Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Gerard t Hooft
Stefan Nobbenhuis
Institute for Theoretical Physics
Utrecht University, Leuvenlaan 4
3584 CC Utrecht, the Netherlands
and
Spinoza Institute
Postbox 80.195
3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
Many of the special functions and polynomials are constructed along standard
procedures In this short survey we list the most essential ones.
October 4, 2005
1
Differential Equation:
(1 x2) Pt ii(x) 2x Pt i(x) + +(+ + 1) Pt(x)
0,
or
d
d
(1 x2) Pt(x) + +(+ + 1) Pt(x)
dx
dx
0.
(1.1)
Generating function:
X
Pt(x)tt
= (1 2xt + t2) 2
(1.2)
2
8t t 0 ,
2+ + 1
(1.3)
28(x xi) .
(1.4)
t=0
Orthonormality:
Z
1
-1
Pt(x) Pt 0 (x) dx =
Pt(x)Pt(xi)(2+ + 1) =
t=0
Expressions forPt(x) :
Pt(x) =
=
=
[t/2]
(1)v (2+
1 X
t2v
x
2t v=0 v!2v)!
(+ v)! (+ 2v)!
1 d t
(x2 1)t ,
+!Z2t dx
1
(x + x2 1 cos )t d .
0
(1.5)
(1.6)
(1.7)
Recurrence relations:
+ Pt1 (2+ + 1) x Pt + (+ + 1) Pt+1 = 0 ;
x2 1 i
Pt = x Pt1 +
P t1 ;
+
i
xP t + Pt = P i t1 ;
xP it + (+ + 1) Pt =
d
[Pt+1 Pt1] = (2+ + 1) Pt.
dx
P it+1 ;
(1.8)
Examples:
P0 = 1 ,
P1 = x ,
P2 =
1
(3x2
2
1) ,
P3 =
1
x(5x2
2
3) .
(1.9)
Differential equation:
1
m2
P m (x) 0 .
2
1x
(2.1)
Generating function:
X X
=0 m=0
Orthogonality:
Z 1
-1
1F
1
1 2y x + z 1 x2 + y2
P m (x) z m y
m!
2 (L + m)!
8 i ,
2L + 1 (L
m)!
(L m)! m
(2L + 1)
P (x) P m(x ) i 28(x xi) ,
(L + m)!
=m
Expressions for P m (x)1:
P m (x)
1m
2
(1 x )
d
dx
1
2
( L, Li > m ) .
(2.2)
(2.3)
(2.4)
P(x) .
(2.5)
!m
Z 1
(L + m)!
m/2
x + x 2 1 cos cos m d .
(1)
L!
0
Recurrence relations:
2mx
P m+1
P m + {L(L + 1) m(m 1)}P m-1 0
1 x2
P m (x)
m
m
(2L + 1)x P m (L + m) P-1
+ (L + 1 m) P +1
,
(2.6)
(2.7)
(2.8)
m
x P m P -1
(L + 1 m) 1 x2 P m-1 ,
m
m
P-1
P +1
(2L + 1) Pm-1
1 x2 ,
(2.9)
P 11 1 x2 ,
P 21 3x 1 x2 ,
P 22 3(1 x2) ,
P 32 15 x(1 x2) .
(2.10)
m
P(x). Obviously this minus sign propagates to the generating function, the recurrence
x2 )2 m d dx
relations and the explicit examples, when m is odd.
1
0.
(3.1)
X
m=
Jm
.
Orthogonality:
Z
s m
(1)m Jm
Jm(x)
e2
Jm() Jm() d
(s
2
)
s
(3.2)
1
8(|| ||) .
(3.3)
a2
{Jm+1(a)} 82 .
2
Jm() Jm() d
(3.4)
X
k=0
Jm(x)
(1)k I x m+2k
k! (k + n)! 2
I
1 Ix m
2i 2
tm1dt etx
cos (n x sin ) d .
