Works Cited Primary Sources "An Act Respecting Alien Enemies." The Alien and Sedition Acts.

Lillian Goldman Law Library, 2008. Web. 11 December 2013. The Alien and Sedition Acts were an example of government abuse of the First Amendment, a precedent to Watergate. In the same situation as Watergate, the administration feared for its power and tried to maintain it by quelling the wishes of the people. Obviously, it backfired on them, leading to the Federalists losing the White House to the Democratic-Republicans in the Election of 1800. It gave us insight on Watergate as history tends to repeat itself. An Act in Addition to the Act, Entitled "An Act for the Punishment of Certain Crimes Against the United States. The Alien and Sedition Acts. Lillian Goldman Law Library, 2008. Web. 11 December 2013. The Sedition Act, favored by President Adams, impeded on the peoples freedom of speech but especially the freedom of the press of the newspapers who were criticizing the President and his administration. Bernstein, Carl, and Bob Woodward. "Dean Alleges Nixon Knew of Cover-up Plan."Washington Post 3 June 1973, Page A01 sec.: n. pag. Watergate 25.Washington Post Co. Web. 12 Nov. 2013. This source is a newspaper article in the Washington Post, written by Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward right in the middle of the Watergate prosecutions. The language of the piece gives a sense of the urgency, intrigue, and anger surrounding the scandal, and Deans allegations shed further light on the extent of the White Houses involvement in the cover-up of Watergate. The government was actively involved during the Nixon administration in covering-up the Watergate scandal, purposefully depriving the people of their right to government transparency even outright lying to them about the Watergate issue. Joint Resolution of Congress. "Bill of Rights." National Archives and Records Administration. National Archives and Records Administration, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. This source is the original outline of the guaranteed freedoms, rights, and liberties of Americans. Most important of these to our project is the First Amendment, which guarantees the freedom of the press and the freedom of speech, both of which were tested in Watergate and in later abuses of government power. Katz, David M., and Julia Homer. "WorldCom Whistle-blower Cynthia Cooper." CFO. CFO, 1 Feb. 2008. Web. 20 Jan. 2014.

This was a very insightful interview with Cynthia Cooper that outlined her role and attitude in and about exposing the fraud of WorldCom. It also contained a great quote that not only encompassed her whistleblowing, but also applied to the Ms. Watkins. Kilpatrick, Carroll. "Nixon Resigns." The Washington Post [Washington D.C.] 9 Aug. 1974: A1+. Print. This story, published by The Washington Post, marks the culmination of the Watergate Scandal and the Washington Post investigation. The resignation was seen as a clear attempt to avoid being convicted during an impeachment trial. Nixon said his resignation was in the best interest of the country as he could no longer effectively govern. Lewis, Alfred E. "5 Held in Plot to Bug Democrats' Office Here." Washington Post. The Washington Post, 18 June 1972. Web. 11 Dec. 2013. This source is an original newspaper article from 1972, written the day after the Watergate break-in, drawing the first of the nations attention to the scandal. It illustrates the involvement of the Washington Post in the breaking of the story. It was also the first release of information regarding the break-in to the general public, and demonstrates how the media played the most direct line to the people to get their information, as the government had to careful what it said so it would not reveal its play in it, and the investigators were subjected to confidentiality agreements. Thus some trust was put in common media, because at least they werent outwardly hiding something from the people. Nixon, Richard. "President Nixon's Resignation Speech." Transcription of Speech. PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2013. Nixons address to the country as he resigned from the position of the president of the United States was largely in response to the scandal associated with Watergate. It sheds light on the presidents official reaction to the Watergate issue, but at the same time highlights the diction and tone used by Nixon to emphasize that he was elected to this position, he served it in what he believed to be of the best interests of the Nation, and he was effective in many areas; simultaneously drawing attention away from the recent past of Watergate. He only explicitly refers to Watergate in the first half of his speech. This supports the issue of the responsibility of the government to be transparent in its proceedings and the right of the people to this transparency. Nixon was never outright in his explanation of the proceedings of the government during Watergate even in his resignation speech that resulted from the scandal, he was vague about it. So the media rightfully took that responsibility to respect the right of the people to this transparency. Nixon, Richard, and H.R. Haldeman. "The Smoking Gun Tape." Watergateinfo. N.p., 1995. Web. 17 Oct. 2013. This is a recorded conversation between President Nixon and White House Chief of Staff, H.R. Haldeman, in discussion over the recent Watergate break-

