EconomicGeology Vol. 85, 1990, pp.

1520-1583

Geologicand Geochronologic Constraints on the MetallogenicEvolution

of the Andes of Southeastern Peru
ALANH. CLARK, EDWARD FARlIAR, DANIELJ. KONTAK,* ROBERT J. LANGRIDGE,
Departmentof Geological Sciences, Queen'sUniversity, Kingston, Ontario, CanadaK7L 3N6

MARLO J. ARENAS F.,

GedlogoConsultor,Caminosdel Inca 698, Lima 33, Peru

LYNNE J. FRANCE,** SANDRA L. MCBRIDE, PRISCILLA L. WOODMAN,*** HARDOLPH A. WASTENEYS,

HAMISH A. SANDEMAN, AND DOUGLAS A. ARCHIBALD
Department of GeologicalSciences, Queen'sUniversity,Kingston,Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6

Abstract

The post-Paleozoic metallogenic evolution of southeastern Peru is clarifiedon the basis of the stratigraphic andlithologic settings of the majorityof the knownmetallicore deposits and

a regional program ofK-Arand4Ar-39Ar geochronology. Thiscentral Andean transect displays a rangeof mineralization typesunparalleled in other regionsof the country.Contrasting
magmatic, tectonic, andmetallogenic relationships areshown by the calc-alkaline-shoshonitic Upper Triassic-Holocene Main Arc magmatic domain, underlying the present CordilleraOccidentaland Altiplano,and the more restrictedTriassic-Pliocene Inner Arc domainof the Cordillera Oriental, which incorporates a great variety of igneoussuitesand exhibitsa correspondingly diversemetallogeny. Major economic mineralization occurredsimultaneously in the two domains only duringthe late Oligocene to early Mioceneinterval. The earliestsignificant AndeanW, Cu, Mo, Sn, andAu mineralization is hosted largelyby weaklyperaluminous granites of the UpperTriassic to LowerJurassic (190-225 Ma) Carabaya batholithin the Inner Arc; magma genesis resultedfrom sediment anatexis alongthe margin of the Permianensialic Mitu rift. Renewedrifting in the Middle Jurassic (ca. 170-180 Ma) in thisareawasassociated with the emplacement of the volcano-plutonic Allinccfipac Peralkaline Complex,syeniticplutons of whichhostminorCu, Ag, andZr(-REE)vein systems. Mesozoic mineralizationin the Main Arc, weak in comparison to that in other centralAndeantransects, comprises Upper Jurassic (145-165 Ma) Cu-Auveins(e.g.,Rosa Maria), andmid-Cretaceous (ca. 95-110 Ma) Cu (Santiago, Valparffiso) and Fe (Morritos,Cerro Pelado)veinsof the IloItc district.Restricted Upper Cretaceous (ca. 80 Ma) Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag veinsin the Crucerodistrict of the Inner Arc are interpretedasrecording a brief episode of arcbroadening or bifurcation. Large-scale porphyryCu(-Mo, Ag) centers were emplaced in the Main Arc in the interval 52.15 (Cuajone) to 57.1 Ma (Toquepala) asthe terminalstage in the evolution of the subaerial volcanic succession of the Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene Toquepala Group,whichhadpreviously experienced only minorCu(-Pb-Ag-Au) vein mineralization at ca. 80 (Challatita)and 62 Ma (Llutadistrict). The earlyEocene eventrepresents the metallogenic culmination of the Peruvian Coastal batholithanditsextension in northernChile. In contrast, onlythe northernextremity of the upperEocene-lower Oligocene arc of northernChile occurs in the studyarea,andthe minor Ataspaca Cu-Mo-Pb-Zn-Ag stockwork and skarnmineralization (39-45 Ma) is a pale reflection of the coeval arrayof giantporphyry copperdeposits farthersouth. Muchof southeasternPeru lackedmagmatism immediately beforeand after the ca. 40-Ma Incaic orogeny and hence experienceda metallogenic hiatus.The Main Arc was resuscitated in the Santa Lucia area at 31 to 32 Ma; at 28.5 + 1 Ma it abruptlybroadened to a width of ca. 235 km. However,hydrothermal activityremained restricted in both scale anddistribution. The moderate-sized Berenguela (ca. 27 Ma) and SantaBfirbara (23.5 Ma) epithermalAg deposits are associated with calc-alkaline subvolcanic centers,in the latter caseemplacedin the initial stages of cordilleran uplift.Post-Oligocene mineralization in theMainArcwas also apparently

* Presentaddress: Nova ScotiaDepartmentof MinesandEnergy, 1496 Lower Water Street,Halifax,

Nova Scotia, Canada B3J 2X1. ** Present address:Apt. 2C-4, 2665 Favor Road, Marietta, Georgia 30060.

*** Presentaddress: 556 EastHaskell Street, Apt. A, Winnemucca,Nevada, 89445; ne Johnson.

1520

METALLOGENIC EVOLUTION, SE PERUVIAN ANDES

1521

sparsein comparison to the broadly contemporaryepithermalAg-Au-base metal depositsof central and south-central Peru, but it comprises the Au-rich veins of the Mafiazo camp (19 Ma) and the Ag veinsof the Cacachara (6.5-7 Ma) and Compuertacamps(7 Ma). The Inner Arc revived at 28 to 29 Ma, simultaneously with the Main Arc broadening. Anatexisresultingfrom shoshonitic basaltinjectiongeneratedstronglyperaluminous monzogranitestocks with which are spatiallyassociated major, high-grade,lithophile and base metallode systems, including SanRafael(23-24 Ma) andPalca11 (24-25 Ma), nowthe most productive hard-rock SnandW deposits of the WesternHemisphere. However,the widespread middle and late Miocene peraluminous magmatism in this region failed to produceSn polymetallicmineralization of the scaledevelopedin Boliviaat this time; only the smallJhsica vein system (17.4 Ma) hasbeen confirmed to containSn, and the Sb veinsof the area (e.g., Collpa:12.3 Ma) are alsoof restricted size.In contrast, the uraniumstockworks (6.8-8.0 Ma) associated with the rare element-enriched, rhyoliticMacusani Volcanics are largeandapparently of high grade. Althoughsharing several metallogenic features with contiguous centralAndeantransects, southeastern Peru differsmarkedlyfrom other areasof the countryin the natureand ageof mineralization.Thus, the Inner Arc domaindoesnot persistto the northwest,and the radical and commonly abruptchanges we definein the distribution of magmatism, and hencemineralization,duringthe middleandlate Tertiary are apparently unrepresented in centralPeru. The individual metallogenic evolution of thisregionis ascribed to the inferredoccurrence of

a markeddeflection in the westernboundary of the SouthAmerican plate throughout the Andeanorogeny.

"Atenci6n,sefioras y sefiores, un momento de aten- 2,500,000 by Bellido et al. (1972) with a detailed explanatory text by Bellidoandde Montreuil(1972), la republiea... E1Peregrino." and the perceptivesyntheses of Ponzoni(1980) and
ei6n: Volved un instante la eabeza haeia este lado de

an excellentintroduction Nieanor Parra, Poemasy Antipoemas Soleret al. (1986) constitute

to the mineralization of the studyarea,but theyreveal the lackof detailedinformation on the greatmajority In the "southern"metallogenic SOUTHEASTERN Peru (Figs.1 and2) displays a wider of the ore deposits. and Quellarange ofmineralization thanmorenortherly transeets zone of Soleret al., only the Toquepala of the PeruvianAndes.It has,however,receivedless vecoporphyrycoppercenters havebeenbriefly docIntroduction

geologic scrutiny, perhaps because of the reputation of the PunoDepartment asbeingcharacterized by small oredeposits (Purser, 1971).The variegated nature of the metallogenie relationships in thistranseet of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic Andean orogen largely refleets the occurrence in the Cordillera Oriental of a

umented in the international literature, and there are

few descriptions of the geologyof the mines and prospects of the transectin nationaljournals.This problemis particularlyseverefor the CordilleraOriental, an area which haswitnessed a marked increase

in exploration andminingactivityin the pasttwo deClark et al. (1984) andKontak(1985) provide diverse assemblage of peraluminous granitie plutons cades. of metallogenic relations in this andrhyolitie ignimbrites withassociated tin-tungsten-preliminaryaccounts polymetallie anduranium mineralization of types un- northwesterlyextensionof the Bolivian tin-silverrepresented or rare elsewhere in the country.The polymetallicbelt, Kiilsgaardand Bellido (1959) reoceanward part of this regionalsohasthe greatest cord much useful information on the mines of the (1978) contributes valuable concentration of majorporphyrycopper(-molybde- transect,and Robertson of several deposits in northernPunoDenum)deposits in thePeruvian Andes, comprising the descriptions
partment. Fletcher et al. (1989) examinethe broad geologicsettingof severalmineralizeddistricts of the CordilleraOccidentaland Altiplano. The geology andphysiography of the southern PeruvianAndes were firstcomprehensively documented by Bowman (1916) andDouglas(1920). More recent syntheses include those of Audebaudet al. (1976) and Sbrier et al. (1988). In a broadercontext,Daldeposits occurin the CordilleraOriental andthe sub- mayracet al. (1980) and M(gard(1987) document Andean lowlands, but the primary mineralization has the overall geologicevolutionof Peru; the latter authoratitivelyreviews(1988) the regionalgeologyof generally beenassigned a Paleozoie age. The 1:1,000,000 nationalmetallogenic mapof De the Andesnorth of the Bolivian orocline,while Pitcher las Casas and Ponzoni(1969), revisedat a scaleof 1: et al. (1985) provide a wealth of informationon the

operating Toquepala and Cuajone mines and the

Quellaveeo prospect. In contrast, the scattered epithermalvein systems of the extensive Tertiarycontinental volcano-sedimentary terrane of the Cordillera Occidental and contiguous Altiplanohavebeenless important assources of silver, gold,lead,copper, and zinc than thosein geologically comparable areasto the northwest. Productive bed-rock andplacergold

1522

CLARK ET AL.

_
Contours onMOHO ' '. '.'

/////////

Inner Arc
Domain .

.:'-'
.'?.

--

O'.". (.':L'--" '::: ":rr:?;'""z: ' ': ::::::":.

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ntours _ on

::e-:" :.::: :i?' ;:';;.f'.. 20s' . : "-:.. '*" "'':':t,..." T-;...:;.

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':':i ;:':%' :-';'--"l

FIG. 1. Sketchmapsshowing selected existinggeologic, geophysical, and topographic featuresof the centralAndesin the vicinityof the BolivianoroelineandAriea deflection. a. Locationof the study area relativeto the major physiographic provinces of the regionand to contours of crustalthickness (afterJames et al., 1971b,andFukaoet al., 1989). The Inner Are teetono-magmatie domain is delimited. The Main Are occupies the entireAltiplanoandCordilleraOccidental. b. Area with average elevation above3,000 m, undisseeted and weakly erodedvolcaniccenters,and depth contours on the central part of the subdueted slab(after Isaeks,1988).

PeruvianCoastal batholith.Isacks (1988) advances a stimulating modelfor the Neogenetectonicevolution of the oroclineregion. In additionto numerous1: 100,000 geologic mapsand reportsfor 30' quadran-

lera Occidental andon itsPacificslope, excellent reconnaissance descriptions of extensiveareasin the CordilleraOccidental, Altiplano,andCordilleraOriental are presentedby Newell (1949), Laubacher glesin southeastern Peru,p,ticularlyin the Cordil- (1978a andb), and Klinck et al. (1986).

METALLOGENIC EVOLUTION,SEPERUVIAN ANDES

1523

Metallogenic researchat Queen's University has zoic. Radicalchanges in tectonic,stratigraphic, and involved detailed studiesof the majority of the re- magmatic stylein mosttransects indicatethat the oncentlyproductiveore deposits in the region(Fig. 2), goingAndean orogenystartedin the Late Triassic, 10 Ma. including the Toquepala porphyry Cu-Mo center i.e., at 220 ___ We have previously advocateda distinctionbe(Zweng, 1984), the Cacachara (Johnson, 1986), and SantaBS. rbara (Wasteneys,1990) epithermal silver- tween "Main Arc" and "Inner Arc" magmaticdocentralAndes(Figs.1 and polymetallic vein systems, andthe lithophileandbase mainsin the post-Paleozoic criterionbeingthe natureof the metalveinsof the SanRafaeltin (Palma,1981; Kontak, 2), the fundamental assemblage, i.e., the 1985) and Palca 11 tungsten (Yamamura, 1990) overall igneouspetrochemical camps, aswell asreconnaissance studies of manyother petrographicprovince (Clark et al., 1983a; 1984). minesandprospects. Theseinvestigations havebeen Audebaudand Amosse(1981) advancea basically carried out in the contextof analyses of the regional similar subdivision of the Cenozoic Peruvian Andes and local settings of mineralization and an extensive into "Western" and "Eastern" domains but do not addressthe broader temporal or petrogeneticrelageochronologic program. thispersistent bipartitesubdivision Published informationon the ageofmineralization tions.We consider importance to metallogenesis. in this ca. 200-km-wide transectis scantyor absent to be of fundamental The Main Arc domain underlies the discontinuous in most districts.In the present paper we establish the stratigraphic, petrologic, and tectonicsettingof Cordillerade la Costa(Fig. 1) and the entire CordilThe uppermost Triassic to Quaterthe ore deposits of the region, and document K-Ar lera Occidental. and4Ar-39Ar datesdetermined for the deposits and/ nary Andeanvolcanicand plutonicrocksof this exor immediately associated igneous rocks. Manyof the tensive region are ultimately of mantle origin, but rangeof contributions from the geochronologic data are otherwise recordedonly in displaya significant crust(e.g., Harmonet unpublishedtheses (McBride, 1977; Palma, 1981; upper andmiddlecontinental Zweng, 1984; France,1985; Kontak,1985; Johnson, al., 1984; BarreiroandClark, 1984) andexhibitboth 1986; Wasteneys,1990; Langridge, in prep.). Our calc-alkaline(low to high K) and weakly alkaline focus is on hard-rock metallic mineralization of (shoshonitic) affinities(Lefvre, 1973; Dostalet al., broadlymagmatic hydrothermal character,although 1977). In contrast, the areally restricted Inner Arc coextensive with the Cordillera knowledgeof the geneticand temporalrelations be- domain,essentially tween magmatism and local hydrothermalactivity Oriental of southeastern Peru and western Bolivia peralkalinerocks ranges fromrigorous to tenuous (for an objectlesson, (Figs. 1 and 2), alsoincorporates seeFarrar et al., 1990b). Followingdefinitionof the and moderately to strongly peraluminous, intermemetallogenicepisodes, comparisons are made with diateto acidic,volcanic andintrusive suites (Carlier those representedin other transects of the central et al., 1982; Kontak et al., 1984, 1986; Laubacher et Andes.Detailed accounts of the Toquepala(Zweng al., 1988;Pichavant et al., 1988aandb). and Clark, in prep.), SantaBftrbara(Wasteneys and Bothdomains are entirelyensialic (James, 1971a; Clark, in prep.), Cacachara (Woodman andClark, in Clark et al., 1973), and the stratigraphic record the Mesozoic and Cenozoicrulesout the prep.), SanRafael (Clark et al., in prep.), and Palca throughout of the dockingof allochthonous terranes. 11 (Yamamura and Clark, in prep.) deposits will be possibility presentedin later publications. The factorsrespon- The Main Arc in southeastern Peru and northernmost siblefor the metallogenic highs andlowsin thisregion Chileisunderlain bythinPaleozoic sedimentary strata are evaluatedelsewhere(Clark, in prep.) on the basis andby theca.1.9- to 2.0-Gagranulite to amphibolite of availablepetrogeneticand geodynamic data. faciescrystalline basement of the Arequipamassif

(Shackleton et al., 1979). The continentward persisRegional geologic and metallogenic context tenceof thelatterisuncertain, but upperProterozoic The majorgeologic unitsexposed in thisAndean granitoidrockshave been locallyconfirmed to untransectare outlinedin Figure 3. Our discussion of derlie the Cretaceous-Cenozoic clastic fill of the A1Mesozoicand Cenozoiceventsemphasizes magmatic tiplanoin northernBolivia(Lehmann, 1978). In conand tectonicaspects, because we consider sedimen- trast, the Inner Arc domain of the Cordillera Oriental of tary rocksto haveplayedessentially a passive rome in is hostedby a thick, stronglydeformedsuccession metallic ore formation in this region. Southeastern clasticand lessercalcareous Paleozoic sedimentary Peru exhibitsthe markedphysiographic subdivisionrocks (e.g., Newell et al., 1953; Laubacher,1978a into CordilleraOccidental,Altiplano,and Cordillera andb) thataccumulated in extensive trough, the"AIOriental(Fig. 1), characteristic of the greatAricade- tiplanoEarlyPaleozoic Basin Depocenter" of Ramos flection or elbow, alsoknown asthe Bolivian orocline (1988), whichappears to haveformedalonga longin the Precambriansub(Carey,1958).The central Andean cordillera evolved standingzone of weakness
beside the Pacific Ocean basin since at least the latest

structure. The post-PaleozoicMain Arc-Inner Arc

Precambrian and has experiencedconvergentplate boundary in southeastern Peru (Fig. 2) is considered interactionand orogenesis throughout the Phanero- to lie withinanextensive morphotectonic subprovince

1524

CL.4

ET AL.

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grees west longitude

METALLOGENIC EVOLUTION, SE PERUVIAN ANDES

1525

termed the Precordillerade Carabayaby Laubacher (1978a, b), for which the igneousrock chemistryis poorly known. In contiguous Bolivia, however, the westernlimit of the Inner Arc, asdefinedby our studies (see also:J. Anguset al., unpub. data; Halls and Schneider,1988), clearlycoincides with the abrupt physiographic interfacebetweenthe CordilleraOriental and Altiplano and doesnot lie at the western margin of the latter as indicatedby Redwood and Macintyre(1989, their fig. 6). The intrusive and volcanicigneousrocks of the Main Arc of southernPeru were emplacedpersistently throughoutthe Mesozoicand Cenozoic (e.g., Stewart et al., 1974; Pitcher et al., 1985), with dormantintervals of up to 25 m.y. in mosttransects. They experienceda gradualcontinentward migrationfrom the latestTriassicto the Paleogene.However, in contrastto northern Chile,wherea remarkably systematic eastward migrationof the Main Arc at an averagerate of ca. 0.85 mm/yr occurredfrom the Early Jurassic to the early Miocene (Farrar et al., 1970; Clark et al., 1976), the superimposition of magmatism for periods of up to 50, or even 100 m.y., in 30- to 50-km-wide
belts characterized the main loci of Mesozoic and Pa-

atingthe articulated array(Fig. 1) of andesitic-dacitic volcanoes constituting the axisof the CordilleraOccidental(de SilvaandFrancis,1990) andrepresenting a northerly segmentof the central volcanic zone (1530-2730 S). The complex changes in the con-

figuration of the Cenozoic magmatic arc in southeastern Peru, and in contiguousnorthern Chilenorthwestern Bolivia,took placeover an intervalof

majorchanges in the Pacific basinplateboundaries (Handschumacher, 1976; Cande,1985), in plateconvergence ratesandsense (e.g.,Pardo-Casas andMolnar, 1987), in the geometry of subduction (Jordan et
al., 1983), and in the thickness of the orogeniccontinental crust (e.g., Tosdalet al., 1984); it alsocoincided with the counterclockwise rotation of the Pe-

ruviansegment of the orogento enhance the apparently long-standing Bolivianorocline(Isacks, 1988; R. J. Langridge,in prep.). The studiedtransect is now underlainby a steeply dipping (ca.30)Wadati-Benioff seismic zone(Isacks, 1988) but is flanked to the northwest by a domain of
fiat subduction, lacking post-Miocene magmatism

(Fig. 1). Thisis a Neogene (late Miocene: Nobleand McKee, 1977) discontinuity, perhaps resulting from Nazca ridge (Pilger, leogenevolcanism and granitoidplutonism in south- the subductionof the aseismic the plate marginat lat easternPeru. The contrasted time-space arc geome- 1981) which now intersects tries in this and contiguous transects predictablyex- 15 S, but it servesto delimit the area under considerted a direct control on the distribution of ore eration andmaycoincide with anearlier,mid-Tertiary warp in the subducting plate (seebelow).In the imdeposits. thick crustprobLarge-scaleareal expansion of the Main Arc in mediatestudyarea,comparatively to Paleosoutheastern Peru took place in the late Oligocene ably prevailedduringthe Late Cretaceous of the entirely subaerial volcanic (Clark et al., 1984; Bonhommeet al., 1985; France, cene accumulation 1985;R. J.Langridge, in prep.).The present extensive rocks comprisingthe Toquepala Group (Fig. 3). greatthickness (ca.65 km;Fig. geochronologic data base demonstrates that the arc However,the present broadened rather thanmigratedat 28.5 ___ 1 Ma, i.e., 1) of crustunderlyingthe Main Arc domain(James, fromstratiwithin the limits of the applicabledatingtechniques 1971b; Fukaoet al., 1989) maybe shown andgeomorphologic relations (Tosdal, 1978; (Clark and McNutt, 1982). This critical Oligocene graphic event, restrictedto the vicinity of the Bolivian oro- Tosdalet al., 1984) to be a largelyNeogenefeature: ofthevolcanic Cordillera Occline, resultedin the juxtaposition of Main andInner upliftofthefoundation Arc igneous lithotypesin the Peruviansegment of the cidental commencedat 25 to 26 Ma. Isacks (1988) Cordillera Oriental and in a combined arc width of ascribes the massive uplift which generated the ca. ca. 320 to 350 km. Considered as a whole, however, 3,650-m a.s.l.Altiplanoaswell asa major accentuathe Inner Arc displays a magmatichistorydiffering tion of the Bolivianoroclineto unusuallyintensetecof thermallyweakenedorogenic markedlyfrom that of the Main Arc andexperienced tonic shortening widely separatedbursts of post-Paleozoic activity lithosphere duringthe MioceneQuechuan orogeny
(Carlier et al., 1982; Kontak et al., 1984, 1990c and d), in strongcontrastto the quasicontinuous development of the Main Arc (Clark et al., 1984). Only very minormagmatism hasoccurred in the Inner Arc sincethe early Pliocene,while Main Arc igneousactivity hasbeen focused alonga narrow zone, gener-

(seealso Lyon-Caen et al., 1985). In contrast, other workers (e.g.,BakerandFrancis, 1978) arguefor a dominant role of magmatic underplating in crustal thickening andhenceuplift. Konoet al. (1989) advancea compromise model on the basisof gravity
studies in southern Peru (Fukaoet al., 1989), in which

FIG.2. Location mapof study transect andthe areaimmediately to thewest,showing departmental boundaries, majorcitiesandtowns, andselected ore deposits, the latterclassified according to size. Filled circles indicate deposits for whichgeochronologic dataare presented in thispaper;opencircles
recordundated deposits; deposits withbracketed names arethose datedin otherstudies. The approximate boundary of the Inner Arc domainis shown.

