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termodinmica II
GRUPO: 5MM4
Apuntes de termodinmica II
Primera ley de la termodinmica
Eent = Esal
E = Eent - Esal = 0
PV
(2 + 2 2 ) (1 1 + 1 )
2 1
( + ) ( + ) = = [[2 1 ) + + ]
FUENTE
Postulado de PLANK
MTM
SUMIDERO
( ) =
=
Rendimiento o eficiencia =
= = 1
Indicador de desperdicio
FUENTE
=600 MW
MTM
= 40 %
SUMIDERO
= ------------- Ecuacin 1
=
= ;
---------Ecuacin 2
600
0.4
= 1500
MOTOR OTTO
FUENTE
=800 MW
MTM
= 40 %
SUMIDERO
= ------------- Ecuacin 1
=
= ;
---------Ecuacin 2
800
0.4
= 2000
FUENTE
MTM
=?
=?
SUMIDERO
= (145 + 8)
= 153
= ------------- Ecuacin 1
= (280 153)
127
= 127
1
(
) = 35277777.78 = 35.27
3600
---------Ecuacin 2
= 0.4535 = 45.35 %
=
280
127
=?
=110 HP
MTM
= 28 %
SUMIDERO
=?
= ------------- Ecuacin 1
=
= (110 ) (
---------Ecuacin 2
550
1
3600
)(
)(
) = 279891.025
1 778.17
1
= 999610.804
0.28
279891.025
De la ecuacin 1
)
= (999610.804 279891.025)
=
= 719719.779
99610.804
= 52.611
=
19000
P = 1 bar
Agua
T = 4C
= 1000 3 62.4 3
=
=
=
2
=
()(2 )
=
= 1.06
= 30.01
(0.79)(62.4 3 )
52.611
NOTAS:
Calor de escape
Calculado
Enunciado de Clausius.
No es posible construir una mquina que opere en ciclos cuyo nico efecto sea llevar a cabo
temperatura de una fuente de calidad inferior hacia una fuente de temperatura superior
Refrigerador
fuente
Refrigeracin.
Aire acondicionado.
MTG
Calentamiento.
Bomba de calor.
Sumidero
Clausius
Fuente
MTG
Sumidero
Refrigerador.
+ =
=
. =
(1)
1
=
=
1=
=
(2)
Bomba de calor.
+ =
=
. =
(1)
1
=
=1+
=
=
(2)
y un
= 1.2.
La inversin en Watts
fuente
MTG
60
1
=
=
=
= 50
(
)
1.2
60
= 0.833 = 833
= 1.2
= + = (50 + 60)
= 1.83
Sumidero
+ =
= 60
1
= 110
(
)
60
a)
= 60000
fuente
24000
MTG
778.17
1
(
)(
)
1
33000
1
(
) = 9.4
60
= = (60000 24000)
b)
60000
=
=
=
2.5
= 24000
= 2.5
Sumidero
+ =
= 36000
1
778.17
1
1
(
)(
)(
) 23.4 (
) 17.4
60
1
33000
1.341
17.4 .
fuente
MTG
Liquido Comprimido
= 2.4
Liquido saturado
= 20
Sumidero
212F
= 25
= 55
55F
V
Liquido saturado (evaporar)
Liquido comprimido (condensar)
212F
25F
32F
55F
Solidificar
Enfriar.
( + ) ( + ) = + + = 0
( + ) ( + ) = 0
( ) = 0
= 0
hielo
(
)
23.07
1
()
55
Estado 2, tabla A-4E Pag.940 Cengel
1 =
(
)
2
()
32
De agua de 55F hasta agua de 32F
12 = 2 1 = ( 23.07) (
) = 23.07
. .
Estado 3 (solidificacin)
3 = 32
Tabla A-8E Pag 949 Cengel
3 = 143.34
= 3
34 = 4 3 = [146.85 (143.34)]
= 3.51
= 169.92
= = 28
=1
(169.92
) = 4757.76
fuente
MTG
= 2.4
Sumidero
= 4757.76
1)
2)
= =
+
= (
+ 1) (4757.76
) = 6740.16
2.4
= 1982.4
Empleando 2)
=
4757.76
=
= 1982.4
2.4
1982.4
1
778.17
1
(
)(
)(
) = 0.78
60
1
550
1
1000
0.78 (
)(
) = 581.65
1.341
1
= 11 22 33
rea ventana
Ecuacin para calcular pelculas.
