Egypt: Roadmap To Repression: No End in Sight To Human Rights Violations

EGYPT: ROADMAP
TO REPRESSION
NO END IN SIGHT TO HUMAN RIGHTS
VIOLATIONS

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Cover photo: A torn poster of deposed Egyptian president
Mohamed Morsi is seen as riot police clear the area of his
supporters, at Rabaa al-Adawiya Suare on !" August
#$!%, in Cairo 7RE,TERS9Mohame$ Ab$ El Ghany

amnesty*org

4ONTENTS
Introduction .................................................................................................................5
1. Freedom of assembly and expression.........................................................................11
Morsi supporters......................................................................................................11
Students.................................................................................................................15
Arrests under new assembly law ................................................................................16
Attacks on media.....................................................................................................19
. Freedom of association............................................................................................!
"aids on #$%s and attacks on #$% workers...............................................................!
&aws 'o(ernin' ci(il society or'ani)ations ...............................................................*
!. +olicin' and impunity..............................................................................................,
"ut-less security forces............................................................................................,
Impunity.................................................................................................................9
*. Selecti(e .ustice .....................................................................................................!!
/onclusion and recommendations.................................................................................!,
0ndnotes ...................................................................................................................*1

Egypt: Roadmap to repression
No end in sight to hman rights !io"ations
Inde#: MDE $%&''(&%'$) Amnesty Internationa" *anary %'$)
5
INTROD,4TION
%n t-e e(e of t-e t-ird anni(ersary of t-e 15 2anuary "e(olution34 t-e -uman ri'-ts outlook
in 0'ypt remains 'rim. /-ief amon' t-e tri''ers of t-e uprisin' in 511 were 'rowin' le(els
of po(erty and ine6uality4 soarin' unemployment4 endemic corruption4 police brutality and
ot-er -uman ri'-ts (iolations. After t-ree years of c-aotic transition c-aracteri)ed by endless
cycles of street protests4 bloods-ed and repression4 referendums and elections4 t-e re(olt7s
root causes not only remain but in some cases -a(e 'rown more acute. At eac- round of
(otin'4 successi(e 'o(ernments promise stability 8 cra(ed by millions of 0'yptians -it -ard by
t-e deterioratin' socio9economic conditions. :owe(er4 stability -as yet to be deli(ered and
t-e motto of t-e uprisin'4 1bread4 freedom4 social .ustice34 rin's -ollow. Instead4 0'ypt -as
suffered a number of -uman ri'-ts setbacks4 not least since t-e remo(al of Mo-amed Morsi
from t-e presidency in 2uly 51!4 includin' t-e killin's of up to 14555 people on 1* Au'ust
51! durin' t-e dispersals of sit9ins by -is supporters by security forces.
;-e latest step on 0'ypt7s lon'4 windin' and pot9-ole9filled road to 1stability3 and
1democracy3 was t-e national referendum on t-e post9Morsi /onstitution -eld on 1* and 15
2anuary 51*. ;-e 0'yptian aut-orities attac-ed 'reat si'nificance to t-is first national (ote
since Mo-amed Morsi7s oustin' to demonstrate t-eir le'itimacy4 as well as popularity and
public support for t-eir post9Morsi roadmap. :owe(er4 t-e (ote took place amid an increasin'
climate of repression a'ainst dissentin' (oices across t-e political spectrum. In t-e run9up to
t-e referendum4 t-e 0'yptian aut-orities sou'-t to control t-e narrati(e and sent clear
messa'es t-at t-ere was no room for a 1no3 (ote4 or indeed critical opinions.
<espite fears of bloods-ed4 'i(en calls by Morsi supporters to boycott and protest t-e
referendum4 t-e (otin' process itself unfolded wit-out ma.or (iolence4 sa(e a casualty9free
bombin' of a $reater /airo court and at least fi(e (iolence9related deat-s. ;-e (iolence was
blamed on t-e Muslim =rot-er-ood >M=?4 and security forces arrested a reported *** people
for attemptin' to disrupt t-e (otin' process.
1
As expected4 t-e referendum passed wit- a
resoundin' appro(al rate of 9@ per cent4 wit- o(er !@ per cent (oter turnout. A-ile an
impro(ement o(er t-e 51 (ersion4 t-e /onstitution falls s-ort of 0'ypt7s international
-uman ri'-ts obli'ations. ;-e /onstitution pro(ides too muc- autonomy for t-e military4
allows for t-e military trial of ci(ilians4 discriminates a'ainst forei'n nationals4 and lea(es t-e
door open for undue restrictions on t-e ri'-ts to freedom of expression and assembly.

<espite t-e emp-asis placed by t-e aut-orities on t-e referendum7s ability to restore
1stability34 it is no ma'ic bullet for redirectin' t-e country on t-e ri'-t pat- and fixin' all its
ills. Ait-out addressin' impunity4 pre(entin' furt-er police abuse4 repealin' repressi(e laws4
and allowin' for peaceful critics to (oice t-eir opinions in t-e media4 streets4 uni(ersities and
elsew-ere4 0'ypt risks mo(in' e(en furt-er away from reali)in' t-e aspirations of t-e 15
2anuary "e(olution3.
For t-ose w-o called and -oped for 1bread4 freedom and social .ustice3 durin' t-e first 1@
days of t-e 15 2anuary "e(olution34 it did not take lon' for t-e initial .ubilation of brin'in'
down :osni Mubarak on 11 February 511 to be o(ers-adowed by t-e -uman ri'-ts
(iolations committed by -is successors. ;-e 1,9mont- rule of t-e Supreme /ouncil of t-e

Amnesty Internationa" *anary %'$) Inde#: MDE $%&''(&%'$)
6
Armed Forces >t-e S/AF? was marred by serious -uman ri'-ts (iolations4 includin' excessi(e
and unwarranted use of force by t-e police and militaryB torture or ot-er ill9treatmentB military
trials of t-ousands of ci(ilians and restrictions on freedom of expression. Faced wit- a c-oice
between a candidate percei(ed by many as a remnant of t-e Mubarak re'ime and a member
of t-e M=4 0'yptians narrowly elected Mo-amed Morsi in 2une 51. :e promised to be t-e
president of 1all 0'yptians3 and -onour t-e sacrifices of t-ose killed in protests t-at made
-is election a reality. ;-ose promises were 6uickly broken.
From t-e onset4 Mo-amed Morsi was mistrusted by a di(erse ran'e of actors4 from
independent acti(ists to secular political partiesB key members of public institutionsB t-e
business eliteB and t-e influential (oices w-ic- s-ape public opinion. Mo-amed Morsi7s rule
pro(ed di(isi(e and a series of political mistakes and -uman ri'-ts (iolations precipitated -is
fall in 2uly 51!4 .ust a year after -e took office. For many4 t-e tippin' point came in
#o(ember 51 w-en Mo-amed Morsi 'ranted -imself sweepin' powers and barred courts
from c-allen'in' -is decisions4 a mo(e t-at sparked widespread an'er and protests in 0'ypt.
"us-in' t-rou'- a contro(ersial constitution boycotted by t-e political opposition furt-er
consolidated di(isions in society 8 w-ic- played out in bloody clas-es between Morsi7s
supporters and opponents in <ecember 51 and 'a(e a taste of w-at was to come in t-e
summer of 51!.
!

:uman ri'-ts were flouted durin' Mo-amed Morsi7s s-ort9li(ed presidency. "at-er t-an
takin' steps to reform security forces and -old t-em accountable for abuses4 -e courted t-em
and absol(ed t-em from any wron'doin'4 includin' for t-e killin's of at least *5 protesters in
t-e (icinity of +ort Said +rison in 2anuary 51!.
*
;-e 'o(ernment also sou'-t to pus-
t-rou'- laws repressin' freedom of assembly and association and .ailed or ot-erwise
.udicially -arassed opposition acti(ists and ot-er critics4 includin' comedians and .ournalists.
;-e aut-orities also furt-er undermined women7s ri'-ts in t-e 51 /onstitution and failed
to take action to combat sexual assaults a'ainst women in t-e (icinity of ;a-rir S6uare durin'
protests. <urin' Mo-amed Morsi7s presidency4 sectarian attacks a'ainst /optic /-ristians
and S-i7a Muslims4 as well as con(ictions on blasp-emy c-ar'es4 increased a'ainst t-e
backdrop of t-e inflammatory sectarian r-etoric espoused by some of Morsi7s supporters and
members of t-e affiliated M= mo(ement.
5

"isin' tensions and dissatisfaction wit- Mo-amed Morsi7s presidency culminated into calls
for mass protests on !5 2une 51! 8 t-e one9year anni(ersary of -is assumin' office.
Millions of 0'yptians responded to t-e campai'n by t-e ;amarud >1"ebel3? mo(ement to si'n
petitions callin' for early presidential elections4 and took to t-e streets w-ile -is supporters
occupied a number of public s6uares4 most notably "abaa al9Adawiya in /airo. =loody
clas-es between t-e two camps preceded <efence Minister Abdel Fatta- al9Sisi7s
announcement on ! 2uly 51! t-at Morsi was no lon'er president4 and t-at t-e 51
/onstitution was suspended. ;-e deposed president4 and -is aides4 were taken into t-e
custody of t-e military.
6
In defiance4 Morsi supporters continued to protest4 w-ile security
forces used excessi(e and unwarranted let-al force. In 2uly 51!4 in /airo alone4 o(er 55
protesters were killed by security forces in front of t-e "epublican $uard /lub4 w-ere
Mo-amed Morsi was belie(ed to be -eld4 and a furt-er @5 people died in protests on Al9#asr
"oad.
,
0(entually4 in state (iolence unseen e(en durin' t-e first 1@ days of t-e 15 2anuary
"e(olution34 Morsi supporters were (iolently dri(en out of t-eir sit9ins on 1* Au'ust 51!4
lea(in' -undreds dead in unprecedented and unwarranted le(els of let-al force used by t-e
,
security forces to clear t-e public space of pro9Morsi protesters. Morsi supporters were dealt
anot-er -ea(y blow two days later4 w-en reckless fire by security forces led to t-e deat-s of a
furt-er 9, people in t-e (icinity of "amsis S6uare.
;-e lar'est subse6uent pro9Morsi protest on 6 %ctober 51! was also dispersed wit-
excessi(e and let-al force by t-e security forces4 lea(in' at least *9 people dead.
@
<espite
t-e crackdown4 Mo-amed Morsi7s supporters continue to sta'e re'ular protests4 particularly
on Fridays4 as well as at uni(ersities4 albeit on a smaller scale. Since !5 2une 51!4 an
estimated 14*55 people -a(e died in protests or ot-er political (iolence.
9
Since Morsi7s
oustin'4 t-ousands of percei(ed M= members and supporters -a(e been rounded9up by t-e
security forces4 includin' its senior leaders-ip and t-e ousted president -imself. In a
crackdown reminiscent of t-e rule of :osni Mubarak4 t-e M= leaders-ip -as eit-er been
.ailed4 fled or 'one under'round4 and is facin' c-ar'es of incitin' or committin' (iolent acts.
Morsi supporters were not alone in payin' t-e price for -is oustin'. /optic /-ristian
communities -a(e been increasin'ly tar'eted and scape'oated due to perceptions t-at t-ey
supported Mo-amed Morsi7s remo(al from power. Sectarian attacks reac-ed an
unprecedented le(el in t-e wake of dispersals of pro9Morsi sit9ins in /airo on 1* Au'ust
51!. An'ry mobs armed wit- firearms4 kni(es and metal bars ransacked4 looted and set
abla)e c-urc-es and /-ristian9owned businesses and -omes4 w-ile security forces stood idly
by. Some 55 /-ristian properties were attacked and *! c-urc-es were seriously dama'ed
across t-e country. At least four people were killed t-at day.
15
;-e 0'yptian aut-orities were
6uick to label t-ese attacks as 1terrorism3 and to express outra'e4 yet t-ey failed to ensure
ade6uate4 impartial and independent in(esti'ations4 includin' into t-e failure of security
forces to pre(ent and stop t-ese attacks. ;-ey -a(e yet to pro(ide .ustice and reparation to
t-e (ictims. 0(en t-ou'- some leaders of t-e M= disassociated t-emsel(es from t-e (iolenceB
ot-ers used platforms suc- as "abaa al9Adawiya to incite -atred a'ainst /optic /-ristians
and blame t-em for t-e remo(al of Morsi and for t-e (iolations suffered by -is supporters.
11

;-e use of dan'erous sectarian lan'ua'e persists to date4 includin' on t-e official 1Ik-wan
%n9line3 website.
1

In its crackdown on t-e M=4 t-e 0'yptian 'o(ernment -as adopted t-e familiar discourse of
1counterin' terrorism3 used durin' t-e rule of :osni Mubarak. Indeed4 in t-e mont-s
followin' t-e remo(al of Mo-amed Morsi4 army c-eckpoints4 security personnel and
'o(ernment buildin's -a(e come under increased attack by 'roups described by t-e
aut-orities as 1terrorists3. In one of t-e bloodiest incidents4 on 19 Au'ust 51!4 5
conscripts wit- t-e /entral Security Forces >/SF?4 0'ypt7s riot police4 were ambus-ed on t-e
road and killed by armed men. A-ile t-e (iolence affected t-e resti(e #ort- Sinai re'ion
disproportionately4 it was also felt in ot-er parts of t-e country. In anot-er bloody incident4 a
car bomb exploded outside t-e Security <irectorate in t-e <elta city of Mansoura on *
<ecember 51!4 lea(in' 16 people dead and -undreds in.ured. Cictims included bot-
security personnel and residents. Ait-out pro(idin' any e(idence4 t-e aut-orities immediately
pointed t-e fin'er at t-e M=4 desi'natin' it as a 1terrorist3 or'ani)ation4 e(en t-ou'- an
armed 'roup4 Ansar =ait al9Ma6dis4 claimed responsibility for t-e attack. ;-e same 'roup
also claimed responsibility for t-e failed assassination attempt tar'etin' Mo-amed Ibra-im4
t-e minister of interior4 on 5 September 51!. Accordin' to official statistics4 at least 95
security personnel -a(e died in (iolent attacks since Morsi7s oustin'.
1!