15 2 6

CLARK ET AL.

o I

,
km

50 i

CenozoicQuaternary '"'"'"':': Mesozoic and

Volcanic and

Sedimentary Units

Cenozoic

Plutons

FIG. 14

Macusani--

vvVi Upper Cretaceous Mesozoic Strata

- Paleogene Subaerial
Volcanics

:ruce,ro_

Paleozoic Strata and Granitoid Rocks

(Arequipa Massif)

Precambrian
thrust
faults

Pucar$
Huancanb'

O cities and towns

.:Z;;Efi aze Lake ,,t)caca

FLAAuGLU! FIG. 10
Arequipa
FIG, 8

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Moqul

Toquepala

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METALLOGENIC EVOLUTION, SE PERUVIAN ANDES

159, 7

crustalthickeningin the Cordillera Oriental largely resultedfrom tectonicshortening and is uncompensated,whereasthat beneaththe Cordillera Occidental involvedunderplatingby maficmagmas. A persistenttheme in Andean researchsincethe work of Steinmann (1929) hasbeenthe delimitation of orogenwide, secularly discrete, compressional tectonic eventsconsidered to have been separated by more protracted periods of tectonic quiescenceor extension. Althoughthisconcept is accepted by most workers (e.g., Pardo-Casas and Molnar, 1987), we emphasize that definition of the ageof suchorogenies remainscontroversial; compare,for example,the discordantchronologies andnomenclatures for the later Tertiary, "Quechua," eventsrecently advanced in geomorphologic, stratigraphic,tectonic, and geochronologic studies in southeastern Peru and contiguousnorthernBoliviaby Tosdal et al. (1984), Lavenu (1986), Mgard (1987, 1988), Sbrier et al. (1988), and Ellisonet al. (1989).
The mantle-derived melts of the central volcanic

with a continentward transition from Fe-, throughCudominated zones to a polymetallic domain whereCu isjoinedby Pb, Zn, andAg; all are considered herein to lie within the Main Arc. Zentilli (1974) and Clark et al. (1976), however,emphasize the markedinconsistencies in metal zoningin the centralAndes.The wide compositional spectrumof the Inner Arc magmatism in southeastern Peru and northwestern Bolivia

zone of the Andes,and their predecessors, are consideredto have experienced a historyof melting,as-

similation,storage,and homogenization in a deep crustalzone (Hildreth and Moorbath, 1988). Strontium andoxygenisotoperelations in the corresponding Mesozoic andPaleogene Main Arc rocksof, e.g., northernChile, are interpreted(McNutt et al., 1975; Longstaffe et al., 1983) asevidence for magma sources in the lower crustor uppermantleandfor onlyminor upper crustal contributionsthrough assimilationfractionalcrystallization processes before substantial crustalthickeningoccurredin the Neogene.In contrast, both upper crustaland mantlemagmasources were directlytappedin the Inner Arc (Kontaket al., 1984), anda wide rangeof true anatectic conditions were involved in the genesisof its diverseperaluminoussuites(e.g., Pichavant et al., 1988a and b). Whereasthe Main Arc resembles magmatic provinces which are generatedas by-productsof subduction, the Inner Arc exhibits magmatic andtectonicfeatures
characteristic of ensialic rift zones and continental in-

is paralleled by an extremely diverse metallogenic makeup, in whichthe economic metals andmetalloids characteristic of the hydrothermaldepositsof the Main Arc are joined by globallyimportantconcentrationsof Sn, as well as by U, Li, and possibly, Zr and REE. Althoughwidespread in the Main Arc, W, Bi, andSbare greatlyenhanced in the Inner Arc.The sparse radiogenic isotopedata availablefor igneous rocks directlyassociated with ore deposits of the Main Arc domainsuggest that an increasing involvement of the continental crustin magmagenesis wasparalleled by an increasing complexityin the ore metal assemblage of the associated ore deposits.Crustal sources, probably largely igneous, areinferredto have addedAg 4- W and then Pb to a mantle metal associationcharacterized by Cu(-Mo),Au, Fe (oxideores), andminorCo, Zn, andMn (Clark, 1982). Anatexis of metasediments, essentially restricted to the Inner Arc, wasa prerequisite for the generation of economic Sn, and probably U, deposits(Amosse and Audebaud, 1978; Audebaudand Amosse, 1981). Suchvariable
interactions within the continental crust, rather than

areal and temporal changesin the conditionsof magmaand/or fluid generationassociated with the subducting slab(e.g., Sillitoe, 197a, b) or the distribution of specific supracrustal rocktypes(Petersen, 1972), areconsidered to underlie the transverse economicmetal zonationdocumented by Sillitoe(1976) and others. Variations in the extent of magma-crust interaction alsoaccount for the important aberrations fromthe accepted patterns of metaldistribution, such asthe across-orogen enrichment in Cu and Au, and

depletion in Pb,exhibited by areas of northern Chile andnorthwestern Argentina (Zentilli,1974; Clarket

al., 1976).

terior plutonicbelts.Dramaticvariations in Inner Arc magma chemistry are correlated with radicalchanges in tectonicconditions, indicatingthat this domainis a narrowbut persistent buffer zonebetweenthe Andeanorogenand the Braziliancraton. Manyworkers(e.g.,Sillitoe,1972a, 1976; Ponzoni, 1980; Soler et al., 1986) have emphasized that this region exemplifies the transverse ore metal zonation

Format of data presentation

Our focus is on the Mesozoic-Cenozoic Andean

orogenyand only brief mentionwill be madeof demonstrably older mineraldeposits. The Precambrian and Paleozoic basement terranesare generallyonly weakly mineralized (Clark et al., 1976; Ericksen, first the available considered characteristic of Andean-type orogens, 1980; Sillitoe, 1988). We consider
FIG. 3. Geologicmap of the studytransect,modifiedand greatly simplifiedafter INGEMMET (1975), outliningspecific areasof study,shownin more detailin Figures4 to 10 and 14 to 16. The doublewavyline is our proposed boundary betweenthe Arequipa andToquepala segments of the Coastalbatholith. If only Albian and youngerintrusions were considered, the boundarywould lie approximately midwaybetweenArequipaandToquepala.

159,8

CLARK ET AL.

geochronologic data for mineralizationin the Main dard SP-85 biotite. The samemass spectrometer, but Are, assignedto oceanward(Jurassic-Eocene) and undercomputer control, wasemployed. Otheraspects continentward (Oligocene andMiocene)subprovinces of gasextractionand analysis remainedthe same.In with respectto the axisof the Cordillera Occidental the incremented heatingruns,a Lindbergfurnace was (Fig. 1). Thereafter we examinethe chronologyof employedto controlsteptemperature precisely. ore formationin the narrow Inner Arc, subdividing The decayconstants andisotope abundance ratios the deposits intoMesozoic andCenozoic groups. The used are thoserecommended by Steiger and Jiger locationmap, Figure 2, indicates the majorityof the (1977). Quotederrorsare at the 95 percentconfidated depositsand districts,as well as those which dence level. To obtain maximum definition of age remain unstudiedfrom the geochronologic stand- spectra, no errorwasassigned to the J values usedto point, and severalkey deposits immediatelywest of calculate 4Ar/3Ar stepages. If, therefore, comparthe studytransect.Geologicdescriptions and sketch ison is to be made between conventional K-Ar and maps arepresented for the miningdistricts, facilitating 4Ar/3Ar dates, approximately 0.5 percent ofthedate evaluation of the new geochronologic data;manyof should be addedto the errorsquotedfor the 4Ar/ the study areasare outlined in Figure 3. In several 3Arintegrated ages. districts, the sparsity or problematic significance of Full analytical dataare givenfor conventional Kthe agedeterminations requiresa moredetailedeval- Ar dates andfor 4Ar/39Ar total-fusion runs(Tables uationof geologic relations. The attentionwe pay to 1-4). The resultsof 4Ar/3Ar step-heating experiseveral smallshowings isjustifiedby the information ments,however,are presented only in the form of they provideon overallmetallogenic trendsandpat- apparent agespectra; complete datamaybe obtained terns,andsuchapparentlysparse mineralization may from E. Farrar. We refer the radiometric dates to the alsobe germaneto future mineral exploration. "Decadeof North American Geology1983 Geologic Time Scale" (Palmer, 1983). Our metallogenic epiGeochronologic Techniques sodes are considered to makeup a single post-Permian The K-Ar and4Ar/39Ar totalfusion dates andthe Andean metallogenic epoch; we realizethatthisusage agespectra reportedare from studies (e.g., McBride, differs fromthatof Lindgren(1933), but it isrequired 1977; France, 1985; Kontak, 1985; R. J. Langridge, by the still incomplete geochronologic databasefor in prep.; H. A. Sandeman, unpub.data)that were un- the central Andes. dertakenover a protractedperiod duringwhich the Mesozoic to Eocene Mineralization analytical techniques usedin the Queen'sUniversity of the Main Arc Domain geochronology laboratoryevolvedsignificantly. Early argon extractions (McBride, 1977) were Introduction made byradio-frequency induction heating ofsamples in niobiumcrucibles in a pyrexvacuum line, following The oceanward slopes of the Cordillera Occidental overnight bakeoutat ca. 150C.In later K-Ar studies andthe Cordillerade la Costa(Fig. 1) are underlain (France, 1985; Kontak, 1985), Ar extractions were by UpperTriassic, andmoreextensively, Jurassic mamade in resistively heated tantalum crucibles rine volcanic andsedimentary strataandby anUpper mounted in a turret-type furnace connected to a Cretaceous to Paleogene subaerial volcanic series, the stainless steelvacuum system. All argonisotope ratios ToquepalaGroup (Fig. 3). These remnants of a were determined on an Associated Electrical Indussuccession of continental marginmagmatic arcsand tries, Ltd., MS-10 massspectrometer, operatedstat- of flanking,largely shallow-water basins(MSgard,

ically,using aliquots of 3SAr, calibrated against LP-6

interlaboratorystandardbiotite and JC-90 internal standard biotite, as the spike.Potassium concentrationswere determinedin duplicateon separatesample aliquots with anInstrumentation Laboratory, Inc., 143 flamephotometer,employinga lithium internal standard anda sodium buffer(McBride,1977) or with an I.L. 251 atomicabsorption-emission spectrometer usinga CsC1internal buffer (France, 1985; Kontak, 1985). Potassium analyses were referred to Bern 4M

1987) are underlainby a basement dominated by Precambrian metamorphic rocks andlowerPaleozoic

graniticplutons assigned, respectively, to the Arequipamassif (Shackleton et al., 1979) and to the southerly extensions of the Silurian-Devonian SanNicol/s batholith(Mukasa andHenry, 1990; R. J. Lang-

ridge, unpub.data).The Paleogene and olderunits are overlain unconformably by a generally thin cover of Oligocene to Quaternary continental clastics and volcanics. The age relations and stratigraphy of the and LP-6 international standards. post-Eocene strata,and the Neogenetectonicevoby Tosdalet In the later 4Ar/39Ar studiesreportedherein lution of the transect,are documented (Kontak,1985;R. J.Langridge, in prep.;H. A. Sande- al. (1981, 1984) and Sbrier et al. (1988). All significant hypogene metallic mineralization in man,unpub.data),samples andmonitors (JC90) were isofpre-Oligocene ageanddisplays a close irradiatedin position5C of the McMasternuclearre- thisregion with granitoid plutons andhypabyssal felactor,Hamilton,Ontario.Monitors usedin the 4Ar/ association The distribution and petrography of the 3Aranalyses included LP-6biotiteandinternal stan- sic stocks.

METALLOGENIC EVOLUTION, SE PERUVIAN ANDES

1529

TABLE1.

K-Ar Age Determinations for Main Arc Mineralized Districts, SoutheasternPeru

40Arrad

Sample no.
A. Ilo-Ite

Location

Rocktype

Material analyzed

%K

(cm3/g X 10-6 NTP)

Atto% 4Ar

Apparent age(Ma) anderror (___2)

and Cocachacra districts

SP 120

SP 112 SP 116
SP 114

1734'18" 7121'25" 1734'34"

1706'59"

Diorite

Granodiorite Granodiorite-tonalite
Granodiorite-tonalite

Hornblende Biotite Hornblende

0.483 5.295 0.350

3.11 33.96 2.148

310.8 7.4 23.1

158.4 157.6 151.3

___ 4.9 ___ 4.7 ___ 4.9

1740'43" 7117'19" 1737'18"

71o10'57 ',

Hornblende Biotite Biotite Biotite

0.597 7.565 6.717 3.093

2.527 31.37 25.83 19.69

11.1 4.6 9.9 6.6

105.6 103.6 96.1 156.4

___ 3.2 ___ 3.0 _ 2.9 + 4.6

SP 149

17o01'46"

Granodiorite

7141'58"
B. Toquepala-Cuajone district

(+ chlorite)

SP 137
SPTOQ 83-2

1713'17"
70o39'06 ',

Quartz monzodiorite
Dacite

Biotite

7.903

18.36

10.4

58.7

_+ 1.9

17 14'00"
70o36'30"

Biotite
Muscovite

6.850
8.696

15.44
17.99

9.14
2.7

57.1
52.3

_ 0.57
_ 1.6

SP 78

17o01'38" 7042'26"

Quartz vein envelope

C. Lluta (Cercana)district
SPATA SPIT I 2 17 o48'48" 7000'17" 17o50'28" 7006'13"
Monzodiorite

Biotite Biotite

7.445 7.124

1.749 1.715

16.80 8.54

60.33 60.90

___ 1.30 _ 1.83

Monzodiorite

D. Ataspaca-Caplinadistrict

SPATA 3 SPATA 4
SPATA 6

17o43'36"
6955'16"

Quartz monzodiorite Quartz monzodiorite

Potassic alteration
zone

Biotite

7.300

1.222

14.07

42.58

_ 0.96

17o42'24"
6955'01"

Biotite
Biotite

7.296
7.204

1.122
1.151

6.80
4.40

39.15
40.65

__+ 0.85
__+ 0.88

1742'24"
6955'01"

E. Cacachara-Pavico

district

CACH CACH

39 96C

16o37'59"
70o03'05"

Andesitc Dacite

Biotite Biotite Biotite Biotite

6.63 7.10 7.01 7.33

2.148 1.945 1.806 1.847

41.05 30.82 21.79 19.22

8.316 _ 0.586 7.035 __+ 0.430 6.617 _+0.146 6.476 __+ 0.181

1638'17"
7004'14"

CACH 81
CACH 156

1638'40"
70o03'26" 1639'41"

Dacitic ash-flow tuff

Dacitic

7005'03"
F. Pucar5 district

crystal-vitrictuff

COCA 1001

1502'30"

Intrusiverhyolite

Biotite

7.061

4.25

47.6

15.4

___ 0.4

intrusiverocksare well documented in the 1:100,000

geologic mapsandquadrangle reportsof Bellidoand Guevara(1961, 1963), Narvez and Garcia (1962), Wilsonand Garcia(1962), Narvez (1964), Bellido and Landa(1965), Jain (1965), Garcia(1968), and Bellido(1979). The plutonicrocksrangein composition fromgabbro to alkali feldspar granite, butquartz diorite,quartzmonzodiorite, and granodiorite pre-

dominate in mostareas. Theseauthors recognized the polyphasenature of the Andean batholith, but tentativelyassigned a Cretaceous to Paleogene ageto all granitoidintrusiveactivityon the basis of the contact relationsof someplutonswith the volcanicstrataof

theUpperCretaceous to Paleocene Toquepala Group. The first geochronologic datumfor the plutonic rocksof the regionwasprovided by Laughlin et al.

1530

CLARK ET AL.

(1968), but the existenceof Mesozoicintrusions was important Fe showings occur near Ite where north-

unconfirmed untiltheK-Arstudies of McBride (1977) west-strikinghypogenehematite-quartzveins with andShnchez (1983a andb). Beckinsale et al. (1985) averagewidthsof ca. 3 m (Narvez, 1964) and conpresent a selective review of these data and addition-

taining minor magnetite and pyrite, have been

trenched on Cerro Morritos. Bellido and de Montreuil

ally contributeseveral whole-rock Rb-Srisochrons for

intrusive rocks of the Toquepala district(seebelow). (1972) estimatereservesof ca. 10 million metric tons They,andPitcher (1985),assigned theplutons to the of 60 percentFe to shallowdepths.Boththe MorToquepala segment of the PeruvianCoastal batholith; ritos prospectand the lessimportanthematite veins giventhe ca. 150-m.y.timespan represented by the exposed onCerroPelado arehosted by granitoid rocks rocks, thisterminology is probably tooinclusive, but rangingin composition from diorite to granodiorite it isfollowed herein.Pitcher et al. (1985) also delimit anddisplaying both gradational andabrupttransitions (Narvez, several plutonicsuperunits in the area, following fromonelithologyto the otheron all scales methodology developedin the better studiedLima 1964). There are no recordsof iron productionfrom segment.However, no U-Pb zircon datesare available either prospect. for Andeanplutonicrocksin the immediate transect: McBride (1977) determinedsixconventional K-Ar Mukasa's (1986) dataarefor plutons to the northwest datesfor four granitoidsamples in the Ilo area:the of Arequipa (Fig. 3) whichonlyarguably constitute data (Table 1, a: samplesSP-112, -114, -116, and partoftheToquepala segment. We strongly advocate -120) were interpretedas definingtwo episodes of on petrographic andgeochemical, but alsosemantic, plutonism, of LateJurassic (ca.151-159 Ma) andmidgrounds thattheboundary between theArequipa and Cretaceous(96-111 ma) age. The older dateswere Toquepala segments of the batholith be sited south- obtained for diorite from the immediate littoral zone east of thecityofArequipa ratherthanto itsnorthwest (sample SP-120),andthe Albianages for granodiorites (Fig. 3). Boilyet al. (1984) interpretthe Rb-Srdata andtonalites fartherinland.Snchez(1983a)obtained to indicateca. 185 Ma asthe agefor the Chocolate similar Albian K-Ar dates for several granodioritic Volcanics of theIlo-Ite area, but theysuggest anage samples northeast of Ilo but also foundEarlyto Middle of ca. 150 Ma for moresoutheasterly sequences. Jurassic dates(196 and 182 Ma) for two dioritic rocks The mineralization of the area includes scattered from the coastalzone. AlthoughMcBride's(1977) auriferous copper veins, hematite(-magnetite) veins, data(cited,but in part mislocated by Snchez,1983a) polymetallic veinsand skarns, and three majorpor- includedconcordant Late Jurassic datesfor associated phyry Cu-Mo centers;only porphyrydeposits have hornblende and biotite (SP-120), Beckinsaleet al. been productivein the pasttwo decades. Our dis- (1985) madeno referenceto the possible occurrence cussion of the age relationsof the ore deposits and of magmatism of this age in their analysis of the inmineralshowings is subdivided into sevendistricts in trusivechronology of the area.Instead,they inferred four map areas,the locations of which are shownin that intrusiontook place only in the Early Jurassic Figure 3. More detailed geologicmapsof the min- and mid-Cretaceous. Because their older dates were eralizedareasare includedin Figures4 through7. obtainedfrom the discontinuous belt of dioriticplutons exposed along the coast (Narvtez, 1964; Fig. 4), Ilo-Ite district they furtherproposed that such maficrocks constitute Three smallcoppermineshave been active north a distinct Punta Coles superunit,whereasthe more andnortheast of Ilo in the Cordillera de la Costa (Figs. widespread granodioriteswere assignedto a mid1-4). The Santiago, Valpar/iso, andLiconaoperations CretaceousIlo superunit. Pitcher (1985) recorded a developed horizontally extensive veins,now deeply gabbroicto dioritic composition for the former and oxidized, but with a chalcopyrite-pyrite-hematite hy- described the younger rocksasranging fromtonalite pogene paragenesis.The veins occur within and at to granodiorite.Contrary to Pitcher's observations, the margin of a leucocratic biotite-hornblende grano- the rocksof the areaare not generallyfoliated;pendiorite pluton (Narvftez,1964), intrusiveinto marine etrativedeformation islargelyconfined to synplutonic volcanicand sedimentary strataof the Liassic Choc- maficdikes.An epizonal, but submarine, environment olate Volcanics and Callovian Guaneros Formation of emplacementis inferred. (Fig.4). Iron mineralization is also widelydeveloped We consider the PuntaColesandIlo superunits to in the area. Pegmatitebodiesin the roof zone of a havebeen prematurelyestablished. Narvtez(1964) dioriteplutonnorthof Ilo contain abundant magne- emphasized that mafic and felsicgranitoidmagmas tite, intergrownwith bytownite, Cl-rich (_0.65 wt were intimatelyassociated in the area,particularlyin %) hastingsite, andscapolite (Clark,unpub.data),all the emplacementof the mixed diorite-granodiorite commonto the magnetite (-Cu, Au) mineralization unit (Fig. 4), andthe seniorauthorhasobserved conassociated with mafic plutons of theArequipa segment vincingevidence(cf. Vernon et al., 1988) of mafic of the Coastal batholith(Atkinet al., 1985), but the and felsicmagmaminglingin the coastal area north occurrences are apparentlyof negligiblesize. More of Ilo, e.g., globular enclaves(pillows) of diorite in

