Dr. Eng.

Sameh Shaaban
10-May-07
0/24
Gas Turbine
Lecture 5
Gas Turbine
Lecture 6
Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban
10-May-07
1/24
Gas Turbine
Lecture 5
The Air-Standard Brayton Cycle (1)
Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban
10-May-07
2/24
Gas Turbine
Lecture 5
The Air-Standard Brayton Cycle (2)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 2 p
1
p
2
1
Brayton
1 4 2 3
4 3
1
4 3
1
1 2 1 2
2 3 2 p
1 4 1 p
in
out
in
net
Brayton
out in net
1 4 1 p 1 4 p out
2 3 2 p 2 3 p in
p p r
r
1
1
T
T
1
T T T T
thus
T T p p p p T T
1 T T T c
1 T T T c
1
q
q
1
q
W
q q W
1 T T T c T T c q
1 T T T c T T c q
=
= =
=
= = =

= = =
=
= =
= =

Processes 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic,
and p
2
= p
3
and p
4
= p
1
Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban
10-May-07
3/24
Gas Turbine
Lecture 5
The Air-Standard Brayton Cycle (3)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0
r
W
W W W
r 1 T c T T 1 T c T T c W
1 r T c 1 T T T c T T c W
p
net
C T net
1
p 3 p 3 4 3 p 4 3 p T
1
p 1 p 1 2 1 p 1 2 p C
=

= = =

= = =

To obtain the optimum pressure ratio
( ) ( ) 1 2
min
max
1 2
1
3
opt , p
T
T
T
T
r

=
Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban
10-May-07
4/24
Gas Turbine
Lecture 5
The Air-Standard Brayton Cycle (4)

Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban
10-May-07
5/24
Gas Turbine
Lecture 5
The Air-Standard Brayton Cycle (5)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Pressure ratio r
p
[-]
W
o
r
k

[
k
J
/
k
g
]
Turbine
Compressor
Net
T
max
= 1000 K, T
min
= 300 K, Air
r
p, opt
= 8.223
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Pressure ratio r
p
[-]

B
r
a
y
t
o
n

[
-
]
Efficiency
W
C
/W
T
Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban
10-May-07
6/24
Gas Turbine
Lecture 5
Actual Cycle without Pressure Losses (1)
is , 4 3
4 3
T
1 2
1 is , 2
C
T T
T T
T T
T T

=
Firing temperature T
f
= T
3
Ambient temperature T
amb
= T
1
Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban
10-May-07
7/24
Gas Turbine
Lecture 5
Actual Cycle without Pressure Losses (2)
Combustion chamber
effectiveness
Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban
10-May-07
8/24
Gas Turbine
Lecture 5
Actual Cycle without Pressure Losses (3)
Pressure ratio for optimum efficiency:
Pressure ratio for maximum output work:
specific heat ratio ( )
1
1
T C 3
opt w
p
2
1
T 2
T
r

+

=
( ) [ ]
( ) ( )( )
T 3 1 C T 3 1 C T
2
3
2
1 3 1 T 3 1
2
T 3 1
1
T 3 1
2
1 3 1 T 3 1
opt e
p
T T T T T T T T T T T T X
X T T
T T T T T
1
r
+ + =

+
=

( )
( )
( )

=



1
p
C
1
p
amb amb f
C
1
p amb
f T
cycle
r
1
1
1 r
T T T
r T
T
Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban
10-May-07
9/24
Gas Turbine
Lecture 5
Actual Cycle without Pressure Losses (4)
Overall cycle efficiency as a function of the firing temperature and pressure
ratio (based on a compressor efficiency 87% and turbine efficiency 92%).
Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban
10-May-07
10/24
Gas Turbine
Lecture 5
Actual Cycle without Pressure Losses (5)
Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban
10-May-07
11/24
Gas Turbine
Lecture 5
Actual Cycle with Pressure Losses
is , 4 3
4 3
T
1 2
1 is , 2
C
T T
T T
T T
T T

=
P
3
< p
2
p
loss
= p
3
- p
2

Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban
10-May-07
12/24
Gas Turbine
Lecture 5
Regenerative Cycle (1)
q
reg, ac
= q
saved
= h
5
h
2
q
reg, max
= h
4
h
2
Regenerator effectiveness = (h
5
h
2
)/ (h
4
h
2
)


Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban
10-May-07
13/24
Gas Turbine
Lecture 5
Regenerative Cycle (2)

=
1
p
3
1
reg , th
r
T
T
1
Regeneration cycle is
more suitable at low
pressure ratios and
low minimum to
maximum temperature
ratios.

Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban
10-May-07
14/24
Gas Turbine
Lecture 5
Improving the Cycle Output Work
The net cycle output work is the difference between the turbine
work and the compressor work:
W
net
= W
T
W
C
Therefore, the cycle net output work can be improved by:
1. Reducing the compressor work
Multistage compression with intercooling
2. Increasing the turbine work
Multistage expansion with reheat
Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban
10-May-07
15/24
Gas Turbine
Lecture 5
Multistage Compression with Intercooling
the work required to compress in a steady
flow device can be reduced by
compressing in stages
cooling the gas reduces the specific
volume and in turn the work required for
compression
by itself compression with intercooling does
not provide a significant increase in the
efficiency of a gas turbine because the
temperature at the combustor inlet would
require additional heat transfer to achieve
the desired turbine inlet temperature
but the lower temperature at the
compressor exit enhances the potential for
regeneration i.e. a larger T across the
heat exchanger
Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban
10-May-07
16/24
Gas Turbine
Lecture 5
Brayton Cycle with Reheat
T
3
is limited due to
metallurgical constraints
excess air is extracted and
fed into a second stage
combustor and turbine
turbine outlet temperature is
increased with reheat (T
6
>
T
4`
), therefore potential for
regeneration is enhanced
when reheat and
regeneration are used
together the thermal
efficiency can increase
significantly
Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban
10-May-07
17/24
Gas Turbine
Lecture 5
Brayton Cycle with Reheat, Intercooling and Regeneration (1)

Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban
10-May-07
18/24
Gas Turbine
Lecture 5

Brayton Cycle with Reheat, Intercooling and Regeneration (2)
Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban
10-May-07
19/24
Gas Turbine
Lecture 5
Brayton Cycle with Reheat, Intercooling and Regeneration (3)
Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban
10-May-07
20/24
Gas Turbine
Lecture 5
Combined Cycle
The combination of the gas
turbine Brayton Cycle and the
steam power system Rankine
Cycle complement each other to
form efficient combined-cycles.
The Brayton Cycle has high
source temperature and rejects
heat at a temperature that is
conveniently used as the energy
source for the Rankine Cycle. The
most commonly used working
fluids for combined cycles are air
and steam. Other working fluids
(organic fluids, potassium vapor,
mercury vapor, and others) have
been applied on a limited scale.
Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban
10-May-07
21/24
Gas Turbine
Lecture 5
Advantages of The Combined Cycle (1)
1. High Thermal Efficiency
Combined cycle thermal efficiency is higher than that of other conventional power
generation systems.
2. Low Installation Cost
Combined-cycle equipment is pre-engineered and factory packaged
to minimize installation time and cost. All major equipment (gas turbine
generator, heat recovery steam generator [HRSG], and steam turbine
generator) is shipped to the field as assembled and tested components.
Auxiliary equipment, such as condensers, can be shipped factory-tubed
and hydrotested. This greatly reduces the inventory of parts that must be
managed in the field and minimizes installation cost.
Combined-cycle equipment cost is higher than that for conventional steam
plants due to pre-engineering; however, combined-cycle plant installation
costs are significantly lower, resulting from the reduced installation cycle.
Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban
10-May-07
22/24
Gas Turbine
Lecture 5
Advantages of The Combined Cycle (2)
3. Fuel Flexibility
Combined-cycle plants operate efficiently by burning a wide
range of fuels, ranging from clean natural gas and distillate oil
fuels to ash bearing crude oil and residual oil fuels. Operation
with coal-derived gas fuels has been applied in many
commercial-size, combined-cycle systems.
4. Flexible Duty Cycle
Combined-cycle systems provide flexibility in operation for both
baseload and mid-range duty with daily startup. Gas turbines in
multishaft, combined-cycle configuration can be started quickly,
bringing about two thirds of plant power on-line, typically in less
than 60 minutes. Combined-cycle plants also provide efficient
operation at part load, particularly for multiple gas turbine
combined-cycle systems.
Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban
10-May-07
23/24
Gas Turbine
Lecture 5
Advantages of The Combined Cycle (3)
5. Short-Installation Cycle
Combined cycle plants can be installed and operated in less time
than that required for conventional steam plants. Again, this is
primarily due to the pre-engineering and packaging of major
components in the factory. Phased installation of the plant, when
gas turbines are installed and operated in the simple-cycle mode
during the steam-cycle equipment installation, enables the user
to generate power and revenue in as little as a year from order
date.
6. High Reliability/Availability
High reliability operation results from evolutionary design
development that improves parts and components, and quality
manufacturing programs that offer operational factory testing.
High availability is achieved through development of sound
operation and maintenance practices.
Dr. Eng. Sameh Shaaban
10-May-07
24/24
Gas Turbine
Lecture 5
Advantages of The Combined Cycle (4)
7. Low Operation and Maintenance Costs
Low operation and maintenance costs are achieved through quality design,
prudent operation, and equipment design that allow convenient access for
component inspection.
8. High Efficiency in Small Capacity Increments
Gas turbine generators are designed and manufactured in discrete frame
sizes. For example, the General Electric heavy-duty, gas turbine-packaged
power plant product line includes the MS6001B (50 Hz and 60 Hz),
MS7001FA (60 Hz), MS7001B (60 Hz) and the MS9001FA (50 Hz) units,
which cover an output range of approximately 37 MW to 250 MW.
Application of these gas turbine models in combined-cycle systems as
single or multiple gas turbine can provide from about 50 MW to several
thousand megawatts of power generation at essentially constant plant
thermal efficiency.