@
Amnesty International condemns indiscriminate attacks4 as well as attacks tar'etin' ci(ilians.
;-e 0'yptian 'o(ernment -as t-e ri'-t and duty to protect li(es and prosecute t-ose
responsible for suc- crimes4 -owe(er4 -uman ri'-ts must not be sacrificed in t-e name of
1counterin' terrorism3.
;-e state narrati(e of restorin' t-e pat- to 1democracy3 and 1counterin' terrorism3 8
constantly reinforced by public and pri(ate media outlets 8 found resonance wit- t-e
dis'runtled public as -atred and suspicion of t-e M= reac-ed extraordinary and fre6uently
-ysterical le(els. In a deeply polari)ed en(ironment4 t-ere is little public outra'e at police
abuses w-ic- continue unabated. <urin' and in t-e aftermat- of t-e 15 2anuary
"e(olution34 t-e police faced public wrat-. Many called for accountability and .ustice for t-e
1martyrs3 killed by t-e security forces. Successi(e 'o(ernments paid tribute to protesters
killed and in.ured in t-e e(ents and promised4 alt-ou'- failed to deli(er4 redress. 2ustice
remained elusi(e4 as all but a -andful of security officials w-o faced trial were ac6uitted of
c-ar'es of killin' protesters. +olice brutality continued4 and no serious steps were taken to
reform t-e security forces. After t-e !5 2une 51! protests4 prospects for accountability4
security sector reform and t-e remo(al of suspected perpetrators from positions w-ere t-ey
can repeat (iolations seem e(en dimmer.
0'yptian society -as become increasin'ly polari)ed4 as exemplified by t-e parallel binary
discourses of t-e interim aut-orities and Mo-amed Morsi7s supporters. %n one side4 t-e
state7s narrati(e eit-er denies responsibility for -uman ri'-ts (iolations or .ustifies its actions
as necessary to sa(e 0'ypt from 1terrorism3 and instability. +roponents of t-at narrati(e find
no fault wit- crackin'9down on t-e M=4 usin' force to disperse t-eir sits9ins and protests4
s-uttin' down t-eir c-annels of expression4 passin' laws limitin' t-e ri'-t to freedom of
assembly4 and conductin' sweepin' arrests. ;-e ot-er side -as constructed a narrati(e of a
planned military 1coup34 backed by t-e 1deep state3 and remnants of t-e Mubarak re'ime4
a'ainst a democratically elected president. It downplays t-e 'enuine public opposition to
Mo-amed Morsi and t-e M=4 and dismisses e(idence t-at some of -is supporters -ad used
(iolence and torture4 and are responsible for inflamin' sectarian -atred and attacks.
Few (oices publicly re.ect bot- narrati(es and critici)e t-e -uman ri'-ts record of bot- sides.
Amon' t-em are some -uman ri'-ts non9'o(ernmental or'ani)ations >#$%s? and acti(ists4
w-o -a(e consistently documented and denounced (iolations committed under :osni
Mubarak4 t-e S/AF4 Mo-amed Morsi and current interim +resident Adly Mansour. ;oday4 t-e
space for t-em to express t-eir (iews -as s-runk4 particularly in media outlets4 bot- pri(ate
and public. Instead4 t-ey -a(e faced a (icious media campai'n attemptin' to discredit t-em
and dubbin' t-em as 1traitors3 and 1a'ents3 of 0'ypt7s enemies wit- ulterior a'endas. Some
of t-e names stron'ly associated wit- t-e 15 2anuary "e(olution34 includin' one of t-e
founders of 6 April Dout- Mo(ement4 A-med Ma-er4 and blo''er and opposition acti(ist Alaa
Abd 0l Fatta-4 find t-emsel(es be-ind bars for breakin' t-e repressi(e new assembly law.
;-e .udicial -arassment of known opposition acti(ists 8 includin' ones deeply critical of t-e
M= 8 s-ows a 'o(ernment ready to stifle any form of dissent across t-e political spectrum4
and not limit t-e crackdown to supporters of t-e M=. ;-is bodes poorly for 0'ypt7s future4 as
only suc- independent (oices can see beyond political considerations4 defend (ictims of
-uman ri'-ts (iolations re'ardless of t-eir political affiliation and continue t-e stru''le for
0'ypt to become a country t-at respects t-e rule of law and -uman ri'-ts.
9
<espite t-e aut-orities7 ar'ument t-at a resoundin' 1yes3 (ote in t-e referendum on t-e
/onstitution demonstrates a return to normality and public support for t-eir roadmap4 0'ypt
remains at an impasse 8 wit- many M= leaders in .ail or facin' prosecution4 and t-e
remainin' 1re(olutionary3 opposition under attack. :owe(er4 t-e cycle of abuse will only be
broken w-en t-e rule of law applies to all re'ardless of t-eir rank and political affiliation and
security forces are -eld to account for t-eir actions before4 durin' and since t-e 15 2anuary
"e(olution3.
;-is briefin' details Amnesty International7s main concerns about de(elopments in t-e
-uman ri'-ts situation in 0'ypt since Morsi7s remo(al in 2uly 51!. /-apter 1 looks at t-e
aut-orities7 clampdown on freedom of expression and assembly4 in an apparent effort to stifle
all critical (oices. ;-e c-apter starts by -i'-li'-tin' restrictions to t-e ri'-ts to freedom of
assembly and expression faced by supporters of t-e deposed president. ;-e c-apter t-en
examines -ow t-e aut-orities are tacklin' uni(ersity protests by supporters of t-e deposed
president and ot-ers cau'-t9up in t-e midst. ;-e c-apter 'oes on to describe t-e crackdown
on dissent extendin' to secular acti(ists4 particularly followin' t-e adoption of a
contro(ersial4 repressi(e assembly law in #o(ember 51!4 and its immediate implementation
to disperse peaceful protests and arrest acti(ists. ;-e c-apter ends wit- an analysis of
'o(ernment attacks on independent reportin' and media outlets percei(ed as pro(idin' a
platform to M= supporters. /-apter describes attempts by t-e 0'yptian 'o(ernment4
followin' in t-e footsteps of its predecessors4 to control independent -uman ri'-ts
or'ani)ations by restrictin' freedom of association. /-apter ! pro(ides a summary of recent
police abuses. It also analy)es t-e entrenc-ed climate of impunity and t-e failure of t-e
0'yptian aut-orities to properly in(esti'ate t-e actions of4 let alone punis-4 members of t-e
security forces 8 not least for t-e killin's of -undreds of protesters on 1* Au'ust 51!.
/-apter * del(es into concerns about t-e increasin'ly selecti(e nature of .ustice in 0'ypt 8 as
t-e criminal .ustice system fails to pro(ide redress to (ictims of -uman ri'-ts (iolations by
allowin' perpetrators to walk free4 w-ile punis-in' 'o(ernment critics. It 'oes on to look at
concerns surroundin' t-e lack of respect of due process ri'-ts and ot-er flaws in on'oin'
.udicial proceedin's a'ainst percei(ed supporters of t-e M= and ot-er critics. ;-e briefin'
closes wit- a set of recommendations to t-e 0'yptian aut-orities aimed at redressin' t-e
downward spiral of -uman ri'-ts abuses4 and settin' in motion reforms to break t-e le'acy of
impunity and to reali)e t-e aspirations of t-e 15 2anuary "e(olution3.


15

11
&* /REEDOM O/ ASSEM32Y AND
E5PRESSION
MORSI SU++ORTERS
Since Mo-amed Morsi7s remo(al from office4 t-e 0'yptian aut-orities -a(e s-own no
tolerance of -is supporters7 attempts to criticise w-at t-ey call t-e 1military coup3 and
on'oin' -uman ri'-ts (iolations. +ro9M= protests -a(e been repeatedly (iolently dispersed by
t-e security forces4 wit- many participants arrested and slapped wit- a lon' list of fre6uently
identical c-ar'es. ;-e aut-orities7 crackdown on t-ose expressin' opposin' (iews in t-e
streets -as been accompanied by t-eir s-uttin' down of ot-er platforms for expression4 suc-
as tele(isions c-annels percei(ed as sympat-etic to t-e M= and bannin' publications.
1*
;-e
repression of M= members and supporters is takin' place a'ainst t-e backdrop of a
campai'n in pri(ate and public media outlets to demoni)e t-e M= and accuse t-e mo(ement
of 1treac-ery3 and 1terrorism3.
15
;-e aut-orities -a(e made little distinction between (iolent
acts and acti(ities merely amountin' to t-e peaceful exercise of t-e ri'-ts to freedom of
expression and assembly.
;-ousands of percei(ed pro9Morsi protesters and ot-er sympat-i)ers -a(e been rounded9up
since -is oustin'. Many face a broad array of serious c-ar'es w-ic- include murder4
attackin' security personnel4 possession of weapons4 destroyin' public and pri(ate property
and incitin' (iolence. Many are also accused of belon'in' to a banned or'ani)ation w-ic-
uses 1terrorist3 met-ods seekin' to undermine t-e application of t-e law and t-e
/onstitution and to pre(ent public institutions from carryin' out t-eir work. ;-e c-ar'e of
belon'in' to a banned 'roup -ad been used by public prosecutors e(en prior to t-e decision
of t-e /ourt of Er'ent Matters on ! September 51! bannin' t-e M= and its affiliates.
16

%t-er c-ar'es fre6uently le(elled by t-e +rosecution at t-ose detained include spreadin'
false rumours4 pro(idin' information to forei'n countries and espiona'e4 and 1s-owin' >sic?
force3 wit- t-e aim of terrori)in' citi)ens and -amperin' public interests. ;-e (a'ueness and
breadt- of some of t-e offences le(elled a'ainst members and supporters of t-e M= may
(iolate t-e principle of le'ality and le'al certainty. =y failin' to meet t-e clarity and precision
re6uirements for criminal law4 suc- c-ar'es may not amount to a 1reco'ni)ably criminal
offence3 under international -uman ri'-ts law.
A-ile security forces -a(e carried out tar'eted arrests4 particularly of t-e M= leaders-ip and
ot-er prominent fi'ures4 t-e bulk of t-e arrests -a(e taken place durin' dispersals of
demonstrations and sit9ins. :undreds were rounded9up in /airo durin' ma.or demonstrations4
includin' t-e (iolent dispersals of "abaa al9Adawiya and al9#a-da sit9ins on 1* Au'ust
51!4 protests on 16 Au'ust 51! around "amsis S6uare and marc-es on 6 %ctober 51!.
Smaller9scale arrests across t-e country continue durin' ot-er demonstrations4 particularly on
Fridays and at uni(ersities. &ittle effort is made by t-e +ublic +rosecution to determine
indi(idual criminal responsibility in cases w-ere some protesters -a(e used (iolence. Instead4
public prosecutors slap identical c-ar'es on all t-ose arrested durin' t-e same incidents.
&ittle e(idence is presented to back up accusations of committin' (iolent acts4 wit- public
prosecutors relyin' -ea(ily on police reports and testimonies by t-e security forces carryin'9

1
out t-e arrests 8 castin' doubt on t-e impartiality and independence of t-e in(esti'ations.
Amnesty International is concerned t-at amon' t-e t-ousands arrested are men4 women and
c-ildren w-o were merely exercisin' t-eir ri'-ts to freedom of expression and assembly by
protestin' in support of ousted president Mo-amed Morsi. ;-e or'ani)ation -as documented
numerous arrests of protesters durin' entirely peaceful demonstrations or because t-ey -ad
carried out le'itimate acti(ities4 suc- as t-e distribution of flyers. Aomen and c-ildren were
amon' t-ose tar'eted4 s-owin' t-e aut-orities7 determination to stamp out any forms of
dissent.
For instance4 199year9old uni(ersity student Mohamed Abdu
1,
was appre-ended by an army
officer in t-e early mornin' -ours of 1* %ctober 51! in t-e (icinity of pro9Morsi protests in
$reater /airo4 w-ile -e was distributin' leaflets critici)in' t-e 1military coup3 and
condemnin' t-e killin's and in.uries of 1anti9coup3 protesters. After bein' -eld inside an
armoured (e-icle4 t-e military officer -anded -im o(er to members of t-e police4 w-o
pus-ed4 slapped and kicked -im. :e was interro'ated inside t-e police station by a public
prosecutor wit-out t-e presence of a lawyer and was not allowed to call -is family. :e spent
some 15 days inside a police station on accusations of 1incitin' (iolence3 and belon'in' to a
1banned 'roup34 before bein' pro(isionally released. <urin' interro'ations by t-e public
prosecutor4 -e was asked about -is political beliefs and t-e reasons w-y -e supported t-e
deposed president. +rior to -is release4 -e was also brou'-t in front of a man -e assumed to
be a member of t-e #ational Security A'ency4
1@
because -e was blindfolded durin' t-e
interro'ation. Mo-amed Abdu told Amnesty International t-at t-e man t-reatened -im to
force -im to re(eal t-e names of t-ose w-o -ad -anded -im t-e leaflets4 s-outin'F 1Gyou
will never see your mother, or the sun again... you will be underground for 20 years.3 Since
-is ordeal4 Mo-amed Abdu -as not li(ed at -ome for fear of re9arrest.
;-e arrest and detention of percei(ed Morsi supporters for acti(ities merely amountin' to t-e
peaceful exercise of t-e ri'-ts to freedom of expression and assembly are not limited to
$reater /airo.
In a case t-at recei(ed considerable national and international attention4 a court in
Alexandria con(icted 1 female protesters4 includin' se(en 'irls4 to -ars- penalties on @
#o(ember 51!4 followin' t-eir arrests durin' a peaceful rally on !1 %ctober 51!.
19

Followin' an outcry4 a -i'-er court reduced t-e sentences to one9year suspended prison
terms on , <ecember 51!. Amnesty International considers t-at t-e women and 'irls
s-ould not -a(e been arrested in t-e first place4 let alone con(icted for peacefully exercisin'
t-eir ri'-t to freedom of assembly.
In a similar case in t-e city of Ismailia4 four teena'e 'irls were arrested as t-ey marc-ed in
front of t-e Ismailia Second +olice Station of 1, %ctober 51!4 carryin' banners depictin'
t-e raised four9fin'er rabaa >1four3 in Arabic? si'n4 used to commemorate t-ose killed durin'
t-e dispersal of t-e "abaa al9Adawiya sit9in on 1* Au'ust 51!. ;-e security forces also
confiscated t-eir yellow balloons 8 a colour used by Morsi supporters in t-eir campai'ns 8
considerin' t-em as criminal e(idence of t-e teena'ers7 trans'ression. ;-e teena'ers were
t-en accused of belon'in' to a 1banned 'roup34 terrori)in' citi)ens4 -amperin' traffic and
attackin' officials on duty >/ase #o. *55@H51! Misdemeanours Ismailia?. Fourteen9year9old
Khadija Ali Mitalli was released on %ctober 51!4 w-ile Ruqaya Said Mohamed Abdel
1!
Rahman4 Fatma Said Mohamed Abdel Rahman and Radwa Ali Adel Rahman were freed on
!5 %ctober 51! 8 but t-e c-ar'es a'ainst t-em -a(e not been dropped.
In anot-er blatant attack on freedom of expression4 security forces in t-e town of Sinurus in
t-e Fayoum $o(ernorate arrested four people4 includin' two women and a boy4 after
dispersin' a peaceful rally by 1anti9coup3 protesters on 5 September 51! in front of t-e
&otfy Sliman Sc-ool. #ineteen9year9old Al-Zahra Ahmadi Qassem told Amnesty International
t-at police and men in plain clot-es broke9up t-e rally at about ,.!5am4 destroyin' rabaa
posters and c-asin' away protesters. S-e belie(es t-at s-e was sin'led out for arrest4 alon'
wit- anot-er female friend4 because t-ey are bot- dau'-ters of prominent local M= leaders.
A man w-o inter(ened to pre(ent t-eir arrest was also appre-ended4 as was 169year9old
sc-ool student Ahmed Khalil. ;-ey were e(entually transferred to t-e Fayoum +olice Station
and c-ar'ed wit- belon'in' to a banned 'roup4 participatin' in a 'at-erin' of more t-an fi(e
people4 pre(entin' students from enterin' t-e sc-ool4 obstructin' public institutions and
-amperin' traffic. ;-e four were released on bail after -a(in' spent between ei'-t and 5
days in .ail. ;-e c-ar'es -a(e not been dropped.
In anot-er illustration of t-e crackdown on freedom of expression4 0'yptian security forces
arrested 159year9old -i'-9sc-ool student Khaled Mohamed Bakara on 5 #o(ember 51! at
-is sc-ool in =alteem4 in Iafr el9S-eik- $o(ernorate4 after -is teac-ers found -e was usin'
stationery wit- a symbol supportin' Mo-amed Morsi. :e was released on bail on
<ecember 51! pendin' t-e outcome of in(esti'ations into accusations t-at -e belon's to a
1banned 'roup3 and possesses stationery t-at 1inspires (iolence a'ainst t-e armed forces3.
5

Amnesty International -as also documented a number of cases of percei(ed Morsi supporters
accused of committin' (iolent acts4 wit- little e(idence linkin' t-em to t-e crimes4
particularly as t-ey were arrested eit-er inside mos6ues followin' (iolent protests and clas-es
or far away from t-e scene of t-e (iolence.
For instance4 199year9old Aisha Mohamed
1
was arrested wit- a 'roup of some @5 people
after t-ey fled scenes of (iolence in t-e (icinity of "amsis S6uare on 16 Au'ust 51!. S-e
explained -er decision to walk -ome by t-e absence of public transport after curfew was
imposed at ,pm. ;-ey were taken into custody as t-ey approac-ed a military c-eckpoint4
kilometres away from "amsis S6uare. S-e remained -eld at a police station for 1, days on
accusations of murder4 attempted murder4 destroyin' property4 assaultin' officials on duty4
and possession of weapons in relation to t-e (iolent clas-es in "amsis. S-e said t-at t-e
public prosecutor4 w-o interro'ated -er inside t-e police station wit-out t-e presence of a
lawyer4 asked -er about -er political affiliations4 -er relati(es7 political acti(ities4 and wanted
to known w-et-er s-e -ad participated in t-e "abaa al9Adawiya sit9in. S-e was e(entually
released on bail alon' wit- t-e ot-er women and minors4 but said t-at some of t-e men
arrested wit- -er were still in prison. ;-e c-ar'es a'ainst -er -a(e not been dropped.
A 1,9year9old boy4 Ibrahim Abdallah4
also arrested in relation to t-e "amsis S6uare clas-es

on 16 Au'ust 51!4 remained in detention for nearly t-ree mont-s 8 spendin' time at t-e
Salam /SF camp4 t-e ;ora +rison /omplex4 and t-e Mar' .u(enile detention facility. :e
recounted -is ordeal to Amnesty InternationalF
1After the situation around [Ramsis] Square became dangerous, stayed inside the !ath

