A R C

S C I E N C E

A N D

T E C H N O L O G Y

dred years ago, but extensive work with materials other than industrial high temperature metallurgical applications did not occur

entry temperatures on the heat shield of re-entry vehicles in the late 50s and 60s. Recently, this technology has begun to emerge

ries, i.e., steel making, metallurgy, precious metal recovery, and waste disposal.

h plasma was done with a plasma torch. A plasma torch is a device that converts electrical energy into thermal energy (Camacho,

as that is conditioned to respond to electromagnetic forces. The plasma arc is created when a voltage is established between two

e heating element and as a resistive heating element it presents a distinct advantage over any solid heating element as plasma is a

ma arc creates a flame that has temperatures ranging from 4,000 to 7,000 C, which is hotter than the surface of the sun. Thus,

er temperatures, higher enthalpies, and at efficiencies much greater than those of fossil fuel burners. In addition, plasma torches

as necessary for fossil fuel burners; therefore, waste effluent gases are greatly reduced. Because of this factor, reactor systems

act than traditional furnaces, at correspondingly reduced capital costs. id electrode systems and processes for the destruction of a variety of waste materials have been developed, successfully tested

mperatures and energy densities, in conjunction with the ionized and reactive medium, have fully demonstrated the potential of

any waste materials in an environmentally safe and cost-effective manner. Materials vitrified in atmospherically controlled reactors

all standard EPA leaching tests.

nerators to thermally dissociate waste materials and convert these materials into re-usable products is distinctly different from

ses energy from plasma to thermally convert organic waste from a solid or liquid to a gas through a process called controlled

he constant high operating temperatures ensure the complete destruction of all complex organic compounds, and the process

ormation of a complex pollutants and hazardous gases. The escape of volatile metals and acid gases is also minimized to levels

mission standards. process are the ATONN Plasma Gasifier Feed System and the Controlled Atmosphere Reactor. Both proprietary systems ensure

process beginning with the precisely controlled introduction of feedstock into the reactor. The ATONN processes is essentially

STRUCTION AND

PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY:

stem exploits the unique capabilities of plasma generating systems by integrating them with associated technologies to realize the

olid waste stream. Plasma Generating Systems have, at their core, the capacity to dissociate compounds into elemental atoms.

ndependently, simple chemistry is applied to reassemble the atoms into usable, commercially viable products. S.A.A. brings a

volving thermal plasma that through their unique application provide the most efficient method of generating synthesis gas. The

ONN Plasma Conversion System and other plasma designs is our ability to deliver municipal solid waste into the reaction chamber

tinuous, controlled supply at controlled density and in a large volumes (2000, 3000 or 4000 tons per day). This ability results in a per hours. The organic content of average municipal solid waste will dissociate or thermally depolymerise into 30,000 to 33,000 or lower, generating 1,360 kW per ton of municipal solid waste that is processed. The processing of 1000 tons of municipal solid

higher Btu energy value but also makes the process economically feasible because solid municipal waste disposal requires the

having an energy value of 300 Btu per standard cubic foot of gas. The heat rate for ATONN combined cycle power generating

ll release 1,353,000 cubic feet of synthesis gas per hour with a total Btu value of 405,9 00,000 Btu/hr. At a heat rate of 7,277 the

ystem will generate a gross of 55.76 Megawatts of electricity per hour, twenty-four hours a day. When we deduct 26 Megawatts of

asma arc and for other plant requirements, we are left with 29.76 Megawatts per hour (714.24 Megawatts per day) available to

E OF

POWER GENERATION UTILIZING SYNTHESIS GAS:

ment, the ATONN technical team will utilize General Electric gas turbines (however , some other heavy frame and aero derivatives combined cycle modes are doable. In fact, in Europe over eleven Gigawatthour of power are produced using syngas. Most of this