= +
Donde:
Tipos de
superficie
Muy lisa
1.4
0.28
Madera, yeso
1.6
0.30
= 1609
Concreto, ladrillo
2.0
0.40
= 0.17162 2
2
Rugosa
2.1
0.50
= 9.4 2
1
1
= .
Donde:
=
=
1 = 0.7
Ladrillo comn
2 = 150
2 = 0.72
3 = 13
3 = 0.17
Aplanado yeso
Conduccin.
=
=
=
=
2
= =
Conveccin.
=
= =
=
1
()
=
1
1
=
1 1 2 3 1
+ +
+
+
1 2 3 0
()
=
()
= =
1 =
1
1
2
=
= 0.1063
9.4
1
2
2 =
= 0.0185
1
3 =
2
2
= 0.2063
2
4 =
3
2
= 0.0765
3
5 =
1
2
= 0.0293
0
1
1
=
= 2.2699 2
2
0.4367
Cantidad de calor.
= = = (2.2699
Como:
=
=
=
1
Como = entonces:
= 1
) (68.69 2 ) = 17.71
= 17.71 (0.0186
) (68.69 2 ) = 16.43
= 16.43 (0.2083
= 2.12 (0.2083
) (68.69 2 ) = 2.12
) (68.69 2 ) = 3.13
= 3.13 (0.0293
) (68.69 2 ) = 5
Entropa
Es una propiedad inventada por Clausius que depende slo de los estados origen y final
por los cuales son inicio y final de un proceso, la energa no depende de la trayectoria.
Definicin de entropa
Es la propiedad que al variar, es una medida de energa no disponible. La definicin
anterior se encuentra dentro del campo de la termodinmica clsica que corresponde al
campo de la ingeniera.
Segunda definicin de entropa
Es la medida del grado de desorden en el cual se encuentra un sistema en un momento
dado.
Esta ltima definicin corresponde al campo de la termodinmica estadstica, dicho campo
es de la ingeniera qumica y de la ingeniera nuclear.
Notas:
La propiedad que al variar es una energa no aprovechada.
Un slido tiene las molculas ordenadas, ante nuestros ojos un cuerpo no cambia de dimensin. Se
necesita un material algo preciso para verlo. Es una porcin del cuerpo, las molculas se encuentran
alineadas, ordenado (slido).
Pero si est en estado slido el mismo cuerpo se encontrar as: estar medio desordenado, quiere
decir que le estamos metiendo calor.
Si seguimos suministrndole calor. Ser un desmadre.
Calor
Slido
ordenado.
Forma
propia.
==
==
Forma del
recipiente
.
Sin forma.
Llena
todos los
espacios.
Incremento de
entropa.
2da Ley
=
=
=
= [ ( )]
12 = (
1
) |
Desigualdad de Clausius
( )
= ( )|
+ ( )|
=
=
Nota:
Intensiva no depende de la masa.
Extensiva depende de la masa.
Intensiva
=
Extensiva
Q
T
ds
Postulado de Carnot
MTM Carnot
fuente
=
=1
MTM
=1
> >
Sumidero
Refrigerador Carnot
fuente
=
=
MTG
Sumidero
1
1
=
=
=
1 1
fuente
MTG
Sumidero
1
1
=
=
=
1 1
Ejemplo:
fuente
= 1.036
= 674
MTM
Sumidero
= 0.451
= 293
= = (1.036 0.451)
= 0.585
0.585
=
=
= 0.654
1.036
= 1
293
=1
0.564
674
= , .
= 70 = 530
= 6740.16
fuente
= 1982.4
MTG
0.8
= 2.4
= 4757.76
Sumidero
= 25 = 485
=
1
= 10.77 > |
> |
530
1
485
4757.76
= 441.76 = 0.17
=
=
=
10.77
= = + = (441.7 + 4740.76)
= 5199.52
( )
> |
Se tiene una maquina trmica motriz que recibe 1KJ de calor de una fuente que se encuentra a
500K, desecha calor hacia una fuente que se encuentra a 100 K se estima que el trabajo
producido es igual 0.2KJ.
Encontrar:
La mquina antes referida es reversible o irreversible
Si la maquina es real cul es su cambio de entropa.
Si la maquina es Carnot cual es el cambio de entropa.
a)
= 1
fuente
= 500
0.2
=
= 0.2 = 20%
= 1
100
=1
= 0.80%
500
Maquina irreversible.