1*
"osque... was arrested from inside [the building] the following day along with everybody
else# there were hundreds of us. $uring my first interrogation, was blindfolded and made to
stay still... %he officer & we all assumed he was from the state security & as'ed me what 'ind
of religious literature read, if my father had a beard, and if my mother wears the niqab [a
veil covering a woman(s face and revealing only her eyes] ... )e as'ed about the names of my
relatives and their *olitical activities, and names of others in my neighbourhood+ don,t
even 'now what was accused of e-actly, but thin' it,s the same charges as all the others
arrested in Ramsis... got out on bail, but am still a sus*ect# they did not close the file.3
RIG-TS /2O,TED IN DETENTION
The arrests of tho!san$s of "er%eive$ Morsi s!""orters follo) a similar "attern* Those arreste$ are
initially $etaine$ at "oli%e stations or at !noffi%ial "la%es of $etention s!%h as the 4S/ %am"s
in%l!$ing the Salam# Tora an$ <6ilo &(*'=
0
%am"s*
Detainees are not permitted to ,onta,t their -ami"ies or "a.yers/ .ho ma0e the ronds o- po"i,e stations/ other
p"a,es o- detention and +1"i, +rose,tion O--i,es in a desperate sear,h to "o,ate their .herea1ots2 Gards/
parti,"ar"y at 3S4 ,amps and sometimes po"i,e stations/ -re5ent"y deny ho"ding detainees2
Detainees are 1roght in -ront o- p1"i, prose,tors inside their p"a,es o- detention rather than at the +1"i,
+rose,tion6s o--i,es or ,ort ,omp"e#es 7 a pra,ti,e that is repeated dring s1se5ent hearings rene.ing
detention orders and .hi,h inter-eres .ith the right to ha!e a "a.yer present at e!ery stage o- the 8di,ia"
pro,eedings2 La.yers are not in-ormed in ad!an,e o- interrogation times/ and ha!e raised ,on,erns a1ot the
denia" o- a,,ess to their ,"ients/ parti,"ar"y 1y mem1ers o- se,rity -or,es at 3S4 ,amps2 In pra,ti,e/ many
detainees appear in -ront o- the p1"i, prose,tor -or the -irst time .ithot "a.yers2 La.yers a"so -re5ent"y
,omp"ain a1ot 1rea,rati, hrd"es and de"ays in o1taining their ,"ients6 -i"es/ ndermining their a1i"ity to
ade5ate"y prepare their de-en,e2
E!enta""y/ detainees are trans-erred to reg"ar prisons/ in,"ding Tora in the soth o- 3airo/ 9adi a":Natrn in
;ehira Go!ernorate and A1 <aa1a" in =a"y1ia Go!ernorate2 Ho.e!er/ some detainees end p spending
pro"onged periods o- time 7 in the most e#treme ,ases months 7 in poor"y e5ipped po"i,e stations/ .here they
are on"y a""o.ed ot o- their ,e""s -or short -ami"y !isits and -or 5estioning and ,ort pro,eedings2 +ro"onged
detention at po"i,e stations a"so app"ies to .omen and gir"s/ despite the a1sen,e o- .omen gards2
The most -re5ent ,omp"aints 1y re"eased detainees and re"ati!es .ho !isit their "o!ed:ones in 8ai" in,"de
o!er,ro.ding/ nhygieni, ,e"" ,onditions/ poor aeration/ non:e#istent or at 1est s1:standard medi,a" ,are/ no
or "imited otdoor time/ and short -ami"y !isits2 High pro-i"e detainees are he"d in so"itary ,on-inement/ in
some ,ases/ .ith no re,reationa" otdoor time or a,,ess to medi,a" ,are or medi,ation2
Some detainees a"so ,omp"ain that se,rity -or,es 0i,0/ pn,h and 1eat them pon arrest and&or dring the
initia" hors o- detention/ in,"ding 1y hand and .ith the se o- !arios o18e,ts s,h as ri-"e:1tts or sti,0s2
Detainees a"so -re5ent"y re,ont >.e",oming parties? o- 1eating/ pn,hing/ and other degrading treatment
1y gards and mem1ers o- se,rity -or,es pon arri!a" to a ne. p"a,e o- detention2
3hi"dren are -re5ent"y detained together .ith ad"ts/ in,"ding at po"i,e stations/ 3S4 ,amps and prisons
and are e#posed to the same 0ind o- detention ,onditions and treatment2 3hi"dren he"d at the 8!eni"e
-a,i"ities ha!e a"so ,omp"ained a1ot 1eatings/ i"":treatment and 1""ying/ parti,"ar"y at the hands o- o"der
1oys/ .hi"e so,ia" .or0ers "oo0 the other .ay2
15
Amnesty Internationa" ,a""s on the Egyptian athorities to respe,t internationa" "a. and standards re"ating to
the treatment o- prisoners/ in,"ding the UN 3on!ention against Tortre and other 3re"/ Inhman or
Degrading Treatment or +nishment@ the UN Standard Minimm R"es -or the Treatment o- +risoners and the
;asi, +rin,ip"es -or the Treatment o- +risoners2
STUDENTS
Since t-e be'innin' of t-e academic year in late September 51!4 uni(ersities -a(e been
rocked by protests4 includin' by t-e 1Students a'ainst t-e /oup3 'roup. Eni(ersity campuses
and e(en dorms -a(e become fre6uent sites of clas-es4 wit- some protests spillin' out into
t-e streets. A-ile uni(ersities across 0'ypt -a(e been affected4 includin' t-e lar'est two
uni(ersities in $reater /airo 8 /airo Eni(ersity and Ain S-ams 8 al9A)-ar Eni(ersity remains
t-e main sta'in' point. At least fi(e al9A)-ar Eni(ersity students -a(e been killed in suc-
clas-es4 and o(er 55 arrested. Security forces -a(e used excessi(e force 8 includin' let-al
force 8 to disperse t-e protests4 and in some cases fired into or entered uni(ersity 'rounds.
/ampus security forces 8 particularly at al9A)-ar Eni(ersity 8 -a(e also been implicated in
confrontations wit- and arrests of students.
Students and acti(ists -a(e rallied around t-e emblematic case of Mohamed Reda4 a 199
year9old first9year student at t-e Faculty of 0n'ineerin' at /airo Eni(ersity. :e was s-ot dead
on campus on @ #o(ember 51!. Accordin' to t-e forensic pat-olo'y report4 Mo-amed
"eda suffered t-ree 1'uns-ot3 wounds. 0yewitness testimonies and (ideo e(idence s-ow t-at
t-e riot police fired tear 'as and s-ot'uns inside uni(ersity 'rounds. ;-e followin' day4 t-e
uni(ersity administration issued a stron'ly9worded statement condemnin' t-e actions of t-e
security forces. A committee establis-ed by t-e dean to in(esti'ate t-e (iolence concluded
t-at members of t-e /SF -ad fired tear 'as and s-ot'uns at students inside t-e Faculty of
0n'ineerin' 'rounds. It recommended s-arin' findin's and ot-er audio(isual e(idence wit-
t-e +ublic +rosecution. It also called for a second autopsy by a forensic pat-olo'y committee
to determine t-e type of s-ot'un found followin' clas-es t-at day4 and comparin' it to types
used by t-e Ministry of Interior. ;-e Ministry of Interior denied any wron'doin'4 claimin' t-at
t-e security forces -ad not fired s-ot'uns at students. In(esti'ations by t-e +rosecution
started4 but -a(e stalled. Accordin' to lawyer Fatma Sera. from t-e Association for Freedom
of ;-ou'-t and 0xpression >AF;0?4 an 0'yptian #$%4 t-e +rosecution of Er'ent Matters of
Sout- $i)a -ad 6uestioned some 5 witnesses4 fi(e in.ured students4 Mo-amed "eda7s
mot-er and a /SF officer responsible for security co9ordination on @ #o(ember 51!. ;-e
+rosecution -as also obtained reports from forensic pat-olo'y and criminalistics. "elati(es4
lawyers and t-e uni(ersity committee s-ared ot-er audio(isual e(idence wit- t-e +rosecution4
some of w-ic- -as been sent for forensic (ideo analysis. ;-e re6uest by lawyers in mid9
<ecember 51! to call in two officers w-ose faces are (isible in t-e pictures and (ideos
pro(ided -as yet to be met 8 alle'edly pendin' t-e finali)ation of t-e forensic (ideo analysis
report.
:undreds of students -a(e been rounded9up by security forces durin' protests and clas-es.
Accordin' AF;04 o(er 555 students -a(e been arrested in (arious protests since ! 2uly 51!.
/ourts -a(e issued con(ictions in t-ree cases a'ainst al9A)-ar Eni(ersity students4
sentencin' t-em to prison terms ran'in' from a year and a -alf to 1, years. 0'yptian -uman
ri'-ts or'ani)ations condemned t-e -ars- 1,9year sentence issued by a /airo misdemeanours
court on 1 #o(ember 51! a'ainst 1 al9A)-ar Eni(ersity students on c-ar'es of
participatin' in a 'at-erin' of more t-an fi(e people4 1t-u''ery3 and committin' ot-er

16
(iolent acts4 includin' assault and destruction of property. ;-ey were arrested durin' protests
and clas-es at al9A)-ar Eni(ersity on !5 %ctober 51!. An eyewitness told Amnesty
International t-at t-e students were beaten by men in plain clot-es and uni(ersity security
staff upon t-eir arrest. In makin' its case4 t-e +rosecution relied -ea(ily on t-e testimony of
t-e -ead of al9A)-ar Eni(ersity Security4 w-ile no material e(idence was presented. %t-er
eyewitnesses testified seein' t-e defendants after t-ey were arrested4 but acknowled'ed not
seein' t-em commit any (iolent acts. ;-e appeal is sc-eduled to take place on * February
51*. =ail was set at &06*4555 >ESJ94195? 8 too -i'- for t-e ma.ority of t-e defendants4
w-o remain in prison.
Students sympat-etic to deposed president Mo-amed Morsi are not t-e only ones facin'
arrest and detention. Ayat amada4 an 1@9year9old first9year student at t-e Faculty of
/ommerce at al9A)-ar Eni(ersity4 know for -er acti(ities wit- ;amarud and Ik-wan
I-a)eboon >1M=s are liars3?4 was arrested on @ <ecember 51! a'ainst t-e backdrop of
demonstrations and disturbances at ot-er locations at al9A)-ar Eni(ersity. A buildin' at t-e
Faculty of /ommerce >for boys? was set ali'-t. Accordin' to a friend w-o was wit- -er at t-e
time of arrest4 s-e was c-eckin' -er exam sc-edule at t-e Faculty of /ommerce >for 'irls?
w-en s-e saw anot-er 'irl bein' beaten and tried to inter(ene to defend -er. Instead4 s-e was
captured and made to sit inside an armoured (e-icle parked on uni(ersity 'rounds. Ayat
:amada was arrested alon' wit- 1! ot-er women and 56 men4 and is facin' a number of
c-ar'es4 includin' assault4 dama'e to property4 t-eft and belon'in' to a 1banned 'roup3
w-ic- aims to undermine t-e law4 -amper public institutions from carryin' out t-eir work and
attack ri'-ts and liberties. Accordin' to -er lawyer4 Sayed Sob-y from t-e #idal /entre for
"i'-ts and Freedoms >a new 0'yptian #$%?4 most suspects in t-is case were arrested
arbitrarily4 includin' students w-o were at uni(ersity to attend exams or collect study papers.
;-e accused were initially brou'-t to #asr /ity Second +olice Station4 w-ere4 accordin' to
lawyers4 t-e men were beaten4 forced to undress in front of t-e women detainees and sin'
pro9army son's. /old water was poured on t-e detainees inside t-eir prison cells. ;-ey were
t-en transferred to t-e Salam /SF camp4 and 6uestioned by public prosecutors t-e followin'
day. &awyers complained about some prosecutors7 refusal to take action w-en male detainees
complained of beatin's. Similarly to ot-er cases4 no material e(idence linkin' t-e defendants
to t-e crimes -as yet been presented4 and t-e +rosecution7s case rests mainly on t-e police
report prepared by t-e body w-ic- carried out t-e students7 arrests. At t-e time of writin'4
Ayat :amada and 15 ot-er women were -eld at Kanater +rison4 w-ile t-ree ot-er women still
remained in police stations. Ayat :amada -as a -eart condition w-ic- re6uires -er to take
in.ections e(ery 15 days.
ARRESTS UNDER NE9 ASSEM;LA LA9
Since Mo-amed Morsi7s oustin' on ! 2uly 51!4 t-e aut-orities -a(e imposed new
restrictions on freedom of assembly and expression.
A new law4 #o. 15, of 51! "e'ulatin' t-e "i'-t to +ublic $at-erin's4 +rocessions and
+eaceful +rotests4 si'ned by interim +resident Adly Mansour on * #o(ember 51!4 fails to
meet international standards. ;-e law tar'ets Mo-amed Morsi7s supporters4 as well as
'o(ernment critics and -uman ri'-ts acti(ists. It 'i(es t-e Interior Ministry wide discretionary
powers o(er protests. It re6uires protest or'ani)ers to submit complete plans for any
'at-erin's of more t-an 15 people to t-e Interior Ministry at least t-ree days in ad(ance and
* -ours in ad(ance for electoral campai'nin' meetin's. ;-e law also 'i(es t-e Interior
1,
Ministry t-e aut-ority to cancel a demonstration or c-an'e its route4 in effect meanin' t-at
demonstrations can take place only wit- t-e Ministry7s prior aut-ori)ation. It also includes
blanket pro-ibitions on protests in t-e (icinity of certain 'o(ernment buildin's and places of
wors-ip. ;-e law 'i(es t-e security forces a le'al framework for t-e use of excessi(e force4
includin' firearms a'ainst peaceful protesters deemed to -a(e committed a 1crime
punis-able by law3. +rotesters con(icted of breakin' t-e law face up to fi(e years in prison
and fines of &01554555 >ES<J1*451!?.
*
Ender Mo-amed Morsi7s rule4 t-e 'o(ernment
proposed a draft assembly law to t-e S-ura /ouncil w-ic-4 t-ou'- still lackin' t-e minimum
standards re6uired under international law4 was still less repressi(e t-an t-e one appro(ed by
+resident Adly Mansour. :owe(er4 t-e S-ura /ouncil ne(er appro(ed t-e draft.
5

Followin' its adoption4 t-e law 6uickly took its place in t-e 1t-ree arms of repression3 used
by t-e aut-orities to silence 'o(ernment opponents and critics 9 repressi(e laws4
unaccountable security forces and a complacent .udiciary. ;-e security forces -a(e
repeatedly dispersed peaceful protests4 and arrested secular acti(ists as well as supporters of
former president Mo-amed Morsi for participatin' in 1unaut-ori)ed3 protests. ;-e .udiciary
-as also sentenced acti(ists w-o it found -ad breac-ed t-e protest law.
%n 6 #o(ember 51!4 t-e security forces in /airo arrested and detained at least !@ people
for peacefully exercisin' t-eir ri'-ts to freedom of expression and assembly. ;-e arrests came
two days after 0'ypt7s president appro(ed t-e draconian assembly law. ;-e security forces
broke up t-e peaceful protest by acti(ists4 includin' from t-e 1#o to Military ;rials3 'roup4
outside t-e S-ura /ouncil usin' water cannons4 tear 'as and batons. ;-e security forces later
s-ot pellets in t-e air to disperse t-e remainin' peaceful protestors. ;-e protesters were
callin' on t-e members of t-e committee draftin' t-e /onstitution inside t-e S-ura /ouncil
to scrap pro(isions in t-e draft w-ic- allowed military courts to try ci(ilians. Some of t-e
arrested protesters told Amnesty International t-at security forces punc-ed t-em and beat
t-em wit- batons. Security forces t-en took t-e detained protesters to a 'arden ad.acent to
t-e S-ura /ouncil complex. ;-ey released women protesters4 lawyers and .ournalists wit-out
c-ar'e4 w-ile t-e * men remained in detention for furt-er in(esti'ation.
6

Se(eral women protesters faced sexual and 'ender9based (iolence at t-e -ands of t-e
security forces. Acti(ists told Amnesty International t-at t-e security forces from t-e #ew
/airo First +olice Station -ad dra''ed women protesters on t-e 'round4 beat t-em and
punc-ed t-em and pulled t-eir -air to 'et t-em into t-e police (e-icles before takin' t-em to
t-e /airo9Epper 0'ypt -i'-way at around 1am4 lea(in' t-em to t-eir friends and collea'ues
to find and collect. Some women also reported t-at t-e security forces -ad sexually -arassed
t-em w-ile t-ey were detained.
,

;-e * men -eld in detention were in(esti'ated on accusations of -oldin' a protest wit-out
prior notification. ;-ere were reports of beatin's by t-e security forces in t-e #ew /airo First
+olice Station before t-e +ublic +rosecution ordered t-eir detention for 15 days. %n ,
#o(ember 51!4 t-e * men were transferred to ;ora +rison. %n * <ecember 51!4 t-e
Sout- /airo /riminal /ourt released ! men on bail of &05555 >ESJ@55?4 lea(in' one man4
Ahmed Abdel-Rahman4 in prison for possessin' a knife w-ic- was found in -is ba' six -ours
after -is arrest. A-med Abdel9"a-man was carryin' a small knife in -is ba' to use to cut food
because -is .ob re6uires -im to spend ni'-ts away from -ome. :e was not arrested by t-e
security forces for possessin' a knife4 but for alle'edly participatin' in an 1unaut-ori)ed

1@
protest3. A-med Abdel9"a-man only stands accused of possessin' a knife4 not usin' it or
attackin' persons wit- it. At t-e time of writin'4 -e remained in detention. Amnesty
International considers -im to be a prisoner of conscience.
@

Many of t-ose arrested by security forces on 6 #o(ember 51! -a(e a lon' -istory of
acti(ism and -a(e participated in a number of opposition protests since t-e 15 2anuary
"e(olution3. Amnesty International belie(es t-at t-ey were tar'eted because of t-eir
relentless record of opposition acti(ism and to send a cautionary deterrent messa'e to
ot-ers.
9