00,000 hours of operation on syngas, clearly enough to establish that the basics of syngas utilization in combustion turbines for

hods. The main reason this has not been common in North America is that natural gas here has been in the past been readily

gas prices increase, gasification will become more attractive. Plasma gasification offers the best alternative as the least expensive

stems. GEs success wi th low and medium Btu fuel gases is a consequence of extensive full-scale laboratory testing on various

mbustion Development Laboratory in Schenectady, New York. S.A.A. has full access and rights for the implementation of this

ATONN PLASMA CONVERSION SYSTEM FOR MSW:

nology (Patent Applied For):

generation technology consisting of a rugged, outer shroud for pressure containment, the electrodes, a vortex generator, and

outer diameter of approximately 20 feet and is constructed of carbon steel with an internal insulation and refractory lining resistant

essel. Each gasifier will include one or two plasma arc assemblies, each sized to provide the required power to achieve the

als dissociation. Electrodes are fabricated from carbon graphite materials providing improved electrode life. ATONNs graphite

ssfully proven over many years of commercial operation in the metallurgical industry and typically has an availability rate of greater

s (Patent Applied For):

system, one for municipal solid wastes and conventional carbonaceous wastes and one possibly consisting of a pressure

stes. The system ensures the highest efficiency in the feed rate and is designed and engineered to prevent the introduction of system that will introduce the waste feedstock into the gasifier.

amber (a very important element of the plasma gasification process). The system consists of a compactor/extruder integrated with

municipal solid waste would be processed into our plasma conversion system.

and discharged by truck or other means to the tipping floor. A pre -crusher compacts and densifies the waste into a specially

e filled, the container is provided with a metallic door that will be closed, thus preventing problems with rodents and foul odours.

m then moves the filled containers into the gasifier area. This will allow efficient control of the process and will ensure that there is

e forgotten (a major cause of rodent and odour problems in MSW facilities).

ifier, a small crane will place the container into the gasifier-feeding platform (after removing the empty container previously fed into

placed in a second conveyor that will return it to the container area. The feeding platform is an articulated tilting table where the

door is opened, the articulated table is inclined approximately 60 degrees direc tly over the compactor/extruder, which then feeds

actor/extruder that is provided, in conjunction with the storage container, provides a unique advantage that maximizes the unique

W. Firstly, the system feeds the waste feedstock into the gasifier after having extruded a significant portion of the entrained air in

ant aspect to ensure the production of the highest quality synthesis gas). Finally, the feed rate can be adjusted and controlled in

owing their feed rate to equal the rate of dissociation and gasification within the gasifier chamber.

ification system brought by the ATONN technical team builds upon the extensive and very successful commercial experience of

metallurgical industry. The ATONN system is particularly effective for the conversion of high volumes of carbonaceous wastes

coke and ASR. The system briefly summarized above is powered by an electric arc Plasma generated by two or more graphite

arc through a slag molten bath of the waste being process ed, i.e. molten slag, [It should be noted that plasma fields can also be

sma torches, however, the use of graphite technology has been extensively used worldwide in a wide range of applications and

han can be achieved with the plasma torch method of generating plasma fields.]

, the controlled pyrolysis of organic materials, the ATONN plasma gasification system can melt inorganic materials (glass, soil,

omponents, common in many waste streams, are melted and typically recovered as a glassy slag. The glass layer serves as a

metals in a non-leachable manner through vitrification. If large amounts of ferrous and non ferrous metals are present, the molten

layers, a glassy layer over a metal alloy layer. Waste streams that are predominantly metal can usually be processed to promote

and unique benefit, particularly when processing MSW, but also beneficial when processing tires or ASR.

to the desired temperature (1100 to 1300C) before the waste materials are fed into the reactor. Waste is fed into the processing

anic materials rapidly dissociate into elemental constituents, mainly hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and depending on the halogenated

amounts of acid gases. The elements will form simple gases that are stable at the operating temperatures, primarily diatomic

ogen chloride. To prevent the remaining carbon from re-associating into a solid, a limited source of oxygen (usually in the form of

ct, computer controlled metering system at which time it will form carbon monoxide. The result is a pyrolysis gas (Syngas)

e organic elements. Small amounts of other gases will be present, including nitrogen. Within the strongly reducing environment of

ther not formed or quickly reduced to gaseous elemental nitrogen.