METALLOGENIC EVOLUTION, SE PERUVIAN ANDES

1531

I' km

17.80

Ism?2 I
Santiag

151.3 Ma (b)"

-] Post-Mesozoic Units
Guaneros (Callovlan)Formation (Llasslc) Volcanlcl W Chocolate " '* Yamayo (TrlaaalcGroup - Llasslc) Precambrian Gnemaaes
xXxXxXxXxX ,x

Cu(-Au),

t(h)

.iix!iornbienda Granodiorite
iorlta - Granodlorlte
ornblende Diorite

Punta
vvvv vvvvvvvvvv vvvvvvvvvv vvv

fault
river
road

2001,
;loo Hi3 ($PA8)
'0

XxXxXxXxX
x

mina (abandoned)
x x x x x x x x

1LA' 159'32+-4'78 Ma
100o/o
Chambal

xXxXxXxXxXxXx x x x x x x x x XxX x x x x x

prospect

Cumulative % Ar released

K - Ardate b-biotite

h-hornblende

I.A. 104.04_+4.72 Ma I I.A. 108.83_+6.91 Ma I

D
BI (SPAM -88)
I.A. 101.36+_2.23 Ma

BI (SPAM-12C5-)
x

Punta

XxX XxX x

4Ar/39Ar Spectrum

.... ;.;. (Fe); xxxxx.-x'-xx

xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxx xxxxxx

G
HB (SPAM -123)
I.A. 186.04+_8.75 Ma

BI (SPAM -45)
I.A. 104.651.12 Me
VVVVVVVVVVVVVV

18S

171 15'W

71 W

FIG. 4. Geologic mapof the Ilo-Ite area,simplified after Narvtez(1964). It emphasizes the preCenozoicunitsand givesthe distributionof metal minesand prospect. The locations of the samples

datedby conventional K-Ar and4Ar/S9Ar methods areshown, together with step-heating spectra for
sevenminerals from five granitoidsamples. Alsoshown are locations andK-Ar datesfor samples 16.80
and 17.80 from Snchez (1983a).

the upper reachesof the Rio de Ilo. Omission of a high-errorlowesttemperaturestepgenerates a more preciseintegratedageof 184.52 _+ 5.76 Ma, andsteps two throughfiveof the spectrum conform adequately to a plateauconfiguration. This date is taken to inin permissive ciesis provided by an ongoing program of 4Ar/39Ar dicateintrusionin the Middle Jurassic, step-heating geochronology (R. J. Langridge, in prep; agreementwith the observed contactrelationswith R. J. Langridgeet al., in prep.), sevenage spectra the Liassic Chocolate Volcanics. The plutonis apparfrom which are presentedin Figure 4. As would be ently unmineralized. expected fromthe variedK-Ar dates, most hornblende A significantly younger,Late Jurassic, 4Ar/39Ar and biotite age spectradeterminedfor the intrusive integratedageof 159.32 _+4.78 Ma wasobtained for rocks of the area reveal evidence of thermal disturfreshhornblende from a dioriticrock croppingout bance:true plateausare not widely displayed. The near the northwestcorner of the map area (Fig. 4: oldest integrated age, 186.04 _+8.75 Ma, was ob- A). The age spectrumrevealsa smalldegree of retainedfor hornblende in sample SPAM-123 (Fig. 4: setting, but the overlapping errorsin the threehigher spectrum F) from a smallexposure of granodiorite in temperaturestepssuggest that the age may be ac-

granodiorite, wispyelongated inclusions, bothbasaltic and composite(basaltic/dacitic) synplutonic dikes: thusno simple maficto felsicintrusive sequence prevailed duringbatholithconstruction. A partial resolution of theseapparentinconsisten-

1532

CLARK ET AL.

ceptedwith confidence. Thisdateis sensibly identical Whereas earlier workers (e.g., Soler et al., 1986) to that yieldedby conventional K-Ar datingof nearby have inferred a Jurassic age for the Fe deposits, the sample SP-120andisconsidered to confirm McBride's new age data strongly imply that all significant me(1977) inferenceof a Late Jurassic intrusiveeventin tallic mineralizationin the area is of Cretaceous age; this area. only the very minor magnetite-amphibole-scapolite Other agespectra obtained in the presentresearch bodiesare associated with Middle Jurassic plutons. yield mid-Cretaceous dates.Hornblende and biotite No datable material could be recovered from the from SPAM-125 (Fig. 4: B and C) give essentially chloritizedandsilicifiedselvages of the Santiago and concordantintegrated ages of 108.83 ___ 6.91 and Valparaiso copper veins,but traverses to the mines 104.04 ___ 4.74 Ma, respectively.The spectra,and fromthe Ri6 de Ilo revealnosignificant intrusive conparticularlythat for hornblende,are disturbed,but tacts, and it is inferred that these and the Licona vein the similarityin the datessuggest that intrusionoc- system are hostedby a lithologically distinctive, leucurredin the mid-Cretaceous. Boththis andthe pet- cocraticgranodiorite-tonalite pluton ca. 100 to 105 rographically similar biotite-hornblende granodiorite- Ma in apparentage. No dikes are observedin the tonaliteSPAM-88 (Fig. 4: D andE) exhibitmoderate vicinity of the veinsand a mid-Cretaceous ageis also chloritization of hornblende and, to a lesser extent, tentatively proposedfor the hydrothermalactivity, biotite. In the caseof SPAM-88,thisis probably re- which may, however, have been coeval with the flectedin the markedly highererrorin the integrated widespread chloritization, perhaps at ca. 95 Ma. The age for the hornblende(96.38 ___ 32.08 Ma) than in potentially economichematite veins of the Cerro that for the biotite (101.36 _+2.23 Ma). However, 89 Morrito area are hostedby the mixed diorite-granopercent of the gas released fromthehornblende yields diorite unit of Narvftez(1964) which, on the upper a more precise age of 97.39 ___ 9.86 Ma. As with slopes of Cerro Meca Chico, may be observed to inSPAM-125, emplacementin the mid-Cretaceous is trude the ca. 105-Ma PuntaMeca Grandediorite pluinferred.Bothof theserocks conform broadlyto the ton. However, severalother total fusion4Ar/39Ar characteristics of Pitcher's (1985) Ilo superunit.In dates for biotites from the mixed unit are also of this contrast, sample SPAM-45,fromthe vicinityof Punta age (R. J. Langridgeet al., in prep.), and it is thus MecaGrande,is a maficbiotite-bearing diorite,and concluded that the iron mineralization at both Cerro the plutonhasbeenassigned onpetrological grounds Morritos and Cerro Peladowasemplacedin the A1to the PuntaColessuperunitby both Pitcher (1985) bian. and Beckinsale et al. (1985). The biotite, however, Cocachacra district yieldsan almostundisturbed plateauspectrum(Fig. The deep valley of the lower Rio Tambo(Figs.2 4: G) with an integratedage of 104.65 ___ 1.12 Ma, severalstocks of hornblende-biotite i.e., essentiallyidentical to those of the more felsic and 5) exposes rocks. granodiorite whichintrudegneisses of the Arequipa We interpret theK-Arand4Ar/39Ar agedatafor massif, clastic sedimentsof the probably Lower Formationandthe UpperTriasthe Ilo-Ite area as delimitingat least three distinct PermianCocachacra

Group, and andesitic volcanic strataof plutonic episodes, of MiddleJurassic (ca. 185 Ma), sic Yamayo Chocolate Volcanics (BellidoandGuevara, Late Jurassic (ca. 160-165 Ma), andmid-Cretaceous the Liassic
(ca. 95-110 Ma) age.This represents a compromise 1961, 1963). A wider rangeof granitoidrockscrops part of the Puntade Bomb6n quadbetween the chronologies proposedby McBride outin the eastern areaof Fig. 5) andincludes diorites, (1977) andBeckinsale et al. (1985), but the arealdis- rangle(right-hand unit tribution of the intrusive age groupsremainsincom- monzonites,and a mixed granodiorite-diorite pletelydefined (R.J. Langridge et al., in prep.).The similar to that of the Ilo-Ite district. Scattered Aumineralizationoccursin associearlier two events followed shortly on the eruption bearingcupriferous of the andesites of the Chocolate Volcanics and the ation with the granitoid rocks, but only the nowRosa Mariaminehassupported significant Guaneros Formation, respectively. The Albianintru- abandoned sions haveno clearlocalvolcanic analogues. Although production. Cordaniet al. (1985) providethe only published M. Boily (in Boily et al., 1984) briefly notesthe occurrence of ca. 100-Ma volcanic strata beneath the geochronologic data for intrusiverocksof the area, K-Ar date of 154 Ma for Toquepala Group,the mainlocus of the late Albian recordinga conventional volcanism,and of the associated Mochica deforma- granodioritefrom an impreciselylocated stock. tional event, was far to the north, in central and McBride (1977) dated a sample(SP-149) from the stock immediately northof E1FiscalobnorthernPeru (Mgard, 1987). It isalsoinferredthat granodiorite 4.6 Ma for chloritized all three plutonicsuitescomprise rocksrangingin taininga K-Ar ageof 156.4 ___ composition from dioriteto granodiorite; thus,the biotite (Table 1, a). R.J.Langridge (inprep.) has determined 4Ar/Ar PuntaColes-Ilo supergroup subdivision should probstep-heating dates, including threebiotite-hornblende ably be abandoned.

METALLOGENIC EVOLUTION, SE PERUVIAN ANDES

1533

'%.*..*.*.x_;6U

-*:'

AU 1

PI
/k
'

(b;.9 ! ()-1 I
;;;V

5.;' -'

Post-Mesozoic Granite I Units Hornbnde

Chocolate "X_Diorite_
(Liassic
__ majorfault

Granodre-

L"."/
'[ - 82)v

//////////// ////(SPAM

VVVVVVVVVVVV IvvvvI vvvvvvvvvvvvv

//////////////

7-.

/
-

/'

COCACHACRA v v v v v v v v v v p=%2; Liassic ?) / /vvvvVVVVVVVVVV

/
/ tvvvvvvvvvvvvvv

/ VVV VVVV VVVVVV ::::(:)] (Triassic- - 'V V V V V V V V '"'"'?:;1 pccnacra

VVVVVV

road
river

'-

/[

V V V

............

V V V V V V

K-Ar date

".

.,

' ' //////// Precambrian

o- .39-

0!o, 10!% l;grated age 159 73182 M i

Cumulative %39Ar released 7150'W 7140'W

in{oclas (SPAMd age 144.68 + 1.01 M i

7130'W I

FIG.5. Geologic mapof the Cocachacra area,simplified afterBellidoandGuevara (1961), showing the locations of the Rosa Mariamineandof samples dated by the K-Ar and4Ar/39Ar methods. The spectrum for sample SPAM-82G wasdetermined for a monzonite dikeintruding granDdiorite sample
SPAM-82.

pairs,for sixspecimens of granDdiorite from outcrops in the Rio Tambo valley between Cocachacra and El Fiscal.Representative datafor biotiteandhornblende from one granDdioritesample (SPAM-82), and a spectrum for orthociasa froma 2-m-wideapliticmonzonite dike (SPAM-82G) which intrudesthe granDdiorite are both givenin Figure 5. All agespectra for hornblendefrom this districthavesimilarconfigurations,showing fairly well definedhighertemperature plateau segments and low-temperaturesteps with lower apparentages,suggestive of a smalldegreeof resetting.The biotite spectraare similarbut showin addition low maxima separating the plateauandinitial segments,yielding a saddle-shaped configuration similarto thoseof thermallydisturbedbiotite spectra recordedby Berger(1975) andDallmeyerandRivers (1983). However,thisfeaturemayalsobe the result

complex natureof the spectra, a LateJurassic ageof

ca. 160 to 165 Ma isinferredfor all of the granDdiorite stocks exposed along the lowerRioTambo. Thesedata lendsupport to the occurrence of UpperJurassic plutons in the Ilo area.

of 39Arinternalrecoilgenerated duringneutronirradiationowing to the presenceof fine interlaminationsof secondary chlorite(Lo andOnstott,1989), a widespread featureof the biotitesin the granDdiorites of the area. The integrated agesof coexisting horn-

blende(162.55 _+ 6.58 Ma) and biotite (159.73

_ 1.82 Ma) in SPAM-82 (and in the other dated sam-

pies) arein satisfactory concordance, anddespite the

Orthociasa from the monzonitedike (SPAM-82G) cutting SPAM-82yields anexcellent plateau spectrum (Fig. 5) with an integratedageof 144.68 _+1.00 Ma. This date is significantly youngerthan both the integratedagesand plateausegments obtainedfor the granDdiorite host, and despitethe low Ar retention temperatureof orthociasa, is considered to record a distinctintrusiveepisodein the latestJurassic. This may havebeen responsible for the minorresetting of the ages of the Rio TambogranDdiorites. Bellidoand Guevara(1963) observethat the more mafic,dioritic intrusions in the easternpart of the area coveredby Figure 5 alsocut the granDdiorites, but it would be prematureto infer a latestJurassic age for them. The RosaMaria vein system, initially worked for gold but more recently for copper, is hostedby a granodioriticpluton (Bellido and Guevara, 1963) identical in petrography to thatrepresented by SPAM82 but displaying pervasive chloriticandlocalargillic alteration, andcut by (premineral) andesitic andfelsic

1534

CLARK ET

dikes. Tourmaline isobserved in quartzose veinstones onceringstudyof Laughlinet al. (1968), who deteron the Rosa Maria dumps. Moreover,veinlets with a mineda K-Ar ageof 60.2 (___ 1.8) Ma for biotite from chalcopyrite-pyrite-hematite paragenesis similarto a premineralization "diorite" from an oxidizedoutthat whichdominates the Rosa Mariaveinsarevery crop in the vicinity of the Toquepalaopenpit. This widelydeveloped in all of the granodiorite stocks on bodyis one of a clusterof clearlyepizonalstocks asthe north bank of the Rio Tambo. On thisbasis,a Late signed by Pitcheret al. (1985) to the Toquepala pluJurassic (ca.160 Ma) maximum agewouldbe inferred ton.Estrada (1975) subsequently recorded a K-At age

for the Au-Cu(-Fe) mineralizationof the district. of 56.2 Ma for hydrothermal sericitefroma near-cenHowever,the monzonite sample SPAM-82Gandsev- tral Cu- andMo-richore zoneat the Quellaveco proseralnearby dikes contain irregular patches of a quartz- pect, an agebroadlysupported by the whole-rock Kpyrite-hematite-chalcopyrite-tourmaline assemblage,Ar data of Zimmermanand Kihien (1983). A latest indicating thathydrothermal activityoccurred in the Cretaceous age(ca.70 Ma, Rb-Sr:James et al., 1974) latest Jurassic, at ca.145 Ma.TheRosa Mariadeposit hasbeenproposed for the Toquepala Groupvolcanics, couldbe of either age. the eraplacement of which largely or entirely preceded granitoid intrusion, whereas Sbrier et al. Toquepala-Quellaveco-Cuajone district (1983) record a late Paleocenewhole-rockK-At date A Paleogene agehasbeen accepted for thistrio of (59.1 Ma) for the Tinajones Rhyolite,anuppermemporphyryCu(-Mo, Ag) deposits (Fig. 6) sincethe pi- ber of the group.Beckinsale et al. (1985) presenta
52.3 Ma (m)
SP - 78
Dacitic Centers

v',vvvv.
VVVVVV

vvvvvvv
vvv

VVVVV' I.A. S2.R3_1.70Ma iii;''.-;;;IPliocene I*_*_*_*. 1 vv'

; J Volcanics and ]
r.:.:,:,.'..'..'..Clastic s I....
Granite

MU(SP-78

:;: ,-,r-Upper Oligocene__

VVVVV vV

.I.I-I.I+++++++++++ VVVVVVVVVV
t?to's
++

v v ........... ............. ;:: : .... ,vv v V u(]M)

vvv..v,vv.vvv vvvv

'uellavecO

;;:

V ::

VVVVVVVVVVV vvvvvvvvvvvv

Gabbro-Diorite Toquepale
Group
MonzodioriteGranodiorite

; Monzonite Formetlon
(Oligocene)

+++++++
v v v v v v,Z
VVVVv/vvvvvvv V

VVV/VVVVVVVVVVVVV v v v vv v v , v v v v v v v ::
y.vwvv

,
vv

V VVVVV VV vvvvvvvvvv ,,, vvvvvvvvvvv

vvvVV v

v 0vvvvvvv

major fault',

mine;

abandoned
mine

v v VVVVVV VVV VVVVVVVVVVV ++++++++VW VVVVv' 'y,.;z.7 vVVvv vv vvv%v',vvvvvvvvvvvv

+ VVVvvvvVVvvvvvv

vV/v vvvvvvvvv

..... quebrada nver prospect

K-Ar date

b- biotite
spectrum

m - muscovite

+ .I- .I- .I- .I+

VVVVVVVVVVvvvv

vvvvvvvvwvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv VVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVV VVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

() 39Ar /4Ar

+++,

VVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVVVVVVVVV

VVV1 VV

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV /VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVV

.I- .I- .I- .I- .I- .I- .I-

++++++ ++++

58.7 M SP - 137

;u(-Mo,Ag)vvvv.vvvvvvvv v v v v v v v[+ + v v v v v
57.1 Ma {O
vvvvvvvv
VVVVVVVV

OR (SPAM -113)

7,

++++++

++++++
++++++

I.A. 62.74___0.35 Ma
100' I
'
50

SPTOQ83

-2

'VVVVVVVVVVVVV '++++++++++*++++ VVVVVVVVVV '+++++++'++++++++

::::::;:::: SPAM - 108

VVVVVVVVV
VVVVVVVVV

+++++++++++++++++

[
'

B(SPAM-08)

vvvvvvvvvvv ++++++++++ :: [ IA. 65.40l.73Ma vvvvv **********v.[[

vvvvvvvvvv,, +++++++++ Norviii

vv vv

***[***. ***--

***
70o30'W

o/ 0%

oo%

VV VVVVVVV
v v v v
VVVVVVVVV

++++

Cumul!iv%3r

FIG. 6. Geologicmapof the Toquepala-Quellaveco-Cuajone area,modifiedafter BellidoandLanda (1965), showing the locations of the Toquepala, Cuajone, andNorvillmines andthe Quellaveeo prospect, andof datedsamples. Agespectra are presented for two granitoid rocks(A andB) andfor hydrothermal muscovite from the Cuajonedeposit(C).