%n , #o(ember 51!4 t-e +ublic +rosecution also ordered t-e arrests of well9known
political acti(ists Alaa Abd !l Fattah and Ahmed Maher on accusations of callin' for and
participatin' in t-e unaut-ori)ed protest in front of t-e S-ura /ouncil. Alaa Abd 0l Fatta-
subse6uently announced t-at -e would turn -imself in to t-e +rosecutor7s %ffice on !5
#o(ember 51!. :owe(er4 on t-e e(enin' of @ #o(ember 51!4 Alaa Abd 0l Fatta- was
arrested at -is -ome by t-e security forces4 w-o beat -im. :is wife posted pictures on social
media s-owin' blood strains on t-e floor w-ere -e -ad been beaten by security forces4 w-o4
s-e said4 slapped -er and confiscated mobile p-ones and computers. Alaa Abd 0l Fatta- was
t-en taken to t-e 1Iilo 15.53 /SF camp on t-e /airo9Alexandria -i'-way4 w-ic- is not an
official place of detention. %n 9 #o(ember 51!4 t-e public prosecutor ordered t-e
detention of Alaa Abd 0l Fatta- and e(er since -is detention -as been renewed w-ile -e
remains detained at ;ora +rison.
!5
Alaa Abd 0l Fatta- -as faced prosecution and -as been
.ailed by successi(e 'o(ernments in 0'ypt for -is opposition acti(ism. :e spent time in
detention durin' t-e rule of t-e S/AF. :e was also facin' c-ar'es in se(eral separate cases
durin' t-e presidency of Mo-amed Morsi. Amnesty International considers -im to be a
prisoner of conscience.
A-med Ma-er4 founder of t-e 6 April Dout- Mo(ement4 went to t-e Abdeen Misdemeanours
/ourt on !5 #o(ember 51! to turn -imself in for 6uestionin' after t-e +ublic +rosecution
ordered -is arrest in relation to t-e protest w-ic- took place outside t-e S-ura /ouncil on 6
#o(ember 51!. Members of t-e 6 April Dout- Mo(ement and ot-er supporters accompanied
-im to t-e Abdeen /ourt in solidarity4 includin' Mohamed Adel4 a 6 April Dout- Mo(ement
member4 and well9known blo''er Ahmed "ouma. A-ile t-e public prosecutor was
6uestionin' A-med Ma-er inside t-e court buildin'4 clas-es erupted outside between t-e
security forces and t-e acti(ist7s supporters. In t-e followin' days4 t-e +ublic +rosecution
brou'-t new c-ar'es a'ainst A-med Ma-er related to -is supporters7 protest and -eld -im in
detention.
!1

A-med Ma-er4 Mo-amed Adel and A-med <ouma were accused of callin' for and
participatin' in an unaut-ori)ed protest on !5 #o(ember 51! outside t-e Abdeen
Misdemeanours /ourt4 in (iolation of t-e new protest law. :owe(er4 defence lawyers told
Amnesty International t-at A-med Ma-er and A-med <ouma were bot- inside t-e court
buildin' w-en t-e clas-es erupted.
!
Security forces arrested A-med <ouma at -is -ome on
t-e mornin' of * <ecember 51!. =ot- acti(ists were -eld in ;ora +rison at time of writin'.
A-med Ma-er was -arassed se(eral times by t-e aut-orities for opposin' t-e rule of :osni
Mubarak4 t-e S/AF4 and Mo-amed Morsi. For instance4 -e was -eld by security forces in May
51! after returnin' from a trip abroad. A-med <ouma was pre(iously arrested4 and
19
reportedly tortured4 by t-e 0'yptian security forces after -e attempted to cross into $a)a in
solidarity wit- +alestinians durin' t-e 559 Israeli bombin' of $a)a. :e was also arrested in
<ecember 51 durin' t-e 1,9mont- period w-en t-e S/AF ruled 0'ypt followin' t-e 15
2anuary "e(olution34 after publicly critici)in' and demonstratin' a'ainst t-e military and
Ministry of Interior. :e was also con(icted durin' t-e presidency of Mo-amed Morsi for
1insultin' t-e president3. :is current detention is merely for peacefully exercisin' -is ri'-t to
freedom of expression and assembly.
Mo-amed Adel was arrested on 1@ <ecember 51! alon' wit- fi(e ot-er staff members and
(olunteers of t-e 0'yptian /entre for 0conomic and Social "i'-ts >0/0S"?. Security forces
took Mo-amed Adel to an unknown location and alle'edly sub.ected -im to torture and ot-er
ill9treatment. ;-e acti(ist7s w-ereabouts were not known until t-e day of -is trial on
<ecember 51!.
%n <ecember 51!4 t-e court sentenced t-e acti(ists to t-ree years in prison for
protestin' wit-out notifyin' t-e aut-orities4 as well as 1disturbin' public order34 1-amperin'
traffic34 1destroyin' property3 and 1attackin' t-e security forces3. ;-e men remain in
detention w-ile t-ey appeal t-e sentence. ;-e court -as postponed t-e next session to 15
February 51*.
!!

;-e men be'an a series of -un'er strikes since <ecember 51! followin' t-e (erdict4 in
protest at t-eir continued detention in ;ora +rison. In a series of letters smu''led from prison
and publis-ed in part by %he )uffington .ost4 A-med Ma-er4 w-o is -eld in solitary
confinement4 described bein' 1forbidden to read or write34 eatin' stale food and sufferin'
from t-e cold inside -is cell. ;-e men are t-e first to be con(icted for breakin' 0'ypt7s new
protest law. Amnesty International considers A-med Ma-er and A-med <ouma to be
prisoners of conscience4 detained solely for peacefully exercisin' t-eir ri'-t to freedom of
expression and assembly.
!*
;-e or'ani)ation furt-er considers t-at Mo-amed Adel is likely to
be a prisoner of conscience.
ATTA3BS ON MEDIA
Since Mo-amed Morsi7s oustin'4 media workers -a(e faced increasin' dan'ers and
restrictions w-ile operatin' in 0'ypt. Amnesty International -as documented t-e arrests of
.ournalists for in(esti'atin' and reportin' on -uman ri'-ts (iolations by t-e security forces4 as
well as cases w-ere security forces -a(e apparently deliberately tar'eted media workers w-ile
dispersin' protests.
Scores of .ournalists -a(e been tar'eted by t-e security forces4 attacked and in some
instances killed since t-e 0'yptian uprisin' on 5 2anuary 511. ;-e attacks started durin'
t-e 1@ days of protests w-ic- led to t-e resi'nation of :osni Mubarak. Some .ournalists were
killed and ot-ers in.ured w-ile co(erin' protests.
!5

"estrictions and abuses a'ainst t-e media continued durin' t-e 1,9mont- rule of t-e S/AF.
2ournalists were tar'eted4 s-ot and detained for -oldin' cameras to document -uman ri'-ts
(iolations by t-e security forces. For instance4 durin' protests a'ainst t-e Interior Ministry on
Mo-amed Ma-moud Street in #o(ember 5114 w-ic- resulted in t-e killin' of o(er 55
protesters4 security forces s-ot se(eral .ournalists in t-e eyes and arrested ot-ers. Ahmed
Abdel Fattah4 a .ournalist workin' for 0'yptian daily Al/"asry Al/0oum w-o was s-ot in t-e

5
eye wit- a s-ot'un pellet4 told Amnesty International t-at -e saw t-e police officer aimin' at
-im because -e was -oldin' a camera.
!6
assan Shaheen4 a .ournalist wit- 1l 2adeel
newspaper4 stated t-at -e was beaten by t-e armed forces durin' protests around t-e /abinet
buildin's in <ecember 511 w-ile tryin' to -elp a woman w-o was bein' beaten and
stripped by t-e security forces.
!,

<urin' t-e S/AF7s rule4 t-e security forces also raided news a'encies and confiscated t-eir
broadcastin' e6uipment4 suc- as Al 2a)eera Mubas-er Misr in /airo4 w-ic- was tar'eted in
September 511.
!@
Security forces also reportedly raided ot-er stations w-ile t-ey were
broadcastin' t-e army crackdown on protesters on 9 %ctober 511 around t-e Maspero State
;ele(ision buildin'4 includin' Al :urra and /-annel 5.
!9

<urin' t-e rule of Mo-amed Morsi4 media professionals were also tar'eted by t-e security
forces and t-e .udiciary for criticisin' t-e9t-en president4 as well as t-e M= mo(ement and
its supporters. 2ournalists4 blo''ers and e(en comedians faced politically moti(ated or
trumped9up criminal c-ar'es like 1defamin' reli'ion3 or 1insultin' t-e president3. For
instance4 satirist Bassem #ousse$, -ost of s-ow 1Al9=ername'3 >1;-e +ro'ramme3? was
accused of 1defamation of reli'ion3 and 1insultin' t-e president3 for pokin' fun at t-e
0'yptian aut-orities on -is s-ow. :e turned -imself in to t-e +ublic +rosecution for
6uestionin' after it issued a warrant for -is arrest. After 6uestionin' t-e satirist4 t-e
+rosecution released -im on bail of &0154555 >ESJ415*?.
*5

Attacks a'ainst media and .ournalists escalated after Mo-amed Morsi was ousted on ! 2uly
51!. Seconds after army c-ief Abdel Fatta- al9Sisi announced t-at Mo-amed Morsi was no
lon'er president4 and promised t-at t-e interim 'o(ernment would up-old media freedom4
*1

t-e aut-orities took at least six c-annels known for t-eir support of t-e9t-en president off9air4
namely Al :afe)4 Al 2a)eera Mubas-er Misr4 Al9I-ali.ia4 Misr 54 Al9#as4 and Al9"a-ma. 2ust
minutes later4 security forces launc-ed raids on t-e c-annels.
*

0yewitnesses told Amnesty International t-at police4 Special Forces and plain9clot-es
intelli'ence officers rounded9up t-e staff and -eld t-em in police (e-icles. A-ile t-e security
forces let most of t-e workers 'o4 t-ey took at least 1* men away and -eld t-em in t-e
Security <irectorate in 6 %ctober /ity4 includin' fi(e staff members from Al 2a)eera
Mubas-er Misr. ;-e <irectorate t-en denied detainin' t-em to (isitin' relati(es and ot-ers.
Members of Al9#as and Misr 5 were reported to -a(e been ill9treated in detention. All t-e
staff members were released -ours later except for Al 2a)eera Mubas-er Misr Mana'in'
<irector Ayman %aballah4 Al :afe) /-annel :ead Ate$ Abdelrashid and Al9Fat-
Administrati(e <irector Abdallah Abdallah. ;-ey were released se(eral days later.
*!

;-e aut-orities -a(e also mo(ed to suppress print media linked to Mo-amed Morsi and -is
supporters. %n ! <ecember4 t-e national printin' press stopped printin' t-e newspaper of
t-e Freedom and 2ustice +arty >F2+4 t-e political party formed by t-e M=? and its distribution
was banned.
Amnesty International considers t-at t-e closure of t-e c-annels and bannin' t-e F2+
publication wit-out recourse to t-e .udiciary constitute arbitrary actions taken by t-e interim
aut-orities as part of t-eir crackdown on t-e M=. ;-e or'ani)ation is furt-er concerned t-at
t-e aut-orities -a(e yet to order independent and impartial in(esti'ations into -uman ri'-ts
1
(iolations committed by t-e security forces4 includin' t-e sweepin' arbitrary arrests of media
professionals and t-eir ill9treatment in detention.
%n * September 51!4 an administrati(e court ordered t-e closure of four c-annels4 Al
2a)eera Mubas-er Misr4 Al Darmouk4 Al Kuds and A-rar 54 percei(ed as sympat-etic to
former president Mo-amed Morsi and t-e M=. ;-e court explained t-e decision by t-e
c-annels7 alle'ed actions insultin' t-e armed forces and incitin' international or'ani)ations
and forei'n states a'ainst 0'ypt by 1spreadin' false information w-ic- t-reatened t-e
national security3 and 1disturbed t-e public order3.
**

Since t-en4 t-e aut-orities -a(e continued to tar'et Al 2a)eera. %n 9 <ecember 51!4
security forces arrested four staff members of Al 2a)eera 0n'lis- at a /airo -otel. %ne was
released s-ortly after t-e arrest4 but t-ree ot-ers remain in detention at t-e time of writin'.
;-ey are t-e correspondent &eter %reste4 =ureau /-ief Mohamed Fahmy and producer Baher
Mohamed. ;-e t-ree men -a(e faced in(esti'ations by t-e #ational Security A'ency4 wit-in
t-e Ministry of Interior4 and t-eir lawyers -a(e said t-at t-ey fear t-e men will face c-ar'es
of belon'in' to 1a banned 'roup en'a'ed in terrorist acti(ities3 and 1spreadin' false
information3. ;-e public prosecutor -ad ordered t-eir detention initially for four days
pendin' in(esti'ation and t-en renewed it for anot-er 15 days. ;-e t-ree men were -eld in
;ora +rison at t-e time of writin'. ;-e 0'yptian aut-orities -ad arrested Mohamed Badr4 an
Al 2a)eera Mubas-er Masr cameraman4 and Abdallah !l Shamy4 an Al 2a)eera Arabic
correspondent4 in 2uly 51!. =ot- men remain in detention for co(erin' (iolations by t-e
0'yptian aut-orities.
*5

;-e military -as also sou'-t to suppress independent co(era'e of (iolence in #ort- Sinai.
Since ! 2uly 51!4 t-e armed forces -a(e conducted se(eral operations a'ainst w-at t-e
aut-orities describe as 1militant3 'roups acti(e in t-e re'ion4 essentially in a media blackout.
Al/"asry Al/0oum correspondent Ahmed Abu "eraa was arrested on * September 51! at a
coastal border 'uard base after -e went t-ere to in6uire about an in.ured relati(e arrested in
early September 51! followin' a military operation. A-med Abu <eraa is one of t-e few
independent (oices reportin' from #ort- Sinai. +rior to -is arrest4 -e -ad su''ested t-at
military operations did not only impact 1terrorist 'roups3 but also ordinary 0'yptians4
mos6ues and -omes. :e was referred to military trial. In a press conference on 15
September 51!4 a military spokesperson stated t-at A-med Abu <eraa -ad made false
claims t-at t-e armed forces destroyed mos6ues4 e(icted residents and tar'eted women and
c-ildren durin' military operations in Sinai.
*6
Amnesty International belie(es t-at A-med Abu
<eraa was arrested for peacefully exercisin' -is ri'-t to freedom of expression. %n 5 %ctober
51!4 A-med Abu <eraa recei(ed a six9mont- suspended prison sentence by an Ismailia
military court.
*,

In anot-er attack on independent (oices in #ort- Sinai4 freelance .ournalist and blo''er
Mohamed Sabry was arrested in #ort- Sinai near t-e "afa- border wit- $a)a in 2anuary
51!. Mo-amed Sabry -ad been workin' on a story for t-e "euters news a'ency about
re'ulations surroundin' land owners-ip in border areas4 w-en -e was arrested in t-e city of
"afa-4 -is wife said.
*@
Mo-amed Sabry was released on bail on 9 2anuary 51! w-ile -is
trial was repeatedly postponed.
*9
In #o(ember 51!4 a military court in Ismailia -anded -im
a six9mont- suspended prison sentence on c-ar'es of 1trespassin' in a pro-ibited place
wit-out aut-ori)ation3 and of 1filmin' in a pro-ibited place3.
55



Amnesty International considers trials of ci(ilians before military courts to be fundamentally
unfair and to lack t-e safe'uards needed to ensure a fair trial4 includin' t-e ri'-t to a fair
and public -earin' before a competent4 independent and impartial tribunal establis-ed by
lawB t-e ri'-t to -a(e ade6uate time to prepare a defenceB t-e ri'-t to be defended by a
lawyer of one7s c-oosin'4 and t-e ri'-t to appeal in front of a -i'-er independent and
impartial tribunal. In t-is respect4 Amnesty International is extremely concerned t-at t-e
newly adopted /onstitution allows for t-e unfair trial of ci(ilians before military courts4 under
Article 5*.
Security forces -a(e arrested se(eral .ournalists4 in some cases apparently at random4 w-ile
t-ey were co(erin' e(ents takin' place in 0'ypt since !