combustion of the material is not occurring inside the gasifier. Recognition as not an incinerator often becomes an issue when a

oratorium on incinerators cannot accept an application for a permit to construct and operate an incinerator. Furthermore, the

erator offers a significant advantage in terms of public acceptance of the technology.

ss is not incineration is based on two premises. One, the process in the chamber that destroys the waste does not fit the definition

sis. Two, the by-products of pyrolysis (hydrogen, carbon and carbon monoxide) are different from the products of combustion

options for chemical energy recovery that combustion and incineration do not.

LASMA TECHNOLOGIES:

owing:

Through a very close working relationship with the Institute of Problems in Electrophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences (IPE-

ion AC Plasma Torches as well as a variety of other plasma generation methods.

ment and Destruction system IPE RAS has an ultra-small scale plasma thermal treatment and disposal system to provide small erminal destruction of a wide range of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes (organic and in-organic) with a capacity of 10 to 40 r highly toxic materials where relatively small amounts are destroyed at any time.

Georgia Tech Plasma Lab and the 10 KW and 30 KW plasma generators.

System A technology developed by Dr. Louis Circeo, the patent holder. In-situ remediation of sites (including landfills)

radioactive wastes. The technology has been successfully proven (and validated by the US Department of Energy) to completely

inated sites, vitrifying the soil and the contaminants into a totally inert glass matrix (the most stable waste form in fact a waste method to remediate contaminated sites. The in-situ process achieves a major reduction in volume of the materials processed

bilization of high-level nuclear wastes). This method offers unique cost and personnel safety advantages and can provide clients

ructures for future construction at the site.

is a variation of the standard arc furnaces used in the steel and specialty metals industry for years whereby the system is m in lieu of being a conventional Joule heater. The advantage is in the ability to handle large volumes in a safe and very cost

S.A.A. brings a number of proprietary feed system designs for plasma reactors where the feeder allows for the control introduction

intaining control on the environment inside the reactor. One of these feeders allows for the homogeneous densification of waste

al operating reactor parameters.

PLASMA GASIFICATION

us materials has been widely used in commercial applications for many years in the production

cation, particularly of waste materials (such as waste tires, Automobile Shredder Residue (ASR) or Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW)) s, including:

ability to produce a consistent, high quality synthesis gas product that can be used for energy production or to provide critical

anufacture of various products, including plastics and

bility to accommodate a wide variety of gaseous, liquid and solid feedstocks.

such as coal or oil, as well as low-value materials and wastes, such as petroleum coke, heavy refinery residuals, secondary oil-

d hydrocarbon byproducts have also been successfully used in gasification applications.

many benefits when compared with conventional options such as combustion or disposal by incineration. The US Environmental enacted rules that specifically exclude the synthesis gas produced from gasification of hazardous wastes from being regulated as

anging application of gasification of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes can greatly reduce the need to use fossil fuels for the

sor products for the manufacture of certain chemicals.

conversion process that maximizes the conversion of the carbonaceous fuel to a synthesis gas (syngas) containing primarily CO

2, methane, N2 .and some polycyclic compounds in trace amounts. The chemical reactions take place in the presence of a

ure oxygen) in an oxygen starved atmosphere, in contr ast to combustion wherein the reactions take place in an oxygen rich,

ds, the ratio of oxygen molecules to carbon molecules ideally is stoichiometrically balanced in the gasification reactor.

plasma reactor, with different chemical results. The following chemical conversion formulas describe, in general, the process for

, or air or oxygen) + energy CO + H2 (endothermic)

(endothermic)