MTM
= 0.2
>
b)
=
=
+
Como:
Sumidero
= (
= 100
=
= (1 0.2) = 0.8
(+2 8)
1
0.8 1000
+
)(
)=
= 6
500 100
1
c)
= 80%
=
= 1
= 500
= = (0.8)(1) = 0.8
1
0.2 1000
=
+
=[
+
) = 0
](
500 100
1
= 0
S 0
(+2 8)
1
0.8 1000
=
+
=(
+
)(
)=
= +6
500 100
1
c)
=
1
0.2 1000
=
+
=[
+
) = 0
](
500 100
1
fuente
MTM
Sumidero
a) Temperatura de la fuente, en K
b) Rendimiento maquina en %
c) Trabajo producido en Wh
= 250
= 297
a)
=
(650)(297)
=
= 772.2
250
b)
=
=1
=1
= 1
297
= 0.61 = 61%
772.2
c)
1000
= = (0.61)(650) = 396.5 (
) = 396500
1
1
1
396500 (
)(
) = 110.13
1
60
fuente
= 500
= 300
MTM
Sumidero
=
= 290
300
=
= 42.9%
700
Rendimiento Carnot.
= 1
290
=1
= 0.42 = 42%
500
> >
42 <? < 42.9
.
VSC
T (C)
5
LC 3
-35
LS
VS
4M
1
S
P
kPa
62.95
66.255
69.56
v
m^3/kg
7.11E-04
7.13E-04
7.14E-04
h
kJ/kg
228.39
229.02
229.65
s
kJ/kg(K)
0.9632
0.9619
0.9606
t2=50C
s
kJ/kg(K)
0.9267
v
m^3/kg
7.80E-04
7.44E-04
7.09E-04
h
kJ/kg
57.25
58.41
59.57
s
kJ/kg(K)
0.2239
0.22875
0.2336
Proceso h=constante
1 > 2
1 = 2
= 1 4
3 = 4
= (229.02 58.41)
= 170.61
Coeficiente de Operacin
1
= 323
238
= 2.8
170.61
2.8
= 60.93
= 60.93 = 60.93
= 60.93
Suponer:
AE= Agua de Enfriamiento
mAE=0.25 kg/seg
CAE=4.18 kJ/kgK
tAE=8C
T E QE
AE
T S QS
QPerdido R=QGanado AE
= (3 2 )
(3 2 ) =
= (3 2 )
Radiador de Calor
T
= 20
1 = 2 = 200
Q
1 = 150
2 = 40
T
T
200 kPa
150
120.21
v=C
40
vf
2
s2
tSAT = 120.21C
vg
s1 s
Estado 1
P1 = 200 kPa
t1 = 150C
1 = 1
1 =
s
kJ/kg(K)
7.281
1 = 1
1 3
)
1000
3
0.95986
20 (
1 = 0.02083
vf
m^3/kg
0.001008
vg
sf
sfg
sg
m^3/kg kJ/kg(K) kJ/kg(K) kJ/kg(K)
19.515
0.5724
7.6832
8.2556
2 = 1
2 ( ) = 2
2 =
2 =
3
(0.95986 0.001008)
3
(19.5150.001008)
2 ( ) = 2
2
( )
1
( )
2 = 0.049 = 4.9%
2 = 2
2 = + 2
2 = (0.5724) + (0.049)(7.6832)
2 = 0.9488
1,2 = (2 1 )
1,2 = 131.7
1000
1
= 2
1 = 100 = 1
vg 2
1 = 75%
vf
12 =?