2uly 51!. Metin 'uran4 a ;urkis-
reporter from t-e state9owned ;urkis- "adio and ;ele(ision /orporation >;";?4 was arrested
on 1, Au'ust 51! in t-e "amsis area w-ile co(erin' protests t-at -ad taken place t-e day
before in nearby "amsis S6uare. :e was -eld in detention until 9 <ecember 51! w-en a
/airo criminal court released -im pendin' -is trial. :e is accused of belon'in' to 1a banned
'roup en'a'ed in terrorist acti(ities3.
51
%n 9 Au'ust 51!4 military forces raided t-e /airo
bureau of ;urkey7s I-las #ews A'ency4 detainin' bureau c-ief 'ahir (sman and confiscatin'
t-e a'ency7s broadcastin' e6uipment.
5

!
0* /REEDOM O/ ASSO4IATION
RAIDS ON NGOS AND ATTA3BS ON NGO 9ORBERS
;-e interim aut-orities -a(e continued to impose lon'9standin' restrictions on freedom of
association in 0'ypt. #$%s -a(e faced decades of arbitrary restrictions on t-eir re'istration4
acti(ities and fundin' as well as continued -arassment from t-e security forces under t-e
rule of :osni Mubarak4 t-e S/AF4 Mo-amed Morsi4 and interim +resident Adly Mansour.
Since t-e 511 uprisin'4 security forces -a(e raided se(eral #$%s and arrested and in some
cases beaten t-eir staff and (olunteers.
#$%s4 includin' -uman ri'-ts or'ani)ations4 -a(e also faced years of attacks by 0'yptian
media t-at date back to t-e rule of :osni Mubarak. ;-e media campai'n a'ainst #$%s in
0'ypt -as (ilified democracy and -uman ri'-ts acti(ists and painted t-em as 1forei'n
conspirators3 intent on destabili)in' 0'ypt. It -as succeeded in con(incin' many 0'yptians
t-at t-e aut-orities7 restrictions on pro9democracy and -uman ri'-ts or'ani)ations are in t-eir
interest. :uman ri'-ts #$%s were always (iewed wit- suspicion by successi(e 0'yptian
'o(ernments4 w-o -a(e sou'-t to control t-em by enactin' repressi(e le'islation re'ulatin'
t-e ri'-t to freedom of association. ;-e repression reac-ed its climax wit- raids on 0'yptian
and international #$%s in <ecember 5114 t-e subse6uent trial of #$% workers and t-e
(erdict in 2une 51!.
"aids on ci(il society or'ani)ations -a(e continued o(er t-e last few years. %n 1@ <ecember
51!4 t-e security forces raided t-e -ead6uarters of t-e 0/0S" and arrested six staff
members and (olunteers and confiscated computers. ;-e six men were taken to an unknown
location for some nine -ours and reported t-at t-at t-ey -ad been ill9treated by security
forces w-ile in detention. Fi(e of t-em were released se(eral -ours later4 but security forces
continued to detain acti(ist Mo-amed Adel >see abo(e4 11. Freedom of assembly and
expression3?.
5!
;-e aut-orities ne(er transparently disclosed t-e reasons be-ind t-e raid.
5*

;-e raid came two years after similar raids on #$%s. %n 9 <ecember 5114 t-e security
forces raided 1, offices used by se(en international or'ani)ations4 includin' t-e ES9based
#ational <emocratic Institute4 t-e International "epublican Institute and Freedom :ouse4 as
well as a number of 0'yptian or'ani)ations. <urin' t-e raids4 prosecutors accompanied by
army and police officers conducted searc-es and took papers4 computers4 e6uipment4 books
and money before sealin' t-e offices7 entrances. In 2une 51!4 *! #$% workers were
sentenced for acceptin' forei'n fundin' wit-out permission and workin' wit-out re'istration
to between one and fi(e years in prison by t-e /airo /riminal /ourt4 t-ou'- none of t-ose
sentenced are currently in detention.
55
Se(eral acti(ists were subse6uently referred to trial for
criticisin' t-e sentence. Alaa Abd !l Fattah and liberal former parliamentarian Amr am)awy
were bot- c-ar'ed in 2anuary 51* wit- insultin' t-e .udiciary for describin' t-e sentence as
politically moti(ated and lackin' transparency.
56

;-e security forces also cracked down on -uman ri'-ts or'ani)ations durin' t-e 511
uprisin'. %n ! February 5114 military police forces raided t-e :is-am Mubarak &aw /entre.
All t-ose present at t-e centre at t-e time4 includin' former -ead Ahmed Sei$ al-Islam
amad and staff of national and international or'ani)ations 8 includin' two Amnesty

*
International staff members 8 were arrested and -eld for one day before bein' released
wit-out c-ar'e.
5,

;-e aut-orities -a(e ne(er ordered independent and impartial in(esti'ations into reports t-at
security forces sub.ected #$% workers to torture or ot-er ill9treatment.
After former president Mo-amed Morsi was ousted on ! 2uly 51!4 t-e aut-orities7
crackdown on t-e M= extended to c-arities and #$%s purportedly affiliated wit- t-e
mo(ement.
%n ! <ecember 51!4 t-e aut-orities ordered t-e /entral =ank of 0'ypt to free)e t-e bank
accounts of around 14555 c-arities4 w-ic- t-e 'o(ernment claims are linked to t-e M=. ;-e
mo(e followed t-e decision of t-e /ourt of Er'ent Matters on ! September 51! w-ic-
banned t-e acti(ities of t-e M=4 and ordered t-e aut-orities to sei)e all of t-e 'roupLs assets.
Amnesty International is concerned t-at t-is executi(e decision represents an arbitrary
restriction of t-e ri'-t to freedom of association. A decision to dissol(e any #$% s-ould only
come from an independent and impartial court4 w-ic- would consider t-e acti(ities of eac-
c-arity indi(idually. For instance4 t-e E# special rapporteur on t-e ri'-ts to freedom of
peaceful assembly and association -as recommended t-at suspension or dissolution of an
association s-ould only be sanctioned by an impartial and independent court 1in a case of a
clear and imminent dan'er resultin' in a fla'rant (iolation of domestic laws4 in accordance
wit- international -uman ri'-ts law. It s-ould be strictly proportional to t-e le'itimate aim
pursued and used only w-en softer measures would be insufficient3.
5@

%n 5 <ecember 51!4 t-e aut-orities stated t-at t-ey -ad desi'nated t-e Muslim
=rot-er-ood itself as a 1terrorist3 or'ani)ation. ;-e decision came at t-e -eels of a deadly
bombin' of 0l9<aka-lia Security <irectorate in t-e city of Mansoura4 w-ic- led to some 16
deat-s amon' t-e security forces and residents. Amnesty International fears t-at t-e decision
is politically moti(ated to sanction a furt-er clampdown on t-e M=4 as t-e aut-orities failed
to present any factual e(idence linkin' t-e M= to any terrorist attacks t-at took place since !
2uly 51!.
;-e desi'nation of t-e M= as a terrorist 'roup means t-at aut-orities can apply articles in
t-e +enal /ode related to terrorism. Ender t-ese articles4 mere participation in pro9Morsi
protests or members-ip in t-e M= could be punis-ed by up to life imprisonment. ;-is is also
likely to be seen as 'i(in' t-e security forces t-e 'reen li'-t to use unnecessary4 excessi(e4 or
e(en let-al force in suppressin' suc- demonstrations.
;-e E# special rapporteur on t-e promotion and protection of -uman ri'-ts w-ile counterin'
terrorism -as stated t-at unless a 'roup7s foundin' document clearly states t-at it would use
terrorist means to ac-ie(e its 'oals4 it may only be banned as 1terrorist3 on t-e basis of
factual e(idence of its acti(ities4 and t-at t-e decision to ban an or'ani)ation on t-at basis
can only be made by an independent .udicial body and t-ere must always be a possibility to
appeal t-e ban before a .udicial body.
59

LA9S GOVERNING 3IVIL SO3IETA ORGANI<ATIONS
;-e current law re'ulatin' t-e work of associations4 #o. @* of 554 imposes a number of
arbitrary restrictions on freedom of association. It 'i(es t-e aut-orities wide powers o(er t-e
5
re'istration4 re'ulation and forei'n fundin' of #$%s4 and in effect allows t-em to restrict t-e
acti(ities of ci(il society 8 includin' -uman ri'-ts or'ani)ations. Staff members of #$%s
found to -a(e breac-ed t-e restrictions may face criminal prosecution4 and t-e aut-orities
may dissol(e #$%s by administrati(e order. Alt-ou'- t-eir powers to do so are not mentioned
explicitly in t-e law4 t-e security forces are t-ou'-t to re'ularly re(iew re'istration and
fundin' re6uests by #$%s4 includin' t-ose of -uman ri'-ts or'ani)ations.
Since t-e 511 uprisin'4 t-e aut-orities -a(e proposed se(eral drafts to replace &aw #o. @*
of 55. Amnesty International -as seen different drafts of t-e proposed le'islation. A-ile
t-e drafts contain different pro(isions4 t-ey all -a(e a common t-read and in practice would
limit t-e ability of -uman ri'-ts #$%s to carry out t-eir work documentin' and reportin' on
state abuses. For instance4 in all drafts seen by Amnesty International4 t-e aut-orities retain
powers to c-allen'e t-e le'al re'istration of 0'yptian #$%s4 and se(erely restrict t-e
re'istration of international or'ani)ations. Furt-ermore4 t-e draft le'islation 'i(es t-e
aut-orities t-e power to arbitrarily block access by 0'yptian -uman ri'-ts or'ani)ations to
fundin' sources from outside 0'ypt. In most drafts4 #$%s seekin' suc- fundin' must first
seek 'o(ernment appro(al4 or notify t-e aut-orities of t-eir intention to obtain suc- fundin'.
Suc- restrictions cut off a key source of fundin' for #$%s. Some drafts also restrict #$%s7
ability to raise funds wit-in 0'ypt wit-out 'o(ernment permission. Furt-ermore4 some drafts
seen by Amnesty International stipulate t-at #$%s must annually pro(ide a copy of t-eir
accounts and reports to t-e aut-orities. ;-e drafts also included -ea(y penalties for (iolatin'
suc- laws.
65
If passed into law4 suc- pro(isions would impose e(en tou'-er restrictions on
#$%s t-an under t-e current law.


6

,
* PO2I4ING AND IMP,NITY
;-e interim aut-orities -a(e effecti(ely 'i(en t-e security forces a mandate for repression4
lettin' 'ross -uman ri'-ts (iolations 'o unpunis-ed w-ile instead 'i(in' t-e police new
powers to arrest4 detain and disperse protesters. A-ile muc- of protesters7 an'er durin' t-e
15 2anuary "e(olution3 was directed at t-e police4 successi(e 'o(ernments -a(e
s6uandered opportunities to o(er-aul t-e security forces and instead emboldened t-e
security forces to continue to commit abuses.
61
In t-e mont-s since Mo-amed Morsi7s
oustin'4 t-e security forces -a(e committed -uman ri'-ts (iolations on a scale
unprecedented since t-e uprisin'4 backed by a newly resur'ent state9security apparatus and
in some cases armed wit- Aestern9made weapons and e6uipment.
6

Since 2uly 51!4 t-e 0'yptian security forces -a(e routinely used excessi(e and unnecessary
let-al force to disperse demonstrations4 a practice t-at -as resulted in t-e deat-s of
-undreds of protesters and bystanders4 as well as in some cases .ournalists and ot-er media
workers.
6!
;-e security forces -a(e also led a sweepin' crackdown on Mo-amed Morsi7s
supporters4 arrestin' t-ousands and detainin' t-em4 in many cases4 wit-out t-eir basic due
process ri'-ts suc- as access to lawyers4 families and t-e means to c-allen'e t-e lawfulness
of t-eir detention.
6*
Some detainees -a(e also told Amnesty International t-at t-ey were
sub.ected to torture or ot-er ill9treatment by t-e security forces upon arrest and in detention.
RUTHLESS SE3URITA 4OR3ES
Since Mo-amed Morsi7s oustin'4 an estimated 14*55 people -a(e died in political (iolence
and in incidents w-ere security forces used excessi(e and unnecessary force to disperse
demonstrations.
65

0yewitnesses4 -ealt- officials and wounded protesters told Amnesty International dele'ates
t-at security forces -ad used tear 'as and s-ot'uns to disperse crowds of protesters4 in most
cases firin' wit-out discrimination or any re'ard for t-e proportionality of t-e t-reat t-ey may
-a(e faced. In some cases4 security forces also used li(e ammunition4 armoured (e-icles and
bulldo)ers to disperse protests. In 2anuary 51*4 t-e interior minister warned t-at security
forces would arrest anyone protestin' wit-out aut-ori)ation as t-ey tried to con're'ate4
raisin' fears of furt-er (iolence.
66

Since ! 2uly 51!4 -undreds of people -a(e also died in clas-es between Mo-amed Morsi7s
supporters and opponents4 often followin' marc-es by t-e former president7s supporters in
residential areas or t-orou'-fares.
6,
Amnesty International -as documented a consistent
pattern of failure by t-e 0'yptian security forces to protect protesters4 bystanders and
residents from attacks by armed assailants4 or to put an end to (iolent clas-es between ri(al
'roups. In most cases4 t-e security forces -a(e only arri(ed on t-e scene se(eral -ours after
t-e fi'-tin' be'an4 or -a(e been present but done not-in' to stop t-e (iolence.
6@

In all cases documented by Amnesty International4 t-e security forces breac-ed t-e
international standards on policin' intended to ensure respect for t-e ri'-ts to life4 liberty
and security of person.

;-ese instruments pro-ibit t-e use of force by t-e security forces
except as strictly necessary and to t-e extent re6uired for t-e performance of t-eir duty.

@
Security forces may only use firearms as a last resort 8 w-en strictly necessary in defence of
self or ot-ers a'ainst t-e imminent t-reat of deat- or serious in.ury. International standards
pro-ibit t-e intentional use of let-al force4 except w-en it is strictly una(oidable in order to
protect life.
69

In some cases4 protesters supportin' Mo-amed Morsi -a(e also used (iolence a'ainst t-e
security forces and local residents opposed to -is presidency. ;-e Interior Ministry -as stated
t-at do)ens of members of t-e security forces -a(e been killed since ! 2uly 51! in clas-es
wit- Mo-amed Morsi7s supporters.
,5
In some incidents4 protesters told Amnesty International
dele'ates t-ey -ad t-rown rocks and Moloto( cocktails to try and stop t-e security forces
from dispersin' protests4 as well as burnin' tyres and usin' fireworks. Amnesty International
also documented incidents w-ere some of Mo-amed Morsi7s supporters used firearms a'ainst
t-e security forces and ot-ers.
,1
:owe(er4 in suc- cases security forces failed to take control
of t-e situation or respond to (iolence used a'ainst t-em in a proportionate4 measured and
responsible way to minimi)e loss of life. %n t-e contrary4 t-ey s-ot recklessly4 wit-out makin'
a distinction between peaceful protesters and t-ose presentin' a t-reat of deat- or serious
in.ury.
Amnesty International considers t-at policin' of assemblies s-ould always be 'uided by
-uman ri'-ts considerations. ;-e fact t-at an assembly is ille'al4 or t-at minor (iolations of
t-e law occur durin' a peaceful assembly4 s-ould not necessarily lead to a decision to
disperse it. Similarly4 w-ere a small minority tries to turn a peaceful assembly into a (iolent
one4 police s-ould ensure t-at t-ose w-o are protestin' peacefully are able to continue to do
so4 and not use t-e (iolent acts of a few as a pretext to restrict or impede t-e exercise of
ri'-ts of a ma.ority. Any decision to disperse an assembly s-ould be taken only as a last
resort and carefully in line wit- t-e principles of necessity and proportionality4 i.e.4 only w-en
t-ere are no ot-er means a(ailable to protect a le'itimate aim and w-en t-e le(el of t-reat of
(iolence outwei'-s t-e ri'-t of people to assemble. +olice s-ould prioriti)e peaceful
settlement of disputes and t-e met-ods of persuasion4 ne'otiation4 mediation or retreat4 bot-
before and durin' assemblies4 as a means of a(oidin' t-e escalation of disputes4 recourse to
restrictions or t-e use of force. Instead4 t-e security forces -a(e carte blanc-e to disperse any
pro9Morsi assemblies4 e(en entirely peaceful ones4 and arrest its participants. %n 15 2anuary
51!4 t-e minister of interior stated durin' a press conferenceF 11very !riday, no less than
300 to 400 [*ro/"orsi *rotesters] get arrested+ 2efore we used to wait until [their
assembly] is no longer *eaceful, now we confront [their *rotests] as soon as they gather+
some run, those we can catch, we catch.3
,

:owe(er4 instead of takin' action to rein in t-e security forces4 t-e aut-orities are expandin'
t-eir powers. Amnesty International is particularly concerned at counter9terrorism le'islation
bein' drafted by t-e aut-orities4 w-ic- if adopted could be used to furt-er arbitrarily restrict
t-e ri'-ts to freedom of peaceful assembly4 expression and associationB weaken fair trial
safe'uardsB widen t-e scope of t-e application of t-e deat- penalty and lead to furt-er
arbitrary and abusi(e use of force by security forces. ;-e proposed law appears to -a(e been
desi'ned to facilitate t-e aut-orities7 crackdown on members and supporters of t-e M= and
t-eir supporters4 rat-er t-an to in(esti'ate4 punis- and pre(ent t-e crime of terrorism and
pro(ide ade6uate reparation to its (ictims. <rafts seen by Amnesty International contain an
o(erly broad and (a'ue definition of terrorism offenses4 w-ic- does not meet t-e principle of
le'ality4 and extends t-e scope of w-at is considered a 1terrorist3 act.
,!
Amnesty
9
International fears t-at t-e definition potentially criminali)es t-e le'itimate exercise of t-e
ri'-ts to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly4 includin' strikes and peaceful
demonstrations in sc-ools4 uni(ersities and t-ose emanatin' from mos6ues4
,*
usin' t-e
pretext t-at suc- le'itimate acti(ities -amper wit- t-e work of national institutions and
dama'e t-e economy.
%n 1* Au'ust 51!4 security forces used excessi(e and unnecessary let-al force to disperse
protests by Mo-amed Morsi7s supporters w-o were camped at "abaa al9Adawiya S6uare in
#asr /ity and al9#ad-a in $i)a4 and ot-ers s6uares across t-e country. +rime Minister :a)em
=eblawi acknowled'ed t-at t-ere were close to a t-ousand deat-s t-at day.
,5
;-e Interior
Ministry subse6uently stated t-at *! members of t-e security forces -ad also died across t-e
country on t-at day.
,6
At9"abaa al9Adawiya alone4 555 protesters and ei'-t members of t-e
security forces were killed accordin' to sources from t-e forensic pat-olo'y department.
,,

Acti(ists estimate t-e casualty numbers amon' protesters to be -i'-er4 particularly 'i(en t-at
some families c-ose to bury t-eir dead wit-out takin' t-em to mor'ues or -ospitals. ;-e
dispersals came after repeated t-reats by t-e aut-orities to remo(e t-e protesters4 w-o t-ey
said were 1terrorists3 endan'erin' 1national security34 as well as a call by t-e minister of
defence for 0'yptians to 'i(e t-e army a mandate to 6uell 1terrorism and (iolence.3
,@