METALLOGENIC EVOLUTION,SEPERUVIAN ANDES

1535

16-point whole-rockRb-Sr isochron for the plutons of the Toquepalaarea,assigned to the Yarabamba superunit of the Coastal batholith,obtaining an age of 61 ___ 4 Ma. This isochron, although regarded asstatisticallyacceptable by Beckinsale et al. (p. 180) has a mean squareweighted deviation(MSWD) of 2.6 and showsconsiderablescatter. Both the granitoid plutonsand the ToquepalaGroup are transectedby the regionally extensive Incapuquio fault,whichconstitutedthe northeastern boundaryof the Eoceneto early OligoceneMoqueguafore-arcbasin(Marocco and Noblet, 1990) but has been inactive since the mid-Tertiary (Tosdalet al., 1984). In Table 1, b, and Figure 6 we record new K-Ar

risonandMcDougall, 1982) at 62.74 +_ca. 0.35 Ma,

probably priortotheeraplacement ofthepluton represented by SP-137. Some oftheconsiderable scatter

in the whole-rockisochron presented by Beckinsale

et al. (1985)maythus reflectincorporation of rocks ofsignificantly different ages. Considered asawhole, thepredominantly quartz monzodioritic rocks of the areado not conform petrographically to the granodioritic-monzogranitic Linga-Yarabamba superunit (of theArequipa segment ofthebatholith) towhich they are assigned by Pitcher et al. (1985).Asin the Cocachacra district,the monzonitic magmas exsolved

metalliferous aqueous fluids, butnosignificant sulfide

mineralization has been documented within these intrusions.

and 4Ar/S9Ar age datafor intrusive rocksfrom the

Porphyry Cu(-Mo) mineralizationat Toquepala Toquepala area.A latestPaleocene K-Ar dateof 58.7 and Courtright,1958) is associated with a ___ 1.0 Ma for freshbiotite from a melanocratic quartz (Richard intrusivecenter dominated by porphyritic monzodioritesample(SP-137) taken from the 31-R- complex a dacitic diatreme, andunusually exten4 railway tunnel (1,500 m from its southportal), 4.5 daciteplugs, hydrothermal breccias. Zweng (1984)andZweng km northwestof the marginof the Toquepalapit, is sive similarto that reportedby Laughlinet al. (1968) for and Clark (1984, andin prep.) presenta revisedgeof a surface sample of the sameintrusion. The two dates netic modelfor the deposit,defininga sequence overlapwithin limits of error, but we favorthe youn- mineralization-alteration events similar to that docat E1Salvador, Chile,by Gustafson andHunt ger date because of the higherpotassium contentof umented radicallyin the relativeimporthe analyzedmica (7.90 vs. 5.76 wt %). Significantly (1975) but differing The polyphase natureofthe dacite older4Ar/S9Ar dates wereobtained for two samplestanceof the stages. is implicitin the earlierdescriptions of the fromthe plutonexposed southof the Incapuquio fault intrusions in the broader mine area. Here, biotite from SPAM- deposit, but Zweng (1984) first distinguished three Of these,the Main Porphyryis the one 108, representative of the quartz-poorgranodiorite intrusions. exposed in the openpit. This is an which is the major faciesof thisbody, yielded an in- mostextensively barrenintrusion eraplaced late in the detegratedageof 65.40 ___ 1.73 Ma. The spectrum (Fig. essentially (A vein-type)Cu-rich 6: A) exhibits a convex-upward profilewhich,in view velopmentof the early-stage thatpreceded the mainstage (Bvein-type) of the slight chloritizationof the mica, may reflect stockwork

eitherS9Ar recoileffects or aminor thermal resetting. chalcopyrite-molybdenitemineralization which

SPAM-113 is from a fine-grained, aplitic monzonite dike cuttinggranodiorite similarto the above sample. Slightly sericitizedorthoclase(degree of ordering confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction studies) from this rock yieldsa clearly-defined plateau(Fig. 6: B), with an integratedage of 62.74 ___ 0.35 Ma, in permissive agreement with the olderdatefor SPAM-108. Similarmonzonite formsa largerplutonimmediately north of the Incapuquio fault and several discrete stocks elsewherein the district.Smallmiaroliticpegmatite bodies rich in tourmaline, and with quartz lenses containing pyrite andchalcopyrite, are widely associated with the monzonitesin Quebrada La Sidominates the deposit.It is almosteverywhereper

vasively overprinted by quartzosericite-pyrite (phyllic)alteration, but anareaof essentially fresh porphyry wasencountered onthe 3,070-m (northwest) levelof the pit in 1983. Magmatic biotite from this sample (SPTOQ83-2) appears unaltered in thin section and yielded anearliest Eocene conventional K-Ardateof 57.1 ___ 0.6 Ma (Table1, b). The micacould havebeen degassed by subsequent hydrothermal or intrusive events in the center(seeMaksaev et al., 1988b), but we tentatively accept the dateasrecording the age of early-stage ore formation at Toquepala. Thus,ca. 2 m.y. mayhaveintervened betweenmonzodiorite mt. rronl.. intrusionand mineralization, althoughthe data are to establish statistically the agedifference We concludethat the intrusions croppingout to insufficient
of theseevents.Beckinsale et al. (1985) presenta 10pointRb-Srwhole-rock isochron (MSWD -- 1.5) for dacite porphyriesfrom Toquepala,yielding an apparentageof 57 ___ 5 Ma: the samples comprise premineralization dacite (presumably theMainPorphyry) and the postmineralization "dacite agglomerate," which fills in a diatreme (Richard and Courtright, 1958). Of theseintrusions, the earlierhasgenerally

the west, northwest,and southwest of Toquepalaare not strictly coeval,despitetheir broadpetrographic similarities. Instead,our datastrongly suggest that intrusionin the vicinityof the Toquepala minespanned the latest Cretaceous to latestPaleoceneinterval (ca. 59-66 Ma). The excellent plateau displayed by SPAM-113 orthoclase is interpretedasevidencethat the hostdike cooledrapidlyto belowca. 130C (Har-

1536

CLARK ET AL.

suffered almost totaldestruction of magmatic minerals Eocene,someI to 2 m.y. after the contiguous, predominantly monzodioriticplutons. Our K-Ar and dacitic and bile, andthe daciteagglomerate is onlylocallyunal- 4Ar/a"r datarevealthatthemineralized tered.The isochron is thereforesomewhat problem- latiticstocks constituted the terminalstage, or stages, atic, but it probablyindicates that late-stage phyllic in a complexintrusivehistoryat least 8 m.y. in dualteration closelyfollowed the initial intrusiveand ration. We proposethat the main Cu mineralization hydrothermal eventsin the Toquepalacenter. eventsat the three deposits were not simultaneous, No published geochronologic dataare available for the Cuajone orebodyhavingapparentlybeen emthe Cuajonedeposit, the geology of whichhasbeen placedlater than that at Toquepala. outlined by Manrique and Plazolles (1975) and Satchwell(1983). We record a K-Ar date (Table 1, Tarata region b) and4Ar/aAr agespectrum (Fig.6: C) fora single Severalsmallgranitoidplutons,hostedmainlyby hydrothermal muscovite separate (sample SP-78). The Mesozoic marine strata, lie southeastof the stocksof specimen wascollectedfrom the southernslopes of the Toquepala district, but these intrusionsare not the canyon of the RoTorata, 400 to 500 m north of considered by Pitcheret al. (1985) in their overview the northernlimit of the orebody,and comprises of the southeastern segments of the Coastal batholith. quartz-chalcopyrite-pyrite veinletswith coarsemus- The area is widely, thoughapparently not strongly, coviteselvages, cuttinga plagioclase and quartzpor- mineralized.Four districtsare distinguished: Chalphyriticintrusive rockassigned to the mainore-host- latita, Lluta, Ataspaca, andTarata (Fig. 7). ing quartz latite porphyryin the Cuajoneopen pit Challatita district:Minor coppermineralization is (Stevenson, 1972). The earlyEocene K-Ar age,52.3 documentedfrom the Challatita district by Wilson +__ 1.6 Ma, is similar to, but probablysignificantly and Garcia (1962), who report the recoveryof malyoungerthan, the K-Ar and Rb-Sr datesdetermined achite ores from an adit at the foot of Cerro Mina. for Toquepala. The age differenceis supported by Hornblendeseparated from a sampleof biotite-hornthe 4Ar/a"rspectrum, whichyields an integrated blendegranodiorite (SPAM-132)fromthe hostpluton ageof 52.37 +_1.88 Ma. Thisspectrum is essentially yields a complex, disturbed, 4Ar/a"rspectrum, with undisturbed, but there are largeerrorsin the lowest an integrated age of 78.18 ___ 4.82 Ma (Fig. 7: E). and highesttemperature steps. A more preciseand Seventy-four percentof the gasreleased(steps5-8) reliableage,52.15 ___ 1.2 Ma, is derivedfromsteps 3 defines a broad plateau with an age of ca. 77.40 to 5 whichdefinea plateauaccounting for 89 percent +__ 1.17 Ma, but steps4 and 9, both with high errors, of the gasreleased. Fluid inclusion microthermomet- yield higher apparentages,in the formercaseassoric data (Clark, unpub.data) for quartz in a veinlet ciatedwith an unusually high Ca/K ratio. We tentaborderedby the dated muscovite indicatethat the tively interpret the spectrumas an asymptoticapchalcopyrite-bearing assemblage crystallized from a proachto an age of ca. 80 Ma. Whereasthe low apboiling aqueous brineat 340___ 5Cundera confining parentages of the firstthreesteps mayrevealresetting pressure of ca. 0.14 kbars.The muscovite wasthere- duringchloritization, epidotization, andcopperminfore probablydeposited closeto its argonretention eralization, it is moreprobable that the superimposed thermal event was related to emplacementof the temperatureand cooledrapidly.
in an environment in which both Rb and Sr were mo-

Satchwell(1983) states that the greaterpart of the nearby ca. 60-Ma intrusionsexposedin Quebrada The copperveinsare inferred hypogenecopper mineralizationin the deeper ex- Palca(seenextsection). posedzonesof the depositis associated with quartz- to be ca. 80 Ma in age. sericite(-illitc) alterationandpredatedthe majorepThe datafor sample SPAM-132represent the first granitoidintrusionin this isodeof molybdenite mineralization. Satchwell's de- record of Late Cretaceous batholith:the agecorresponds to scription suggests that in its alteration-mineralization part of the Coastal superunit (80-81 Ma)oftheArrelationsthe Cuajonedepositdiffersmarkedlyfrom thatoftheTiabaya of the batholith(MukasaandTilton, Toquepala(Zweng, 1984) and other major porphyry equipasegment systems. We tentatively accept the new latest early 1984; Beckinsaleet al., 1985), an event not recogEoceneagedataasdefiningthe time of the mainpe- nized elsewherein the studyarea. Lluta (Cercana)district:In the minorbut extensive riod of chalcopyriteemplacement at Cuajone;however, it ispossible that the datemayrecordan episode Lluta, or Cercana,copper (-Pb, Ag) mining district of phyllic alterationand reopeningof an earlier vein (Vargas,1975), supergene sulfide-enriched and oxidized quartz veinsare exposed on both sidesof Quesystem. The K-Ar dates for the Toquepala and Cuajone bradaPalcaandhavebeen workedsporadically (Fig. with centers,togetherwith the dataof Estrada(1975) and 7). Minor acanthiteand galenaare associated Zimmerman and Kihien (1983) for Quellavecoand the hypogenechalcopyrite-pyrite assemblages. The thoseof Beckinsale et al. (1985), confirmthat the ma- mineralizationoccurswithin the Lluta (hornblendejor deposits in thisdistrictwere emplaced in the early biotite-) quartz monzodiorite stock which intrudes

METALLOGENICEVOLUTION, SEPERUVIANANDES
vvvvvvvvv,v(
vvvvvvvvvvvv

1537

fkvvvvvvxlyvvvvvvvvvvvv

.............
vv vv

vvvvvvlSPAM. 161F"Z U'.,..'v- Fv73A vvvv vv?

vvvvvvvvv vvvvvvvvv

vvvvv'

vVvV v.l%v v" / ...........

vvvvvvvvvvv

I' km

vvvvvvvvvvvvvvv vvvvvvvvvvvvvv vvvvvvvv

vvvvvvvv
vvvvvvvvv

.........

....
_,T'AR"AYA vV vYv' vV vV
vvv

Alluvium OIIgocene -Quaternary

Voicanics and Sediments Cretacaous - Eocene

vvvvvvvv Pica

......... ......
vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv

-" Granitold Rocks

....
vvvwvvvvvv

vvvvvvvvvvvvvv v v vvv
o , vvv

W W' Volcanic and Sedimentary Rocks

v v x-..

v v v v v v.

_:: :_::_ Jurassic Sedimentary Rocks

__- Triassic Sedimentary Rocks

fault

abandoned mine orprosl)ect

K - Ar date b-biotite

()

4Ar/39Ar Spectrum

,. AH .B4 (4S. 8P3A_+M4. 01 6; a)[,.A. 39.37+0.'4 Ma [

iCu
HB (SPAM - 138)
I.A. 45.21_+4.21 Ma

] BI(SP AM I161 )[

c
1001
I.A. 40.22_+0.85 Ma

501,
'"' 0

D
BI(SPAM - 144)

Cumulative %39Ar raleased

HB (SPAM - 132)
I.A. 78.18_+4.83 Ma

E
69o50'W

FIG.7. Geologic mapof the Lluta-Ataspaca-Tarata area,considerably simplified fromWilson and Garcia (1962),showing thelocations of abandoned mines andprospects, thelocations of dated samples,
and age spectrafor four granitoidsamples.

marine sediments of the BajocianSanFrancisco Formationandthe Callovian Ataspaca Formation (Wilson and Garcia, 1962). We collectedsamples of monzodioritic to granodioritic intrusive rocks from Quebrada Palca 2 km
northeast of the southwestern contact of the main

7: F) which represents a closeapproach to a plateau andyieldsanintegrated ageof 62.12 ___ 1.94 Ma. This isslightly olderthanthe conventional datefor SPATA2, but the errorsin the agesoverlap.
On the basis of these data, we infer that intrusion

pluton (SPATA-2), and from a small outcrop, unmappedby Wilson and Garcia(1962), in Quebrada Tocuco, 7 km northeastof Pachia (SPIT-i). Their conventional K-Ar biotite ages, 60.33 ___ 1.30 and
60.90 ___ 1.83 Ma, are almost identical. In addition,

biotite in sampleSPAM-144, from an outcrop1.5 km southwestof the Lluta mine, yields an essentially concordant spectrum(R. J. Langridge,in prep.; Fig.

of the Lluta plutontook placein the late Paleocene; the associated mineralization wasprobablyof similar age. Contemporaneity with the earlier intrusions in the Toquepaladistrictis evident. Ataspaca district: The inactive Ataspacamining district (Fig. 7) comprises 16 small Cu minesand prospects and two Pb-Ag prospects (Vargas,1975). The deposits clusterwithin andadjacent to the Ataspacagranitoid plutonwhichintrudes Jurassic volcanic

1538

CLARK ET AL.

and sedimentarystrata of the Junerata,Pelado, and Ataspaca Formations (WilsonandGarcia,1962). The Ataspaca stockcomprises severalfacies:quartz monzodioritic rockspredominate,but monzonitic,granodioritic, and quartz dioritic faciesare represented. Numerous base and precious metal prospectshave beendeveloped within the stock andits envelope but production hasprobablybeen minor.CENTROMIN investigated the areaasa polymetallic (Cu-Pb-Zn-MoAg-Au)prospect in the early 1980s.No detailedaccounts of the mineralization havebeen published, but
vein and stockwork-disseminated ores have been ex-

mayhavebeenresponsible for the hornblende-biotite

discordancein sampleSPAM-138. These age determinations are interpreted as evidence for an Eocene episodeof intrusionand polymetallic mineralizationin the Ataspaca-Caplina dis-

trict. Our dataare in broadagreement with thoseof Snchez(1983b), who records a 39.9-Ma K-Ar biotite date for granodiorite from this area. Tarata district:S/mchez(1983b) alsoprovidesthe onlypublished geochronologic datafor the cluster of largely granodioritic plutons in thevicinity ofthetown
of Tarata. He obtained a K-Ar date of 40.8 Ma for

of Ticaco. plored in both the intrusionand its countryrocks, biotite froman outcropnearthe settlement datesfromthe 4Ar/39Ar analysis whereasmoderatelyextensive chalcopyrite(-cuban- We recordsimilar itc) skarns,rich in andraditic garnet, hedenbergitic (R. J. Langridge et al., in prep.) of coexisting hornfroma localitynear pyroxene, and actinolite,occurin limestones of the blendeandbiotitein granodiorite PeladoFormationadjacentto quartz monzodiorite. the northwesternlimit of the samepluton. Both specAll dates determined for this district are middle or tra (Fig. 7: A and B) displaysignificant disturbance, late Eocene(France,1985; R. J. Langridgeet al., in that for biotite is probablya resultof chloritization. prep.).Unaltered coarse-grained quartzmonzodiorite The (two-step)hornblendeintegratedage of 44.83 higherthan that (SPATA-3) fromanoutcrop of the Ataspaca pluton3 4. 4.30 Ma is probablysignificantly
km south-southwest of the 1983 CENTROMIN camp
of the associated mica, 39.37 4. 0.94 Ma. Omission

yields a conventional K-Ar biotite date of 42.58 q-0.96 Ma (Table1, d). 4Ar/39Ar age spectra are presented in Figure7 (C andD) for coexisting hornblende and biotite in sampleSPAM-138of quartz
monzodioritefrom an outcrop 200 m from sample SPATA-3.Both spectraare only slightlydisturbed, but theintegrated ageof thehornblende (45.21 ___ 4.2 Ma) is significantly greaterthan that for the biotite

(39.92 ___ 4.2 Ma). This discrepancy persists if only the moreconcordant steps 4 and5 of the hornblende spectrum and steps 3 to 7 of that for the biotiteare taken into account(apparentages,46.01 4- 1.45 vs. 40.22 4. 0.65 Ma). We infer that intrusionhad occurredby ca. 45 to 46 Ma, i.e., the middleEocene. The younger biotite dateprobably reflects a superimposed thermal eventratherthanslow cooling, given the epizonalenvironment of intrusion. Summary Two furthersamples (SPATA-4 and-6) weretaken From the above data and discussion,we infer that from CENTROMIN's exploratory Judithdrift (3,780 m asl),whichis entirelywithin intrusive rocks.The felsic intrusive rockswere emplacedin at least eight in the Toquepalasegmentof the Peruvian quartz monzodiorite is mediumgrainedand meso- episodes craticandiscut by stockworks of pyrite-chalcopyrite Coastal batholith sensu lato. The Cordillera de la exposes plutons of MiddleJurassic (ca.185 Ma), veinlets,andthoseby chloriticshearzones.A ca. 20- Costa (ca. 160-165 Ma), latest Jurassic (ca. m-wide length of the drift exposes a melanocratic Late Jurassic (ca. 95-110 Ma) age. granodioriteporphyry comprisingplagioclase and 145 Ma), and mid-Cretaceous may,however,havebegunin biotite phenocrysts in a saccharoidal matrix rich in Batholithdevelopment at ca. 196 Ma (Beckinsale et al., biotite,quartz,albiticplagioclase, andK feldspar. The the Early Jurassic, undercoarseandfine-grained biotite in part replaces horn- 1985). The inlandbelt of youngerintrusions andaxialCordilleraOccidental blende,andthe porphyry isinferredto havesuffered lyingthe Precordillera plutonswith Late Cretaceous(ca. 80 Ma), weak potassicalteration. The quartz monzodiorite comprises (ca. 63-66 Ma), late Paleocene (ca. yields(Table1, d) a biotitedateof 39.15 4. 0.85 Ma, latestCretaceous andthe biotitized porphyryoneof 40.65 4. 0.88 Ma. 59-62), and middle to late Eocene (ca. 40-46 Ma) These are identical within the limits of error but are ages.All but the earliestplutonsare associated with mineralization, generally of limitedexprobably significantly younger thanthe dates obtained hydrothermal for the main facies of the stock, suggesting that a tent. In addition, the emplacementof subvolcanic dacite,andprobably, latiteporphyrystocks widespreadhydrothermalevent at ca. 40 to 41 Ma polyphase

of the egregiously youngsecond step of the biotite spectrum increases the integrated ageto 43.53 _ 0.26 Ma, in satisfactory agreementwith the hornblende date. We concludethat intrusiontook placeat ca. 44 Ma, in the middle Eocene and coevallywith that in the Ataspaca districtto the south. A middleor late Eoceneageis further inferredfor the probablyuneconomic copper-bearing veinsand skarns at scattered locations in the Tarataarea (Jain, 1965), particularlyat Picasa, 3 km westof the town. All are located withinor at the margins ofgranodiorite stocks. It wouldbe prematureto assume a similarage for the more important Pb-Ag vein systems which have been worked farther to the west (Jain, 1965), in the Molleraco-Minaytitadistrict.