(exothermic)

gies that utilize the principles of thermal plasma to generate an ultra-high temperature field of ionized gas (i.e. plasma) within the systems have at their core, the capacity to disassociate compounds into elemental atoms. Once the atoms are freed to move

plied to reassemble the atoms into usable, commercially viable products.

different from combustion (incineration) in that it uses energy from the plasma to thermally convert organic waste from a solid (or

yrolysis or controlled gasification. The constant high operating temperature (above 1600C) ensures the destruction thermal

mpounds, and the process control minimizes controls minimize the possibility of reformation of complex pollutants. The escape of

be minimized to levels that meet the most stringent air emission standards. As the In some thermal dissociation reaction is

anic content of the waste stream is high, the pyrolysis product gas, composed mainly of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, can be

ergy in the waste.

e controlled pyrolysis of organic materials, plasma gasification systems can melt inorganic materials (e.g. soil, metals-bearing esent. These components, common in many waste streams, are melted and recovered as a glassy slag. The glass layer serves any metals in a non-leachable manner through vitrification. This silicate glass slag can be re-used in commercial applications, acture of rock-wool insulation, roadbed construction and as a construction abrasive. Metals will separate into a heavy metal if the Waste streams that are predominantly metal can usually be processed to promote metal recovery. This is an important and essing, for example waste batteries, heavy metal sludge or Printed Circuit Boards, containing meaningful quantities of valuable h as gold and palladium that can add significant value to such a project.

TWEEN

GASIFICATION AND INCINERATION:

system Incineration Gasification ustion vs. Designed to maximize the Designed to maximize the fication conversion of feedstock to CO2 and H2O conversion of feedstock into CO and H2 Large quantities of excess air are required Limited quantities of oxygen Reducing environment

Highly oxidizing environment

Operated at temperatures above ash melting point; mineral matter is converted to Operated at temperatures below the glassy slag ash melting point; thus mineral matter is converted to fly ash (hazardous) and

bottom ash (may be hazardous) Flue gas cleanup at atmospheric pressure Syngas clean-up at high temperatures

Cleanup

Treated gas used for energy production on precursors for chemical manufacturing e and Ash Bottom and fly ash collected, Slag is non-leachable, ndling treated (usually through stabilization non-hazardous and suitable for operations that increase the disposal a multitude of construction volume) and disposed as hazardous waste applications (mostly fly ash) Treated gas is discharged to atmosphere

NOX AND PARTICULATE MATTER:

mission levels of SOx and NOx, and particulate from gasification systems are orders of magnitude lower than for incineration

environment, sulphur and nitrogen compounds in the feed are converted into SOx and NOx. In contrast, syn gas cleanup systems (N2) in the syngas. Any halogens in the feed will turn to acids which are easily scrubbed in conventional systems.

be designed to recover 95% to 99% of the sulphur in the feedstock as a high purity sulphur by-product. Likewise, Nitrogen in the

an energy production plant (i.e. such as a boiler or gas turbine), the production of SOx and NOx is dramatically reduced. If the

in downstream chemical manufacturing processes, these compounds are not formed. Recent US Department of Energy (DOE)

ic power plants with Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) technologies has shown that emissions of SOx , NOx and

orders of magnitude.

D OTHER

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS:

ons of most concern from waste incineration systems have been Principal Organic Hazardous Constituent (POHC) in the waste

mbustion (PIC). POHC refers to the organic compounds present in waste feeds that must be destroyed at greater than 99.99%

he case of dioxins and furans, greater than 99.9999% DRE, based on US EPA regulations for hazardous wastes. PICs are

anic compounds (SVOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), VOCs and dioxin/furan compounds (PCDDs/PCDFs).