100 kPa
25%
vg
s
s2
s1
1 = 1 1
1 = 1 0.75
1 = 0.25 2
Estado 1 (Mezcla)
P1 = 1 bar
Tabla 2, Pg. 11 Tobn
P1
bar
1
T1
C
99.63
vf
m^3/kg
0.001043
vg
sf
sfg
m^3/kg kJ/kg(K) kJ/kg(K)
1.6937
1.30271 6.05711
3
1 = + 1
1 = + 1
1 = (1.30271 + 0.25(6.05711))
= 0.25(2 ) = 0.5
1 = 0.42421
1 = 2.817
= 0.75(2 ) = 1.5
= (1.6937 ) (0.5 )
= 0.84 3 = 840
1,2 = (2 1 )
S = () orden, enfriamiento
S = (+) desorden, calentamiento
P1=P2
P=c, T=c
100 C
50%
15 kPa
s=c
3
= 1,2 = 2 1
Estado 1
T=100C
x1=50%
P
kPa
101.42
hf
kJ/kg
419.17
hfg
kJ/kg
2256.4
sf
sfg
kJ/kg(K) kJ/kg(K)
1.3072
6.047
1 = + 1
1 = + 1
Estado 2
T=100C
x1=100%
P
kPa
101.42
hg = h2
kJ/kg
2675.6
sg = s2
kJ/kg(K)
7.3542
= 5 (2675.6 1547.37)
= = (2 1 )
= 2,3 = 3 2
= 2,3 = 2 3
Estado 3, Mezcla
s3 = s2=7.3542 kJ/kg(K)
P3=15 kPa
T
C
53.97
hf
kJ/kg
225.94
hfg
kJ/kg
2372.3
sf
sfg
kJ/kg(K) kJ/kg(K)
0.7549
7.2522
= 5641.15
( ) = 3
=
(7.35420.7549)
(7.2522)
3
( )
2
( )
= 0.91
3 = +
= (2 3 )
= 5 (2675.6 2384.733)
= 1454.335
Cambio de Entropa
1,2 = 2 1
1,2 = (2 1 )
1,2 = 15.1175
2,3 = 3 2 = 2 2 = 0
1,3 = 1,2 2,3 1,3 = (3 1 ) = (2 1 )
1,3 = 15.1175
CAMBIO DE ENTROPIA
Ecuaciones de gibbs
Sistema cerrado
( + ) ( + ) = + +
+ =
=
=
=
= +
=
1Ecuacin
de gibbs
+
= ()
=
=
+
2 1 = 12 = ln (
2
2
) + ln ( )
1
1
1 Ecuacin de gibbs
Sistema abierto
=
+ =
2 Ecuacin de gibbs
12 = 2 1 = ln (
2
2
) ln ( )
1
1
2 Ecuacin de gibbs
Anteriores ecuaciones
= ( )
Mtodo calores especficos constantes
Ecuacin de gibbs
Mtodo calores especficos variables
12 = (2 1 ) ln (
2
)
1
2
)
1
v independiente de P
12 = ln (
2
)
1
12 = 2 1
Fluido = O2
T1 = 25C = 298K
v1 = 0.8
2 = 0.1
T2 = 287C = 560K
0.26
K = 1.377
(298 + 560)
1 + 2
=
= 429
2
2
Tabla A-2 pag 885 Cengel por interpolacin entre 400 y 450 K
Temperatura (K)
400
429
450
Cp (kJ/kg K)
0.941
0.9497
0.956
12 = ln (
12
Cv (kJ/kg K)
0.681
0.6897 0.69
0.696
2
2
) + ln ( )
1
1
3
0.1
560
= 0.69
ln (
) + 0.26
ln (
3)
248
0.8
12 = 0.1054
12 = ln (
2
2
) + ln ( )
1
1
12 = ln (
1 1 2 2
=
1
2
2
)
1
2 2
150
=
=
= 1.5
1 1
100
Cv = 0.657
12 = 0.657
ln(1.5) = 0.2664
12 = 12 = 2.7 0.2664
1 1 = 1
1 =
0.7193
1 1
3
2 ) (1.5 )
1 =
= 294.1
(2.7 ) (0.189
)
(100
2
= 1.5
1
=
1 + 2
294.1 + 441.15
=
= 367.6
2
2
Temperatura (K)
350
367.6
400
Cv (kJ/kg K)
0.721
0.722
0.696
12 = ln (
12 = 0.722
2
)
1
ln(1.5) = 0.2927
12 = 12 = 2.7 0.2927
0.7903
mcobre = 50 kg
Tcobre = 80C
Vagua = 120L
Tagua = 25C
1 Ley de la termodinmica
( + ) ( + ) = + +
= 0
2 = 1
[(2 1 )] = [(2 1 )]
Liquido
Tabla A-3 pag 888 cengel
= 997 3 120
1 3
1000
= 119.64
Solido
Tabla A-3 pag 889 cengel
Temperatura (C)
27
80
100
[50 0.391
C (kJ/kg K)
0.386
0.391
0.393
2 27.07
12 = +
12 = ln (
= 0.391
2
2
) + ln ( )
1
1
300.1
ln (
) = 0.06
353
= = 50 (.06)
= 4.18
= 3
300.1
ln (
) = 0.0293
298
= = 119.64 (0.0293)
= 3.505
12 = [(3) + 3.505]
= 0.505
TURBINA AERONAUTICA
TURBINA INDUSTRIAL
TURBINAS DE GAS
**Para un Sistema Abierto**
2
2
= ( ) ( )
1
1
1
=
1 =
= ( ) + ( )
1
1 =
2 =
= ( )
1
2
2
= ( ) ( )
=
2 =
2
= ( )
12 = 1 + 2
2
12 = ( ) + ( )
1
16
17
17
100 = 5.88 %
100 = 94.12 %
1
46
45
46
100 = 2.17 %
100 = 97.83 %
Problema:
Los gases de combustin de una turbina de gas se encuentran a una presin de de 4 bar y a una
temperatura de 1153 K, se expanden al arrojarlos a la atmosfera a una presin de 1 bar y a una
temperatura de 823 K.
