Interior Bumi

Earth Interior
Noni Banunaek
GEOLOGI FISIK TBG UNDANA 2009, NBANUNAEK
11/7/2011
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Earth
Internal Heat
Produces changes in the Earths features Sources of internal heat
Radioactive decay - Decay releases heat energy Accretionary heat from Earths formation
External Heat From Sun
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Energy Sources
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Earths Outermost Layers

The most dynamic portion of the Earth
Atmosphere
Thin gaseous envelope surrounding Earth

Hydrosphere
Water layer dominated by the oceans

Biosphere
All living things on the planet

Lithosphere
Rocky outer shell

GEOLOGI FISIK TBG UNDANA 2009, NBANUNAEK 11/7/2011
The Earth System

Geology Biology Oceanography Atmospheric Science Hydrology
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The Atmosphere
Composition is unique in solar system
78% nitrogen 21% oxygen (not present in early atmosphere) Minor amounts of carbon dioxide, argon
and water vapor
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The Atmosphere
The ocean and early atmosphere probably formed from volcanoes. GEOLOGI FISIK TBG UNDANA 2009, NBANUNAEK 11/7/2011
Earths Internal Structure

Solid Earth has a layered structure
Layers defined by composition and
physical properties Compositional layers

crust - mantle - core
Physical layers lithosphere - asthenosphere - mesosphere outer core - inner core

The Hydrosphere
Total mass of water on or near the Earths surface
Covers 71% of Earths surface ~98% in oceans 2% in glaciers, groundwater, lakes and
streams (fresh water)
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Hydrosphere
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The Hydrosphere
Antarctic Larsen Ice Shelf
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The Biosphere
All life on Earth
Animals & plants on land, in the sea and
air Microorganisms-the most common form of life Evolved within narrow zone near the Earths surface
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The Differentiation of Early Earth
Perhaps the most significant event in Earth history, the settling of material according to density resulted in a layered Earth. This concentric arrangement of material led to the formation of continents, oceans, and the atmosphere.
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Earths Outermost Layers Mass
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Internal Structure of the Earth

the most wildly speculative topic in geology
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Stony meteorites have a composition like that of
the sun with volatile elements removed. (Ratios of refractory elements is similar to the sun's). similar to that of a stony chondrite meteorite with most of the volatile elements boiled off. inner shells denser than outer shells.
Earth is believed to have a bulk composition
The earth is a bunch of concentric shells, with
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Chemical
Physical
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Physical Layers
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Compositional Layers
Crust
q Outermost compositional layer q Definite change in composition at the base of the crust q 2 types:
Continental crust Oceanic crust
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Mantle
qLargest layer in the Earth 2900 km thick 82% by volume 68% by mass qComposed of silicate rocks with
abundant iron and magnesium
Density ranges from 3.2 to 5 g/cm3

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Core
q q q q
q
Central mass about 7000km in diameter Average density of 10.8 g/cm3 16% by volume, 32% of mass Indirect evidence of composition
Metallic iron
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Physical Layers
Lithosphere
q q q
Crust + upper portion of the mantle Solid & rigid Thickness ranges from 10 km beneath oceans to 300 km in continental areas
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Crust: Continental crust

q Thick - up to 75 km q Lower density - 2.7 g/cm3 q Strongly deformed q Much older - may be billions of years old
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Crust: Oceanic crust

q Thinner - about 8 km q More dense - 3.0 g/cm3 q Comparatively undeformed q Much younger - < 200 million years old
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Internal Structure of the Earth: Crust

q The crust is rigid and comes in two flavors:
q Oceanic is about 7 km thick
q is basaltic (pyroxene + plagioclase) q has a density around 3.0 g/cc q oceanic crust is elastic-brittle all the way through
q Continental is about 35 km thick

q is granodioritic (Granodiorite has intermediate-to-sodic plagioclase + Kspar +assorted mafics [mainly amphibole]+ minor quartz) q has a density around 2.7 g/cc q continental crust below 15km is plastic q under mountains, crust can be much thicker
q Crustal columns usually have the same total mass: they float like blocks of wood in the liquid-like mantle
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Internal Structure of the Earth: Mantle

q q q q
The mantle is a thick section that has a peridotite (olivine + pyroxene) composition. Part of it is gushy and flows (the asthenosphere) and the outer 100 km is rather rigid. It is 2900 km thick and makes up most of the earth's volume has density ranging from 3.3 to 5.5 at the bottom due to compression and phase changes.
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Internal Structure of the Earth: Core

q q q q
The core is made largely of iron with nickel, sulfur, and possibly other elements. The outer part is liquid, the inner part is solid. The density is around 10 to 13 g/cc. It is 2250 km thick, but accounts for much mass.
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How Do We Know The Earth Interior?