in and proceeding investigation. It gives an inner look into the behind-the-scenes of the Watergate issue in the inner Nixon cabinet circle. Nixon was not being transparent about the Watergate scandal, having made a presidential statement early that stated the White House had no involvement in the Watergate break-in, when he obviously did have some involvement in the scandal because he was willing to make up a reason to end the investigation. In an interesting side note, there was an eighteen and a half gap in this tape that was never properly accounted for which some may argue hides Nixon or Haldeman directly stating their connection to the Watergate break-in. Reagan, Ronald. "The Reagan Era Quotes." Shmoop. Shmoop, n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. Ronald Reagan never formally admitted his knowledge of the Iran-Contra affair, but he came as close as political correctness would allow him. However, this is still a confession, which is then built upon his insistence that a president must be an actor to remain in office. It displays the same tenacity of a president to retain his office past the moral obligations of such a position. "Watergate Exhibit Evidence." Watergate Exhibit Evidence. The Nixon Library and Museum, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. This provided numerous sources demonstrate how the media worked to reveal what the government was trying to hide in the watergate scandal, and how their involvement contributed to exposing Nixon. The interviews and tapes give various ways of presenting the event to the public and influencing how the public interprets the event. The David Frost interviews were some of the most direct communications between the media and the government on the issue. Secondary Sources "About." Wikileaks. Wikileaks, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2014. As with IRE, analyzing an organization's stated mission can be invaluable to understanding the organization in general. In this case, the stated mission helped us understand the influence that the loss of mainstream media objectivity and accountability had on the Fifth Estate. "About IRE." IRE. Investigative Reporters & Editors, n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. It is always helpful to see a company or organization's own mission, as they define it, as it gives a sense of the companys own morals and values. IRE is no exception, and their about page provided insight, for both us and our readers, into the basis of this forum of reporters. "About PVT. Manning." Privatemanning.org. Bradley Manning Support Network, n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2014.

Due to this sites nature of specificity to Chelsea Manning, it was a welcome source of quotes and background on the topic, and increased our understanding of the controversy surrounding Manning. Axelrod, Alan. Profiles In Folly: Historys Worst Decisions and Why They Went Wrong. New York: Sterling, 2008. 100-109. Print. This source gives an overview of the whole affair with some unique examples and background information that really shows the stupidity of the whole affair. It shows why whistleblowers and the media are needed to preserve the integrity of the government. This book provides a very pro-whistleblowers view so it was interesting to compare it to a very not pro-whistleblowers source. Balkin, Jack M. "How Mass Media Simulate Political Transparency." Yale.edu. N.p., 1998. Web. 07 Jan. 2014. This source describes how the media can stimulate government transparency by energizing the public to support government accountability. It helped us understand the connection between the media, public and government in the interest of transparency. CBS, prod. "Woodward and Bernstein on Nixon's 'criminal enterprise'" Face the Nation. CBS. CBS, 10 June 2012. Washington Post Co. PostTV, 10 June 2012. Web. 14 Nov. 2013. This source is a short interview that outlines Carl Bernsteins and Bob Woodwards general opinions on the topic of Watergate, and more specifically, on Mr. Nixon himself. They both are outright against the former president, painting him as a blackmailer, a liar, and a conman. The media is revealing government transparency, as transparent as it gets, to the people. And these reports were received with concern by the public, and though denied by one branch of government, were upheld in another. But when the whole government commits acts of controversial nature together and agrees to keep it a secret, and then when their actions are revealed to a shocked American public that disagrees with how the government is using the power that is derived from the public in the first place the one whom informed the American public is quickly named a fugitive of law. Even as other governments that were not part of the pact strive to protect the whistleblower. "Coleen Rowley." Americans Who Tell The Truth. AWTT, n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. Although biased, this source presented Rowleys beliefs and actions faithfully. It also provided a wonderful quote that led to insight on the mindset of this renowned whistleblower.

Crawford, Jeff. "Iran-Contra: Sworn to Secrecy." Iran-Contra Sworn to Secrecy. Wordpress, 2013. Web. 20 Jan. 2014.