Encontrar el cambio de entropa que se presenta.
Trayectoria
T-A V= C
1 1
1
1
1
Trayectoria
A-2 P= C
2 2
2
2
2
P1V1 = RT1 =
P2V2 = RT1 =
=
1
1
2
2
2
12 = ( ) + ( )
1
TA =
= .
Tmed=
Cv (KJ/Kgk)
0.834
0.8524
0.855
Cp (KJ/Kgk)
1.121
1.1394
1.142
R=Cp-Cv=1.139-0.852=0.287KJ/Kgk
K=
1.139KJ/Kgk
0.852KJ/Kgk
=1.336
9881000
288.5
823
(
) + 1.139
(
)
1155
288.5
= (. + . )
= .
REVISION
(Por el otro mtodo)
2
2
12 = ( ) ( )
1
1
12 = 1.139
823
1
(
) 0.287
( )
1153
= (. +. )
= .
CICLOS DE POTENCIA
Liquido/Vapor
Ciclo Rankine
Motores de
combustin
externa
Plantas
Termoelctricas
Tipo Fluido
de trabajo
Platas Termoelctricas
Ciclo Otto
Ciclo Disel
Ciclo Joule
Motores de
combustin
Interna
Autotransporte
Aviacin
Transporte Martimo
Transporte ferroviario
1
) = 0.08
100
1 = 0.5955
=
Sistema Cerrado: =
Sistema Abierto: = +
2 Ley (Truco) + =
Sistema abierto = 1 = 1
= 1 (2 1 ) = 2 1
1 Procedimiento, usando S.
Tabla 3 Pgina 89 TOBN
(80 ( = 294.97)
T
C
40
41.8
50
0.00100506
0.00100842
-994.96
Kg
991.65
3
3.31 m
174.513
184.01
216.124
0.56899
0.59255
0.69979
2 Procedimiento: = =
= 1 (2 1 ) = 0.00100842
(800 8) 3 = 8.05
= 8.09 = 2 1 2 = 1 +
2 = (173.865 8.059)
= 181.92
()
40
41.72
50
Estado 3 vapor saturado
3 = 80
3
0.00100429
0.00100502
0.00100857
174.513
181.92
216.124
0.56899
0.59149
0.69979
3 = 294.97
0.00100842
10.1045
= +
4 =
4 +
4 = 0.675
4 = + 4 ( + )
4 = + 4
173.865
2403.747
0.59255 7.63702
ESTADO 1
1 = 8
1 = 41.53
3
1 = 173.865
1 = 0.5955
ESTADO 2, s=C
2 = 1 =
2 = 41.8
2 = 182.01
2 = 0.59255
ESTADO 3
2 = 8000
3 = 294.9
3 = 2759.823
3 = 5.74697
ESTADO 4, s=C
4 = 3 = 5.74697
4 = 1 = 41.53
4 = 0.6749
4 = 1796.057
182.01 ) = 2577.813
[( + ) ( + )]23 =
41 = 4 1
173.265 ) = 1622.192
= (2577.813
1622.192 ) = 955.611
12 = (182.01
173.865 ) = 8.145
34 = 3 4
= (963.766
8.145 ) = 955.621
955.621 955.611
955.611
= 1622.192
= 955.621
23 = 2577.813
12 = 8.145
41
41
= 955.611
955.911
=
955.621 955.611
= (
) (100) = 0.001 % = 955.611
955.911
955.611
34
1000 1
1
963.621
= 103.77
100
= 12
= 103.77
8.145
= 845.206
Relacin de trabajo
963.621
=
=
= 118.3
8.145
Rendimiento ciclo.