+rotesters told Amnesty International t-at members of t-e /SF and Special Forces mo(ed in
to clear t-e protest camps usin' tear 'as4 s-ot'uns and li(e ammunition4 and supported by
armoured (e-icles and bulldo)ers4 w-ile -elicopters flew o(er-ead. <octors at field -ospitals
described bein' o(erw-elmed by t-e number of causalities recei(ed. Amnesty International is
particularly concerned by t-e aut-orities7 failure to 'uarantee a safe exit for protesters4
includin' t-e wounded. A-en Amnesty International dele'ates (isited t-e site of t-e "abaa
al9Adawiya sit9in t-e followin' day4 t-ey found t-at t-e field -ospital area4 "abaa Medical
/enter4 "abaa al9Adawiya Mos6ue4 and surroundin' buildin's -ad been burned in t-e
(iolence. ;-ree burned bodies were also found in t-e rubble by t-e security forces.
;-e scale of casualties o(er a sin'le day dwarfed e(en t-e 511 uprisin'4 in w-ic- security
forces killed at least @*5 people o(er 1@ days. ;-e aut-orities later stated t-at t-ey -ad
1tried3 to disperse t-e protest camps peacefully4 t-at t-e security forces -ad been attacked4
and t-at 0'yptians -ad 'i(en t-e 'o(ernment a mandate to combat 1terrorism3.
,9
A-ile
Amnesty International did document t-e use of (iolence by a minority of pro9Morsi protesters4
t-e or'ani)ation7s researc- pointed o(erw-elmin'ly to a pattern of excessi(e and unnecessary
let-al force by t-e security forces.
;-e fourteent- of Au'ust 51! was a dark day in 0'yptian -istory4 marked by t-e crackdown
on pro9Morsi sits9in across t-e country4 in particular at "abaa al9Adawiya and al9#a-da
S6uares4 as well as t-e unprecedented scale of sectarian (iolence a'ainst /optic /-ristians
across t-e country amid t-e failure of t-e security forces to inter(ene to protect t-em. For
society to be'in to -eal and mo(e on4 independent4 impartial and full in(esti'ations must be
conducted to establis- t-e trut-. ;-ese s-ould t-en form t-e basis of criminal prosecutions
to -old all t-ose found responsible to .ustice4 re'ardless of rank or political affiliation.
IM+UNITA
Instead of ensurin' t-e security forces are -eld accountable for -uman ri'-ts (iolations4 t-e
aut-orities -a(e suppressed critical (oices. A-ile t-e +ublic +rosecution -as been 6uick to
.ail Mo-amed Morsi7s supporters and -uman ri'-ts and opposition acti(ists4 its in(esti'ations

!5
into -uman ri'-ts (iolations by t-e security forces -a(e repeatedly failed to deli(er trut- and
.ustice. Since ! 2uly 51!4 t-e +ublic +rosecution -as indicted .ust four members of t-e
security forces for -uman ri'-ts (iolations4 all in relation to an incident in w-ic- !,
detainees died durin' t-eir transfer to Abu Maabal +rison.
@5
;-e +rosecution -as yet to c-ar'e
a sin'le member of t-e security forces wit- in(ol(ement in -uman ri'-ts (iolations in relation
to t-e -undreds of deat-s at "abaa al9Adawiya protest camp in Au'ust 51!4 or ot-er
protests since Mo-amed Morsi7s oustin'. =y contrast4 t-ousands of Mo-amed Morsi7s
supporters are currently detained on accusations t-at t-ey took part in (iolent protests4
belon'ed to banned 1terrorist 'roup3 or ot-er c-ar'es >See 1*. Selecti(e .ustice3.? ;o
Amnesty International7s knowled'e4 in(esti'ations into incidents of torture or ot-er ill9
treatment since ! 2uly 51! -a(e also not been initiated.
;-e failin's follow a lon' pattern of botc-ed in(esti'ations into -uman ri'-ts (iolations by
t-e security forces. Since t-e 15 2anuary "e(olution34 courts -a(e con(icted a -andful of
low9rankin' security forces for killin' protesters unlawfully4 in most cases -andin' down
suspended or one9year prison sentences. /ourts ac6uitted do)ens of ot-er security officers
because of a lack of e(idence4 or after findin' t-at t-ey -ad acted in self9defence. In many
cases4 court decisions followed in(esti'ations by t-e +ublic +rosecution w-ic- were not
independent or impartial and w-ic- failed to consider key e(idence and compel key
witnesses amon' t-e security apparatus to testify.
@1
:uman ri'-ts (iolations by t-e army also
continue to 'o unpunis-ed. <espite t-e deat-s of 15 protesters at t-e -ands of security
forces under t-e 1, mont-s of military rule4 as well as continued -uman ri'-ts (iolations in
army deployments since t-en4 .ust t-ree low9rankin' soldiers were sentenced to prison terms
for 1manslau'-ter3. 0'ypt7s newly adopted /onstitution ens-rines impunity for -uman ri'-ts
(iolations by t-e military4 'i(in' military courts continued .urisdiction o(er crimes linked by
t-e armed forces.
@

#o senior official or security officer -as been con(icted or .ustly punis-ed for directly and
deliberately killin' or in.urin' protestors. In 2anuary 51!4 t-e /ourt of /assation o(erturned
t-e con(iction of former president :osni Mubarak for -is role in protester deat-s durin' t-e
uprisin'. :e is currently bein' re9tried4 alon' wit- t-e former interior minister and se(eral
ot-er security officials ac6uitted in t-e first trial. Army 'enerals w-o may -a(e been
responsible for orderin' -uman ri'-ts (iolations durin' military rule -a(e 6uietly retired from
public life. A-ile Mo-amed Morsi is currently on trial c-ar'ed wit- in(ol(ement in political
(iolence4 in(esti'ations by t-e +ublic +rosecution -a(e failed to indict any senior members of
t-e security forces for t-eir role in (iolently dispersin' protests w-ile -e -eld office4 most
notably t-e killin's of some *5 protesters in t-e (icinity of +ort Said +rison in 2anuary 51!.
Many current ser(in' senior officials and security officers4 includin' t-e current minister of
interior4 also -eld offices or positions under Mo-amed Morsi4 yet no in(esti'ations -a(e been
conducted into t-eir possible roles in abuses under -is rule.
#ew -opes for accountability were raised after interim +resident Adly Mansour appointed a
minister for transitional .ustice in 2uly 51!. :owe(er4 t-e aut-orities -a(e failed to support
t-e new portfolio4 forcin' t-e minister to work for mont-s lar'ely wit-out a clear mandate4
dedicated offices4 staff or ot-er resources. Ender 0'ypt7s newly adopted /onstitution4
parliament4 once elected4 must adopt a transitional .ustice law aimin' at creatin' a
framework for national reconciliation.
@!
At time of writin'4 t-e aut-orities -a(e proposed no
suc- law4 instead prioritisin' draft laws on counterin' terrorism and controllin' #$%s. As t-e
!1
aut-orities7 crackdown on dissent widened in 2anuary 51*4 t-e minister told 0'yptian
media t-at t-e time 1wasn7t ri'-t3 for transitional .ustice.
@*

A fact9findin' committee appointed by +resident Adly Mansour on 1 <ecember 51! will
examine t-e e(ents of !5 2une 51! and its aftermat-. ;-e committee7s mandate remains
(a'ue as t-e decree failed to specify w-ic- -uman ri'-ts abuses fall under its work. It also
appears t-at its mandate is limited to only carryin' out fact9findin' into t-ose 1crimes
a'ainst citi)ens3 w-ic- are not already under in(esti'ationB w-ile only re(iewin' cases t-at
-a(e been pre(iously in(esti'ated. Its mandate also excludes t-e establis-ment of indi(idual
criminal responsibility for -uman ri'-ts abuses. 0(en t-ou'- t-e decree stipulates t-at
'o(ernment bodies s-ould co9operate wit- t-e committee4 it does not specify any penalties
for t-eir failure to do so. #eit-er does it specify w-et-er t-e committee -as t-e powers of
subpoena4 searc- and sei)ure. ;-e time9frame of t-e committee7s mandate is six mont-s4 at
w-ic- point its findin's will be sent to t-e president. ;-e decree does not explicitly state t-at
t-e findin's s-ould be made public and s-ared wit- (ictims of -uman ri'-ts abuses.
Furt-ermore4 t-e decision by t-e interim president does not specify any mec-anisms for
witness protection or t-e committee members7 protection.
@5

Since t-e 15 2anuary "e(olution34 t-e aut-orities -a(e mandated se(eral purportedly
independent bodies to carry out in(esti'ations into -uman ri'-ts (iolations4 but failed to
pro(ide t-em wit- t-e powers and resources necessary to carry out t-orou'- in6uiries.
Successi(e 'o(ernments4 includin' Mo-amed Morsi7s4 also suppressed t-e findin's of
in6uiries into -uman ri'-ts (iolations t-ey -ad ordered after t-ey implicated t-e army and
police in abuses.
@6
:undreds of unlawful killin's and ot-er -uman ri'-ts (iolations -a(e been
committed wit- impunity and t-e persistent unwillin'ness of t-e 0'yptian aut-orities to
in(esti'ate suc- abuses s-ould not 'o unc-allen'ed by t-e international community.
A lack of a co-erent response to -uman ri'-ts (iolations in 0'ypt by t-e international
community may -a(e also contributed to t-e climate of impunity. States did not suspend
transfers of weapons and e6uipment to 0'ypt t-at could be used to facilitate -uman ri'-ts
(iolations by t-e security forces until after t-e crackdown at "abaa al9Adawiya in Au'ust
51!4 despite weeks of warnin's and a well9establis-ed pattern of abuse. Furt-ermore4 w-ile
many states -a(e indi(idually condemned t-e on'oin' (iolence4 suc- condemnations -a(e
run' -ollow and t-ere -as been little collecti(e pressure brou'-t to bear in forums suc- as
t-e Enited #ations :uman "i'-ts /ouncil. At time of writin'4 t-ere were also si'ns t-at t-e
ES was already preparin' to end its partial free)e of military aid to 0'ypt4 despite on'oin'
-uman ri'-ts (iolations. An a'reement amon' 0uropean Enion >0E? states to suspend export
licenses for e6uipment used for 1internal repression3 is similarly under t-reat4 after se(eral
0E states bilaterally announced t-ey were resumin' transfers of weapons and e6uipment.
@,

%t-er states4 suc- as Saudi Arabia and t-e Enited Arab 0mirates4 -a(e praised t-e
aut-orities7 crackdown on t-e M= and 'i(en t-e 0'yptian aut-orities billions of dollars7 wort-
of economic aid.


!

!!
1* SE2E4TI>E ?,STI4E
As -i'-li'-ted abo(e in c-apter !4 (ictims of -uman ri'-ts (iolations -a(e not -ad any
redress t-rou'- t-e .udicial system4 instead seein' perpetrators of -uman ri'-ts (iolations
walk free. %n t-e ot-er -and4 t-e .udicial system continues to be used by t-e aut-orities as a
tool to punis- critics.
An independent and impartial .udiciary is a (ital safe'uard a'ainst -uman ri'-ts (iolations.
At a time of extreme polari)ation in 0'yptian society4 it is all t-e more important for t-e
criminal .ustice system to be independent4 impartial and stand abo(e political considerations
and executi(e pressure. :owe(er4 t-e 0'yptian aut-orities continue to use .udicial
-arassment as a tool of repression. 2udicial proceedin's initiated a'ainst percei(ed political
opponents and critics appear to be increasin'ly politically moti(ated 8 aimed more at
penali)in' dissent rat-er t-an ac-ie(in' .ustice. ;-is worryin' trend of selecti(e .ustice is
apparent in t-e c-oices of cases picked by t-e +ublic +rosecution to in(esti'ate4 prosecute
and refer to trial.
Instead of deli(erin' accountability and reinin' in t-e security forces4 t-e aut-orities -a(e
cracked down on acti(ists callin' for police reform and w-o -a(e critici)ed t-e Interior
Ministry. ;-ere is a 'larin' discrepancy between t-e +ublic +rosecution7s failure to initiate
criminal in(esti'ations a'ainst members of t-e police and armed forces for t-e deat-s of at
least 14*55 protesters and bystanders since early 2uly 51! and its decision to place
t-ousands of protesters in pre(entati(e detention pendin' t-e outcome of in(esti'ations. For
example4 o(er 14155 protesters were arrested durin' t-e (iolent dispersals of "abaa al9
Adawiya and al9#a-da sit9ins on 1* Au'ust 51!. ;-ey face accusations t-at t-ey
committed (iolent acts4 includin' t-e murder of security officials. ;o t-e best knowled'e of
Amnesty International4 15 members of t-e security forces were killed in t-e (icinity of
dispersals t-at day in $reater /airo. %n t-e ot-er -and4 no criminal in(esti'ations into
security forces7 wron'doin' -a(e been initiated for t-e killin's of -undreds of protesters
durin' t-e dispersals and no security officials -a(e been indicted by t-e +rosecution. ;-is
s-ockin' failure to -old t-e rut-less security forces accountable will only embolden t-em and
compound -uman ri'-ts (iolations.
In anot-er case exemplifyin' t-e failure of t-e .udicial system to punis- police abuse4 w-ile
at t-e same time .ailin' acti(ists callin' for accountability4 an Alexandria court sentenced
se(en acti(ists on 2anuary 51* to two years in prison and a &0554555 >ESJ,41@5? fine
for sta'in' an 1unaut-ori)ed protest34 1assaultin' t-e security forces34 1blockin' roads3 and
se(eral ot-er c-ar'es. ;-ose sentenced included Mahinour !l-Masry4 a political acti(ist4
-uman ri'-ts lawyer and member of t-e 1#o to Military ;rials $roup34 and well9known
political acti(ist assan Mosta$a. ;-e court tried and sentenced bot- acti(ists in absentia.
@@

Four ot-er acti(ists are ser(in' t-eir sentences4 pendin' appeal. ;-e con(iction relates to a
protest -eld outside an Alexandria criminal court w-ic- was re9tryin' two police officers
accused of killin' I-aled Mo-ammed Said in 2une 515. ;-e youn' man7s deat-4 after -e
was publicly beaten by t-e security forces4 sparked widespread an'er in 0'ypt and -elped to
spark t-e 15 2anuary "e(olution3.

!*
=lo''er Ahmed Anwar is also bein' punis-ed for denouncin' police abuse. :e is currently
bein' tried for 1insultin'3 t-e Interior Ministry and 1misusin'3 t-e Internet. In Marc- 514
-e posted a (ideo on9line w-ic- mocked t-e Interior Ministry as t-e 1Ministry of =elly
<ancers34 after police officers presented an award to an actress. ;-e (ideo4 w-ic- s-ows
police officers dancin'4 critici)es police brutality and impunity for -uman ri'-ts (iolations.
;-e court -earin' t-e case will -and down its (erdict on 2anuary 51*.
;-e selecti(ity of t-e .udicial system also applies to t-e c-oice of indi(iduals -eld criminally
liable for specific instances of (iolence and ot-er reco'ni)ably criminal offences. For
instance4 Amnesty International -as documented numerous clas-es between supporters and
opponents of Mo-amed Morsi since !5 2une 51!4 in w-ic- bot- sides committed (iolent
acts4 but only Morsi7s supporters -a(e been arrested and c-ar'ed. ;-is inconsistent
application of t-e law casts a s-adow o(er t-e institution of t-e .udiciary and does little to
restore t-e public7s trust.
@9
;-e trial a'ainst Mo-amed Morsi and 1* ot-ers in relation to
(iolence at t-e Itti-adiya +alace in <ecember 51 is a case in point. Ciolence between
Morsi7s supporters and opponents left -undreds in.ured and at least 15 dead 8 t-e ma.ority
amon' t-e president7s supporters. Some of Mo-amed Morsi7s supporters also captured and
tortured t-ose percei(ed to be from t-e opposin' camp 8 crimes t-at must be independently4
impartially and fully in(esti'ated4 wit- t-ose found responsible -eld to account. ;-e 15
defendants in t-is case are all senior fi'ures affiliated wit- t-e M= or its supporters and face
c-ar'es of 1murder34 1incitement to murder34 1(iolence3 and 1incitin' (iolence34 as well as
1t-u''ery34 1spreadin' rumours to disturb t-e work of .udicial institutions3 and 1t-reatenin'
ci(ilians3. %n t-e ot-er -and4 no opponents of Mo-amed Morsi -a(e been -eld accountable
for committin' (iolent acts durin' t-e same clas-es. Furt-ermore4 no in(esti'ations -a(e
taken place into t-e failure of security forces to pre(ent or put an end to t-e clas-es4 and no
security official -as been -eld to account.
95

=y openin' in(esti'ations into and prosecutions of t-ousands of indi(iduals on accusations of
committin' (iolent acts4 t-e onus is on t-e +rosecution to pro(ide reliable e(idence
indicatin' indi(idual criminal responsibility. :owe(er4 Amnesty International -as noted t-at
t-e +ublic +rosecution relies -ea(ily on police reports4 wit-out presentin' any audio(isual or
ot-er material e(idence linkin' t-e defendants to t-e crime. In ot-er cases4 6uestionable
alle'ed eyewitness testimonies are used4 includin' t-ose of t-e security officials conductin'
t-e arrests4 and indi(iduals susceptible to manipulation and pressure by t-e aut-orities in
li'-t of t-eir criminal records andHor pendin' criminal in(esti'ations. Amon' materials used
as e(idence4 includin' in cases w-ere defendants face c-ar'es of committin' (iolent acts4
were leaflets and placards wit- slo'ans critici)in' t-e current aut-orities.
A number of courts -a(e found suc- scant and unreliable e(idence sufficient to issue
con(ictions. /ourts must rule based on case merits4 and not bow to political pressures. %n 5
<ecember 51!4 a court in /airo sentenced t-ree prominent opposition acti(ists4 Mona Sei$4
Alaa Abd !l Fattah and Ahmed Abdallah as well as nine ot-ers to one9year suspended prison
terms for participatin' in a 'at-erin' t-at 1endan'ered public safety3. ;-ey were accused of
attackin' and settin' fire to t-e campai'n -ead6uarters of a former presidential candidate4
A-med S-afi64 on @ May 51. ;-e flawed e(idence presented by t-e +ublic +rosecution
was enou'- for t-e court to issue a con(iction. ;-e +rosecution relied -ea(ily on alle'ed
eyewitness testimony of t-e -ead of police in(esti'ations4 castin' doubt on its impartiality
and credibility. %nly one +rosecution witness appeared in court4 despite t-e defence7s
!5
re6uest to cross9examine t-e ot-er alle'ed eyewitnesses. In court4 t-at witness identified one
defendant4 Alaa Abd 0l Fatta-4 but acknowled'ed not seein' -im commit any (iolent acts. #o
audio(isual or ot-er factual e(idence linkin' t-e defendants to t-e crime was presented.
91

In addition to t-e increasin'ly selecti(e nature of .ustice in 0'ypt4 Amnesty International is
concerned by deeply flawed .udicial proceedin's in recent mont-s. For instance4 t-e practice
of -oldin' prosecution and renewal -earin's in detention facilities rat-er t-an +ublic
+rosecution offices and court complexes interferes wit- suspects7 ri'-ts to -a(e access to
lawyers at all sta'es of t-e proceedin's. %t-er concerns include documented cases of lawyers
denied access to some detainees4 and delays or failures in obtainin' complete case files
-amperin' lawyers7 ability to prepare t-eir defence.