Crawford displays the iran-contra scandal in an easy-to-follow and concise manner, making it an invaluable resource for background content on the Reagan Era scandal. Crawford has credibility in claiming he was a part of the proceedings, or at least involved politically in them. This supports whistleblowing as well as providing historical context. Drake, Thomas, et al. "Former Whistleblowers: Open Letter to Intelligence Employees after Snowden." Theguardian.com. Guardian News and Media, 11 Dec. 2013. Web. 07 Jan. 2014. This is a letter from former whistleblowers to workers in the U.S. intelligence community following the Edward Snowden revelations. It tells us about the importance and consequences of whistleblowing. Farrell, Greg. "WorldCom's Whistle-blower Tells Her Story." WorldCom's Whistle-blower Tells Her Story. USA TODAY, 2011. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. This was an explanation of the whistleblowing activities of Cynthia Cooper. It provided a background to the respect she has garnered in the media world. Feldstein, Mark. "Watergate Revisited ." American Journalism Review. August/September 2004 (2004): n. page. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. This article discusses how large of a role the media had in uncovering Watergate and whether its as large as people remember it to be. It made us question whether the media really fulfilled its responsibility of ensuring government transparency. Finney, Daniel P. "Watergate scandal changed the political landscape forever." USA Today [Des Moines] 16 June 2012, n. pag. Web. 13 Nov. 2013. This article provided many examples of legacies left by Watergate and opinions of distinguished people involved with the event or have studied the event. It helped us understand the very broad impact Watergate had on society with examples we can relate to especially concerning changes in media and government transparency. "Formation of the Plumbers." Watergate. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Jan. 2014. The formation of the Plumbers helped shed light on the connection between the Pentagon Papers, the Plumbers, and Watergate. The source helped explain what the plumbers were and how they contributed to the idea of government transparency. Friedman, Ian C. Freedom of Speech and the Press. New York: Facts on File, 2005. 69-73. Print. This book detailed the transformation of the media and its role over the course of the Vietnam War and Watergate. It had information on what Woodward and Bernstein did and Nixons bad relationship with the media. Also, it included how information was made more accessible after the scandal.

Howard, Kurtz. "Bill Clinton's Very Personal Reflections." Www.washingtonpost.com. Washington Post, 17 June 2004. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. This is a prime example of how politicians skew their words in order to retain a good image even in the face of completely incriminating evidence. "History.org: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation's Official History and Citizenship Website." The Alien and Sedition Acts : The Colonial Williamsburg Official History & Citizenship Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2014. The Alien and Sedition Acts were a key historical example of government overreach in regulating the media. This provides a key example of how the government may try to regulate what the media can say like the Nixon administration did during Watergate. Kirk, Michael. "Bob Woodward Discusses Watergate and Wikileaks." UConn Today. (2011): n. page. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. This article reports on a talk Bob Woodward gave to students at the University of Connecticut. The most interesting parts were when he addressed Wikileaks and how the media today is not the same as it used to be. He agrees that the media is essential in ensuring government transparency. Kuhn, David P. "Bush's Top Ten Flip-Flops." CBSNews. CBS Interactive, n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. A nice collection of conflicting statements Mr. Bush said of the course of his presidency, for reference into political discrepancies. Nelson, Steven. "Bill Clinton 15 Years Ago: 'I Did Not Have Sexual Relations With That Woman'" US News. U.S.News & World Report, 25 Jan. 2013. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. Nelson provides a detailed, yet accessible account of the controversial Lewinsky scandal during the Clinton administration. Such an objective, yet tangible account was perfect to provide background content for the reader without offense. "New York Times v. United States (1971)." Bill of Rights Institute Americapedia NY Times v US Comments. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Jan. 2014. The New York Times v. United States was a supreme court case in which the court held that the New York Times had the right to publish the Pentagon Papers under the first amendment. This set precedent for future whistleblowing cases.

"Nixon Presidential Library & Museum." Nixon Presidential Library & Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2014.

This source provided valuable historical context on the Nixon Administration as well as provided transcripts of the tapes from the White House during the Nixon Administration. Perry, James M. "Watergate Case Study." Watergate Case Study. Columbia University Journalism, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. This case study is on the Washington Post investigation into the Watergate scandal. It explores why their investigation succeed where others didn't and how the media response to Watergate still affects journalistic practices today. It shed light on the process and depth of the Washington Post investigation as well as the journalistic aspect of the investigation. "POLITICO Photo Gallery." 10 Famous/infamous Whistleblowers. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2014. This source lead us the the Time Magazine from 2002, which were The Whistleblowers. Rawlings, Nate. "Richard Nixon's Plumbers." TIME.com. N.p., 17 May 2011. Web. 07 Jan. 2014. Richard Nixons plumbers helped us shed on how the Nixon Administration used the covert Plumbers to attempt to stop the Watergate leaks. The source helped explain what the plumbers were and how they contributed the government coverup. Rogers, Donald J. Press versus Government. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986. 27-38. Print. This book gave more details and facts to the question of executive privilege or government transparency. It also expands on The Washington Posts involvement in the scandal and the medias role in keeping the President accountable. "Sherron's Bio." Sherronwatkins.com. Sherron Watkins, n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. A short biography highlighting the main points of Sherron Watkins career and life, giving due credit to her whistleblowing activities, but not making them the main point of the article. In general, this was informational in the life of the woman that became known as such a major whistleblower of her time. "Sherron Watkins." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Jan. 2014. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. A concise explanation of Watkins role in the Enron fraud that allows understanding of the whistleblowing that occurred without the slew of auditing jargon associated with it. It was very useful in creating a concrete example of whistleblowing in easy to express terms. Simkin, John. "Mark Felt." : Biography. Spartacus Educational, Sept. 1997. Web. 20 Oct. 2013.