ATION WILL

NOT PRODUCE DIOXINS AND FURANS:

on Process) when processing materials that contain chlorine atoms, dioxins will typically form. Dioxin formation typically occurs if mbustion process do not exceed 250oC THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE COMBUSTION CHAMBER. However, when the chamber hold, as will typically occur in a plasma gasifier, the chlorinated materials will dissociate itself of the Chlorine atoms and e with Hydrogen to form HCl (which is then removed in the gas treatment system and removed in the scrubber with NaOH to form nto the gasifier, the Chlorine will combine with the Calcium and be trapped in the silicate slag.

ollowing five conditions MUST be present:

tter)

alyst), nickel or iron 250 C to 450 C dioxins throughout ANY portion of the gasification system, the synthetic gas produced will be cleaned or filtered at temperatures

ove particulate matter (#3) (and therefore the binding surfaces). At the same time, the filters will remove metals that can act as

VENTS the formation of dioxins or furans throughout ANY portion of the gasification process by:

hlorine in the syn gas stream by the addition of lime into the reactor such that the Chlorine will combine with the Calcium and thus

be removed by the removal of HCl in the scrubber through the addition of NaOH to form a benign salt.

gas stream through filtration

n conventional gasifiers confirm that, in general, VOCs such as benzene, toluene and xylene , when detected, were present in the

ding PAHs, were also detected in the syngas and/or turbine exaust. SVOCs were typically present at extremely low levels on the

ed feedstocks have also been conducted to measure the DRE for organic compounds such as chlorobenzene and

han 99.99% were demonstrated for both compounds.

DD/PCDFs) are not expected to be present in the syngas from gasification systems for two major reasons: (1) the ultra-high

cess effectively destroy PCDD/PCDF compounds or precursors in the feed and (2) the lack of oxygen in the reduced gas

n of the free Chlorine from HCl, thus limiting the chlorination of any precursors in the syngas.

pounds in gasification systems confirm these principles.

ntrol Technology standards for hazardous waste incinerators in the US

CDF compounds were one or two orders of magnitude below the most stringent standard recently enacted for hazardous waste

ALIDES

ncinerator systems indicate that metals emissions include antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead mercury nickel

es (HCl, HF and HBr) may also be present depending on the halogen content of the feedstock.

e on coal-fired gasification systems have been evaluated. Based on a compilation of this data, certain trace metals have the of these elements present in the syngas or combustion turbine exhaust represented less than 10% of the amount of input to the

Syngas or turbine exhaust. These metals include: Chloride, Fluoride, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, lead chromium, nickel and

uch as Chloride and Fluoride are typically removed in the gas scrubbing and cooling operations and ultimately are removed by the

s; greater than 99% removal of HCl was measured during several EPA test programs. Semi-volatile metals, such as lead and

and re-condense on the fine particulate matter, which is removed from the syngas. In a plasma gasifier, the addition of lime to the

inment of some of the volatile metals and as much as 90% of the halogens (i.e. Chlorides and Fluorides), entrapping them as

able glassy slag. Analysis of the glassy slag material from various gasification and plasma waste treatment projects (including

) consistently show that the slag to be non-hazardous according to RCRA definitions.

MISTRY (MSW INCINERATOR FLY ASH VITRIFIED IN A PLASMA REACTOR):

ELEMENTS Silica Alumina

COMPOSITION (% BY WT) 37.2 19.5

CaO Fe2O3 MgO Na2O K2O ZnO PbO CuO MnO Cr2O3 NiO CdO Specific Gravity Volume Reduction

19.5 6.21 2.31 3.87 1.31 0.24 0.11 0.26 1.70 0.26 0.32 <1 1.5 2 1.88 2.5

TEST (TCLP) RESULTS (VITRIFIED MSW FLY ASH):

MSW FLY ASH FEED mg/l

MSW SLAG mg/l

HAZ WASTE RANGE Mg/l 0.2 1.0 0.4 2.0 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.5 2 10 0.4 2.0 0.02 0.1 2 10 20 - 100

INERT WASTE RANGE Mg/l

0.15 4.81 * 0.15* 0.64* 0.11 < 0.05 <0.05 0.5 0.2

< 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.01

Total less than 5

< 10

that exceed regulatory limits and therefore categorize the feedstock as a hazardous material

