste management (SWM) situation as well. The collectionand
114
ke an transportplan proposes the shifting of existing main collection vehicles from open trucks
tocontainercarriers gradually considering the higher collection and transport efficiency
t reii- ofthe container carrier by 4 times of the open trucks. Dustbins collected by open truck
matic shallbereplacedby 6 m3containersaccordingly.
Dusthins and waste containers concentrate the south area of DCC as shown in
Figure3 originally prepared for SWM GIS maps. The GIS data also shows 688 places of
dustbinswith 3,837 m3and 383 units of6 m3 and 12 m3waste containers of3,036 m3 in the
1 the collection service area of DCC. The present storage volume of dustbins and containers,
6.873m3, arc equivalent to store waste approximately 1,700 ton, which is about half of
~...._-
smg the waste generation amount of 3,200 t/d estimated for 2004. As the collection ratio of
wasteincreases, the storage capacity of receptacles of waste shall be increased by placing
6 mJwaste containers accordingly.

Location of Dustbins and

and \Vastc Containscrs in DCC

:vant

map

legMd Locotloo of DtJslblns

end wast..,. Contl!llne~ in Wards

DDCClcalle'
~~;~,:c;~~.:;~'O"'_'
. ,,,...,,.....
". ""._1..,""",_...
" ,.
1'\.1 :::: :.~: ::~~~~ :"'~:::~'~d,n ",."'".
~o.ct '_I " "'...

Figure3 Location of dustbins and waste containers in DCe (As of September 2004)

115

-- --
Solid Wasle Trealmelll & Re(~,'CIillg

Responding to the procurement/operation of new container carriers, new containers

shall be placed to the locations of dustbins to be abandoned or at the appropriate place
where there is no obstacle to the traffic and is convenient for access by the container
carriers. In addition, placement of waste containers at new locations will also be required
due to the present shortage of the volume of receptacles and for the additional volume
derived from the yearly increase of waste generation amount and the plan to increase the
waste collection ratio from 44% at present to 61% in 2015. Taking up Ward-6 for the \
case study, the setup of new waste containers is designed as presented in Table 1. As
shown in the Table 1, thirteen (13) units of 6 m3containers shall be placed immediately
to achieve the collection ratio of 44 % at 2004. For reference, the new containers were
setup in relation with the location of existing containers as shown in Figure 4. These new
locations and the numbers of waste containers per site shall be verified at each site in
consideration of the site conditions and the served population.
Reducing the loading time of open truck and route optimization
Time and Motion Survey conducted by the Study Team revealed that the present
loading time of open truck takes 45% to 56% of total collection and transport time.
Reducing 50% of the loading time or 2 hours assuming the working hours for 8 hours
will increase the transport capacity by the rate of 0.5 tonn.lhour to 0.6 tonn./hour. In order
to shorten the unloading time, manpower of street cleaners will be helpful. Some of the
man street cleaners working nearby the dustbins shall assist the truck cleaners after two
hours morning sweeping work. This operation requires the open truck to have a regular; API
time collection work everyday to tie up with the manpower of street cleaners.
roads
Table 1 Required numbers of 6 m3waste containers in ward 6
soil ~
Year
Item
2004 2010 2015
127
Waste Generation Amount - ton/day (m3/day) 85 (340) 106 (424) (508)
335-
Planned Waste Collection Amount - m3/day 150-44% 223-52.5%
66%
Existing Volume of Waste Containers - m3 71 71 71
Required Volume of New Waste Containers - m3 74 152 264
Required Numbers of 6 m3Containers - unit 13 26 44 .
116

-: ~
 Route optimization-shortest path from the collection point to the dumping yard,
maximizeall the infrastructure facilities used, optimize the number of collection points
andtransportof garbage and optimize the transportation of garbage from collection points
todump-yardsis solved by using GIS-MIS-GPS as a tool for making decisions.

Lagond
PrOf'o,~d COV<Nnge.ril!'8 from ne-w ". oonlalner
L-:J tOOmCovar.g. arM 1
r::::J 200m COVWIf.ge__2
C ~onm C-.IIO'" Au",..3
..,.., 01w..,,, (I,..I..h,...
t'-] \,...,"' r:."""...",..1
l.ll.lBtHlK L)u1l\bln,/WfUI\e Container.
[=:J 1M m Cm '.".. ..,...,
l. J ,'111,n C",--OIU" ..-:I
('::'J ~1tH) ,,' (:0 '''. ~,
U\'"Ablnlwll_.. Cort'.I.......
tP Du!'llhln!t
. WflfiI...
Conl.in....

,.