!6

!,
4ON42,SION AND
RE4OMMENDATIONS
In a tele(ised speec- on 19 2anuary 51* markin' t-e results of t-e /onstitutional
referendum4 +resident Adly Mansour con'ratulated t-e nation on its c-oice4 emp-asi)in' t-e
'o(ernment7s commitment to democracy4 .ustice4 and non9discrimination. :e acknowled'ed
t-at t-e /onstitution was not an end in itself4 but a startin' point to build a better future for
0'ypt. :e addedF 1n ado*ting our 5onstitution, we lay the first building bloc's for a future
1gy*t. %o build a country that res*ects freedom and democracy, ma'es rights and 6ustice a
way of wor' and life and guarantees to each *erson the right to bread, freedom and human
dignity.3 ;-ere is a 'larin' discrepancy between t-ese promises and t-e reality on t-e
'round.
Amnesty International is concerned t-at t-e 0'yptian aut-orities are utili)in' all branc-es of
t-e state apparatus to trample on -uman ri'-ts and 6uas- dissent. Armed wit- repressi(e
le'islation4 includin' t-e latest assembly lawB unaccountable security forces ready to
implement it a'ainst political opponentsB and a complacent .udicial system t-at punis-es
critics w-ile allowin' perpetrators of -uman ri'-ts (iolations to walk free 8 t-e 0'yptian
aut-orities -a(e t-e necessary tools to take t-e country furt-er on t-e pat- of repression.
Enless4 t-e aut-orities c-an'e course and comply wit- commitments to respect -uman ri'-ts
and t-e rule of law4 t-e future of 0'ypt looks bleak and t-e -opes of t-e 15 2anuary
"e(olution3 -a(e little c-ance of becomin' a reality.
Amnesty International ur'es t-e 0'yptian aut-orities toF
,"hol$ the rights to free$om of e8"ression an$ assembly
Immediately and unconditionally release all prisoners of conscience detained solely for
peacefully exercisin' t-eir ri'-ts to freedom of expression and assemblyB
Ep-old t-e ri'-t to freedom of expression4 as promised in t-e statement deli(ered by
<efence Minister Abdel Fatta- al9Sisi on ! 2uly 51!B
"epeal &aw 15, of 51! on public assemblies or amend it to ensure its compliance
wit- international standards relatin' to t-e ri'-t to freedom of assembly. In t-e meantime4
make clear to police and public prosecutors t-at pro(isions t-at allow t-e arrest and
prosecution of peaceful protesters are not to be enforced.
Res"e%t free$om of asso%iation
0nsure t-at #$%s in 0'ypt can carry out t-eir work in t-e country wit-out -indrance4
up-oldin' t-e ri'-t to freedom of association ens-rined in t-e International /o(enant on /i(il
and +olitical "i'-ts4 to w-ic- 0'ypt is a state party.
0nsure any le'islation passed to replace &aw @* of 55 meets t-e international
standards on freedom of association wit-out placin' undue restrictions on #$% re'istration4

!@
fundin' or acti(itiesB
4ombat im"!nity
0nsure t-at in(esti'ations into -uman ri'-ts (iolations committed since !5 2une 51!4
includin' by t-e fact9findin' committee establis-ed on 1 <ecember 51!4 are effecti(e4
impartial4 independent4 and set up in accordance wit- -uman ri'-ts law and standards.
In(esti'ations must include all incidents w-ere security forces4 includin' t-e army4 -a(e used
excessi(e and unnecessary let-al force a'ainst protestersB torture or ot-er ill9treatmentB
sectarian (iolence and sexual assaults on women. In(esti'ati(e mec-anisms must -a(e
powers of subpoena4 searc- and sei)ure4 and to compel members of t-e Ministry of Interior
and armed forces to testify4 re'ardless of t-eir rank and affiliation. $i(en t-e aut-orities7
track record on impunity4 as well as t-e scale of t-e (iolence4 t-e 'o(ernment must commit
to makin' t-e findin's publicB and brin'in' t-ose responsible for -uman ri'-ts (iolations to
.ustice in proceedin's meetin' international standards for fair trial4 re'ardless of t-eir rank4
and wit-out recourse to t-e deat- penalty. Suc- findin's s-ould also be s-ared at
international fora includin' t-e E# :uman "i'-ts /ouncilB
/onduct prompt4 independent and impartial in(esti'ations into t-e political (iolence in
w-ic- demonstrators on bot- sides were killed and in.ured by t-eir political opponents in
order to establis- t-e indi(iduals responsible and ensure t-eir prosecution in fair trials
wit-out recourse to t-e deat- penaltyB
0nsure all in(esti'ations into killin's follow t-e met-ods set out in t-e E# +rinciples on
t-e 0ffecti(e +re(ention and In(esti'ation of 0xtra9le'al4 Arbitrary and Summary 0xecutions.
Findin's s-ould be presented to .udicial aut-orities wit- t-e (iew of brin'in' t-ose
responsible to .ustice. Suc- .udicial aut-orities must include effecti(e safe'uards a'ainst
interference andHor influence from police or security officers4 as well as politicians. ;-ose
appointed for t-is task must be indi(iduals of inte'rity and ability wit- appropriate
6ualifications4 and must en.oy t-e trust of (ictimsB
0nsure t-at bodies mandated wit- 'at-erin' e(idence a'ainst protesters are independent
of t-e suspected perpetrators of -uman ri'-ts (iolations or t-e a'encies to w-ic- t-ey belon'.
,"hol$ the right to fair trial an$ res"e%t $etainees@ rights
$i(e all detainees access to t-eir le'al representati(es4 families and any medical
assistance t-ey may re6uireB
0nd t-e practice of tryin' ci(ilians before military courtsB
;ransfer any on'oin' cases to ci(ilian courts for a new trial4 in proceedin's t-at meet
international standards for fair trial and wit-out recourse to t-e deat- penalty4 or release t-e
defendantsB and order fair re9trials in ci(ilian courts for all ci(ilians already con(icted by
military courts4 or release t-emB
0nsure t-at all t-ose detained on reco'ni)ably criminal c-ar'es are tried in proceedin's
t-at fully conform wit- international fair trial 'uarantees4 suc- as t-e ri'-t to c-allen'e t-e
le'ality of t-eir detention and t-e ri'-t to ade6uate defence4 includin' t-e ri'-t to -a(e
access to a lawyer at all sta'es of .udicial proceedin's4 t-e ri'-t to -a(e ade6uate time and
!9
facilities to prepare a defence4 and t-e ri'-t to -a(e witnesses cross9examinedB
0nsure t-at all t-ose detained are protected from torture or ot-er ill9treatment4 and t-at
detention conditions meet t-e E# Standard Minimum "ules for t-e ;reatment of +risoners
and t-e =asic +rinciples for t-e ;reatment of +risonersB
0nsure t-at c-ildren are not -eld to'et-er wit- adults4 and 'uarantee t-at custodial
measures are only applied to c-ildren as a last resortB
/onduct independent and impartial in(esti'ations into reports t-at detainees were
sub.ected to torture and ot-er ill9treatment by t-e security forces4 includin' reports of
beatin's and sexual -arassment upon arrest and w-ile in custodyB and take steps to ensure
t-at all detainees are protected from any furt-er torture and ot-er ill9treatment.
Amnesty International is !rging all "oliti%al lea$ers to %on$emn h!man rights ab!ses by their
s!""orters an$ %all on them to en$ violent atta%As against s!""orters of the other si$e*

Amnesty International !rges states to:
Suspend all transfers to 0'ypt of weapons4 munitions and related e6uipment used for
serious (iolations of -uman ri'-ts4 includin' tear 'as and riot control pro.ectiles and
launc-ersB small arms4 includin' s-ot'uns4 and li'-t weapons and related ammunitionB as
well as armoured (e-icles and military -elicopters4 and to maintain t-e suspension until
ade6uate safe'uards are put in place by t-e 0'yptian aut-orities to pre(ent furt-er serious
(iolations of international -uman ri'-ts law by security forces in policin' protests.


*5

*1
ENDNOTES

1
See 1NInterior7F ;-e arrest of *** people w-o participatin' in terrorisin' residents and killin' nine
durin' t-e referendum34 Al/"asry Al/0oum, 16 2anuary 51*F
-ttpFHHwww.almasryalyoum.comHnewsHdetailsH!,669!
Amnesty International4 1gy*t7 5onstitution draft7 im*roved te-t amid ongoing violations4 9 <ecember
51!F -ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHlibraryHassetHM<01H5,6H51!HenHd!5af5,!9e!c*9*1*599,59
e56*19@fdcHmde15,651!en.-tml
!
Amnesty International4 Ram*ant im*unity7 Still no 6ustice for *rotesters 'illed in the 823 9anuary
Revolution, >IndexF M<0 1H55*H51!H?4 * 2anuary 51!F
-ttpFHHamnesty.or'HenHlibraryHinfoHM<01H55*H51!Hen. For concerns re'ardin' t-e 51 /onstitution
see4 Amnesty International4 0'ypt7s new constitution limits fundamental freedoms and i'nores ri'-st of
women4 !5 #o(ember 51F -ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHfor9mediaHpress9releasesHe'ypt9s9new9
constitution9limits9fundamental9freedoms9and9i'nores9ri'-ts9wom
*
Amnesty International4 :*rising commemoration unleashes death and destruction >IndexF
+"051H5*,H51!?4 @ 2anuary 51!F -ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHfor9mediaHpress9releasesHe'ypt9
uprisin'9commemoration9unleas-es9deat-9and9destruction951!9519@
5
For examples of sectarian (iolence committed durin' Morsi7s rule4 see Amnesty International4 1gy*t,s
5o*tic 5hristians must be *rotected from sectarian violence4 , Marc- 51!F
-ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHnewsHe'ypt9s9coptic9c-ristians9must9be9protected9sectarian9(iolence951!9
5!9,B and Amnesty International, 1gy*t7 .resident "orsi must sent clear message against attac's on
Shia "uslims4 * 2une 51!F -ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHnewsHe'ypt9s-ia9killin's951!9569*
6
Amnesty International4 1gy*t7 $e*osed *resident and aides held incommunicado > IndexF M<0
1H5*5H51!?4 6 2uly 51!F -ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHlibraryHinfoHM<01H5*5H51!
,
See Amnesty International4 1gy*t7 $amning evidence *oints to security forces, failures >IndexF
+"051H!*H51!?4 15 2uly 51!F -ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHfor9mediaHpress9releasesHe'ypt9damnin'9
e(idence9points9security9forces9failures951!95,959B and Amnesty International4 1gy*t7 .olice must be
reined in to *revent further bloodshed >IndexF +"051H!,@H51!?4 9 2uly 51!F
-ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHfor9mediaHpress9releasesHe'ypt9police9must9be9reined9pre(ent9furt-er9
bloods-ed951!95,99
@
Amnesty International4 1gy*t7 State/sanctioned *attern of e-cessive use of force by security forces
>IndexF +"051H5*5H51!?4 1* %ctober 51!F -ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHfor9mediaHpress9releasesHe'ypt9
state9sanctioned9pattern9excessi(e9use9force9security9forces951!9159
9
;-ese numbers are based on information pro(ided to Amnesty International in mor'ues and -ospitals4
official statistics publis-ed by t-e Ministry of :ealt- and t-e Ministry of Interior4 and information by
media and #$%S.
15
Amnesty International4 8)ow long are we going to live in this in6ustice;,7 1gy*t,s 5hristians caught
between sectarian attac's and state inaction >IndexF M<0 1H55@H51!?4 9 %ctober 51!F
-ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHlibraryHinfoHM<01H55@H51!Hen
11
<urin' t-e tele(ised announcement t-at Morsi was no lon'er president4 +ope ;awadros IIB t-e $rand


*
S-eik- of Al9A)-ar4 Mo-amed al9;ayebB and a number of political leaders were present 8 pointin' to wide
support for t-e oustin' amon' all sectors of t-e 0'yptian population.
1
For instance4 a press release issued on 1! 2anuary 51*4 under t-e title 1/all from t-e Muslim
=rot-ers to boycott t-e referendum of blood and destruction34 laments t-e free)in' of funds of Islamic
c-arities to pro(ide t-e funds to priests t-at would use t-em to proselyti)e and 1endan'er Islam3. ;-e
statement is a(ailable on9line atF -ttpFHHwww.e'yptwindow.netHnewsO<etails.aspxP#ewsOI<Q*5!1
1!
=ased on information pro(ided by t-e Ministry of Interior and t-e sprokesperson of t-e armed forces.
;-e number excludes t-ose members of security forces killed in protests4 includin' in t-e (icinity of
police stations4 and ot-er clas-es.
1*
For furt-er information 1 Attacks on media3 in /-apter 1.
15
See 1Introduction3 for furt-er information.
16
;-e M=7s appeal of t-e decision was t-rown out. A separate case on t-e le'al status of t-e M= as an
#$% in front of an administrati(e court is still on'oin'.
1,
#ame c-an'ed to protect -is identity at -is re6uest.
1@
;-e #ational Security A'ency >#SA? is an intelli'ence body created in 2une 511. It replaced t-e
State Security In(esti'ations >SSI? ser(ice4 w-ic- was abolis-ed in Marc- 511 followin' t-e 15
2anuary "e(olution3. ;-e SSI answered directly to t-e Interior Ministry4 was sub.ect to little or no .udicial
o(ersi'-t and was synonymous wit- t-e worst abuses associated wit- t-e relentless crackdown on
dissent4 includin' arbitrary arrests and detention4 intimidation and torture. Its powerful position meant
t-at it effecti(ely operated abo(e t-e law. ;-e #SA -as described its purpose as 1preser(in' national
security4 co9operatin' wit- ot-er state apparatus c-ar'ed wit- protectin' internal security4 collectin'
information4 and combatin' terrorism accordin' to t-e /onstitution and t-e law and t-e principles of
-uman ri'-ts and freedoms3.
19
Amnesty International4 1gy*t must immediately and unconditionally release women *rotesters >IndexF
+"051H69H51!? 4 11 <ecember 51!F -ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHfor9mediaHpress9releasesHe'ypt9
must9immediately9and9unconditionally9release9women9protesters951!911
5
Amnesty International4 1gy*tian schoolboy released on bail >IndexF M<0 1H551H51*?4 @ 2anuary
51*F -ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHlibraryHinfoHM<01H551H51*Hen
1
#ame c-an'ed to protect identity.
#ame c-an'ed to protect identity.