OSITION:

COMPONENT H2 CO CO2 O2 Ar N2

CONTENT (VOL% UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED) 32 35 34 48 15 26 NOT PRESENT 0.07 0.1 0.18 5.8 (DEPENDING ON

NOx SO2 SO3 CH4 H2S

REFORMING MEDIUM USED MAY BE HIGHER) NOT PRESENT NOT PRESENT NOT PRESENT 60 ppmv 1930 ppmv 0 7590* ppmv (DEPENDING ON SULFUR CONTENT OF FEEDSTOCK) * gasification of coal or coal containing feedstock 0 176 ppmv (DEPENDING ON SULFUR CONTENT OF FEEDSTOCK) * gasification of coal or coal containing feedstock 0 0.62 ppmv (after scrubbing and gas cooling) 0 27 ppmv

COS

NH3 THC

ngas = 300 350 BTU/SCF (11.2 MJ/Nm3 13 MJ/Nm3)

LECTRIC

POWER PRODUCTION

ed cycle electric power generating plants has achieved significant success, particularly in terms of significant cost reductions ated by the processing of waste materials, thus avoiding the cost of purchasing fuel), increased operating efficiency (many have achieved ratings of 15% to 30% over natural gas operation) and improved emissions (e.g. lower NOx emissions than with xperience with the utilization of syngas in combined cycle installation total over 350,000 hours,

basics of syngas utilization in combustion turbines for electric power generation in simple or combined cycle modes.

s achieved when operating on low heating value gas (i.e. Syngas). Fourteen percent difference in flow at same firing temperature

sion Power). However, such high levels of output can be limited by mechanical constraints.

Frame Size MW 6FA 7FA 9EC

Output Increases MW GT CC 90 107.1 200 262.5 215 259.3

Syn Gas 126 280 300

9FA 7H 9H

300

390.8 400 480

420 460 550

oduce syngas at a cost that is significantly lower than natural gas or even coal (delivered). As such, there are significant economic

g syngas generated by the gasification of carbonaceous waste materials, or coal for the production of electric power or feedstock

cs).

ed by the following comparisons:

mon Incinerator erature 1650C - 1930C

Plasma Gasification System Arc Temperature 10,000C-15,000C Chamber Temperature 1200C-1600C Results in: Benign silicate glass aggregate; Recoverable metals; Reusable Synthesis gas No air Required

mperature 980-1370C Results in:

om and fly ash;

oxins, Furans;

trogen Oxides icant air required;

ability to generate Syngas amounts of fossil fuel No fuels or chemicals; can generate its own electricity effectively for infrastructure and gas scrubbing Very compact; has mobile options for smaller systems

a unique combination of the most experienced technical personnel in the field of thermal plasma applications for waste treatment strong level of experience in the research, development and commercialization of a variety of plasma generation technologies,

prising a wide range of plasma generation technologies, including torches, graphite electrodes, microwave plasma generation

sma generation systems. capabilities of two of the most renowned plasma research and development facilities in the world:

h Institute under the direction of Dr. Louis Circeo, (S.A.A. has in place a Master Agreement for Research Testing and Evaluation

physics, Russian Academy of Science, under the direction of Dr. Phillip Rutberg. S.A.A. brings the patent rights to several plasma

gs Institute.

rve as technical advisors to the ATONN team and will provide third party validation and verification of the design and operation of

N teams technol ogy partners have been successful in obtaining construction and operating permits for plasma waste destruction

ate the basic design concept as the proposed future projects, representative permits include:

ingent state in the U.S.):

e treatment system to process infectious medical waste generated by several hospitals owned by a major health care corporation.

fied as a n alternative to incineration technology for the terminal destruction of medical waste for the state of California. This is an

ogy since California has banned the permitting of incineration for treating hazardous and medical waste.

commercial plasma waste treatment system to process medical waste and special wastes generated by a major industrial

