Major

division Central vs. Peripheral Central or CNSbrain and spinal cord

Peripheral-

nerves connecting CNS to muscles and organs

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System

3 kinds of neurons connect CNS to the body sensory motor interneurons Motor - CNS to muscles and organs Sensory - sensory receptors to CNS Interneurons: Connections Within CNS

Brain

Spinal Cord

Nerves

Peripheral Nervous System

Skeletal (Somatic)

Autonomic

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Nerves to/from spinal cord

control muscle

Brain

movements somatosensory inputs

Sensory Neuron

Both Voluntary and reflex movements Skeletal Reflexes

simplest is spinal

Skin receptors

Motor Neuron Interneuron

reflex arc

Muscle

 Two

divisions:
involuntary functions

sympathetic Parasympatheitic

Control
heartbeat

blood pressure respiration perspiration digestion

Can

be influenced by thought and emotion

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM SYMPATHETIC

Fight or flight response Release adrenaline and noradrenaline Increases heart rate and blood pressure Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles Inhibits digestive functions

Brain

Dilates pupil
Stimulates salivation Relaxes bronchi Spinal cord Salivary glands Lungs

Accelerates heartbeat
Inhibits activity

Heart Stomach Pancreas

Stimulates glucose Secretion of adrenaline, nonadrenaline Relaxes bladder Sympathetic Stimulates ejaculation ganglia in male

Liver Adrenal gland Kidney

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PARASYMPATHETIC

Brain

Rest and digest system Calms body to conserve and maintain energy Lowers heartbeat, breathing rate, blood pressure

Contracts pupil Stimulates salivation Spinal cord Constricts bronchi

Slows heartbeat Stimulates activity

Stimulates gallbladder Gallbladder Contracts bladder Stimulates erection of sex organs

Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal

Sympathetic division (arousing)
Pupils dilate Decreases Perspires Increases Accelerates Inhibits Secrete stress hormones EYES SALVATION SKIN RESPIRATION HEART DIGESTION ADRENAL GLANDS

Parasympathetic division (calming)

Pupils contract Increases Dries Decreases Slows Activates Decrease secretion of stress hormones

Brain

Brain

and Spinal Cord

Spinal Cord

sensory neurone

relay neurone

motor neurone

Carries impulses from receptors e.g pain receptors in skin to the CNS( brain or spinal cord)

Carries impulses from sensory nerves to motor nerves.

Carries impulses from CNS to effector e.g. muscle to bring about movement or gland to bring about secretion of hormone e.g ADH

 http://www.bbc.co

.uk/science/huma nbody/body/inter actives/organs/br ainmap/index.sht ml

http://www.jellinek.nl/brain/index .html

Left & Right sides are separate Corpus Callosum : major pathway between hemispheres Some functions are lateralized language on left math, music on right Lateralization is never 100%

Corpus Callosum
Right Hemisphere

Left Hemisphere

LEFT HEMISPHERE FUNCTIONS Connected to right side of the body. Integrates many inputs at once Processes information in a linear fashion Deals with time.

RIGHT HEMISPHERE FUNCTIONS Connected to left side of the body

Deals with inputs one at a time. Processes information more diffusely and simultaneously. Deals with space. Responsible for gestures, facial Responsible for verbal expression movements and body language. Responsible for arithmetic Responsible for relational and operations mathematical operations Specializes in recognizing words Specializes in recognizing places, and numbers faces, objects, and music. Does logical and analytical Does intuitive and holistic thinking. thinking. The seat of reason. The seat of passion and dreams. Crucial side for wordsmiths and Crucial side for artists, engineers craftspeople, and musicians

 http://mrhardy.wi

kispaces.com/End ocrine+system.swf

Frontal
Parietal

Occipital Temporal

 Principle

is Contralateral Organization Sensory data crosses over in pathways leading to the cortex Visual Crossover
left visual field to right hemisphere right field to left

Left visual Right visual field field

Optic nerves

Other

senses similar

Left Visual Corpus Right Visual Cortex Callosum Cortex

 Movements

controled by motor area Right hemisphere controls left side of body Left hemisphere controls right side Motor nerves cross sides in spinal

Motor Cortex

Somatosensory Cortex

Major ( but not only) pathway Medial surface of right hemisphere between sides Connects comparable structures on each side Permits data received on one side to be processed in both hemispheres Aids motor coordination of left and right side
Corpus Callosum

 What

happens when the corpus callosum is cut? Sensory inputs are still crossed Motor outputs are still crossed Hemispheres cant exchange data

 Surgery

for epilepsy : cut the corpus callosum Roger Sperry, 1960s Special apparatus
picture input to just one side

of brain screen blocks objects on table from view

Verbal left hemisphere

Nonverbal right hemisphere

 Picture to right brain

cant name the object left hand can identify by touch

What Using What yourdid left did hand, you see? Pick up you what see? you saw.

Picture

to left
??
I saw an Verbal Verbal apple. left left hemisphere hemisphere

brain
can name the object left hand cannot identify by

touch

Nonverbal right hemisphere

Frontal
Parietal

Occipital Temporal

 Input

from Optic nerve Contains primary visual cortex

most is on surface

Occipital Lobe

inside central fissure

Outputs

to parietal and temporal lobes

Visual Lobe

 Contains primary auditory cortex

Inputs are auditory, visual patterns speech recognition face recognition word recognition memory formation Outputs to limbic System, basal Ganglia, and brainstem

Auditory Cortex

Temporal Lobe

Inputs from multiple senses contains primary somatosensory cortex borders visual & auditory cortex
Somatosensory Parietal Cortex Lobe

Outputs to Frontal lobe hand-eye coordination eye movements attention

Contains primary motor cortex

Frontal Lobe Working Brocas Memory Area

Motor Cortex

No direct sensory input Important planning and sequencing areas Brocas area for speech Prefrontal area for working memory

 Major

structures of the nervous

CNS, Somatic, Autonomic Two hemispheres & 4 lobes

Organization
contralateral input & output primary sensory areas motor areas Commissure

Localization

of functions
Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System

 http://www.gillettechildrens.org/fileUpl

oad/BrainMap.swf http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/anima tions/brainanatomy.swf http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_01/i_ 01_cr/i_01_cr_ana/i_01_cr_ana_1a.swf