Figure 4 Urgent setup of new containers in ward 6 (case study)

Appropriate location of landfill sites

The factor to be considered in the case of locating landfill site were related to
roads,open water, protectedareas, urban, rural residentialareas, soil pemleabilityand
soiltype, land use/land cover and distance to transportation routes.
· Proximity to surface water
· Distance from transportation routes
· Distance from environmentally sensitive or protected areas
· Distance from urban areas
· Distance from rural settlements areas
· Landfoml and Soil Type
Land lIsdland cover
Haul distance
117
Solid Was/e Trea/men/ & Re<:I'<:IiIl~

At present, approximately two-thirds of waste discharged in Dhaka is transported .

to Matuail Disposal Site and one-third is transported to Bali Band. After closure of Bali
Band and open of Amin Bazar Disposal Site, the spatial condition of Wards for accessing
to the disposal sites will change. The Figure 5 shows the spatial relation of zones to
the disposal sites in future. All the Zones are covered within 15 km radius from either
Matuail for Zone-I to Zonc-5 or "min Bazar for Zonc-6 to Zone-I O. The future waste
generation amount of each ofthe 5 zones is estimated almost half and halt: With regardto
the mentioned spatial relation, the whole DCe's Zones shall be divided into the coverage
areas of either Matuail or Amin Bazar for the benefits of transport distance, time and the
fuel cost. Con
I
\
(orG
ThereI
in cae
dcfini'

Capa

in the
lhroug1
skill. 1

",. Estab
"
t'

Figure 5 Divisions of zones with relation to the future disposal sites agencie
GISdat
Recommendations
Establishment of management frame for the use of GIS IOpOgral
A goal for the GIS installation in each organization of Dee is reconfirmed, and eopogra]
aim of database development makes it clear. The frame of the GIS application and the Refere,
development of a database are established to make it promote the integration of the I. A. (
information. The following item is made the target of the GIS installation for the business
syst
model of DeC
2. GJ.

]] 8

--
 · SWM: Facility management for SWM facilities, primary collection and
secondary collection service, collections and transport service, monitoring of
dumping and environmental management and others.
· Urban planning: Land use planning, urban development planning, building
control, public facility management and public services, urban facilities
management, education and medical, transportation, disaster management,
environmental management and others.
· DCC business control management: residence registration, building and
housing registration and taxation and others.
'Completionof GIS ward map and data cleaning
The present data may be satisfied for cartography purpose, but data is not available
I.~... GISoperations because data specifications are not good for every data in all wards.
Thereare no rules and no unifications about data as follows: different naming offile name
jaeach ward, different data structure among files in each ward, demarcation problems of
boundaries and etc.
f.:'definite

FCapacity building of human resource

,. Human resources in charge orGIS must be developed to implement GIS operation
Jio the practical management. Operational abilities of GIS stuffs should be increased
~dIroughonjob training.It is necessaryto grow GIS stuffsand to educatethe operation
.,. skill.
; Establishmentof information infrastructure
Information Infrastructure should be established by data exchange among relevant
~. agencies.
There are several tasks to support GIS data to relevant agencies and to uses
: GIS datafromrelevantagenciesin Bangladeshgovernment.Thereare not much reliable
it,ographic maps to cover with Dhaka Metropolitan Area. At the present, large scales of
~tIipographic
maps are being prepared by SOB though the JICA study.
1
;References
A. Ogra, Logistics management and spatial planning for solid waste management
systemusing geographic information system.
GJ. Lunkapis, GIS as decision support tool for landfills silting.

119

- . -

---
 i

Salid Waste Treatment& Recycling f

4. M. Tolba, SolId Waste Management: A geo-envlronmemal apprual.:11uSlIlg 1t:IIIUlC; ~lJ~ IAll
sensing data and GIS. t.
5. O. Apaydin and M.T. Gonullu, Route optimization for solid waste collection
Trabzon (Turkey) Case study.
6. O. Aurobindo, Municipal applications of GIS for effective solid waste 'Cent
management, workshop on solid waste management systems, Dehradun (2002). I.
2Asian I
7. R. Vijay, A. Gupta, A.S. Kalamdhad and S. Dcvotta, Estimation and allocation of
solid waste to bin through geographical information systems.
8. R.U. Koelpin and LA. Goldblatt, GIS development in the hazardous waste geology
section, Office of solid and hazardous waste management, Indiana Department of
Environmental Management.
Abstract
9. S.M. Ahmed, Using GIS in solid waste management planning: A case study for The Asi;
Aurangabad, India, Final Master's Thesis (2006). Thailand and S
10. S.M. Anwar, Solid waste management and GIS, M.Phil Thesis (2004). is actively caIT)
the Asian Rcgia
by Swedish Intl
research or thi~
municipal solid
prevailing duml
waste degradati
with these issue:
composting, enl
and space requ
conditions are f
the network par
uses the experti~
results, and com

Introduction

Today, th
solid wastes- a st
by technology a
distinctly differe
120