500 kW plasma gasification system (approximately 15 to 20 tpd). This unit is owned by the U.S. Army Environmental Center and

asma Arc Waste Treatment Technology for Municipal Solid Waste Disposal most prestigious technical universities in the United States has a prominent plasma arc research program that is the largest based and consultant to the ATONN team). This centre has successfully performed a large number of research and independent

ation of waste materials in the United Sates (the program is led by one of the pre-eminent authorities in the field, Dr. Louis Circeo,

s for waste management applications. of results of experiments on the use of plasma arc technology for the disposal of municipal solid waste performed by Georgia

e lab facilities using both a reactor for ex-situ work and a modified reactor container to simulate in-situ tests. Final Wt. (kg) 2.7 2.5 19.1 Weight Loss (%) 84 81 59 (Note 1)

tial Wt. (kg) 16.4 13 47.3

te with a significant amount of inorganic materials (i.e. soil). As such, the soil was not readily gasified or otherwise reduced in

e weight reduction.

ed on vitrified sample materials from Experiment 1. In all cases, the TCLP results were well below permissible concentration limits

Allowed Con. (mg/l) 5.0 100.00 1.0 5.0 5.0 0.2

Measurable Concentration BDL* 0.47 BDL* BDL* BDL* BDL*

1.0 5.0

BDL* BDL*

Products From The Plasma Gasification Process:

The ATONN process follows for the recycling of this commodity in either aggregate form (of e construction / concrete industry) or to be spun into a form of rock wool insulation.

e ATONN plasma gasification system can be engineered and designed with the ability to de for commercial and industrial use. Our calculations have shown that up to 1,000 lbs of e captured from one ton of municipal solid waste. The advantage of this depends solely on the and varies from place to place. The cost for this extra equipment is not usually included.

ocesses:

ma process can be used for many different processes. The only thing in common in these ent will not change much, except in the feeders and probably the gas treatment both of which e performance. Likewise the by products of the process can have multiple uses.

or other purposes besides power generation. It is an excellent raw material for the generation of plant design already done by Hydro-Chem a division of the Pro-Quip Corp. which is itself a AG, one of the worlds largest gas and chemical design and construction companies. Hydrosive experience in the generation of Hydrogen. Their modular plants would interface very n.

rate hydrocarbon fuels, such as diesel. The technology is not new. Germany used coal generating liquid diesel fuel during WW II. It also has application in the refinery industry generated from the gasification of the waste petroleum coke and then used to lower the sulphur critical based on the new low sulphur fuel requirements.

project is being supplied as fiber for the rockwool market can also be used as a fibre ow banned asbestos. As such, it can be use to manufacture water pipes (the old AC pipes), ling tiles, flooring tiles, etc. The applications are numerous based on the wide spread use of y, unlike asbestos, the slag fibres are non-hazardous or dangerous.

ed earlier, the metals will pool so that they can be collected in their metallic form by casting into the contamination of the metals will be only the contamination that has been included in the is possible to recover the metals in very pure forms. The steel collected from tires will be ent case, if Nickel Cadmium batteries are processed alone, it is possible to collect the Nickel in the Cadmium by precipitating it in the quench.

dstocks:

n be dissociated in a plasma arc system due to its temperature and closed environment. Plasma sed for the destruction of chlorinated hydrocarbons that can not be easily processed with other h as PCB (Polychlorinated biphenyls) are another group of chemicals that are also easily de a significant source of syngas. The main issue of any hazardous waste destruction that is W is one of obtaining permits, since the molecular dissociation will occur regardless of the n.