2 /4t
(3.5)
(3.6)
J im(x)
x m Jm1(x) ;
2n
Jm(x) ;
x
n
J (x) Jm+1(x) 21(Jm1(x) Jm+1(x)) (.3.7)
x m
Jm1(x) + Jm+1(x)
n
Jm1(x) Jm(x)
x
H(1)
m (x)
H(2)
m
so that
Jm(x)
1
2
Jm(x)
1
2
I
I
I
I
(3.8)
H(1)m(x) + H(2)(x)
;
m
emunHm(1) (x) + e munHm(2) (x) .
(3.9)
Differential equation:
1
(xj)ii + x
L(L + 1)\
j 0 .
x
(4.1)
Generating Function:
11
\
j(x) t
j0 x2 2xt .
L
!
X
=0
(4.2)
Orthogonality:
Z
x2j(x) j(x) dx
j(x) ji (x) dx
8( ) .
2
8i .
2L + 1
(4.3)
(4.4)
Expressions for j :
r
j(x)
j(x)
x
2+1 L!
J 1 (x) (1) x
2x + 2
d
xdx
sin x
,
x
(4.5)
eixs (1 s2 ) ds
1x\2
1x\4
1
1
2L
. . . . (4.6)
+
x 1
3
3
5
(2L! + 1)!
1! (L + 2 ) 2
2!(L + 2 )(L + 2) 2
Recurrence relations:
L
2L + 1
j+1 j ji
j j1.
x
x
(4.7)
Examples:
j0(x)
j1(x)
j2(x)
sin x
;
x
sin x cos x
;
x2
x
3 sin x 3 cos x sin x
2
.
x3
x
x
(4.8)
Differential equation:
Hiim(x) 2x Hmi (x) + 2n Hm(x) 0 ,
or
\
1 2
d2 ,
12 x2
H
(x)
e
+ (2n x 2 + 1) Hm(x) e 2 x 0 .
m
2
dx
Generating function:
X
Hm(x) sm/n! es
(5.1)
2
+2sx
(5.2)
m=0
Orthogonality:
Z
X
1
2
Hm(x) Hm(x) ex dx 2mn! 8mm
1
Hm(x) Hm(y)/(2mn!) 8(x y) ex .
(5.3)
(5.4)
m=0
More general:
X
m=0
(5.5)
Expressions for Hm :
Hm(x) (1)m Hm(x);
,
\
2 d m
2
Hm(x) (1)m ex
ex ;
dx
Hm(x)
m/2
X
(1)m/2n! (1)k
k=0
Hm(x)
( 1)
(2x)2k+1
X2
n! (1)k
k=0
(5.7)
(2x)2k
,
(2k)! (12n k)!
n1
n1
2
(5.6)
(2k + 1)!
m1
2
if n even,
\
k!
if n odd.
(5.8)
Recurrence relations:
2mn!
dmHm(x)
Hm1(x) ,
dxm
(n m)!
x Hm(x) 12 Hm+1(x) + n Hm 1(x) ,
d
Hm1(x) .
Hm(x) 2x
dx
(5.9)
(5.10)
(5.11)
Examples:
H0(x) 1 ,
H1(x) 2x ,
H2(x) 4x2 2 .
(5.12)
Differential equation:
x Liin(x) + (1 x) Lni(x) + n Ln(x) 0 .
(6.1)
Generating function:2
X
Ln(x) Zn
n=0
1
xz
elz
.
1
Z
(6.2)
Orthogonality:
Z
0
(6.3)
Expressions for Ln :
ex , d \n
(x n ex )
n! dx
\
n2(n 1)2 n2
(1)n , n
n2
x xnl +
x
. . . + (1)nn! .
n!
1!
2!
Ln(x)
(6.4)
Recurrence relation:
(1 + 2n x) Ln n Lnl (n + 1)Ln+l 0 ;
x Lin (x) n Ln(x) n Lnl(x) .
(6.5)
Examples:
L0(x)
Ll(x)
L2(x)
1;
1x
;
1 2
(x 4x + 2).
2!
(6.6)
Its important to note that sometimes different definitions are used for the Laguerre and Associated
xz
P
1
n
e 1z . In
Laguerre polynomials, where the Generating Function has the form:
n=0 Ln(x) z /n! =
1z
this case the Expressions given for Ln should be multiplied by n!.
