Chapter 4

Chapter 4
Cells
Microscopes
Light microscope Magnification Resolving power: ability to show two distinct objects as separate
Electron microscopes
Scanning EM
Transmission EM
100,000X
Figure 4.2
10 m Human height 1m Length of some nerve and muscle cells Chicken egg 1 cm Frog eggs 1 mm Light microscope Electron microscope
10 cm
100 mm Plant and animal cells
10 mm
Nucleus Most bacteria Mitochondrion
1 mm
100 nm
Smallest bacteria Viruses Ribosomes
10 nm
Proteins Lipids
1 nm
Small molecules Atoms
0.1 nm
Unaided eye
Figure 4.3
Major categories
Prokaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cell
Common features
Plasma membrane Ribosomes DNA and RNA
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Prokaryote 3.5 bya No organelles No distinct nucleus Eukaryote 2.1 bya Organelles Nucleus
Prokaryote features
Pili Cilia or flagella Capsule (not all prokaryotes exhibit these features)
Plasma membrane (encloses cytoplasm) Cell wall (provides rigidity)
Capsule (sticky coating) Prokaryotic flagellum (for propulsion) Ribosomes (synthesize proteins) Nucleoid (contains DNA) Pili (attachment structures)
Figure 4.4a
Eukaryotic cell overview
Cytoplasm
Organelles differ between kingdoms
Ribosomes Cytoskeleton
Centriole Lysosome Flagellum
Not in most plant cells
Plasma membrane Nucleus Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus Idealized animal cell Central vacuole Cell wall
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Cytoskeleton Mitochondrion Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Idealized plant cell
Not in animal cells
Chloroplast
Plasma membrane Channels between cells Golgi apparatus
Figure 4.5
Cell membrane
Phospholipid bilayer
Proteins
Fluid mosaic
Outside of cell Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tail
Phospholipid Cytoplasm (inside of cell) (a) Phospholipid bilayer of membrane

Figure 4.6a
Outside of cell Hydrophilic region of protein
Proteins
Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tail
Phospholipid bilayer
Hydrophobic regions of protein
Cytoplasm (inside of cell)
(b) Fluid mosaic model of membrane

Figure 4.6b
Keeping Cells attached

Cell walls (plants and fungi) Extracellular matrix (animal cells) Cell junctions (animal cells)
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pores
Ribosomes
Chromatin
Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Pore
TEM
Surface of nuclear envelope
Nuclear pores
TEM
Figure 4.8
Chromosomes
Chromatin
DNA molecule
Proteins
Chromatin fiber
Chromosome
Figure 4.9
Nucleolus
Ribosomes Protein manufacture centers
Not in animal cells
Chloroplast
Figure 4.5
Endomembrane system
Endoplasmiuc reticulum Rough ER Smooth ER
Nuclear envelope
Ribosomes Rough ER
Smooth ER
Figure 4.13a
Proteins are often modified in the ER.
Secretory proteins depart in transport vesicles.
Vesicles bud off from the ER.
Ribosome
Transport vesicle
Protein A ribosome links amino acids into a polypeptide. Rough ER
Polypeptide
Figure 4.14
Not in animal cells
Chloroplast
Figure 4.5
Golgi apparatus
Transport vesicle from rough ER
Receiving side of Golgi apparatus
New vesicle forming
Transport vesicle from the Golgi
Shipping side of Golgi apparatus

Plasma membrane
Figure 4.15a
Not in animal cells
Chloroplast
Figure 4.5
Vesicles
Not in animal cells
Chloroplast
Figure 4.5
Lysosomes
Plasma membrane
Digestive enzymes
Lysosome
Lysosome
Digestion
Food vacuole Vesicle containing damaged organelle Digestion
(a) Lysosome digesting food
(b) Lysosome breaking down the molecules of damaged organelles Organelle fragment
Vesicle containing two damaged organelles
Organelle fragment
TEM
Figure 4.16
Plasma membrane
Digestive enzymes
Lysosome Digestion
Food vacuole
(a) Lysosome digesting food
Figure 4.16a
Lysosome
Digestion Vesicle containing damaged organelle (b) Lysosome breaking down the molecules of damaged organelles
Figure 4.16b
Vacuoles
Contractile vacuole (protozoans) Central vacuole (plants)
Not in animal cells
Chloroplast
Figure 4.5
Vacuole filling with water
Vacuole contracting
(a) Contractile vacuole in Paramecium

Colorized TEM
Central vacuole
(b) Central vacuole in a plant cell

Figure 4.17
LM
LM
Chloroplasts
Not in animal cells
Chloroplast
Figure 4.5
Inner and outer membranes
Space between membranes Stroma (fluid in chloroplast) Granum
TEM
Figure 4.19
Mitochondria
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Cristae
Matrix
Space between membranes
Figure 4.20
TEM
Cytoskeleton
Microtubules
LM
(a) Microtubules in the cytoskeleton
(b) Microtubules and movement

LM
Figure 4.21
Cilia and Flagella
(b) Cilia on a protist

Figure 4.22b
Colorized SEM
(c) Cilia lining the respiratory tract

Figure 4.22c
Colorized SEM

Chapter 4

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Chapter 4

100 mm Plant and animal cells

Nucleus Most bacteria Mitochondrion

Smallest bacteria Viruses Ribosomes

Small molecules Atoms

Plasma membrane (encloses cytoplasm) Cell wall (provides rigidity)

Eukaryotic cell overview

Centriole Lysosome Flagellum

Not in most plant cells

Plasma membrane Nucleus Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Golgi apparatus Idealized animal cell Central vacuole Cell wall

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Not in animal cells

Plasma membrane Channels between cells Golgi apparatus

Outside of cell Hydrophilic head

Phospholipid Cytoplasm (inside of cell) (a) Phospholipid bilayer of membrane

Outside of cell Hydrophilic region of protein

Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tail

Hydrophobic regions of protein

Cytoplasm (inside of cell)

(b) Fluid mosaic model of membrane

Keeping Cells attached

Surface of nuclear envelope

Centriole Lysosome Flagellum

Not in most plant cells

Plasma membrane Nucleus Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Golgi apparatus Idealized animal cell Central vacuole Cell wall

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Not in animal cells

Plasma membrane Channels between cells Golgi apparatus

Proteins are often modified in the ER.

Secretory proteins depart in transport vesicles.

Vesicles bud off from the ER.

Protein A ribosome links amino acids into a polypeptide. Rough ER

Centriole Lysosome Flagellum

Not in most plant cells

Plasma membrane Nucleus Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Golgi apparatus Idealized animal cell Central vacuole Cell wall

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Not in animal cells

Plasma membrane Channels between cells Golgi apparatus

Transport vesicle from rough ER

Receiving side of Golgi apparatus

New vesicle forming

Transport vesicle from the Golgi

Shipping side of Golgi apparatus

Centriole Lysosome Flagellum

Not in most plant cells

Plasma membrane Nucleus Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Golgi apparatus Idealized animal cell Central vacuole Cell wall

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Not in animal cells

Plasma membrane Channels between cells Golgi apparatus

Centriole Lysosome Flagellum

Not in most plant cells

Plasma membrane Nucleus Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Golgi apparatus Idealized animal cell Central vacuole Cell wall

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Not in animal cells

Plasma membrane Channels between cells Golgi apparatus

(a) Lysosome digesting food

Vesicle containing two damaged organelles

(a) Lysosome digesting food