METALLOGENIC EVOLUTION, $E PERUVIAN ANDES

1539

wasonlyrarelydirectlyassociated and associated porphyry copper depositsoccurred thatveinformation intrusiveactivitybut took placewithin over the interval, ca. 52 to 57 Ma, i.e., in the early with shallow
Eocene.

pre-Sillapaca Groupstrata asa resultof geothermal circulation duringor immediately following eruption
Oligoceneand Miocene Mineralization
of the Main Arc Domain

of those mid-Miocene volcanics,and was controlled

Introduction

by regional northwest-trending structures (e.g.,the Lagunillas faultzone: Fig.3), considered tohave been activethroughout the Oligocene-Pliocene interval.
The ore metals were inferred to have been leached

The terracednortheastern slopes of the Cordillera from the apparently Cu- and Ag-richTacazaGroup rocks(FornariandVilca, 1977). In the presOccidental andthe contiguous Altiplano areunderlain volcanic predominantly by continental volcanic, volcaniclastic, ent discussion, we record geologicand geochronoand clastic strataof Oligocene to Pliocene age (Fig. logicdatafor several miningdistricts in this region that the metallogenic modelof 3), which record stages of cordilleranuplift, inter- which demonstrate montane basindevelopment, and Main Arc magma- Fletcher et al. is untenable. tism.Thesestrata forma generally thincoveronlower andupperPaleozoic sedimentary andigneous rocks, Cacachara-Pavico district whichcrop out in several basement highsor uplifts The Cacacharaand nearby Pavico (or SanBosco) (Newell, 1949; Ellisonet al., 1989). of silver for over 250 years Tertiary stratigraphicrelations in this wide area mineshave been sources were first documented by Jenks(1946) and Newell (Kiilsgaardand Bellido, 1959). The former (Fig. 3) (1949), who delimited two major sequences of sub- was the major silver mine of the transectin recent aerial volcanic rocks, the "Tacaza Volcanics" and decades(Benavides, 1984) until its closurein 1988, of 0.4 million metric tonsat 30 overlying"Sillapaca Volcanics or Group," both with andreportedreserves type sections in the Santa Lucadistrict(Fig. 3). Ma- oz/metric ton Ag and a cutoff grade of 5 oz/metric S.A.).Annual roccoand del Pino (1966) promotedthe former to ton in 1985 (unpub.rept., Colquiminas, group status.Extensive sequences of molassicsedi- silverproduction averaged about22 metrictons.The ments(redbeds)underlying the volcanic rocks were orescontainca. 5 percentZn and2.5 percentPb, as Cu. Only the Pavicomine is reassigned to the Puno Group. Mendivil (1965) estab- well asconsiderable lished the dominantly volcanic Barroso Group,which corded in the 1:100,000 geologicmap of the sur(Garciaand Guevara, overlies the Sillapaca Groupandconstitutes all of the roundingHuaitire quadrangle volcanic edifices of the Cordillera Occidental which 1975) and neither depositis describedin the quadpredatedthe Pleistocene alpineglaciation. Klincket ranglereport by Mtrquez(1978). The geologyof this isolatedminingdistrict(Figs. al. (1986) assign the modernstratovolcanoes of the CordilleraOccidental to the AmpatoGroup.Strati- 2 and 8a) and the structureand mineralogyof the graphicrefinements within this almostentirely un- Cacacharadeposit are documented by Johnson the Pavico Ag-Pb-Zn mineralization fossiliferous succession have been contributedby (1986). Whereas Portugal(1974), and with the aid of K-At geochro- occursdispersedin the matrix of an andesiticdiacomprises three east-northnology,by Kaneokaand Guevara(1984), Franceet treme, that at Cacachara al. (1984), France(1985), and Klincket al. (1986). east-trendingquartz-rich veins, developed over a The last-cited work involvedextensive quadrangle vertical interval of 160 to 200 m and hostedby a mappingsouthand southwest of Lake Titicacaandis dacitic dome. The veinsare superimposed on dikes summarized by Ellisonet al. (1989). Klincket al. re- of phreaticbreccia (Clark et al., 1986; Johnson and definethe limitsof the Tacaza andSillapaca Groups Clark, 1986). The major Ag-bearingmineralsare and propose, in addition,the establishment of an in- pyrargyrite,tetrahedrite,andpolybasite. Electrumis terveningpredominantly ignimbriticPalca Group. abundant in anearly,Ag-poor, base metalsulfide vein Wasteneys (1990) providesa detailedaccountof the stage(Johnson, 1986); Au gradeslocally attain 0.3 geologyand geochronology of the key SantaLucia oz/metric ton. The observedstratigraphic relationarea,defining (H. A. Wasteheys et al., in prep.)local shipsare illustratedin schematic form in Figure 8b. formational subdivisions in broadconformity with the The dacitic dome intruded a succession of subaerial stratigraphic schemeof Jenksand Newell. Thus, the andesitic and daciticflowsand is itself cut by a pipe PalcaGroupis not recognized herein;its pyroclastic of dacitic intrusionbreccia,which may be a feeder for a dacitic ash-flow unit which overlies the earlier unitsare assigned to the Sillapaca Group. Few of the scattered epithermalAg-Au-base metal volcanics. The ore-bearing veinsclearlypostdate the vein systems of the region have received detailed daciticbrecciaand are thereforeprobablyyounger documentation, but Fletcher et al. (1989) advance a than the daciticashflow. The youngest volcanic unit regionaltectonicmodelfor the mineralization, much in the areaisa crystal-lithic tuff of daciticcomposition; of which is hostedby the TacazaGroup.They argue the temporalrelationships of thisandthe mineralized

1540

CLAt{ ET AL.

,,,,.. .'-: ''!!!"

... -;:.;::::::.

fi :

/
.-.-

..:.-....-.::..... ..:::: ....-

Alluvial deposits

.-.'..E. Crystal-vitric tuff

'::' ';:::;:"'; ;' ::'?
:::<];:' ' :. . + :'::-%-.':'::::'"'i: ;:;::{:' ..--::--::--::.-::--' .-; -:-:>-'--:->:...............

i :r' Ash-flow tuff

t" Dacite porphyry
,_0 Pavico breccia

/".-.'::-.::.

/??-- ;"

.::-.::: ....

:: :: ::::::::'
.;:-.-. ....

:.7.::::::' .......... ::: _."

::::.;:

.::..".:::.'-

'

Upper andesitc unit

limit of mapping

':'"""'; Middle andesitc umt

2km

16"4 2'---J '"':::'"":" Lower andesitc umt

Puno Group
Veins

FIG.8. Geologic mapoftheCacachara-Pavico mining district, after Johnson (1986),showing locations of dated specimens fromtheCacachara igneous center. All units, withtheexception of theprobably Oligocene Puno Group, areassigned to theupper Miocene (-Pleistocene) Barroso Group. b. Cartoon illustrating the mutual relationships of the datedunitsin the vicinityof the Cacachara mine.

The agedatado not fully constrain the time ofminemassigned to the Capillune and Llallahui Formations eralization.Althoughvein formationpostdated by Garcia and Guevara (1975) but to the Tacaza placementof the daciteporphyryat 7.03 _ 0.4 Ma, Groupin the 1:1,000,000 national geologic map(IN- it is not clear whether it precededor followedemGEMMET, 1975); neither is correct. placement of thetwo felsic pyroelastic units(see Table our tentativetemporalcorrelation New K-Ar biotite ages(Table 1, e) havebeen de- 1, e). Nonetheless, termined(France,1985) for early andesitc("Middle of the dacitic intrusion breccias and ash-flow tuff imAndesitc"unit of Johnson, 1986), daciteporphyry, plies that mineralizationwas younger than 6.62 0.15 Ma, and we considerit probablethat it ocdaciticash-flow tuff, and late crystal-lithic tuff. The __+ 0.18 Ma, the time of eruption agesdelimit a narrowinterval (8.32-6.48 Ma) in the curredbefore 6.48 __+ tuff. We favor, therefore,a late late Mioceneand conformto the inferred sequence of the crystal-lithic ofextrusive andhypabyssal events. Correlation of the Miocenerather than Plioceneage for the Cacachara Cacachara volcanicsuite with the regionallyestab- deposit.The ageof the Pavicodepositis alsoincomlishedNeogenestratigraphic groups remains uncer- pletely delimited,but the large brecciabody which the ore cutsthe Middle Andesitcunit (Fig. 8), tain. However, if the BarrosoGroup of Mendlvil hosts (1965) is considered to extendbackat leastto ca. 6.5 indicating thatthe mineralization isyounger than8.32 Ma, asinferredby Kaneoka andGuevara(1984; see _ 0.59 Ma. An association of the Cacachara-Pavico mineralalso Klincket al., 1986), the younger, felsic,rocks of Groupvolcanism would the mine area maybe regarded asinitial manifesta- izationwith earliestBarroso tionsof thismajorupperMioceneto Pleistocene vol- be in permissive agreement with the metallogenic caniccycle. modeladvanced for the regionimmediately to the

veins are unknown. The rocks of the mine area were

METALLOGENIC EVOLUTION, SE PERUVIAN ANDES

1541

northby Fletcheret al. (1989), whostate(p. 70-71) and subaerialeruption of the marieto intermediate, that convective fluid circulation generating mineral- predominantlyshoshonitic volcanics of the Yapoco
ization was stimulatedby "Sillapacaor Barrososub- andPiruaniFormations.Volcanism, controlledby the volcanic centres." However, the Cacachara veins oc- northwest-trendingstructures,began in the early cur within a hydrothermallyaltered subvolcanic da- Oligocene,probablyshortlybefore 31 Ma, and percitic intrusion, and the local absence of the Tacaza sistedto ca. 26 Ma. The Lim6n Verde monzogabbro Group volcanics rules out the possibility that they stock (orthoclasedate, 30.28 4- 0.61 Ma; BARB-17) represent the source of ore metals; in both respects, is interpreted as a feeder for the earlier shoshonitic
the mineralization of this district fails to conform to

the concepts of Fletcher et al.

volcanics. 3. Subvolcanic

intrusion

of calc-alkaline

horn-

blende diorite stocks and high K andesitcdikesand Santa Lucia district sills. The intrusions haveages in the range28.21 4- 3.4 (averageof two hornblendedatesfor BARB 189) to Numerous small-to medium-sized baseand precious metaldeposits are clustered in the vicinityof 26.45 4- 2.7 Ma (averageof two hornblendedatesfor thus overlappingwith the shoshonitic thetownofSanta Luela(Kiilsgaard andBellido, 1959; BARB-199), volcanism.

of the Churuma andSanta Wasteneys andClark (in prep.);the small TaeazaCu- of the rhyoliticignimbrites Lucia Formations. The ash-flow tuffs, assigned to the (-Ag)mine; andthe Copaeabana Ag(Cu-Pb-Zn) mine Palca Group by Klinck et al. (1986), yield ages in the (Minsur, S.A.)of the Compuerta camp. The largest range of 21.59 4- 0.88 (SPAM-228) to ca. 16.5 Ma. hydrothermal centerin the areais the Berenguela Ag-Cu deposit(15-20 millionmetrictons:1.2-1.4% The main ventswere probably in the Cordillera SilCuand 4-5 oz/metrie tonAg)which, having produced lapaca, but distal pyroelasticfacies were in part at least400 metrictonsof silverin the earlieryears trapped in the SantaLucia structure,a ca. 8-km-diof thiscentury, achieved renewed prominence in the ameter, crudely circular basin first recognizedby and Clark (1986). This is interpretedby 1960sasa testcase for the application of the TORCO Wasteheys Ellison et al. (1989) as a calderabut was probably pyrometallurgieal process, becausemuch of the Cu generated tectonically asa resultof extension caused andAg reserves occur submicroscopically dispersed by strike-slipdisplacement on the Lagunillas fault in Mn oxides. zone (Wasteheys, 1990). This arealies near the northeastern boundary of 5. Further short-liveduplift anderosion,followed the Cordillera Occidental and on the western flank by eruptionof the predominantly daciticlavasof the of the Cabanillas High (Ellison et al., 1989) andis Sillapaca Formation. This volcanic eventwasbrief in bounded tothesouthwest bythestrueturally complex the Santa Luca area, extending only from ca. 16.2 to Lagunillas troughandfaultzone.We haveremapped 14.7 Ma (Wasteheys, 1990). The major eruptivecenanareaof 400 km2surrounding Santa Luea at a scale
were emplacedin the preexisting SantaLucia 1990). Of the numerousK-Ar and 4Ar-3'gr dates plugs structure. which have been determined (France et al., 1984; 6. Followinga protractedapparenthiatus,volcaFrance, 1985; R. J. Langridge,in prep.), we record nism resumedin the late Miocene, with the eruption onlythose 4Ar-3"rdates whichareinterpreted as of the shoshonitic TolaoccoFormation,which overlies constraining the ageof localmineralization (Table2). surface in the eastern part of the maparea. Our studies definethe following events in the later anerosion In the immediateSantaLucadistrict,monzogranitic Tertiary historyof the area: porphyrydikesassigned to the Condorpufiuna Rhy1990) were emplaced in 1. Prolonged Paleogene erosionof Paleozoieand olite Formation(Wasteheys, Mesozoicunits, which generatedthe Puno Group an en echelonseriesaroundthe southernmarginof Luciastructure, probably duringrenewed molasse. Depositionwas controlledby northwest- the Santa fault zone. trending fault zonesand the elasticstrataare thin to movementalongthe Lagunillas
absent in the immediate Santa Luea area. Ellison et

Bellidoet al., 1972). The district(Figs.2, 3, and9) 4. Major uplift anderosion in the latestOligocene haslongbeena source ofAg, Au, Cu, Pb, andZn ores. to earliestMiocene. The period corresponds to the Presentproducers include the SantaB.rbaraAg Quechua D2 orogenic pulse of Ellison et al. (1989) (-Cu, Pb, Au) mineof Minsur,S.A.,the subject of and followed by the eruption studies by Arenas(1977), Wasteneys (1990), and and was accompanied

of 1:50,000 (Wasteneys andClark,1986;Wasteneys,ter was again in the Cordillera Sillapaca,but dacitic

al.(1989)identify agenerally weak episode offolding, Of the aboveunits,the Yapocoand PiruaniFortermed the QuechuaD phase,which affectedthe mations, the Lim6n Verde Monzogabbro, and the Puno Group strata at 30 to 32 Ma. hornblende-diorite stocks are assigned to the Tacaza 2. Largely quiescent, shallow-water (lacustrine), Group (overallagerange,ca. 24-ca. 32 Ma), the Sil-

1542

CLAaK FTAL.

CC SILLAPACA

21.6 Ma (b)
SPAM - 228

Pb, Zn, (Cu)3 -Cayach|r-a

Tacaza

28.3 Ma (h)

26.8 Ma (h)

30.3 Ma (o) I 55Sa nta Barbara

BARB - 17

26.8 Ma (wr)

BARB - 140

Cerro

LimSn
Rio

Verde

.y
illas

WAg, Cu, Pb, 23.5 Ma (m)

BARB - 422

26.5 Ua (h)
BARB - 199 ,""Crrillos /

LAG UNA LA

5 krn
- 1545's ( ascar'

6.97 Ma (b)
BARB - 280

0 '

QUA TIRNAR Y

Ol.l(;O('lfNl'.'

Alluvium
Barroso Group

Tacaza Group

SYMBOLS

PLIOCENE

i i -

Cerro Hermoso Fm Piruani Fm. Auquirane section

/

Tolaocco Fm.
unconformtly

:: Hornblende diorite

bedding
flow-lamination
normal fault

MIOCENE

Gondorpufiuna Fro.
Sillapaca Group

Yapoco Formation

thrust fault

[' Sillapaca Fm. .., Churuma Fm.

Lim6. Verde Monogabbo ' fold axis

dyke

EOCENEOLIGOCENE

:
'i'

Ccanccosane Fro.
Santa Lucia Fm.
unconformity

CRETACEOUS
JUIL4SSIC

'.- Puno Group

--- Ayavacas Lst. Fnl.

',

mine

prospect

]:].., Lagunillas Group ....- limit ofmapping

FIG. 9. Geologicmap of the SantaLucia district, showingthe locationsof active and abandoned

minesandprospects, andof samples datedby the 4Ar/a9Ar total fusion technique. Geology is after
Wasteneysand Clark (1986) and Wasteneys(1990).

lapaca Formation to the SillapacaGroup (local age Formationsto the Sillapacarather than the Tacaza et al., in prep.). range= 14.7-21.6 Ma), andthe CondorpuunaRhy- Group (H. A. Wasteheys The greater part of the metallic mineralizationin olite and TolaoccoFormation to the BarrosoGroup by Tacaza Groupvolcanic rocks (<7 Ma). We differ from Jenks(1946) and Newell the mapareaishosted (1949) only in assigning the felsicignimbritesof the or the underlyingMesozoicstrata;the best-defined Churuma("white tuff," Jenks,1946) andSanta Lucia structural feature in the area, the Santa Lucia basin,

METALLOGENIC EVOLUTION, SE PERUVIAN ANDES

TABLE 2.

] 543

4Ar/39Ar TotalFusion AgeDeterminations, Santa LuciaDistrict

Volume of

Apparent
age

Size Sample no.

BARB 17 BARB 189

a9Arc

Location
15040'00"

Material analyzed
Orthoclase

fraction (mesh)
-60, -40, -40, +100 +60 +80

J 4Arra,t (Ma)and 4Ar/ a6Ar/39Ar a7Arc/ (cm s X 10-6 (X10-a) (%) error (___2a) a9Ar (X10-a) a9Arc NTP)
2.110 1.951
1.937

6.911 7.155
7.155

1.062 5.971
5.990

0.050 0.0169
0.0169

8.02 8.11
8.11

51.60 53.62
53.46

30.28___0.61 28.30 _ 3.4

28.13 24.41 _ 3.4 _ 2.92

70036'50"
1538'15"

(monzogabbro)
Hornblende

70038'40"
BARB 199 BARB 140 15041'20"

(microdiorite)
Hornblende

1.751
1.881

5.932
5.495

5.753
5.753

0.01669
0.01669

8.14
8.14

56.62
60.81

25.54 _ 2.53

70038'30"
1539'10"

(microdiorite)
Hornblende

-40,

+80

1.854

6.980

4.474

0.0295

8.07

51.50

26.80_

1.3

70034'05"
SPAM 231 BARB 422 1540'00"

(intrusive andesitc)
Whole Sericite rock -60 3.11 0.007 0.214 0.124 4.82 59.52 26.83 _ 0.28

7040'51"
15040'00"

(rhyolitic tuff)
-60 1.605 1.819 0.0297 0.0846 8.17 74.45 23.50 _ 0.52

7040'51"
SPAM BARB 228 280 15034'22"

(phyllic alteration)
Biotite

-40,

+80

3.39

37.52

0.0356

0.2887

3.55

23.38

21.59 _ 0.88

7035'10"
15044'20"

(rhyolitic tuff)
Biotite

-40,

4-80

0.470

3.986

0.032

0.207

8.23

28.29

6.97 _ 0.50

70034'30"

(intrusive rhyolite)

J = dimensionless irradiation parameter

apparentlyexperienced no significant hydrothermal subvolcanic stock of hornblende diorite. A late Oliactivity. gocene age(ca.26.4-28.2 Ma) is inferredfor hydroNumeroussmallmagnetite-rich andraditicgarnet thermalactivityhere andat Lim6nVerde. skarn bodies on the flanks ofCerro Lim6n Verde have Severalcontrasting geneticmodelshave been adbeen mined as material for smelter flux. The orebodies vanced for the BerenguelaAg-Cu deposit, which are developedin horizonsand lenses of red-bedclas- comprises several west-northwest-trending massive to ticswhichconstitute a facies of the Cretaceous Aya- stockworkbodies of manganese oxideshostedby vacas Limestone Formation(Klincket al., 1986), ad- faulted limestones of the Ayavacas Formation.Hyjacent to the subvolcanic Lim6n Verde monzogabbro pogeneandsupergene copperandsilverminerals are stock.AlthoughPortugal(1974) suggested that iron invariablyassociated with the Mn oxide concentraoxideminerals were concentrated duringdeposition tions,which are dominated by cryptomelane andtoof the sandstones, the epigeneticnatureof the ore- dorokite.CandiottiandCastilia(1983) proposed that bodies isclearandwe inferthathydrothermal activity the baseand preciousmetalswere absorbed by sedtook place at ca. 30.3 Ma, coevalwith intrusion.Else- imentary Mn oxides from downward-percolating where in the district,minor coppermineralization is groundwater and were derivedfrom overlyingmodirectly associatedwith several small hornblende rainicdeposits bearingsulfideclasts erodedfrom the diorite stocks whichintrudethe Yapoco Formation. Lim6n Verde stock.In contrast Klinck et al. (1986) The nameLim(nVerde wasprompted by the bright and Fletcher et al. (1989) statethat the Mn-Cu-Ag green malachiteand chrysocolla extensively devel- bodiesreplacefaulted limestone,the former authors opedin outcrops of chalcopyrite-pyrite veinlets. The envisaging a controlby swallowholeswhich formed veinscut Ayavacas LimestoneFormationbedsadja- throughkarsticweatheringof the limestone. cent to a propylitizedfine-grained diorite plug and We concurwith the conceptthat the Berenguela are intimatelyassociated with dikesof phreaticbrec- orebodies result from fracture-controlled metasocia.The dioriticrocks occurin the immediate vicinity matism of the carbonate rocks; however, we infer a of the monzogabbro stock,but the mutual relations direct relation to a subvolcanic intrusion,on the basis of the two intrusive rocktypesare uncertain. A short of the widespread occurrence in the immediatemine distance to the southwest, a groupof oxidized copper area of polyphasephreatic breccia dikes and lenses. veinshavebeen exploitedto a limited extentat Cer- Candiotti and Castilla's "tills" and Klinck et al.'s "flurillos. The mineralization is associated with a series vio-glacialriver gravels" have been reinterpreted of northeast-striking, subvertical pebbledikes,which (Clarket al., 1986) asthe surface expression of a large cut YapocoFormationagglomerates adjacentto a hydrothermal brecciapipe. The intimateassociation

1544

CLARK ET AL.