41
=
= 1
23 23
23
= 1
1622.192
2577.813
= 37.07%
f) F. Agua de enfriamiento
=
41 =
()
Sale del sistema
(+)
41 = (6 5 ) =
41 = 103.77
41
(6 5 )
1622.192
= 168,334.863
168,334.863
= 2013.57
Relacin de masas
2013.57
=
=
= 19.4
103.77
Suponga = 2.55 2
1002
12
101.325
103322 = 245.165
= = (2 1 ) =
= 2013.57
0.001001
245.165 2 = 494.15
Masa de combustible
23 =
Siendo = 10400
23
23 2577.803
=
=
= 0.2478
10400
Ciclo Otto
3
( ) = ( )
2
3
3
2 1
=( )
=( )
(1)
2
2
3
2
2
12 = ( ) ( ) = 0
1
1
2
2
( ) = ( )
1
1
2
2
( ) = ( )
1
2
2
2
=( )
=( )
1
1
1
2
2
=( )
1
1
1
2
( )
1
. (2)
1 1
=( )
2
2 1
=( )
1 1 = 2 2
1
2
)
1
2 1 = (
2 1
2
)=0
1
= ( 2 )
1
2
2
2 2 2
= =
1 1 1 1 1
2
1
= 2 = 2 =
1
Ciclo de aire
TABLA A-17
Relacin de
compresin
= 16
Ciclo Otto
Ciclo aire/combustible
Proceso Isoentrpico
= 0
Compresin
P1
=
T
P2
2s
2 1 12
=
2 1
12
. =
S
S1=S2s
S2
T2>T2s
Ganancia de S
P1
P2
12 = 1 2
Proceso Isoentrpico
12 = 1 2
Proceso Politrpico
S
S1=S2s
S2
Ganancia de S
T2>T2s
1 2
=
1 2
=
2
=
4
=
2 2 +
=
=
1 3
= =
= 23 = (3 2 ) = (3 2 )
= () = ()
Mtodo de calores especficos
variables
= 45 = (5 4 ) = (5 4 )
= 4 5 = (4 5 )
= 4 3 = (4 3 )
= 2 5 = (2 5 )
( + ) ( + ) = + + = 0
+ = 0
=
=
=
=
=
=
Sabemos que:
=
2 1
=
2 1
= () = ()
Entonces:
Rendimiento
2 1
2 1
(2 1 )
(2 1 )
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
Adiabtico
> >
= 14.85
= 40100
= 9.5
= 100
Antes de la Compresin
2 = 600 3
2 = 35
5 = 800 ( )
Calor especifico constante @ temperatura ambiente
Encontrar:
a) 4 4
c)
b)
d)
= 12 = 2 = 1 = 2 =
3
600 3
9.5
= 63.153 = 3 =
100 2
13
3
1
1 63.15 106 3
1 =
1 =
=
= 71.43106 = 0.07143
3
1
1
0.88396
Sabemos que:
=
2 1
=
2 1
= 2 1 = (600 63.15)3
2 = 1.52
V2=600
2 = 2 = 2 = 2
T2=T1= 308K
2 =
6003 106
3
0.884
3
3
= 6.78104 = 0.678
= 2 1 = (0.678 0.0714)
TABLA A-17 CENGEL
T2=308 K
T(K)
305
308
310
596
581.78
572.3
2
2
2 2 = 3 3 3 = ( ) 2 = ( ) 2 = 2
3
1
3 = (9.5)1.4 (100) = 2337.83
2
2 1
2 1
2 1
=( )
3 = ( )
2 = ( )
2 = 1.41 2
1
3
3
1
3 = (9.5)1.41 (308) = 757.94
217.67
221.25
3
581.78
9.5
= 61.24
( )
62.13
61.24
59.82
( )
536.07
539.13
544.02
(K)
730
733.85
740
(KPa)
33.72
34.40
35.5
61.24 59.82
3 = ((
) (730 740)) + 740 = 733.85
62.13 59.82
3 = ((0.6147186147)(536.07 544.02)) + 544.02 = 539.13
3
3
34
34 = 4 3 = (4 3 ) =
40100
34 =
=
= 2700.33
14.85
2700.33
33
4 =
+ 3 =
+ 757.94 = 4518.9
0.718
4 = 34 + 3
Estado 5
5 = 2 = 6003
5 = 800
4 4 = 5 5
4
5 1
2 1
=( )
