cataract: opacity of the lens of the eye, which occurs when fluid gathers between lens fibres.

refractive index alters - scattering of light-blurry vision common, one of three common causes of blindness in the world causes old age extra ocular/systemic diseases systemic medications fb/trauma radiation congenital symtomsreduced visual acquity monocular diplopia no pain,discharge or red eye signsreduced acquity on snellen's chart dim red reflex very dense cataract can cause a white pupil management effectively treated with glasses in early stages and surgery in advance stages pre-op : do biometry and keratometry stablise systemic conditions op- phacoemulsification lens surgery with small .foldable IOL implant-gold standard. extracapsular cataract surgery- remove lens fibres(nucleus and cortex), keep posterior epithelial capsule to hold new lens and keep vh frm ah endophthalmitis- needs urgent in-patient management. PSEUDOphakia: the eye that has had a cataract removed and artificial IOL implanted. aphakia: cataract removed with no artificial IOL implanted.

CN 3: OCCULOMOTOR NERVE It is usually a efferent nerve. both motor n sensory. Motor neurons innervate extra ocular muscles through the superior orbital fissure. Cell bodies in oculomotor nucleus(midbrain at the level of superior colliculus). Contains pns thru ciliary ganglion. Parasympathetic neurons arise from edinger westphal nucleus. This controls sphincter pupillae(pupil constriction) and ciliary muscles (Accomodation).

Loss of accommodation and continued pupillary dilation can indicate the presence of a lesion on the oculumotor nerve.

CN 4:TROCHLEAR NERVE It is a motor,efferent nerve. Arises from the dorsal brainstem, just inferior to the inferior colliculus. longest intracranial length. supplies the superior oblique muscle. lesion of this nerve results in diplopia on looking downwards and medially.

CN 6: ABDUCENS NERVE It is a motor,efferent nerve. cellbodies- abducens nucleus beneath the 4th ventricle at the caudal pons. enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure. supplies lateral rectus muscle. helps in abduction of the eye.

A useful mnemonic for remembering which nerves are motor (M), sensory (S), or both (B) is, "Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More".

Difference between open-angle and closed angle glaucoma: Open-angle glaucoma, also called chronic glaucoma, is what the majority of glaucoma patients suffer from. In this condition, aqueous fluid does not drain well out of the eye. One theory is that the trabecular meshwork filter may have microscopic particles clogging it and slowing down fluid movement. Closed angle glaucoma, also called acute glaucoma, is an ophthalmologic emergency. This occurs when the iris bows forward and completely blocks fluid access to the trabecular meshwork entirely. The pressure builds up in a positive feedback loop, the patient has excruciating eye pain, and vision is lost quickly

If you want to use an analogy, think of the eye as a kitchen sink. In chronic open-angle glaucoma, there is debris in the pipes (rust, food, hair) that slows down drainage of fluid. We treat this by giving medications that work like drain-o. With acute glaucoma, there is a rubber stopper floating around in the bottom of the sink that suddenly blocks the drain. Water quickly rises and overflows the sink. We treat this by punching a hole in the rubber stopper (a laser iridotomy).

visual field loss hemianopia means decreaed vision or blindness in half visual field of the eye.

damage to optic nerve: unilateral visual field loss could be due to glaucoma vitamin B2 def

damage to the chiasma due to pituitary tumour can lead to bitemporal hemianopia damage to optic tract ex: lesion on right optic tract will result in left homonymous hemianopia

GLAUCOMA: IOP- production of AH by the ciliary body. sites of blockage : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ciliary block pupil block pre-trabecular trabecular post-trabecular

Primary glaucoma Primary angle closure glaucoma, also known as primary closed-angle glaucoma, narrow-angle glaucoma, pupil-block glaucoma, acute congestive glaucoma Acute angle closure glaucoma-older age group.

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sudden onset of severely painful red eye blurred vision headache,nausea,vommiting

Chronic angle closure glaucoma-younger age group.

Primary open-angle glaucoma, also known as chronic open-angle glaucoma, chronic simple glaucoma, glaucoma simplex increased IOP, altered blood supply to the optic nerve.,genetics. symptoms: peripheral field defect,tunnel vision signs: iop more than 21 n less than 40 mmhg. increased optic disc ratio

secondary glaucoma uveitis,rubeofis and trauma