of brecciation and mineralization is shown by the presence of Mn-rich ore concentrations alongquartzrichfractures adjacent to bodies ofbreccia.Moreover, the dominant rocksoccurring asclasts in the breccias are, with the exceptionof limestoneand quartzite, "exotic"fine-grained quartzdiorites andhornblendeplagioclase-porphyritic dacite,both exhibiting intense argillic alteration.We infer that theseigneous rocks represent,at the least,the heat sourcewhich drove the large-scale hydrothermal system. The daciticporphyry clastsproved too altered to date, but a late Oligocene (26.80 _ 1.3 Ma; BARB-140)hornblende agewasobtained for a dikeoftrachyandesite exposed on the northernedgeof the mainopenpit, in an area cut by numerous Mn-rich veinlets.The unalterednature of thisrock stronglyimpliesthat it wasemplaced subsequent to mineralization, andthustheBerenguela depositis considered to be late Oligocenein age,possiblycoeval with the copper veins in the Lim6nVerde

coeval date of 26.83 _+0.28 Ma, for an HF-leached

whole-rock sampleof rhyodacitic tuff fromthe Cerro Hermoso Formation (SPAM-231), is in permissive agreementwith the hornblendeage, but the rock is hydrothermally alteredandthe geologic error in the date maybe high.The ageof mineralization is better

defined by the 4Ar/39Ar dateof 23.50 _ 0.52 Ma for

a concentrate of hydrothermal sericiteseparated from phyllicallyaltered phreaticbreccia (BARB-422)adjacent to the main SantaB/trbara vein on the 3,932m level of the mine (588 m southof the mainshaft). The date, at the Oligocene-Miocene boundary,confirms that the Cerro Hermoso Formation represents the first manifestation of felsicpyroclastic activity in this region of the Cordillera Occidental,antedating by some2 m.y. the earliestashflowsof the Churuma Formation.A latestOligocene or earliestMioceneage is inferred for the mineralization, which may have beentriggeredby the initial stage of cordilleran uplift area. in this region. The SantaBftrbara silver(-Cu, Pb) mine, at present Three smallerbaseand preciousmetal deposits in The Tacaza the most important in the Santa Lucia district, has the area have been documented. reserves in excess of 1 million metric tons, with a Cu(-Pb, Ag) mine is locatedwithin the type section grade of 15 oz/metric ton Ag. Productionin 1988 ofJenks' (1964) andNewell's(1949) Tacaza Volcanics amounted to 2,342 metric tons of concentrates,with andworksa series of northeast-trending veinshosted 27.5 percentCu, 12.9 percentPb, and 105.4 oz/met- by plagioclase andaugitcporphyriticshoshonitic and ric ton Ag. The concentrate composition reflectsthe banakitic flowswith agglomerate intercalations. These rolesof argentianchalcocite,bornitc, and chalcopy- rocksare assigned to the YapocoFormation on georite as the major silver hostsin the hypogene ore. chronologic and petrologic grounds (Wasteneys, Less important are argentian tennantite and minor 1990). Klinck et al. (1986) report a whole-rock K-Ar tetrahedrite,pearceitc,andbetekhtinite(Wasteneys, date of 17.5 ___ 0.6 Ma for stronglyaltered "andesitc" 1990; Wasteneysand Clark, 1990). A gold recovery from the mine area and assignthe volcanicsto a circuit wasinstalledin 1987. As Fletcher et al. (1989) "younger Tacaza" (i.e. post-22 Ma) sequence. This record, the vein systemas a whole hasa remarkable age is incompatiblewith analyticallymore reliable configuration, circularin plan (ca. 1.25-km-surface biotite4Ar/aAr dates (e.g.,21.59_ 0.88 Ma;SPAMdiam)and with the overallform of an invertedcone 228) for the tuffsof the overlying Churuma Formation (Wasteneys et al., 1990), conforming closelyto the (PalcaGroup of Klinck et al., 1986). We therefore margin of a diatreme filled with weakly stratified question the validity of the 17.5-Ma date, preferring rhyodacitic tuffs,assigned to the Cerro HermosoFor- to infer an age of ca. 26 Ma for the hostrocksof the mation (Wasteneys,1990). The veins are superim- Tacazadepositon the basis of severaldatesobtained posedon a polyphase seriesof concentric and radial for flows of theAuquirane section of theTacaza Group phreaticand phreatomagmatic breccia dikeswhich, a short distance to the south of the mine. Subvolcanic togetherwith the diatreme, comprise the SantaBftr- intrusionsof monzogabbroand hornblende diorite bara Complex (Clark et al., 1986; Wasteneys,1990; occur in the mine area but have not been delimited. Wasteneys et al., 1990). Despite its clearly proximal The Tacazaveinsare superimposed upondikesof volcanicsetting,the vein system bearsstrongeranal- polymicticpebble breccia.The dominanthypogene ogiesto the adularia-sericite thanthe acidsulfateclan ore mineralsare chalcociteand bornitc. Copper sulof epithermalpreciousmetal deposits (Heald et al., fidesand galenaalsooccurin two mantosin the im1987). Hydrothermal alteration is dominated by mediatevicinity of the veins.Thesequasiconcordant orebodies comprise disseminations and patches of phyllic assemblages. The Cerro Hermoso diatreme is inferred to have sulfide in amygdaloidal units;analogies maybe drawn beenemplaced withina northwest-trending faultzone with the Chile-typestrata-bound Cu(-Ag)deposits of of northern alongthe valley of the Rio Verde, precededby intru- the shallowmarine to subaerialJurassic sion of an extensive series of hornblende andesitc Chile (Ruiz et al., 1971). Fletcher et al. (1989) argue (-diorite)sillsinto the Yapoco Formationflows.One that the hydrothermalfluids were pondedbeneath sill in the immediate mine area yieldsa 4Ar/3Ar impermeablewelded tuffs of the Palca Group (our hornblende date of 26.9 _ 2.7 Ma (BARB-199). A ChurumaFormation), spreadinglaterally to form the

METALLOGENICEVOLUTION, SEPERUVIANANDES

1545

mantos. However,the overlying tuffsare onlyweakly metalCayachira prospect, but discussion is warranted welded andthe major strata-bound orebody,SanSal- because Klinck et al. (1986) report an Albian vador-27, lies 75 m below the unconformity.We K-Ar date (104 _ 4 Ma) for the nearby Cerro Paco therefore are not convinced that mineralization oc- "(micro-)granodiorite" plug.The mineralization, with curred after accumulation of the lower Miocene tuffs an averagegrade of 15 oz/metric ton Ag, 6 percent and suggest that it couldbe older or youngerthan Pb, 7 percentZn, and0.3 percentCu (R. ValdiviaU., the Oligocene-Miocene boundary.Similaritieswith pers.commun., 1984), forms a peneconcordant manto the larger SantaBirbara veinsincludethe association with an average thickness of 60 cm extending for at with phreatic breccia dikes, the abundance of chal- least 1.2 km alongstrike in brecciatedolistostromic cociteandbornitc, andprobably,the association with Ayavacas Formation cherry limestones. The nearby hornblendeporphyritic intermediateintrusiverocks flow-banded plug also intrudesthe Ayavacas Forof late Oligoceneage. The two deposits may, there- mation, for which a Cenomanian (i.e., ca. 91-97.5 fore, be approximately coeval. Ma) age is established (Newell, 1949; Klinck et al., Small-scale mining of silver-rich ores has taken 1986). The K-Ar date, for altered biotite, is therefore However,Yoshikawa et al. (1976) record placesincethe 19th centuryin the Compuerta camp. problematic. Two mainsetsof veins,hosted mainlyby PunoGroup Mesozoic,includingCretaceous, K-Ar datesfor granclasticsediments, have been worked in the abandoned itoid intrusions in the generalTintaya area (Fig. 2), Huiscar and San Germln mines,and contiguous to and Marocco and Noblet (1990) infer that igneous the latter, in the active Copacabana mine. The Co- clasts in the molasse of the Cuzco-Sicuani basin record pacabana-San Germln veinsare dominated by chal- Late Cretaceousor Paleocenearc magmatism over cocite, tennantite, and dolomite, whereas the Huiscar 350 to 400 km from the (present)Peru-Chiletrench. mine worked argentiangalena and sphalerite-rich These scatteredobservations, together with the recores.One seriesof veins(Copacabana-San Germln) ord of mid- andUpper Cretaceous mafic-intermediate hasa generaleast-southeast trend (unpub.map,Kro- igneous rocksin the Inner Arc domain,lend support mar, S.A., 1986) but comprises segments with alter- to the tentative suggestions by McBride et al. (1983) natingeast-southeast andsoutheast strikes; the second and Clark et al. (1984) that the later Cretaceous saw series(Huiscar)is very narrowandtrendsnortheast. a markedexpansion (or bifurcation)of the arc in the Bolivian orocline. It ispossible The east-southeast-trending veinsare closelyasso- vicinityof the present ciated with an en echelon array of lensy dikes of that both Cretaceous and Neogeneintrusions occur quartz-feldspar porphyriticrhyolite,which displays in the Cayachira area,but we favora Tertiary agefor the samealternationof segments with east-southeastboth the mineralizationand for the nearby subvoland southeast orientations. At depth, the porphyry canic stockwhich is juxtaposedwith a ca. 1.5-kmdikesincrease in sizeandnumber;mostare postmin- wide pipe of fragmental rocks, whichincludephreatic eral, but someare cut by barite veinsassociated with breccias.Although this probable diatreme system to the SantaBirbara Complex, argillicalteration,demonstrating a temporaloverlap bearsmanysimilarities of magmatism and hydrothermalactivity.We tenta- we prefer to assign it to the upper MioceneCondortively infer that the emplacement of both veinsand pufiunaRhyolite Formationon the basisof the lithporphyry dikes wascontrolled by transcurrent dextral ological similarities (Wasteneys, 1990) of the intrusive movement on the regional Lagunillasfault zone, rocks. within which the deposit lies, the east-southeast-, From the precedinggeologicand geochronologic southeast-, and northeast-trending structures repre- relations,we concludethat mostbaseand precious sentingR, P, andR' Riedel shears, respectively. This metal epithermal mineralization in the Santa Lucia is in close agreementwith the tectonic model ad- district accompanied eruption of the TacazaGroup, vanced by Fletcheret al. (1989) for mineralization in generally exhibiting a close association with upper thisregion.However,we favora geneticrelationbe- Oligocene,calc-alkaline subvolcanic intrusions. The tweenthe rhyoliticdikesandthe vein systems. These Santa Barbara vein system wasdirectlyassociated with dikesare inferred to belongto the Condorpufiuna an apparentlyisolatedfelsicexplosive centerwhich, RhyoliteFormation, the type areafor whichlies 3 to from its close association with a hornblende andesitc 5 km to the east-northeast, and which constitutes an sill complex,we interpret to be the terminalstage of arcuatesystem of subvolcanic intrusions conforming the TacazaGroup. Both the Cerro Hermosodiatreme to the southernmargin of the earlier Santa Lucia andthe mineralization mayalsobe regardedasbeing structure.The late Miocene age, 6.97 _ 0.50 Ma, transitionalbetween the dominantlymarielate Oliobtainedfor biotite from the type locality (BARB- goceneandthe felsicearly Miocenevolcanic regimes. 280), is thusconsidered to recordthe ageof miner- Lessimportanthydrothermalactivity occurredin asalizationin the Compuerta district,despite the sim- sociationwith hypabyssal felsic magmatism coeval ilarities of some of the veins to the Santa Birbara veins. with the earlieststage in the accumulation of the upNo direct agedataare availablefor the silver-base per Miocene-Pleistocene BarrosoGroup. None ap-

1546

CLARK ET AL.

pears to havetakenplaceduringSillapaca Groupvol- tapata")mines,aswell asfrom the SanAntoniode Esquilache camp, recovering Ag- andAu-richsulfide canism(cf. Fletcher et al., 1989).
concentrates.

Maazo

The structural geology of the areais well known The long-established MafiazoCu-Pb-Zn-Ag camp from the work of Newell (1949), who demonstrated (Figs.2, 3, and 10) hasrecentlyemerged asa signif- that the CretaceousAyavacasLimestone Formation with the Paleogene PunoGroupclastic icantsource of bed-rockgold (Arenas,1988; Fletcher isjuxtaposed along a west-northwest-striking, northet al., 1989). The polymetallic vein and stockwork sediments
mineralization of the area is associated with small

district

verging thrust faultandisitself overlain, and probably

stocks of diorite and granodiorite,with daciticflow overthrustby, mid-Callovianshales,sandstones, and quartz arenitesof the Lagunillas domesand a large dacite dike. Presentproductionis limestones, or "Mafiazo"thrustis mainlyfrom the LosRosales Au-Cu vein, whichdis- Group.Newell's"Maravillas" by Klincket al. (1986) andEllisonet al. plays a downward zonation fromcopperto gold-rich considered

a segment of the Lagunillas fault ores(Fletcheret al., 1989) andwhichis hosted by (1989) to represent haveinferred the Cerro Vizcachane dioritic plug, intrusive into zone.Newell (1949) andotherworkers sandstones andred shales of the probablyOligocene that the minor dacitic intrusionsin the southernpart PunoGroup.In addition, a custom mill processes ores of the Mafiazo area were controlledby the thrusts. is infrom the Aladino 6, SantaMestres,and Lulita ("Pal- The daciticbody underlyingCerro Caracollo

(3926

MAAZO
m a.s.I.)
CCALAPAMPA

Mina

Los

,,':':': }, ':Y:'.".' Mina

San

VIZCACHANE
:.:. Mina Santiaguito.

.!..:)..::
0: :1 km

'San Martin
'x ,
[]

unconsolidated alluvium

._.' ' : diorite dacitic domes and dikes ":'' Puno Group Ayavacas Limestone Fm. ::..i Lagunillas Group
thrust

CERRO CARACOLLO

.....__ stream courses

, active mine'abandoned mine or prospect
(COCA 1804)

San Marcpsi

Santa

Carmen

MUSCOVITE

Santa .'.
20

Integrated age 19.03 Ma

3
0.2
. . . i . . .

"

k I

0.4
i , . ,

0.6
i , . -

0.6
.

70'20'W

Cumulative fraction39Arreleased

FIG. 10. Geologic mapof the Mafiazo mining district, modified afterNewell(1953)andArenas (1988), withschematic cross section (A-A') through theLulita(Paltapata) mine (inset). Agespectrum
isfor hydrothermal muscovite fromtheLulitaworkings.

METALLOGENIC EVOLUTION, SE PERUVIAN ANDES

1547

terpreted as a partially extrusive dome (Arenas, 1988). The Pb-Zn-Agmineralization at SantaMestres is associated with dacitic and minette dikes, and with a pipe of phreatic(probablyphreatomagmatic) breccia, which may be a marginalfaciesof the dome. We havedatedhydrothermallyaltered daciteporphyry from the Lulita Au(-Cu,Pb,Ag)mine, whichin recent yearshasyielded ca. 200 to 300 metric tons/ month of ores with ca. 1.5 percent Cu, 0.8 percent

The W(-Mo) and Au mineralizationof this area is assigned to the Andeanbasement.

Pucard-Putina area

Small-scale mining of antimonyand basemetalrich oreshastakenplace at severallocalities on the Altiplanonorthwest of Juliaca(Figs.2 and3). The Sb deposits mayrepresent partof the extensive, andonce productive(Purser,1971), antimonysubprovince of de Carabaya to the northeast where, Pb, 0.8 percentZn, 3 to 4 oz/metricton Ag, and3 to the Precordillera Rosa andPutinadistricts (Fig. 11), stibnite 5 g/metric ton Au. Quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite-ar- in the Santa veins containing varying amounts of argentian galena, gentian tetrahedrite-electrum veinlets comprisea stockwork within a 50-m-wide dike situated 10 m sphalerite,scheelite,and wolframiteare hostedby southof the thrust separating the Ayavacas and La- lower Paleozoic clasticstrata, forming inliers in the gunillas Formation anddipping south, broadly parallel Putina synclinorium (Newell, 1949; Laubacher, of cassiterite and/ with the thrust (inset in Fig. 10). Mineralization is 1978a andb). The localoccurrence (e.g.,Petersen, 1960) in several of the associated with intense quartz-sericite(muscovite)- or Snsulfosalts that this area conpyrite alterationof the host porphyry.The dated Precordillerandepositssuggests sample,which yielded a high purity concentrate of stitutes a transition between the Main and Inner Arc There are no moderndescriptions of these hydrothermal muscovite, wastaken from the north- domains. deposits,but severalare associated with subvolcanic west end (1989) of the 4,330-m sublevel. of sanidineporphyriticrhyolite and of quartz The 4Ar/a9Ar muscovite spectrum yieldsan inte- stocks porphyritic quartz-latite. Preliminary grated age of 19.03 _40.18 Ma. Althoughthe spec- andplagioclase fluid inclusion studies (Kontak, 1985) of samples from trum is not a true plateau,the apparentagesof the majorityof the gasfractions overlapwithinthe limits the SanIsidro depositin the SantaRosacampreveal thermal history,and elevated of error (2a), and the integratedage is acceptedas a complex,multistage, of a approaching the time of crystallization of the mica. depositiontemperatures(>240C), suggestive magmatic hydrothermal rather than, e.g., a metaThis early Miocenedate differsfrom all otherssofar determined for mineralization in the Main Arc domain morphogenic or submarine exhalative origin. No geochronologic dataare available for the Prein this transect. The impliedage corresponds to the Sbdeposits, but a K-Ar dateof 15.4 _40.4 time of eruption of the Churumaand SantaLucia cordilleran Formationignimbrites of the Santa Luciadistrict,and Ma (Table 1, f) wasobtainedfor biotite from a stock thus,to that of the PalcaGroupofKlinck et al. (1986). of flow-banded,vesicular,quartz and sanidineporDespiteitsassociation with dioriticratherthandacitic phyritic rhyolite which forms a prominent topointrusive rocks, we further infer that the Los Rosales graphic featureat Pucart (Figs.2 and 3). Thisintrusionis cut by swarms of phreaticbrecciadikes.No Au-Cu vein system is alsoof early Mioceneage. mining activity isevident, but floatof quartz veinstone Cabanillas district bearing minorbarite,galena, andstibnite isscattered Paleozoic marinestrataare extensively exposed in around the foot of the hill. Ten kilometers to the the Cabanillas high (Ellisonet al., 1989), which sep- north, the Liliana-Maurillia 3 mine worked Sb(-Pb, aratesthe SantaLucla districtfrom the Altiplano.In Ag, Sn)veinscuttinga brecciated rhyolitestock very the hillsto the westof the villageof Cabanillas, Lower similar in lithology to that at Pucart (Robertson, Devonian clasticsediments of the CabanillasGroup 1978). On this basis,we tentativelyinfer a middle (Newell, 1949) are intruded by the Cerro Yaretane Mioceneagefor at leastsomeof the antimonian veins granodiorite-monzogranite pluton (Laubacher, of this district. It should, however, be noted that 1978a; Clark et al., 1990a), probablythe largestPa- Klincket al. (1986) recordthe occurrence ofstibnite leozoicgranitoidbody in the immediatetransect. K- in a quartz-cemented breccia at Ccera,50 m fromthe Ar and4Ar/agAr dating(Clarket al., 1990a)yields contact of the Huisaroque tonalitestock, situated 20 and for which a TriassicK-Ar biotite an Early Permianage (ca. 277 Ma) for the intrusion. km eastof PucarS., Wolframite-and molybdenite-bearing quartzveins age of 236 _46 Ma wasobtained. It is possible that exploited until recentlyby the small San Judas Tadeo, more than one episodeof Sb mineralization is repor Porvenir,mine (Fig. 2) are alsoof Permianage(ca. resented in this wide area.
260 Ma: Clark et al., 1990a). Auriferous placers in the valleys draining the Cerro Yaretane pluton are Summary Geochronologic coverage of the polymetallic minderived from pyrite- and gold-bearing quartz veins whichare tentativelyconsidered to be a lateralfacies eralization of the continent-ward half of the Main Arc domain is incomplete, but the datarecorded for the of the lithophilemetalmineralization.

1548 70*30'

CLARK ET AL.

70

69030 '
MAJOR METALS ASSOCIATED

13'30'

'

METALS

Sn

Sn

Cu

Ollachea

Fel/Cu
Au I 'Zn Ba -- Pb
Ag

[] []

$ Au Pb
Zn
Mn Fe

+ +++++++++
+ + + + +

Sb

+ + + + +
4

+++++++++ + + + + + + ++ +
+

) W Mo [

___4o
Mn

INTRUSIONS
Jurassic

*+

'),,
61 62

1811

+++,+ +
U$ica

++++++
+ +

+-- !' Devonian - Carboniferous ?