=( )
= 1 4 = 1 5
5
4
1
4 = 9.51.41 (800) = 1968.69
5 5 2 2
=
5
2
5 2
5
=
5 = ( ) 2
5 2
2
800
5 = (
) (100) = 259.74
308
5
2
4 = ( ) 5 = ( ) 5 = 5
4
4
4 = (9.51.4 )(259.74) = 6072.3
Si A=16
34 = 2503.25
4 = 4248.53
4 4 = 4 4 4 =
4 4
4
) (4518.9)
= 13924
63.15106 3
(0.678103 ) (0.287
4 =
= 1
1
9.51.41
= 0.5936 = 59.36%
=
=
4 =
4 4
=
=
[
4
4
2 =
= 2 = ]
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
1
1
4
4
1 2 1
1 (1 )
1 1
1
=
2 =
2 2
=
=
= =
4
= 8
P
= 85%
Tmax
= 95%
3
4
1 = 13
1 = 60
2
3 = 2300
TA
Calcular
A)
B)
C)
V
Vc
3
= 0.3704
778.17
(
) = 53.34
1
= 0.171
= 1.4
Estado 1
1 = 13
144 2
(
)
=
1872
2
1 2
2
1 =
1
1
VD
1 =
53.34
(520)
3
= 14.816
1872 2
1
2 = ( ) 1 = (1 )
2
2 = (8)1.4 (1872
) = 34405.81 2 = 238.92
2
2
1
= ( )1
1
2
1
2 = ( )1 1 = 1 (1 )
2
2 =
2
1
; 2 =
2
3
3
= 1.852
8
14.816
2 2 3 3
2 3
3
=
3 =
= ( ) 2
2
3
2
2
3 =
2760
3
1
4 = ( ) 3 =
4
4 = (8)1.4 (79488.41
3
4 = 1 = 14.816
)
=
4324.91
= 30.034
2
2
3
4 1
1 1
=( )
= ( )
= 1
4
3
2
3
4 = ( 1 )
b) Calor no aprovechado
= 41 = 1 4 = (1 4 )
41 = (0.171
= 151.16
Rendimiento trmico
=
151.16
= 0.564 = 56.4 %
=
=
=
23 267.67
778.17
(
)
=
=
= 9072.847 2 = 63005
3
3
1 2
|(1.852
14.816
)|
151.16
P
=
3
552
Trabajo de
compresin.
30
4
W=A
13
1
V
V2
V3
= ()
P
3
63PSIA
239
239
9
552
-A
30PSIA
13PSIA
1
V
V2
V1
Trabajo de
expansin.
Trabajo
neto
= 95%
3
4
Estado 1
1 = 13
2s
1 = 60
1 = 14.816
Estado 2s (S=C)
V2s
2 = 238.92
V1
2 = 1194.64
2 = 1.852
P2
2s
P1
S
S1=S2s
S2
12 2 1 (2 1 ) 2 1
=
=
=
12
2 1
(2 1 )
2 1
2 1 =
2 1
2 1
2 = 1 +
2 = (520) +
(1194.64 520)
= 1313.7
0.85
2 2 = 2
2 =
2
2
=
( )
2
2 2
1313.7
3
3
2 = (
) 1.852
= 2.0365
1194.64
Estado 2 (politrpico)
2 = 238.92
2 = 1313.7
2 = 2.036
Estado 3
3 = 2300 = 2760
3 = 2 = 2.036
2 2 3 3
2 3
3
=
3 =
= ( ) 2
2
3
2
2
3 =
2760
= (238.92 ) = 501.95
1313.7
Estado 4s
3 3 = 4 4
3
1
4 = ( ) 3 =
4
3
4 1
1 1
=( )
= ( )
= 1
4
3
2
4 = (
3
1 )
P3
P4
34
3 4
3 4
=
=
34 3 4 3 4
4s
S3=S4s
S
4
(3 4 ) = 3 4
4 = 3 (3 4 )
4 = 2760 0.95(2760 1201.35) = 1279.28
4 4 = 4
4 =
4 =
4
4 4
= ( ) ( ) 4
4
4 4
53.34(1279.28)
3
= 17.35
27.31(144)
b) Calor no aprovechado
= 41 = 1 4 = (1 4 )
41 = (0.171
= 117.48
Rendimiento trmico
=
117.48
= 0.475 = 47.5 %
=
=
=
23 247.31
778.17
(
)
=
=
=
7153.31
= 49.67
3
3
1 2
2
|(14.816
2.036
)|
117.48
CICLO DIESEL
Q sum
3
2
Mezcla
4
Q perd
PMS
1
Aire
Vc
Vd
2
T1=C
r2
Tablas T2, 2
P33 = P44
T3
T4
41
3
r =Volumen reducido
1
rke= 3 =