This source is a brief biography of Mark Felt, better known as Deep Throat, the confidential source that provided Bob Woodward with much of his inside information on the Watergate scandal. It provides his position (and thus means of retrieving this information), an incentive, and his long chronicled denial of being Deep Throat. This biography better explains the motive behind revealing the scandal to the public and at the same time puts into question the right of Felt to leak such confidential information. Smith, Kelly. "New Report: Does Kentuckys Unbridled Learning School Accountability Program Leave Minorities Behind?" Bluegrass Institute. N.p., 06 Dec. 2013. Web. 07 Jan. 2014. The Alien and Sedition acts limited the ability of the citizenry to speak out against government actions. This would have effectively allowed the government to exist without government transparency. Smith, Sean. "Watergate." Boston College Chronicle 08 May 1997, n. pag. Web. 13 Nov. 2013. This newspaper article describes the considerable impact Watergate had on various aspects of society including politics, the media, and reforms. It gives many tangible examples of events and legislature that arose because of Watergate including a statement on how a free press could provide some government transparency. Stencel, Mark. "The Reforms." Washington Post 13 June 1997, n. pag. Web. 13 Nov. 2013. This article describes seven specific pieces of legislature that were enacted in direct response to happenings of Watergate. It brings tangible proof to our claim that Watergate resulted in an increased sense of responsibility in the government to be transparent in its actions. "The Government and Media." Government.nl. n.p., n.d. Web. 05 Jan. 2014. The media helps insure government transparency, and allows an informed citizenry to make educated decisions regarding government interaction. Media should be based on freedom of expression in the public interest. "The President." The President. Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2013. This source is a basic and brief biography of Nixons presidency, including his first campaign, first term, re-election, second term, and Watergate. It is very useful as a background to Watergate, and a more comprehensive view of the Nixon administration both distanced from Watergate and directly involved in it. It again demonstrates the right of the people to transparency in government for a president to truly have the power derived from the people, the people must be aware of how that power is being used. "The Watergate Files - Home Page." The Watergate Files - Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2014.

Historical context about Watergate that helped us gain a deeper understanding of the events leading up to and following the scandal and the Washington Post investigation. This source gives a concise explanation of the scandal and the Nixon Administration response. Tate, Julie. "Judge Sentences Bradley Manning to 35 Years." Washington Post. The Washington Post, 22 Aug. 2013. Web. 05 Jan. 2014. This source shed light in the consequences and impact of whistleblowing. The Manning case provides a good example of how the government today reacts to whistleblowing activity. Waggoner, Jason. "Crime and Ambition: Richard Nixon and Watergate." Ashbrook. Ashbrook, Apr. 1994. Web. 19 Oct. 2013. This source is an editorial detailing the Nixon administrations role in the Watergate scandal and its effects on the general American public and later presidents. It follows specifically Richard Nixons role in Watergate, and why he became the only president to date to resign from office. It better helps us to understand what the specific role of Nixon himself was in Watergate, and gives us a crucial background to understand the effects on the American people--- the loss of faith in government that still affects us today, generations removed from that scandal. Washington Post Co. "The Watergate Story: Timeline." Washingtonpost.com. Washington Post Co., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2013. This source is a basic timeline of the Watergate scandal, based off of and supported by the corresponding articles in the Washington Post at that time. In terms of helpfulness, this is really useful as a baseline to fit other events into and get a general feel for how the government and media played off of each other. In reference to our thesis, again, this is simply a sweet little baseline to hinge everything off of. Short and to the point, without all the fluff. It details the steps the government took to avoid transparency in Watergate, and the steps the media and the public took to force the government to own up to its responsibility of transparency in its proceedings to its people. "Watergate." Washington Post. The Washington Post, 08 June 2012. Web. 06 Jan. 2014. The Washington Post watergate page provides archived articles from their original reporting as well as new reflection stories. They helped us with general background information and the Washington Post investigation. "Watergate Exhibit Evidence." Watergate Exhibit Evidence. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Jan. 2014. This source is from the Nixon Presidential Library. It provides key Nixon Administration documents and recording from Watergate including the formation of the plumbers, his enemies list and political espionage.

"White House History Classroom | Grades 9-12." White House History Classroom | Grades 9-12. n.p., n.d. Web. 06 Jan. 2014. This provided historical information about the White House during the Nixon Administration. This source helped us understand the using of taping devices in the White House and their role in the Watergate Scandal.