Triassic Lower Jurassic
nbal

43
Domingo
San Rafael
Antauta

36
30' --

Cuyo Cuyo

I district 3311

Linacp, amla

Sb-W-Pb-Zn-Ag
district (Santa Rosa)
28
1.5 '

AntOn /''C O
/
60
29 ePurina
', 0

/3^

25

56 [ 57

25

61_ Pucarfi

km

FIG. 11. Mineral deposit map of the Cordilleraand Precordillera de Carabaya. Major intrusive centers of Devonian or Carboniferous (?),Triassic to EarlyJurassic, andmid-Jurassic ageare outlined (modifiedafter Laubacher,1978a, b). The deposits are numbered asfollows (those for whichdirectgeochronologic dataare presented herein are italicized,and significant pastor presentproducers are asterisked): 1 = Huscocachi; 2 -- Ucuntaya; 3 = PioX; 4 = Santo Domingo; 5 = TresMadas (no.2); 6 = Santa Marta;7 -- unnamed;
8 = Rescate;9 = Martha; 10 = SanRafael*; 11 = Quenamari*; 12 = Minastira; 13 = Mormoroni; 14

= Cantuta; 15 = Volcdn; 16 = Levans; 17 = Padua (1 and2); 18 = unnamed; 19 = Aurora; 20 = Calv6rio;

21 = Olga;22 = Rosario; 23 -- unnamed; 24 -- unnamed; 25 = Cunchulli; 26 = San Pablo-Antonia;

27 -- SanFrancisco; 28 = LilianaMaurillia*;29 = SanIsidro*;30 -- unnamed; 31 = Cecilia*;32 -- San Antonio*; 33 = Jaime; 34 = Nazareth; 35 = Princesa; 36 = Nicaragua; 37 = Altura;38 = Santa Ana Dos*;39 = Santa Ana Uno*;40 -- Casa de Plata*;41 = Cerrodel IncaAzul*; 42 -- Condoriquifia*; 43 -- Sol de Cobriza;44 = Coetapalo; 45 = Dominga;46 -- SanAntoniode Padua;47 -- Esquifia; 48 = Sarita; 49 = unnamed; 50 = San Jos;51 -- Ocuara; 52 = Santa Ana;53 -- Santa Rosa dePatambuco*;

54 = Cuyo Cuyo; 55 = Condoriqui6a; 56 = Gavildn deOro*;57 -- AnaMaria*; 58 -- Jdsica; 59 = Palca 11'; 60 -- LosEspafioles; 61 = Collpa*; 62 = Revancha; and63 = Corani*. The areaoccupied by the uranium prospects of theQuenamari Meseta isoutlined by a vertical-line pattern; thelocation of the Picotani uranium prospect by U(P) andthatof the Coasa radiometric anomalies by (U).

METALLOGENIC EVOLUTION, SE PERUVIANANDES

1549

Cacachara, SantaLucia, Mafiazo andPucarft(-Putina) a 1:500,000 geologic map.Francis (1956) andCarlier districtsdemonstratethat hydrothermalactivity oc- et al. (1982) described aspects of the magmatism of curredepisodically overanintervalof at least20 m.y., the Cordillerade Carabaya, forminga foundation for extendingfrom the late Oligoceneto the late Mio- the more detailed petrologicwork of Noble et al. cene. The substantial SantaBftrbaraand Berenguela (1984a), Kontak et al. (1984, 1985, 1986), and PiAg-Cu centers,aswell asthe Tacazaandother smaller chavantet al. (1987, 1988a and b). Geochronologic Cu-rich deposits of the SantaLucia district,are con- data for the igneousrocksare recordedby Lancelot sideredto have been emplacedin the late Oligocene et al. (1978), Carlier et al. (1982), Clark et al. (1983b), (ca. 23.5-29 Ma); the Lulita Au(-Cu, Pb, Ag) stock- Bonhomme et al. (1985, 1988), Kontaket al. (1987), work is of early Mioceneage(19 Ma); the Sb-bearing Laubacher et al. (1988), andPichavant et al. (1988a). veins of the Pucart-Putina region may be of middle Kontaket al. (1990c and d) synthesize the available Miocene age (ca. 15 Ma); and the Ag-Pb-Zn-Cuveins petrogeneticand geochronologic data for, respecin the Compuertaand Cacachara campsare, respec- tively, the late Paleozoicto early Mesozoicand Tertively, probablyand clearlyof late Mioceneage (6- tiaryintervals in the region.Geochronologic andpet7 Ma). The moreimportanthydrothermalsystems are rogenetic researchis underway on Oligocene to age-equivalent to the volcanism of the Tacaza,(lower) Miocene volcanic-subvolcanic rocks in the region Sillapaca(or Palca),and (lower) BarrosoGroups.The (Cheilletz et al., 1990, andin press; Sandeman et al., essentially monophase metaIlogenic modelof Fletcher 1990; Yamamura,1990; Clark et al., in prep.). et al. (1989) is not supported; indeed, the daciticSilThe areais dominated by a thick succession of OrlapacaGroup asdelimitedby Klinck et al. (1986) and dovicianto Lower Permian,dominantlymarine, sedEllisonet al. (1989) wasapparentlythe only stageof imentary strata, unconformably overlain by Lower subaerial volcanism not directly responsible for me- Permian molassic clastics(Mitu Group) and by the
tallic mineralization. Further, at least the Santa BftrCretaceous continental clastics of the Putina basin,

bara, Lulita, Compuerta,and Cacachara deposits are closely associated with felsic (dacitic to rhyolitic) hypabyssal intrusions. Finally, hydrothermalbreccias with phreatic, or even phreatomagmatic, characterstics(see Sillitoe, 1985) occur in the immediatevicinitiesof the Lim6n Verde (-CerriIlos),Berenguela, Cayachira,and Tacazadeposits and containclastsof

fine-grained dioriteor dacite porphyry suggesting the occurrenceof epizonalintrusions at depth. We advocate a correlation between the epithermal mineralizationof the Cordillera Occidentaland Altiplano with Oligocene and Miocene subvolcanicstocks. However, the regionaltectonicmodel of Fletcher et al. (1989) remainsplausible,with the rider that both hydrothermal circulation andepizonal intrusion were controlled by the major northwest-trending strikeslip fault zones.
Mesozoic Mineralization
Introduction

of the Inner Arc Domain

The Cordillera Oriental separatesthe Altiplano from the sub-Andeanlowlands (Fig. 1). The 5,000to 6,000-m-highglaciated peaksof thiscordilleraare traditionallyassigned to the Cordillerade Carabaya, andin the vicinity of the Bolivianborder,to the Cordillera,or Nudo, de Apolobamba. Thismountain chain is in part boundedto the southwest by the Crucero depression, a Tertiary intermontane basin(Laubacher et al., 1988), andby the extensive uplands of the Precordillera de Carabaya(Figs. 11, 12, and 13). The geology of this abundantlymineralized region has been documentedby Newell (1949), Newell et al. (19,53), and Laubacher(1978a and b), who provides

or synclinorium (Laubacher,1978a). Ordovicianto Devonian units of the SanJos, Sandia,and Ananea Formations displaythe effectsof strongcompressive tectonism,ascribedto a Late Devonian to early Carboniferous (early Hercynian)orogenyby Mgard et al. (1971), but they are widely preserved in a subgreenschist faciesmetamorphic state. Areas of high-grade, low-pressure metamorphism, exposed in the SanGabfro andInambari(Sandia) valleys, surround intrusive complexes locallyexhibiting strong foliation; they are regardedby Laubacher(1978a) as representingmetamorphic culminations and synkinematic intrusionsof Devonian to early Carboniferousage. The late Hercynianorogeny(Laubacher,1978a), of EarlyPermian age(Clarket al., 1990a), affected both the lower Paleozoicstrataand units of the Mississippian Ambo Group and the Pennsylvanian Tarma and Copacabana Groups(Newell et al., 1953). It involved generallyweak compression andprobablyno significant metamorphism, and was immediatelyfollowed by continental rifting,formingthe northwest-trending Mitu trough and associated alkali basalts (Kontaket al., 1985, 1990c). Renewedtectonism duringthe late Eocene Incaic orogeny(Laubacher,1978a and b; Laubacheret al., 1988) generateda southwest-verging foldandthrustbelt across the Putinasynclinorium. Immediately to the northeast,alongthe presentaxis of the cordillera, coeval (ca. 38 Ma) thermal and tectonicactivitygaveriseto the Zongo-SanGabfmzone (Fig. 13) within whichK-Ar dates were radically reset (Farrar et al., 1988; Kontak et al., 1990d). The intensity of the thermal disturbance increases systematicallyfrom southwest to northeastacross this zone. Further compression occurredin the latestOligocene

15 5 0

CLARK ET AL.
! 69o30'W

ISAN GABAN:

COASA
+ + + + + +

'+*+++++++++++++++ +

MACUSAN SYENITE

+
+

+
+

+
+

Macusl

PLUTON--

LIMBANI PLUTON

Crucero

0'..88/
INTRUSIVE ROCKS

LIMACPAMPA

SEDIMENTARY AND VOLCANIC STRATA

Jurassic Triassic
Permian

i!!
"...:

Uacusani Syenite Allincc.pac Group '}/,?p_?.'

'
'

and associated
mafic dykes

Granitoid pluton

MituGroup

Carboniferous
-

_ Tarma/Copacabana Gp. Ambo Group

_- Ananea Group ,y:/,; San Gab.n plutqics (?)
TTTTTT Sandia Fm.

SiluroDevonian
Ordovician

i::: San Joss Fro.

I 0

km 25

15

FIG.12. Geologic sketch map ofthepre-Cretaceous units oftheCordillera and Precordillera de Carabaya, simplified and modified after Laubacher (1978a and b),and emphasizing themajor plutonic centers. Theboundary between theMituand Allinccftpac Groups isgeneralized (after Kontak et al.,
1990c).

ash-flow tuffswereemplaced in close as(ca. 24 Ma: Clark et al., in prep.) duringthe initial rhyodacitic stages of the protractedQuechuaorogenic cycle sociation with mafic-intermediate shoshonitic volcanism(Clark et al., 1983b; Bonhomme et at., 1985; (Laubacheret at., 1988). The lowerandupperPateozoic strata areintruded Kontak et at., 1986, 1987; Laubacheret at., 1988) a west-northwest-trending beltsurrounding the (Fig. 12) by several largeplutons of weaklyperalu- along depression andextending to the west-northminous monzograniteassignedto the Carabaya Crucero of peratuminous bathotithby Kontaket at. (1990c), and for which west.In the Miocene,a resumption but with a significantly differentcompoPermian (Lancelot et al., 1978) andTriassic (Kontak volcanism, generated therhyolitic ash flows ofthePicotani et al., 1990c)ages areproposed. Scattered feldspath- sition, 1985;Laubacher et at., 1988;Sandeman et oid-bearing syenite plutons andperalkaline volcanic (Kontak, (orMacusani) (Nobleet at., units aregrouped astheprobably Jurassic Allincc/tpac al., 1990)andQuenamari et al., 1988a;Cheilletzet al., 1990) PeralkalineComplex,or Group, by Kontaket at. 1984a;Pichavant (1990c).With the exception of the localintrusion of fields (Fig. 13). The area has been magmaticalty since ca.3 Ma (Bonhomme et al., 1988). smallgranodiorite stocks in the mid- and Late Cre- quiescent
taceous,the Inner Arc domain was thereafter magmaticallyquiescent until the late Oligocene(ca.28.5 The location numbers,distribution, and great va-

riety of the ore deposits of this area are shown in haslongbeena significant Ma), whenperatuminous monzogranite plutons and Figure11. Thisregion

METALLOGENIC EVOLUTION, SE PERUVIAN ANDES

I' I

1551

-., Tertiary volcanic rocks

13030 '

Tertiary intrusive rocks

(27.1)

Pre-Tertiary intrusive rocks

K-Ar age range - intrusiverocks

23.7

K-Ar age range- volcanic rocks

14

(24.2) 1

x
/ . z

Doming_oJ, SanRafael-Ouenamari
(25.9-22.6).(27.1)

Santo ,,-

''

CayconiField

/';;
7;;

23:7 .Antauta

1430 '

Pic

( 17.4
'Ancocalw/
Basin

2*.anea
. .
%%

"I'
0 25

Palca

#1 1

(8.4)

70 30'

70

69030'

FIG. 13. Sketch mapshowing the Tertiaryunitsof the Cordillera andPrecorditlera de Carabaya, the Crucerodepression andAnanea-Ancocata basin, andthe approximate boundaries of the Zongo-San GabSn tectono-thermat zone(ZSGZ: afterFarraret at., 1988, andKontak et at., 1990d).Agesof intrusive andvolcanic rocksare mainlyfrom Clark et at. (1983b), Kontaket at. (1986, 1987), andBonhomme et at. (1988). AR -- Aricoma pluton; CO = Coasa pluton; LI -- Limbanipluton; LM = Limacpampa pluton;MS = Macusani Syenite;SG -- SanGabancomplex--all Jurassic or older.

source of gold(Fornariet al., 1988) frombothbed- SanRafaelandPalca11 (loc59) minesare the largest

rock and placer operations, butbase metal productionsources of, respectively, tin andtungsten in theAndes fromthe Cecilia (loc31), SanRafael (loc10), and andthe mostproductive bedrockoperations for these Carabaya ("Quenamari" or"Nazareth": loc11)mines metals in the WesternHemisphere. The rhyolitictuffs has beenmoreimportant in recent years. Moreover, of the Macusani field hostseveralpotentiallyimporsince the 1970s, theregion hasemerged asa major tant concentrations of high-grade uraniumstockworks lithophile metalprovince; at the present time, the (Flores et al., 1983).

15 5 2

CLARK ET AL.

The metallogenic historyof the regionis summarized by Clark et al. (1984) and Kontak(1985), and geologicguidelinesfor tin and tungstenexploration are proposed by Kontakand Clark (1988). The conclusions of thosepapersrequire modification in the light of recently acquiredage data.The mineraldepositsof the region are herein subdivided into Mesozoicand Cenozoicgroups.Discussion of the older
mineralization includes an evaluation of a series of

occurred(Turner, 1968). If a crystallization age of 200 Ma is assumed for the muscovite, a 70 to 75 percent Ar loss is indicated. The considerable local vari-

ationin muscovite apparent agesuggested by the data may be a functionof grain size and/or the extent of
interaction of the micaswith the 300 to 400C H20-

CO2-CH4-NaC1fluidsimplicatedin the evolutionof the Zongo-Stn Gab/nzone (Kontaket al., 1990d).

The available K-Ar and4Ar/39Ar datafor thisdis-

that mineralization tookplaceprior Au-, Sn-,andW-bearingquartzveins whichhavetra- trict demonstrate ditionallybeen regardedas of Paleozoicage, a con- to 112.4 _ 2.4 Ma, whereasthe Rb-Sr isotoperelationsstronglysuggest a post-Carboniferous age.The clusion whichwe question. mostconservative interpretationwould be to assign Cerro Condoriquiria-Limacpampa district the Condoriquia Sn(-W, Zn, Au) veinsto the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic metallogenic episoderecogThe Condoriquifia ("Condoriquefia")deposit(loc in the Cordillerade Carabaya. If so, 55), the first significanttin-dominantbedrock min- nized elsewhere eralization to be recognized in Peru (Petersen,1960), the foliation of the Limacpamparocks could result margin comprises a series of cassiterite-rich zonesof massive from their locationcloseto the northeastern greisen anda groupof narrow,but laterallyextensive, of the Zongo-San Gab/n zone (Figs. 13 and 14). cassiterite-bearing, quartz-chloriteveins,containing However, similarfabricsin the Triassic(Heinrich et leucogranites of the Zongopluton abundant wolframite, sphalerite,and arsenopyrite as al., 1988) two-mica well as erraticallyhigh Au grades(Petersen,1960). of the Cordillera Real, northwest Bolivia, are interThe deposit, onCerroCondoriquia, ishosted by two- preted (Heinrich, 1988; Clark et al., in prep.) asremica monzogranites and muscoviteleucogranites of cordingintrusionat depthsof ca. 10 to 15 km, i.e., the smallLimacpampa pluton(Figs.12 and 14), which in the upper mesozone.Exhumationof the deeper intrudes tourmaline-rich andalusite-biotite hornfelses partsof the CordilleraRealbatholith duringthe Incaic derived from Siluro-Devonian clastics of the Ananea orogeny is consideredto have occurred owing to a Formation(Laubacher,1978a andb). Both the veins ca. 90 rotation (up to the northeast)during devel"duplex" (Farrar et al., and the granitesare affectedby variablyintensefo- opment of a crustal-scale for the Anliation, locallyapproaching gneissic. The tectonized 1990). A similarmodelmaybe suggested transectof the Zongo-SanGabtn nature of the granites, and the wide extent of the anea-Limacpampa metamorphic aureole,led Laubacher(1978a and b) zone (Kontaket al., 1990d). to assign the center a possible Carboniferous age. Ananea district The peraluminous Limacpampa granitelieswithin Alsosituatedwithin the Zongo-SanGab/nzone is the ca. 38-Ma Zongo-SanGabSnzone (Farrar et al., 1988; Kontak et al., in pressb) and is therefore dif- the Ananea, or La Rinconada, district(Figs.11-14), ficult to date in the absence of U-Pb zircon data. which hasbeen a gold camp sinceat leastthe 17th However, our Rb-Sr studies(Kontak et al., 1990c) century when placer mining flourishedin the Chashowthat a negativeinitial Sr isotoperatio would be quiminasarea. Productionfrom the fiuvio-glacial basin at the southdefinedif the graniticrockswere as old as Carbon- gravelsof the Ananea-Ancocala has iferous. Muscovitefrom the granite yields an Rb-Sr westernfoot of the Cordillera de Apolobamba episodically to the presentday (Fornariet ageof 199 Ma at a reasonable assumed initial ratio of persisted of the placergold,and 0.710. ConventionalK-Ar data are given in Table 3 al., 1982, 1988). The source detrital cassiteriteand for a muscovite (LMP-2A) anda muscovite-biotite pair of the intimately associated wasundoubtedly in bedrockdeposits ex(LMP-1) from the vicinity of the Condoriquiapros- wolframite, pect. The datesrange from 112.4 to 37.1 Ma, and posed at elevationsof ca. 5,000 to 5,250 m on the of the NevadoAnanea-Nevado Nacariamassif. there is extremediscordance betweenthe coexisting slopes The geology of the miningdistrict hasbeendescribed micasin sampleLMP-1. The conclusion that these samples have suffered by Fornariet al. (1988). Of the two mainestablished intensethermaldisturbance is strongly supported by underground operations,the Ana Maria mine has the4Ar/a9Ar agespectrum forLMP-1muscovite (Fig. probablyyieldedno more than 1 metric ton of gold and 14, b; Kontak et al., 1990d), which yields an inte- i recent years,but the extent of the workings of the ores(to 25 g/metricton Au) gratedageof 81.04 _ 1.48 Ma. This spectrum is typ- the high grades that long-termproductionhas been signifiical of thermally overprintedmicas(e.g., York and suggest LopezMartinez, 1986), andwith the exception of the cantlyhigher.The nearbyGavil/nde Oro workings saddle,crudelyapproximates a profile that wouldbe have supported a populationof up to 2,500 garimduring the past decade.No expectedif extensive volumediffusion of argonhad peiros and dependents

METALLOGENIC EVOLUTION, SE PERUVIAN ANDES

] 553

69030 ' W

BJ (COCA-268)

2 I IA=179.5+3.7 Ma I
150

14 S0 100

Cumulative per cent 3r released

lOO

"'LW (-Mo Sn Cu) ' osc-, I \. .-, Aricoma::i:!'D '

40 IA-- b

C
150

LB-6

' Active mine , Inactive mine Prospect

K-Ar date

/37.1_+.0.8 Ma (g)l " ' "'-?.\ ' '/ / LM,/ , : .. ----...._

"

[89.1.2.1 Ma (m) I." ' ' .' '

-..\

LMP-1

112.42.4 Ma ";', " ' I LMP-2A (m) I - .' ." Limacpampa Pluton
I Bi biotite

' ' ' ' ' I1),'-, Condorique'a ' ' 1.' Sn(-W Au)
Gaviln de Oro

o , S30'

age spectrum (Mu muscovite

. .

Zongo - San Gabn Zone

i

4310 Ma(m) I I1 Au (-Sn, W)

Ananea [ '. (Au) . -

25

km

techniques (spectra a-c). The Zongo-San Gabhnzone is outlined.

FG.14. Sketch mapofsoutheastern segment oftheCarabaya batholith, showing locations ofmines andprospects discussed in the text,andof samples dated by the K-Ar andAr/a9Ar step-heating

for several kilometers to the east of the Ana Maria

goldproduction figures are available for this mine, considerations placesome constraints onthe environbuta single meter-wide veinyielded 3 metric tons of mentandtimingof hydrothermal activity.Fornariet wolframite and1 metric tonof cassiterite, monthly, al. (1988) recordedthat the Ana Maria mine hasexin theearly1960s (Robertson, 1978).Oldworkings ploited up to eight separatemantoorebodies--latshowing evidence of considerable production extend erally extensive, but thin (max.20 cm), systems of
gray quartzveinsbroadlyconformable with the bed-

mine(J.C. Kovafik, pers.commun., 1990). ding of the east-northeast-striking, semi-isoclinally The age of the Au-lithophile metal-base metal folded, Lower Devonian turbidites of the Ananea

mineralization remains problematic, but geologic Formation(Laubacher,1978a). A subordinate series

1554

CLOAK ET AL.

TABLE3.

K-At Age Determinationsfor Inner Arc Mineralized Districts, Southeastern Peru

Sample no.