Differential equation:
ii
(7.1)
Generating function:
X
Lk m(x) z m
m=0
1
xz
1z .
e
(1 z)k+1
, xz + u \
Lkm(x) z mu k
1
exp
.
k!
1z
1z
k=0 m=k
(7.2)
(7.3)
Orthogonality:
Z
dx
(n + k)!
8mm .
n!
(7.4)
Lkm(x)
d \k
Lm+k(x) .
dx
ex xk , d \ m m+k x
(x
e ).
n!
dx
(7.5)
(7.6)
Recurrence relation:
Lkm1 (x) + Lmk1 (x) Lmk (x) ;
x Lkm (x) n Lkm(x) (n + k)Lk m1 (x) .
i
Examples:
Lk0(x)
Lk1(x)
Lk2(x)
Lk3(x)
1;
x + k + 1 ;
1
1
F x 2 2(k + 2)x + (k + 1)(k + 2)
;
2
1
1F 3
(7.7)
Tschebyscheff3
Polynomials Tn(x).
Differential equation:
(1 x2)
d2
d
Tm(x) x Tm(x) + n2 Tm(x) O .
2
dx
dx
(8.1)
Generating function:
X
1 xy
.
1 2xy + y2
Tm(x) ym
m=0
(8.2)
Symmetry relation:
Tm(x) Tm(x).
(8.3)
Orthogonality:
Z
Tm(x)Tm(x)
1
dx
1
1 x2
1
8mm m, n O
mnO
1
2
(8.4)
Expression for Tm :
Tm(x) cos(n cos1 x)
Tm(x)
Fn
1
2
o mn
1
x + i 1 x2 + x
(8.5)
o m1
1
i 1 x2 .
(8.6)
Recurrence relation:
Tm+1 2x Tm(x) + Tm1 O
(8.7)
(8.8)
Examples:
T0(x)
T1(x)
T2(x)
T3(x)
1;
x;
2x2 1 ;
4x3 3x.
(8.9)
Remark.
All of the functions discussed here are special cases of hypergeometric functions
mFm(al, a2, . . . am; bl, b2, . . . bm; z) defined by:
mFm(al, a2, . . . am; bl, b2, . . . bm; z)
r=p
(al)r(a2)r . . . (am)rzr
,
(bl)r(b2)r . . . (bm)rr!
(9.1)
where
(a + r)
;
(a)
(a)r
r a positive integer.
(9.2)
Differential equations:
m n 1:
,
d \2
d
lFl + (b z)
lFl a lFl O .
dz
dz
(9.3)
m 2, n 1:
,
z(1 z)
,
\
d\ 2
F2 +l c (a + b + 1)z
dz
d
2F l ab 2 F l O .
dz
(9.4)
We have:
P(x)
P m (x)
2Fl
L, L + 1;
1;
1x
;
2
2 m/2
(L + m)! (1 x )
(L m)! 2mm!
(9.5)
2Fl
m L, m + L + 1; m + 1;
1x
;
2
(9.6)
ix
Jm(x)
e
x
n! 2
lFl(n
+ ; 122n + 1; 2ix) ;
(9.7)
H2m(x)
H2m+l(x)
Lm(x)
(2n)!
2
1
(1)m
l Fl (n; 2 ; x ) ;
n!
2(2n + 1)!
xlFl(n; 3 ;2 x2) ;
(1)m
n!
lFl(n;
(9.8)
(9.9)
1; x) ;
(9.1O)
Lkm(x)
(n + k + 1)
lFl(n; k + 1; x) ;
n!(k + 1)
(9.11)
Tm(x)
2Fl
1x
n, n; 21 ;
.
2
(9.12)
References
[1] H. Margenau and G.M. Murphy, The Mathematics of Physics and Chemistry, D. van
Nostrand Comp. Inc., 1943, 1956.
[2] I.S. Gradshteyn and I.W. Ryzhik, Tables of Integrals, Series and Products, Acad.
Press, New York, San Francisco, London, 1965.
[3] W.W. Bell, Special Functions for Scientists and Engineers, D. van Nostrand Comp.
Ltd., 1968.
1O