The plasma system does not care what it dissociates. If the energy imparted by the plasma is gy of the molecular bond, the molecule will dissociate. As such, it is possible to gasify coal and readily. The Sulphur in the coal can be collected as an acid gas or it can be made to react with m sulphate slag. Regardless, it is possible to successfully gasify coal with minimum concern to

Plasma has several applications in the petrochemical industry both in the refinery and the plastic

troleum waste product that is a heavy hydrocarbon. Depending on the process, this is coke. This material is rich in both Carbon and Hydrogen. The new low-sulphur fuel he demand for Hydrogen at the refinery, which is currently being generated from the breakdown his hydrogen is becoming more and more expensive as the cost of natural gas continues to sposal of the pet coke can be expensive as some of this product can be considered hazardous or l because of the high sulphur content and the presence of heavy metals. None of these problems iates and recovers both the energy from this waste product and generates large amounts of

the area of plastic manufacturing. Many plastic plants rely on syngas as the raw material in . This syngas currently has to be generated from other sources, most often the aforementioned have been approached by Polyethylene plants that have specifically requested Carbon

re applications for the destruction of hazardous waste and for the recovery of metals.

nd Engineering

a Waste Conversion Plant

mentation for a (3,840) 4000 Ton per day Plasma Waste Conversion Plant:
Cost:

architectural design and m water management, sediment ess roadways, security measures, crete foundations and slabs, paving ain plant facility including ing, exhaust fan system, dust and own and disinfection, ancillary nd administration, ees including restrooms, locker internal communication systems, dscaping.

18,366,000

essing

system with scale house and ding network into main plant r systems in floor hopper style, e-crusher systems with in floor ding and storage container system, y equipment, overhead crane or system with hydraulic lift tables.

13,680,000

m bridge breakers hydraulic tilting ty sensors, water cooling tanks slag aggregate, electrical equipment ansformers, HDR power systems, sma arc reactors, gas exhaust gas surge tanks, slag tapping eating, metal tapping assemblies e electrodes, open top slag moving slag and metal, gas rators, all required piping, wiring,

158,200,000

nd sulphides, secondary gas d before exit, all required piping, .

35,400,000

nerating Department
138,000,000

er heat exchangers, gas nerators, primary boiler with dual

systems equipment, exit stack, all e and networking

, permitting, technical training, urity and contingency

37,633,380

ject Management
25,470,620 Included

426,970,000

Day Conversion Plant

$426,970,000.00 47,441,111.00 20 Tons / Hour 100% 20 Tons / Hour 480 ton / day 175,200 Ton / Year 8 160 Ton / Hour 3,840 Ton / year 1,401,600 Ton / Day 3,840 Ton / Day 4,500 Bt5u/lb 20% to slag by Wt. 1,074,676 0.15

MSW per reactor

r reactor (1 spare included)

r reactor (including downtime)

reactor

r reactor

us 1 spare)`

ut for plant

t for plant

ut for plant

ft as residue (slag) of MSW

r sale

$51.50 $30.00 1,401,600 tons

sed

ar

1,074,676 $175.00 per ton $95.00 per ton 280,320 tons 210,240 tons

Fibre produced

red

$55,345,814.00 $42,048,000.00 $49,056,000.00 $19,972,800.00 $166,422,610.00

ced

$4,045,240.00 $1,415,834.00 $5,461,074.00

ce

$4,708,000.00 $6,000,000.00 $8,475,000.00 $4,902,000.00 $29,546,074.00

ubber maintenance

ies, fuel, equipment, etc.

$4,384,000.00 $33,930,074.00

ENSE

$166,422,610.00 $132,492,540.00

37.00

$55.00

mical Waste: $600.00+

Mattress: $125.00+

ers will change as the facility receives hazardous / bio hazardous wastes and also oducts since the tipping fees are fluctuating between $55 and $1,250 per metric ton. pping fee must be negotiating base on the nature of waste. s been used as a guideline only and the final pricing for Tipping fees and Price of ncluded at the time of signing the final contract and actual pricing will be higher l profit margin shall be higher as well. ctricity for sale from this system and with Steam Turbine configuration cant exceed 150 ever, with adaptation of the new Turbine Propane Drive systems, the actual power ncreased to 500 MWH. There will be an additional cost to manufacture such a Turbine nvestment will be around $350,000,000.00.