r4
r3
, r4
Tabla 4, T4
rk1
ri
CICLO BRAYTON
BRAYTON
Turbinas de gas
Cmara de combustin
mc
Silenciador
Filtro de Arranque
Q sum
FA
CC
T techo
P=C
S=C
Motor de Arranque
2
S=C
Entrega de Trabajo
ME
P=C
TG
wc
Q perd
Compresora
FA
FA
FA
PEMEX
CFE
Empresas Particulares
G.E
Rouston
Caterpillar
Brown Bovery
Turbina de Gas
wn
3
2
4
Datos
rk
P1 (kpa)
T1 (C)
T3 (K)
Nth(%)
Pme (Kpa)
Cp (KJ/Kg-K)
Cv (KJ/Kg-K)
20
95
20
2200
1.005
0.718
95
293
0.287
0.88516842 m^3/Kg
6297.462633 Kpa
971.1350271 K
V1/V2=rk
V2=V1/rk
0.044258421 m^3/kg
2200
6297.46
2.26539043
0.1002626 m^3/kg
0.885
P3V3^k=P4V4^k
P4=(V3/V4)^k*p3
Kp
298.4858246 a
P4=(ri/rk)^k*P3
T3/T4=(V4/V3)^k-1
T4=T3/(rk/ri)^k-1
T3/T4=rk-(1/ri)=(rk/ri)^k-1
920.5935069 K
re=V4/V3=V1/V3=rk/ri
re=rk/ri
8.828500246
Calor Suministrado
qsum=q2-3=h3-h2
q2-3=Cp(T3-T2)
1235.0093 KJ/Kg
Calor Expulsado
qperd=q4-1=V1-V4
q4-1=Cv(T1-T4)
-450.612138 KJ/Kg
Calor Neto
qN=q2-3-q4-1
Trabajo Neto
qN=WN
784.39716 KJ/Kg
Rendimiento Trmico
Nth=WN/q2-3
Nth=qN/q2-3
0.635134619
932.795614 Kpa
63.5134619 %
CICLOS DE REFRIGERACION
*medicinas
*cadveres
1
4
EJERCICIO.
Se tiene un motor en el cual el fluido de trabajo es refrigerante 134. Se encuentra a una
temperatura de -25C antes de la compresin y la temperatura del fluido saliendo del
condensador es 36C.
P
P=c
V=c
S=c
T=c
S=c
S=c
h=C
36C
-25C
P (KPa)
101.73
106.55
111.37
V (m3/Kg)
0.18946
0.181705
0.17395
Hg (Kj/Kg)
234.68
235.3
235.92
Sg (Kj/kGK)
0.95144
0.950425
0.94941
T (C)
P (Kpa)
V (m3/KG)
36
912.35
0.0008595
hg
(KJ/KG)
102.33
Sg
(KJ/KGK)
0.37609
T (C)
40
45.3243243
50
Vg(m3/Kg)
0.23375
0.12250304
0.024809
Hg (Kj/Kg)
274.17
279.813784
284.77
T (C)
40
49.4017341
50
Vg (m3/Kg)
0.020406
0.02171284
0.021796
Hg (Kj/Kg)
271.71
282.080113
282.74
T (C)
45.32
45.82388
49.4
Vg (m3/Kg)
0.024139
0.02383939
0.021713
Hg (Kj/Kg)
279.814
280.093851
282.08
Hf (Kj/Kg)
17.76
19.045
20.33
Sf (Kj/KgK)
0.07382
0.07898
0.08414
S2=S1=0.95043 KJ/KGK
P (KPa)
900
912.35
1000
Vf (m3/Kg)
0.0007265
0.0007281
0.0007297
h4 hf4
102.33 19.045
=
= 0.3851
hg1 hg1
235.3 19.045
= 0.41458
CARGA DE REFRIGERACION
= 1 4 =
(235.3 102.33)
= 132.97
132.97
=
=
= 731.77
3
1
3
0.18171
CARGA DISIPADA EN CONDENSADOR
= 3 2 = 102.33 280.094
= 177.76
1
3
1 1
1
= 4.066
309
248 1
132.97
=
=
= 2.968
44.79
2.968
=
= 0.73 1
4.060
3.88
3.88
=
3.88
= 29.2
132.97
DESPLAZAMIENTO COMPRESOR
= 1 = 0.2920.18171 = 0.0053
3
3
= 5300