!
A camp on t-e desert road between /airo and Alexandria.
*
Amnesty International4 <ew *rotest law gives security forces free rein4 5 #o(ember 51!F
-ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHnewsHe'ypt9new9protest9law9'i(es9security9forces9free9rein951!91195
5
Amnesty International4 1gy*t betrays revolution with *ro*osed draconian laws4 6 Marc- 51!F
-ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHnewsHe'ypt9betrays9re(olution9proposed9draconian9laws951!95!956
6
Amnesty International4 %wo *rotesters left in custody, others freed >IndexF M<01H5,*H51!?4 6
<ecember 51!. -ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHlibraryHinfoHM<01H5,*H51!Hen
,
Amnesty International4 2eaten and arrested under new *rotest law >IndexF M<0 1H5,1H51!?4 @

*!
#o(ember 51!. -ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHlibraryHinfoHM<01H5,1H51!Hen
@
Amnesty International4 %wo *rotesters left in custody, others freed.
9
Amnesty International4 2eaten and arrested under new *rotest law.
!5
Amnesty International4 Activist beaten and at ris' of torture7 Alaa Abd !attah >IndexF M<0
1H5,H51!?4 9 #o(ember 51!F -ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHlibraryHinfoHM<01H5,H51!Hen
!1
Amnesty International4 1gy*tian activists face trial for *rotesting >IndexF M<0 1H5,5H51!?4 6
<ecember 51!F -ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHlibraryHinfoHM<01H5,5H51!Hen
!
Amnesty International4 1gy*tian activists face trial for *rotesting.
!!
Amnesty International4 !irst 6ailing under new *rotest law >IndexF M<0 1H55H51*?4 1! 2anuary
51*F -ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHlibraryHinfoHM<01H55H51*Hen
!*
Amnesty International4 !irst 6ailing under new *rotest law.
!5
See /-apter of Amnesty International4 1gy*t rises7 =illings, detentions and torture in the >23
9anuary Revolution?>IndexF M<0 1H5,H511?4 19 May 511F
-ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHlibraryHinfoHM<01H5,H511Hen
!6
Amnesty International4 Agents of re*ression7 1gy*t,s *olice and the case for reform4 %ctober 51F
-ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHlibraryHinfoHM<01H59H51
!,
See :assan S-a-een7s testimony on Dou;ubeF -ttpFHHwww.youtube.comHwatc-P(Qf"y5,0xCFK
!@
See report on Dou;ubeF -ttpFHHwww.youtube.comHwatc-P(Q6f2"rO<c#MD
!9
See report on Dou;ubeF -ttpFHHwww.youtube.comHwatc-P(Q"<6i;d;096E
*5
See Amnesty International4 "ore faces charges in 1gy*t,s escalating free s*eech and dissent
crac'down4 ! April 51!F -ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHnewsHmore9facin'9c-ar'es9e'ypts9escalatin'9
crackdown9free9speec-9and9dissent951!95*95!
*1
See statement on Dou;ubeF -ttpFHHwww.youtube.comHwatc-P(QM*iied&K"bsn
*
Amnesty International4 1gy*t7 5rac'down on "orsi,s su**orters heralds new rights abuses4 5 2uly
51!F -ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHfor9mediaHpress9releasesHe'ypt9crackdown9morsi9s9supporters9-eralds9
new9ri'-ts9abuses951!95,955
*!
Amnesty International4 1gy*t7 5rac'down on "orsi,s su**orters heralds new rights abuses.
**
See 1 = --' ,-,' -- -'-- ,=' - 5 34 Al Ahram4 * September 51!F -ttpFHHbit.lyH&'aF6sB
and 1 `= ',`,= " = ,-,' --' -- -'-- ,=' 5 34 Al/0oum Al/Saba,4 ! September 51!F
-ttpFHHwww1.youm,.comH#ews.aspP#ewsI<Q1!@*5R.Et+c#t'SpFk
*5
See ,=' ,-- ,--- =' -'=4 Al 2a)eera4 9 2anuary 51*.
-ttpFHHwww.al.a)eera.netHnewsHpa'esHb!a@59@*9d!19*91b9adb*995*5f!f,e,,
*6
Amnesty International4 Release 6ournalist facing military trial for Sinai coverage4 , September 51!F
-ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHnewsHe'ypt9release9.ournalist9facin'9military9trial9sinai9co(era'e951!9599,
*,
1Abu <eraa 'ets suspended prison (erdict34 $aily <ews 1gy*t4 5 %ctober 51!F
-ttpFHHwww.dailynewse'ypt.comH51!H15H55Habu9deraa9'ets9suspended9prison9(erdictH


**
*@
Amnesty International4 1gy*tian 6ournalist facing military trial must be released4 , 2anuary 51!F
-ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHnewsHe'yptian9blo''er9facin'9military9trial9must9be9released951!95195,
*9
12ournalist Mo-amed Sabry out on bail34 Al Ahram4 9 2anuary 51!F
-ttpFHHen'lis-.a-ram.or'.e'H#ews/ontentH1H6*H6116H0'yptH+olitics9H2ournalist9Mo-amed9Sabry9out9on9
bail.aspx
55
1Mo-amed Sabry sentenced34 $aily <ews 1gy*t4 ! #o(ember 51!F
-ttpFHHwww.dailynewse'ypt.comH51!H11H5!Hmu-amed9sabry9sentencedH
51
12ournalist Metin ;uran arri(es in Istanbul after 155 days of detention in 0'ypt34 %oday @aman4
2anuary 51*F
-ttpFHHwww.todays)aman.comHnews<etailO'et#ews=yId.actionB.sessionidQ990!6F@6=F,*5/=<=/<</
005@F1!1*0PnewsIdQ!!555@ScolumnistIdQ5
5
1;urkis- .ournalists detained in 0'ypt34 Auardian4 Au'ust 51!F
-ttpFHHwww.t-e'uardian.comHmediaH'reensladeH51!Hau'HH.ournalist9safety9e'ypt
5!
Amnesty International4 1gy*tian <AB activists re*ort beating in custody following new raid > Index
M<0 1H5@5H51!?4 19 <ecember 51!F -ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHlibraryHinfoHM<01H5@5H51!Hen
5*
Amnesty International4 1gy*tian <AB activists re*ort beating in custody following new raid.
55
Amnesty International4 1gy*t must overturn 6ail sentence for <AB wor'ers4 5 2une 51!F
-ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHnewsHe'ypt9must9o(erturn9.ail9sentence9n'o9workers951!956955
56
1 _. :|. .. j ,:: : z: .|.:: L:.: . :|. .. j .|:,: .s|..:: _.| | .:. 3 4
Ahram Bnline4 19 2anuary 51*. -ttpFHH'ate.a-ram.or'.e'H#ewsH**5*@.aspx
5,
Amnesty International4 Release detained activists and 6ournalists immediately4 * February 511F
-ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'.ukHpress9releasesHe'ypt9release9detained9acti(ists9and9.ournalists9immediately
5@
E# <ocF AH:"/H5H,4 paras,5 and ,6.
59
E# <ocF AH61H6,4 para6.
65
+lease refer to Amnesty International4 5oncerns7 Caw on Associations >IndexF M<0 1H55H51!?4 9
May 51!F -ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHlibraryHassetHM<01H55H51!HenH9!!9**59f5be9*!d!9a9c9
1!!c@,61,55Hmde15551!en.-tml
61
Amnesty International4 1gy*t7 Agents of re*ression7 1gy*t,s *olice and the case for reform >IndexF
M<0 1H59H51?4 %ctober 51F -ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHlibraryHinfoHM<01H59H51
6
In 2uly 51!4 t-e interior minister announced t-at -e -ad ordered state security forces to resume t-eir
monitorin' of 1political and reli'ious acti(ities3. ;-e same mont-4 former detainees told Amnesty
International t-at t-ey -ad been interro'ated w-ile blindfolded by officials apparently belon'in' to state
security. See Amnesty International4 1gy*t7 Arrests of "uslim 2rotherhood members and su**orters
>IndexF M<0 1H5!5H51!?4 1, 2uly 51!F -ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHlibraryHinfoHM<01H5!5H51!Hen
6!
See 10'yptF #o acknowled'ment or .ustice for mass protester killin's34 .oint statement by Amnesty
International and ot-er -uman ri'-ts or'ani)ations4 15 <ecember 51!F
-ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHlibraryHinfoHM<01H5,,H51!Hen
6*
Amnesty International4 1gy*t7 $etained "orsi su**orters denied their rights >IndexF

*5
+"051H*61H51!?4 1 September 51!F -ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHfor9mediaHpress9releasesHe'ypt9
detained9morsi9supporters9denied9t-eir9ri'-ts951!95991
65
=ased of Amnesty International7s monitorin' of fi'ures released by t-e :ealt- Ministry4 mor'ue
records and media reportin'.
66
See statement on Dou;ube4 9 2anuary 51*F
-ttpFHHwww.youtube.comHwatc-P(Q5mx$CEDc<'SfeatureQyoutu.be
6,
=ased of Amnesty International7s monitorin' of fi'ures released by t-e :ealt- Ministry4 mor'ue
records and media reportin'.
6@
Amnesty International4 1gy*t ris's s*iralling into *artisan violence >IndexF M<0 1H5!9H51!?4 5
2uly 51!F -ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHlibraryHinfoHM<01H5!9H51!Hen
69
;-e two primary standards are t-e E# =asic +rinciples on t-e Ese of Force and Firearms by &aw
0nforcement %fficials4 adopted by t-e 0i'-t- Enited #ations /on'ress on t-e +re(ention of /rime and
t-e ;reatment of %ffenders4 :a(ana4 /uba4 , Au'ust to , September 1995 >1E# =asic +rinciples on
t-e Ese of Force3?4 and t-e E# /ode of /onduct for &aw 0nforcement %fficials4 adopted by $eneral
Assembly "esolution !*H169 of 1, <ecember 19,94 Article !. ;-e ri'-t to life is 'i(en le'al protection
by Article , of t-e International /o(enant on /i(il and +olitical "i'-ts >I//+"? and Article * of t-e
African /-arter4 t-e ri'-t to liberty and security of person by Article 9 of t-e I//+" and Article 6 of t-e
African /-arter.
,5
Fi'ures released by t-e Ministry of Interior often conflate t-e casualty fi'ures from protests wit- t-ose
caused by armed 'roups attackin' t-e security forces in t-e Sinai +eninsula. See for example t-e
Ministry7s statement on 9 %ctober 51!F -ttpsFHHwww.facebook.comHMoi0'yHpostsH659,!1*1,96@6
,1
Amnesty International4 1gy*t7 8.eo*le were dying all around me,7 %estimonies from 5airo violence on
DE August 20DF >IndexF M<0 1H5*6H51!?4 16 Au'ust 51!F
-ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHlibraryHinfoHM<01H5*6H51!HenB and 1gy*t7 Security forces must show
restraint after rec'less *olicing of violent *rotest4 ! Au'ust 51!F
-ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHnewsHe'ypt9security9forces9must9s-ow9restraint9after9week9irresponsible9
(iolence951!95@9!
,
See statement on Dou;ube4 9 2anuary 51*.
,!
As defined in t-e +enal /ode followin' t-e passa'e of &aw 9, of 199.
,*
Many marc-es since t-e 15 2anuary "e(olution3 -a(e been or'ani)ed followin' prayersB a common
practice also adopted by supporters of t-e deposed president Mo-amed Morsi.
,5
Amnesty International own researc- into t-e number of killin's included inter(iews wit- Mein-um
mor'ue officials and a count of bodies kept at t-e Imam Mos6ue. See 1gy*t7 Security forces must show
(iolence951!95@9!
,6
See statement by minister of interior on Dou;ube4 1* Au'ust 51!.
-ttpsFHHwww.youtube.comHwatc-P(Q2I)T<#r:$rw
,,
Sources at t-e forensic department told Amnesty International t-at in addition to t-e !,, autopsies
t-ey conducted on indi(iduals killed in "abaa al9Adawiya durin' t-e dispersal4 1,! bodies were


*6
examined at t-e Imam Mos6ue by a medical committee. 1 ||..: _.|:: _.: L: :: ., .
.:: . . s:1 _|,: _.
:. s : :,. _ ,|: 34 al/Shorouq4 15 <ecember 51!F

-ttpFHHwww.s-orouknews.comHnewsH(iew.aspxPcdateQ15151!SidQ9,1b1,ed9!5a*9*f55991,f9
51b5aaaf!@19
,@
See statement by minister of defence on Dou;ube4 * 2uly 51!F
-ttpsFHHwww.youtube.comHwatc-P(Q!td)SIA,+I@
,9
See 10'ypt will not bow to (iolenceF 0l9Sisi34 Ahram Bnline, 19 Au'ust 51!F
-ttpFHHen'lis-.a-ram.or'.e'H#ewsH,9!,.aspx
@5
Accordin' to mor'ue officials t-ey died as a result of suffocation4 w-en tear 'as canisters were fired
inside t-e (e-icle transportin' t-em. See Amnesty International4 1gy*t7 Security forces must show
(iolence951!95@9!
@1
See Amnesty International4 1gy*t7 Ram*ant im*unity7 Still no 6ustice for *rotestors 'illed in the 823
9anuary Revolution, >IndexF M<0 1H55*H51!?4 * 2anuary 51!. See also 0'yptian Initiati(e for
+ersonal "i'-ts4 1State crimes remained unpunis-edF t-e Interior Ministry is abo(e t-e law and t-e
+ublic +rosecution is missin' in action34 2anuary 51!F -ttpFHHeipr.or'HenHreportH51!H51HH165
@
See Amnesty International4 1gy*t constitution draft & im*roved te-t amid ongoing violations >IndexF
M<0 1H5,6H51!?4 9 <ecember 51!F -ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHlibraryHinfoHM<01H5,6H51!Hen
@!
See Amnesty International4 1gy*t constitution draft & im*roved te-t amid ongoing violations.
@*
See 1 :|:::; :,.: . :|. |.:: ,::. _|. . s.:: ,|. _. :..:|, _. |: 34 al/
Shorouq4 ! 2anuary 51!F
-ttpFHHwww.s-orouknews.comHnewsH(iew.aspxPcdateQ5!5151*SidQ55*@65f*9deb9*@19a1c59
9,cdb1ac11a
@5
+residential <ecree #o. 69@ for t-e year 51!. For t-e text of t-e decree4 seeF 1 _s:: _|:,
:.: j
,,. _. .|:. _:: :,: so : . j .:: , j:: |.: ,:: :,:: _s::, .: : s|,:
|:..34 0'yptian Initiati(e for +ersonal "i'-ts4 @ 2anuary 51*F
-ttpFHHwww.eipr.or'HpressreleaseH51*H51H5@H196
@6
See Amnesty International4 1gy*t7 )old army accountable for abuses >IndexF M<0 1H519H51!?4 16
April 51!F -ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHlibraryHinfoHM<01H519H51!Hen
@,
;-e EI 'o(ernment lifted its suspension on arms export licences in early #o(ember 51! after
suspendin' *9 licences4 includin' for communications e6uipment4 -elicopter components and
ammunition. A-ile Spain blocked all sales of pistols4 riot control 'ear4 -untin' rifles and related
ammunition4 in September 51! t-e Spanis- 'o(ernment lifted suspensions on t-e sale of airplanes4
spare parts for (e-icles and sur(eillance e6uipment. ;-e Frenc- aut-orities said t-at4 w-ile t-ey were
abidin' by t-e 0E decision4 t-ey were also supplyin' t-e 0'yptian military wit- armoured (e-icles for use
in Sinai a'ainst 1terrorist attacks34 followin' an assurance to France from t-e 0'yptian aut-orities t-at
t-ey would not be used for law enforcement 8 a commitment t-at is unlikely to be properly monitored or
enforced.
@@
See 1I-aled Said trial protesters .ailed for two years34 Ahram Bnline4 2anuary 51*F

*,
-ttpFHHen'lis-.a-ram.or'.e'H#ews/ontentH1H6*H9566!H0'yptH+olitics9HI-aled9Said9trial9protesters9.ailed9
for9two9years.aspxB and 10'ypt .ails , anti9Mubarak acti(ists under new law34 A'ence France9+resse
>AF+?4 2anuary 51*.
@9
For more information on arrests in t-e aftermat- of Morsi7s remo(al4 includin' durin' clas-es between
opponents and supporters4 see 1gy*t7 "orsi su**orters denied rights amid re*orts of arrests and beatings
>IndexF +"051H!5!H51!?4 1, 2uly 51!F -ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHfor9mediaHpress9releasesHe'ypt9
morsi9supporters9denied9ri'-ts9amid9reports9arrests9and9beatin's951! and 1gy*t7 $amning evidence
*oints to security forces, failures >IndexF +"051H!*H51!?4 15 2uly 51!F
-ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHfor9mediaHpress9releasesHe'ypt9damnin'9e(idence9points9security9forces9
failures951!95,95
95
Amnesty International4 1gy*t7 %rial of "ohamed "orsi7 Guestions and answers >IndexF M<0
1H56*H51!?4 ! #o(ember 51!F -ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHlibraryHinfoHM<01H56*H51!Hen
91
Amnesty International4 1gy*t7 halt crac'down on vocal critics in *olitically motivated trial4 ! 2anuary
51*F -ttpFHHwww.amnesty.or'HenHnewsHe'ypt9-alt9crackdown9(ocal9critics9politically9moti(ated9trial9
51*95195!

EGYPT: ROADMAP TO REPRESSION
NO END IN SIG-T TO -,MAN RIG-TS >IO2ATIONS

On the eve of the thir$ anniversary of the <0' ?an!ary Revol!tion=# the
h!man rights o!tlooA in Egy"t remains grim* 4hief among the triggers
of the !"rising in 0(&& )ere gro)ing levels of "overty an$ ine:!ality#
soaring !nem"loyment# en$emi% %orr!"tion# "oli%e br!tality an$ other
h!man rights violations*
After three years of %haoti% transition %hara%teriBe$ by en$less %y%les
of street "rotests# bloo$she$ an$ re"ression# referen$!ms an$
ele%tionsC the revolt@s root %a!ses not only remain b!t in some %ases
have gro)n more a%!te*
amnesty*org

Inde#: MDE $%&''(&%'$)
*anary %'$)

Egypt: Roadmap To Repression: No End in Sight To Human Rights Violations

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EGYPT: ROADMAP

also arrested in relation to t-e "amsis S6uare clas-es

#ame c-an'ed to protect identity.

:. s : :,. _ ,|: 34 al/Shorouq4 15 <ecember 51!F

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