Fig. 17.5
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1.
a. b. c. d.
Geophysics
Seismology, mainly. Gravity. Magnetics Earth. Moment of Inertia.
2. 3. 4.
Meteorites Analysis Heat flow. Speculation and Extrapolation are the main tools in most discussions of earths interior.
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1.a. By study Seismology, mainly:
q By studying arrival times of seismic waves , we can determine the velocity structure of the earth. It is consistent with a radial organization, except for the crust, which varies from place to place. q Seismic waves come in several flavors.
q q q q Among the important ones here are P (Primary, compressional) and S (Secondary, shear) waves. Only solids can transmit S-waves. Solids and liquids transmit P waves. This is how we know the mantle has a liquid outer core and a solid inner core.
q The velocity of a seismic wave depends on the density and elastic properties of the medium through which it travels.
q Velocities can vary sharply (easy to detect, usually at a compositional interface) or gradually (hard to detect, often due to phase changes or a gradual changes in composition).
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Seismic Observations
Fig. 17.7
Secondary Wave Primary Wave

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Seismic Interpretation
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1.b. By study Gravity:
q q By using very sensitive measuring scales, geophysicists measure the strength of gravity, usually for exploration or missile-lobbing. These measurements have shown that most areas have nearly the same mass below them (roots under mountains and holes under basins).
1.c. By study Magnetics Earth:

q q q Magnetics Earth, for reasons that are very poorly understood, has a magnetic field. It is a dipole, kind of parallel to the spin axis. Measurements on orientation of magnetic field frozen into volcanic rocks indicates that the earth's magnetic field flips from time to time, which we understand even less.
1.d. By study Moment of Inertia:

q q The rate at which the earth wobbles on its axis can be used to estimate its moment of inertia. The values found indicate that the core must be very dense.
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2.
Meteorites Analysis of meteorites and various rock samples suggests
that the earth has a bulk composition similar to carbonaceous chondrites, one of the more commonly found types of meteorites, except that most of the light elements (carbon, hydrogen) have boiled off. Carbonaceous chondrites also have composition similar to the sun (based on ratios of heavy elements)
3.
rather high heat flow, trenches and ocean floor have very low heat flow, and mid-ocean ridges have high heat flow rates that are rather spotty.
Heat flow can be measured, and indicates that the continents have
4.
Speculation and Extrapolation are the main tools in most discussions of earths interior.
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Geophysics: a Quick Introduction

Geophysics is the use of physical measurements to deduce the distribution and identity of earth features. It is a lot like radiology in medicine. Geophysics is divided into specialties, largely along the lines of the physical phenomena used. In most geophysical techniques, there is a model of how the property varies, and deviations from this are called anomalies.
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For example, in gravity, the earth can be treated as a
rotating ellipsoid, so the modeled gravity at a point can be calculated based on

distance from the center of the earth and speed of rotation
which both depend on latitude elevation above sea level moving the point away from center of mass (free air) a correction for the mass between the observer and sea level, treated as an infinite slab (Bouguer correction) a correction to the last correction accounting for hills above and valleys below, both reducing gravity (terrain correction) correction for tides and instrumental drift (usually done by measuring at a fixed location)
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This would look similar for gravity, in these cases.
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In addition to the effects from the sources of interest, there are effects
due to larger features, which we call regional variations, and smaller features and instrumental errors, which we call noise (e.g., if I am looking for stream valleys that cut into bedrock and are covered by later sediments, variations due to crustal thickness associated with ancient mountain-building are the regional [and I'll correct for them] and variations due to individual boulders are noise, and I'll ignore them) In conducting a gravity survey, you would measure gravity (with a fixed mass on a very accurate scale) recording (for the corrections) at each station the latitude, elevation, time, and maybe local topography and any other information deemed relevant. For each station, you calculate modeled/expected gravity (involving whatever level of detail), and observed gravity. The difference is the anomaly. From the anomaly, you might look for structures like folds and faults, figure out whether a mountain chain is has a root, etc.
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Seismic Observations
Fig. 17.7
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Earth Interior layers

Compositional (Density) Structure
Crustal composition is based on direct observations,
mantle is based on seismic velocities, xenoliths, and indirect observations, and the core is based on seismology, indirect observations, and moment of inertia.
Crust Continental: granodiorite/granitic Oceanic: Basaltic Mantle: Peridotite Core: Iron-Nickel-Sulfur, some other elements
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Mechanical Layers
This is based on our observation of density structures, laboratory experiments determining mechanical properties of certain rocks at various pressure-temperature conditions, and on estimates of the variation of temperature with depth Lithosphere is solid and includes the crust and the rigid, outermost part of the mantle.
Crust has P-wave velocities <8 km/sec (usually 5.5-7.2 km/sec) BY DEFINITION Continental crust is granodiorite-like and usually about 35 km thick, going up to 70-100 in collision zones. In areas of extension, it can be thinner. The lower part of continental crust is plastic. Oceanic crust is basaltic and usually about 0-7 km thick. At ocean ridges it is thinner. It is less dense than the mantle when hot (recently-extruded=young) and slightly denser when cold (old). This may be one of the main driving forces behind plate tectonics. The strange density situation is due to partial melting of peridotite. Generally, partial melts are more iron-rich than the source rock: the restite is typically more magnesium-rich. The liquids are less dense than the solids, but as they cool, they contract and the denser, more easily melted iron-rich product becomes denser. When the overlying solid is denser, it tends to sink.
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Mechanical Layers
The Moho is the boundary between >8km/s rock and slower rock above, and is
as the crust-mantle border.
Mantle has P-wave velocities >8 km/sec

Uppermost mantle has fast P-waves and S-waves Asthenosphere has fast P-waves and slow, attenuated S-waves, indicating partial melting or plastic state Lower mantle has fast P-wave and S-waves, indicating solid behavior. There are at least two important phase changes in the mantle, one where olivine goes to a denser spinel structure and one where it goes to an even denser perovskite structure.
Core
Outer Core has lower P-wave speeds than the mantle and results in a shadow zone of P-waves and loss of direct S-waves. No S-waves indicates definitely liquid behavior. Inner Core transmits both P and S waves, and is solid.
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Interior Bumi

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Earth Interior

GEOLOGI FISIK TBG UNDANA 2009, NBANUNAEK

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External Heat From Sun

GEOLOGI FISIK TBG UNDANA 2009, NBANUNAEK

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GEOLOGI FISIK TBG UNDANA 2009, NBANUNAEK

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Earths Outermost Layers

Thin gaseous envelope surrounding Earth

Water layer dominated by the oceans

All living things on the planet

Rocky outer shell

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The Earth System

GEOLOGI FISIK TBG UNDANA 2009, NBANUNAEK

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and water vapor

GEOLOGI FISIK TBG UNDANA 2009, NBANUNAEK

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Earths Internal Structure

physical properties Compositional layers

Physical layers lithosphere - asthenosphere - mesosphere outer core - inner core

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streams (fresh water)

GEOLOGI FISIK TBG UNDANA 2009, NBANUNAEK

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GEOLOGI FISIK TBG UNDANA 2009, NBANUNAEK

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Antarctic Larsen Ice Shelf

GEOLOGI FISIK TBG UNDANA 2009, NBANUNAEK

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GEOLOGI FISIK TBG UNDANA 2009, NBANUNAEK

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The Differentiation of Early Earth

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Earths Outermost Layers Mass

GEOLOGI FISIK TBG UNDANA 2009, NBANUNAEK

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Internal Structure of the Earth

GEOLOGI FISIK TBG UNDANA 2009, NBANUNAEK

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Internal Structure of the Earth

GEOLOGI FISIK TBG UNDANA 2009, NBANUNAEK

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Internal Structure of the Earth

Earth is believed to have a bulk composition

The earth is a bunch of concentric shells, with

GEOLOGI FISIK TBG UNDANA 2009, NBANUNAEK

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Internal Structure of the Earth

GEOLOGI FISIK TBG UNDANA 2009, NBANUNAEK

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GEOLOGI FISIK TBG UNDANA 2009, NBANUNAEK

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GEOLOGI FISIK TBG UNDANA 2009, NBANUNAEK

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abundant iron and magnesium

Density ranges from 3.2 to 5 g/cm3

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GEOLOGI FISIK TBG UNDANA 2009, NBANUNAEK

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GEOLOGI FISIK TBG UNDANA 2009, NBANUNAEK