Location

Rocktype

Material analyzed

%K

4Araa (cma/ g X 10-6 NTP)

Atm % 4Ar

Apparent age (Ma) and error(_+2a)

a. Limacpampa-Ananeadistrict

LMP-2A LMP-1 LMP-1

143230'
603000 '

Monzogranite Monzogranite Monzogranite

Muscovite Muscovite Biotite

8.617 8.654 6.872

38.83 30.71 10.01

17.7 15.5 17.2

112.4 _+ 2.4 89.1 _+ 2.1 37.1 _+ 0.8

1432'30"
69 30'00

143230
6930'00 '

GDO-1

143730 ' 69 3000'

Quartz vein envelope

Muscovite

7.001

40.56

5.9

143.2 _ 10.1

b. Coasa district BAR 16 1404'37 7010'00 ' Greisen Muscovite 5.292 46.42 2.3 212.7 _+ 4.3

COCA 1011
COCA 1012

1400'26 '
70005'03"

Quartz vein
Monzogranite

Muscovite
Biotite

8.685
6.584

66.38
52.22

7.0
0.9

186.7 _+ 3.8
193.4 _+ 3.9

1400'26'
700503

c. Aricoma

district

LB-6 OSC-1

14 18'49 ' 141000 '

695130"

Quartz vein Monzogranite from

Muscovite Biotite

7.844 6.987

73.04 55.65

2.3 3.1

225.0 _+14.8 194.1 _+ 3.9

vein envelope

d. Crucero COCA COCA COCA 382 387 292A

district 14 17'20" 69058,00" 14016'05" 695ff56" 14 1547" 700431 '

Granodiorite
Granodiorite

Whole rock
Whole rock

2.811
2.426

9.37
7.31

8.5
10.3

83.8 _+ 3.1
74.4 _+ 1.6

Diabase

Whole rock

0.665

3.25

22.9

121.5 _+ 2.6

of white quartzveinscuttingbeddingisalsorecorded. Native gold is associated with arsenopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite,and particularly,galena.The foldedand boudinaged natureof the mantos isascribed by Soler et al. (1986) andFornariet al. (1988) to deformation duringthe early Hercynianorogeny,i.e., in the Late Devonianor early Carboniferous. In additionto the quartzveins,a broadlyconcordant, laminated, weakly auriferous (ca. 2 g/metric ton) body of arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, andpyrite,with ca. 15 percent"detrital" quartz,is interpretedasa sedimentary exhalative horizon (Fornari and Bonnemaison, 1984). The quartz veins are consideredto representsuboceanic fluid
conduits.

axial-planar cleavage of the turbidites. The vein cuts both of thosefabricsand alsoa north-northwest-dipping spaced cleavage(the S1foliationof Fornari et al., 1988); some vein segments are controlled by the intersectionof the bedding and the spacedcleavage. The host sedimentaryrocks, which exhibit subgreenschist, anchimetamorphic faciesconditions, displayno widespreadhydrothermalalteration,but
within ca. 5 to 10 mm of the vein, the rocks are con-

Preliminaryfield andpetrographic studies undertakenduringthe present research definethe following stagesin the developmentof the San Jorge manto (level 2, 5,200 m) of the Ana Maria mine:

1. Emplacement of the manto of grayquartz. This dipsca.20SSE, subparallel to thebedding andweak

verted to extremelyfine grained,melanocratic selvagescomprising white mica,quartz,andTi(-Fe) oxides(leucoxene), whichsurviveaswispysepta within the vein quartz. The irregular contacts and anastomosing natureof the mantos are thusascribed in part to their emplacement through replacement of the host rocksby hydrothermalfluids;the Ti oxidesare regardedasrefractoryphases. Although,in the senior author'sopinion,neither nativegold nor sulfidemineralscan be demonstrated to be directly associated with this stageof quartzintroduction, J. C. Kovaik (pers. commun.,1990) recordsthat ore-grademin-

METALLOGENIC EVOLUTION, SE PERUVIAN ANDES

15 5 5

eralizationis highly persistent in the mantos. Apparently primaryfluid inclusions in mantoquartzall have 4 equiv wt percent NaC1. 2. Folding and boudinage of the mantos. Deformationof the veinsis clearly shownby the intense recrystallization of the quartz and by at least two stages of tectonic stylolite development. J. C. Kovaik (unpub. data) documents the developmentof subvertical ore shoots in the area to the eastof Ana Maria,

apparentlyrepresenting saddlereefsassociated with

isoclinal folds.

3. Local dilation of the youngerstylolite seams,

with the introduction of minor Fe-rich chlorite, fine-

grainedwhite quartz, ilmenite, and pyrite and trace amounts of Mo-poor scheelite. 4. Emplacement of south-dipping (ca. 40o-55 ) veinsof milky quartz. These "ramales"have chloritized selvages andcontain chlorite,pyrite,pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, galena,minorscheelite, and possibly, nativegold where they transectthe manto. Brecciascomprisingangularfragmentsof metasedimentaryhostrock are locallydeveloped. Sulfideminerals,andapparently, goldwere introduced into contiguous areasof the manto. Fluid inclusions in the milky quartzdisplay highlyvariableliquid/vapor ratiosandvariableamounts of CO2 (or CH4 .9). 5. Extensive dissolution of the milky quartz.The dissolution generated megascopic cavities whichwere partiallyfilled in by the millimeter-scale platesand even euhedra of gold which characterizethe ores. Inclusions of sperrylite and micheneritehave been observed in one coarse gold grain (J. Kovaik, pers.
commun., 1990, has confirmed the occurrence of Pt

alloysin the nearbyAu placers). Vug development

wasassociated with pseudomorphous growthof pyrite after pyrrhotiteandthe deposition of minorankerite.

Similarrelationsare evidentin the larger Gaviln de Oro depositwhere early, sinuous but extensive, mantos of grayquartzare cutby several milky quartz
veins rich in muscovite, cassiterite, and wolframite,

striking ca. 60 and dipping 20 SE (Robertson, 1978). Handspecimens fromthe dumps display veinlets of white vuggy quartz, rich in sulfidesand with traces of gold, cutting wolframite- and cassiteritebearingquartzveinstone. As at Ana Maria, the bulk ofthe goldat Gavilftn de Orowas therefore apparently introducedlate in the history of the veins and was associated with extensive dissolution of quartzwhere
brittle fractures intersected the mantos.

From the above data, it is concluded that the em-

placement of at leastthe high-grade goldmineralization was separatedfrom turbidite sedimentation in the Early Devonianby a complexseriesof tectonic

andhydrothermal events. Like manyother golddeposits(e.g., Tourignyet al., 1989), the vein systems

of the Ananeadistrictare multiphase, comprising a

varietyof formsandattitudes with respect to regional structures. The exhalativemodel advocatedby Fornariet al. (1988) thereforecannot satisfy all observed features of the deposits. The anchimetamorphic grade of the hostrocksandthe occurrence of muchgold in cavitiesindicatethat all mineralizationtook place at relatively shallowdepths.Whereaswe are not convincedby the evidencefor truly exhalative processes, we acceptthat the mantosdevelopedin a late kinematic, and possibly, late metamorphic environment. In contrast,the crosscutting veins were emplaced duringan episodeof brittle fracturingin a very shallow environment.It is implicit that hydrothermalactivity overlapped with a transition fromcompressional to extensionaltectonics and with probably abrupt uplift and erosional exhumation of the area.The Ananeaveinsdisplayclosesimilarities to the beddingparallelauriferous quartzveinswarms of the Paleozoic Meguma terrane, Nova Scotia. These controversial deposits (Keppieet al., 1986) are considered by Kontak et al. (1990b) to have formed in association with late kinematic plutonismduring the rise of deep, metamorphically derivedfluids.The onlyexposed intrusive body in the immediateAnanea district is a small lens of strongly deformed and chloritized granodiorite,but a similarmodel may be applicable. The age of the gold-bearingveinsremainsincompletely defined.In Table 3, a, we record a conventional K-Ar date of 143 _ 10 Ma for hydrothermal muscovite directlyassociated with cassiterite fromthe Gavilfmde Oro workings.This earliest Cretaceous datum is tentatively interpreted asindicatinga minimum age for the veins.Thus, it is clear that at least the Sn mineralizationwas not generatedduring the Eocenedevelopment of the Zongo-SanGabn zone. The compressional tectonicenvironment of the earlier mineralization stages mayhavebeenthat of the early Hercynian orogeny, as proposedby Fornari et al. (1988), but it could alsohave developedduring the late Hercynian(EarlyPermian) tectono-thermal event (Laubacher,1978a and b). The superimposed epizonaleventwhich,we infer, wasresponsible for much of the ore gradeAu, may have occurredduring the uplift and rifting which generatedthe Mitu trough, alsoin the Early Permian. However, the closeassociation of lithophile metal (Sn,W) associations with gold in the Ananeacamppromptsanalogies with the nearbyCerro Condoriquifia district(Fig. 14). In particular, the markedly changingtectonic conditions implied by the earlier and later veins at Ana Maria may directly reflect the transition from initial emplacementof the Carabayabatholithat ca. 225 Ma, throughuplift, to the intrusion of the younger,more intenselymineralized stocksat ca. 190 to 200 Ma. Petersen(1960) indeedproposed a geneticrelation betweenthe two centers,suggesting that the Au-rich veinsin the vicinity of Ananeaandthe Condoriquifia

1556

Sn(-W, Au) veinsconstitute,respectively,distaland Gabfinzone (Kontak et al., 1990d). On this basis,we

proximal facies of a large-scale hydrothermal syste m can only infer that the plutonsare Early Cretaceous related directly to emplacementof the Carabaya or older. batholith; in contrast,Fornari et al. (1982, 1988) do Bedrock quartzveins(asat Huscocachi; Ioc 1) have not consider the occurrence of cassiterite and wolfbeen significant sources of gold (Soleret al., 1986) ramite in the Ananea bedrock mineralization, and but have apparently not been geologicallydocutherefore, do not addressthese relations. We concur mented;these and other deposits in the San Gabfin are tentativelyinterpretedasthe source of with Petersenand cite analogies with the Permian intrusions SanJudas Tadeo district (seeabove),where Au-rich the placer gold which is still being recoveredfrom veins similarly appear to represent (Clark et al., severalsitesbelow Ollachea.As in the broadlycom1990a) a peripheralzone arounda W(-Mo) core, and parablesettings in the Cerro Condoriquifia area (see the lateral zonation from wolframite- to gold-rich above)andin the Zongodistrictof Bolivia(Farraret veins in the Pacollo district of the Cordillera Real, al., 1990a; Clark et al., in prep.), we envisage that Bolivia(AhlfeldandSchneider-Scherbina, 1964). The the foliated granitoidrocks of the complexrecord gold-bearingfluidsmay have been derived from the batholithemplacement conditions at depth;the sparse granitoid magmas or fromthe extensive metamorphic natureof the primarymineralization mayreflectthe under which the hydrothermalfluids aureoles whichareinferredto surround the Carabaya high pressures
batholith at mesozonal depths.On this basis, we tentativelyfavora Jurassic agefor the golddeposits.
Ollachea district

evolved. An extensive area south of Ollachea

is underlain

Despite the groundworklaid by Douglas (1920) and Francis (1956), the geologyof the precipitous valleyof the Rio SanGabfin,whichtransects the axial Cordillera Oriental north of Macusani(Figs. 11 and 12), remainsill-defined. Laubacher (1978a and b) providesa sketchmap approximately delimitingthe two major igneoussuiteswhich are incisedby the river: the San Gabfin Complex, north of Ollachea (Kontak et al., 1990c),andthe Allinccfipac Peralkaline Complex to the south (Francis, 1956; Laubacher, 1978a; Kontaket al., 1990c). Clarification of the age relationsin this areaishinderedby its locationwithin the Zongo-San Gab finzone,preventing precise dating of the numerous,once productive,metallic mineral deposits associated with the two complexes. The scattered plutonsof the SanGab fin Complex (the Coranibatholith)intrude clasticstrataof the Or- been restricted to scattered silver-rich veins: the dovicianSanJos and SandiaFormationsand are in largestmine, at Ucuntaya(loc 2), worked Cu-Ag ores part surrounded by an extensive aureoleof low-pres- (Zambranoet al., 1965). Francis (1956) documents Colonialor olderbedrockworkings for silsure metamorphism(Kontak, 1985) culminatingin numerous sillimanite-bearing assemblages definingconditions ver along the Rio San Gabfin and recordshigh Au corresponding to the bathozone1-2 transition of Car- grades fromonelocality.The smallPioX Pb-Ba(-Mn) michael(1978), i.e., P = ca. 2.2 kbars.The intrusive veinsystem (loc3), south of the mainsyenite plutons, rocks,rangingin composition from olivine-pyroxene may alsorepresenthydrothermalactivity associated gabbroto two-micaleucogranite, are variably,and with the alkaline magmatism.Ore samplesfrom a locallystrongly, foliated.Compositional trendssug- prospectin the vicinity of JuroJuro,ca. 9 km southof Ollachea,comprise veinletsof analcime, gesta comagmatic origin throughfractionalcrystal- southwest lization of a maficparent but with extensive contam- 1 to 2 cmwide andcontaining disseminations of native ination by aluminoussedimentaryrocks.These fea- silver, acanthite,and cuprostibite(Cu2Sb),a sulfurtures are not sharedby other granitoidsuitesin the poorassemblage similarin some respects to thosedeperalkalinesyeniteby Cordillerade Carabaya.Only K-Ar datesfor biotites scribedfrom the Ilimaussaq are available for the SanGab finComplex: theserange Karup-Moller (1974). However, other Ag mineralto havebeenrich from 123 to 38 Ma (n = 5) and,together with biotite izationin the syeniticrocksappears datesfrom the enclosing metapelites, decrease sys- in pyrite, galena,and argentiantetrahedrite. tematically from southto northacross the Zongo-San Ore mineralaccumulations moretypicalof alkaline

by alkaline andperalkaline syenitic rocks, constituting the Macusani Syenite of Francis (1956), oneof several centers of silica-undersaturated magmatism in the western Cordillera de Carabaya (Kontak, 1985). These phaneritic intrusive rocksgrade upward into compositionally equivalent volcanics, whichunderlie NevadosAllinccfipac and Japumato the east of the upper Rio San Gabfin. The extrusiveunits were assignedto the Lower Permian Mitu Group by Laubacher (1978a and b), but we elsewhereargue for the existenceof a distinct AllinccfipacPeralkaline Complex in this area (Kontaket al., 1990c). The alkaline rocks range in compositionfrom gabbro, through diorite to nepheline- and amphibole(barkevikite andhornblende)-pyroxene (aegirine-augite) syenites,and have compositions largely in the plumasiticand miaskiticfieldsof Sorensen (1974). Mining activitywithin the Allinccfipac Group has

METALLOGENIC EVOLUTION,SEPERUVIAN ANDES

15 5 7

intrusions alsooccurin the mainbodyof the Macusani Syenite.Robertson(1978) tentativelyidentifiedeudialyte as a constituent of veinletsin at leastone location.This hasbeen confirmed in the presentwork; alluvialcobblesof pyroxene-rich syenitein the Juro Juroareahaveat leasttwo stages of irregular fractures in whichthe mainminerals are apatite,eudialyte(C1 rich), and steenstrupine.Semiquantitativeelectron microprobe andproton-induced X-ray analysis of the eudialyte showsit to containca. 4 to 5 wt percent BEO3 (Y > Ce > La > Nd). This steenstrupine containsonlytraces of uranium. Noneof theseapparently hydrothermal minerals hasbeen observed in the host syenite (cf. Bailey et al., 1981). Kontak (1985) has reported veinlets of tugtupite from the nepheline syenitenear the baseof the intrusivecomplex.Our
more recent work has shown that sodalite occurs

Coasa district

Hydrothermal mineralization demonstrably related to the granitoid rocks of the extensiveCarabaya batholithis widely dispersed (Figs. 11, 12, and 14) but rarely of significant extent or grade. The large

(ca. 1,300 km2) Coasa monzogranitic-granodioritic

pluton (Laubacher, 1978a andb; Kontaket al., 1984, 1985, 1990c) is hostto severalsmalllithophile and basemetaldeposits, noneof whichhassustained major production. Contactmetamorphic mineralassemblages in the aureole indicate emplacement at a depth of ca. 6 to 8 km (Kontak, 1985), possiblytoo great for the development of extensive brittle fracturingin the immediatepostmagmatic period. Our K-Ar and
Rb-Sr data for the intrusive rocks and the U-Pb zircon

date (238 _+11 Ma) of Lancelot et al. (1978) are inwidelyasveins,locally5 to 6 cm in width,but proton- terpreted asrecordinginitial batholithemplacement induced gamma-rayanalysis(detection limit ca. 10 in the Late Triassic,at ca. 220 to 230 Ma (Kontaket althoughpreppm) reveals no significant Be in the feldspathoid al., 1990c). The Triassicgranitoids, dominantly peraluminous and with initial Sr isotope (J.D. MacArthur, pers.commun., 1990). The sodalite also lacksthe intenseblue color of the long-mined ratios of >0.7082 (Kontak et al., in pressa), are andprobably coevalCerro Sapooccurrence in Bolivia broadly comparablein chemistryand mineralogyto (Brendler, 1934; Ahlfeld and Schneider-Scherbina, the I-Caledonianclan of Pitcher (1983). Skarn mineralization occurs at several locations 1964), but similarly forms veins cutting nepheline of the pluton.A syenite.Stronglysaline,weakly saline,and gaseous alongthe southand west margins pyroxene-rich endoskarn, aqueous fluidinclusions are abundant in the Ollachea smalldeposit,comprising quartzveinlets, andamphibole-epsodalitevein material. The veinletsare borderedby greisen-bordered zones of intense microbrecciation and sodalite reidote-rich exoskarn in adjacentTarma Group limeat the southern contactnearQueafiplacement of feldspar andnepheline. A hydrothermal, stone,is exposed an abrupt outward possiblyexplosive,origin is favored,as in the com- ani (loc 18). The intrusionshows parableDitro Complex,Romania(Streckeisen, 1960). transition from coarse-grained,rapakivi-textured No metallic minerals have been observed in the so- monzogranite to tourmaline-rich leucogranite in the The mineralization comprises dalite veins.The extentof the eudialytevein system, vicinity of the skarns. galena,acanthite, and pyrrhotite.Hyandhence,the potentialfor economic Zr or REE min- chalcopyrite, drothermal muscovite(BAR-16) from this prospect eralization, is unknown. Much of the main syeniticintrusivecenter appar- yielded a Late TriassicK-Ar age of 212.7 _+4.3 Ma ently liessouthof the Zongo-San Gabtn tectonother- (Table 3, b). The more extensive Cu skarns and veins of the Volmalzone,but foliation islocallydeveloped andbiotite cm prospect (loc15;Robertson, 1978;Kontak,1985) from theserocksyieldsvariableK-Ar dates,ranging occur at the contact of the western lobe of the pluton, from 184 (Stewartet al., 1974) to 156 Ma (Kontaket in an area where the granitoid rocks show abrupt al., 1990c). The mica datesshowa broadinversecortransitions from hornblende-biotite monzogranite and relation with the intensityof foliation.Exposures of syenogranite (locally tourmalinized)to quartz-poor quartz-free syenite south of Ayapata exhibitapparent diorite, monzonite,and syenite(Kontaket al., 1984, gradationalrelationswith the monzograniteof the 1985). The deposithasnot been directly dated,but westernlobe of the Coasa pluton (Robertson, 1978; the presence of endoskarnmineralization suggests Kontak, 1985), for which a Late Triassicage is in- that hydrothermalactivity occurredcontemporaneferred(Kontak et al., 1990c).It is,therefore, possible ouslywith intrusion,for whichLate Triassic to Early that the syenites,and the Allincctpac Peralkaline Jurassic K-Ar biotite ages of 198 to 210 Ma havebeen Complexas a whole, may be essentially coevalwith determined (Kontak et al., 1990c). Minor scheelite the granitoid plutons of the Carabaya batholith. occurs in the Volcftn ores. However, in the absenceof other geochronologic Several mineraldeposits havebeenexplored within data, we accepta Middle Jurassic age (ca. 170-180 the Coasapluton, mainly for tungsten.The Levans, Ma) for the alkalinerocksandfor their associated Ag- or Huarachani, wolframite-(molybdenite)-quartz rich and Zr-REE mineralization. veins (loc 16) are rich in specularite and pyrite, av-

1558

CLARK ET AL.

erage50 to 60 cm wide, and trend at 158 to 162, parallel to a regionallydeveloped,steeplyinclined joint system.The country rocks comprisecoarsegrainedmonzogranite cut by swarmsof aplitic and quartz porphyriticrhyolite dikes;local float displays laminatedpegmatitic-apliticcomplexes with unidirectional growth textures.These features strongly imply that the Levansveinsformedcloseto the apex of a stockinternalto the large monzogranitic pluton; the laminatedrocksare interpretedas representing

Suchrocksmay be parental to the W(-Mo) mineralization developedwithin, and perhapsadjacent to, the Coasapluton.
Aricoma district

The 150-km 2Aricoma plutonis the hostof the Sarita polymetallic prospect (Figs.11, 12, and14). The biotite monzogranites andgranodiorites of thisintrusionyield biotiteK-Ar ages of 211 to 217 Ma (Kontak et al., in pressa). Dalmayracet al. (1980) presented a stockscheider. in a preliminaryform a 234 ___ 9-Ma U-Pb zircondate Vein-selvage muscovite from the level 1 adit which we interpret to recorda contribution from an yieldeda K-Ar ageof 186.7 ___ 3.8 Ma, whereas biotite inherited Pb component,and we suggest that, as in
the Coasaarea, initial intrusiontook place at 220 to 230 Ma rather than earlier. A muscovite ageof 225.0 ___ 14.8 Ma (Table 3, c) was obtainedfor greisenassociatedwith a systemof quartz-tourmaline-pyrite

from unalteredmonzogranite 300 m southwest of the workings gavea significantly olderageof 193.4 ___ 3.9 Ma (Table 3, b). This part of the intrusionlies close to the southwestern limit of the Zongo-San Gabtn tectono-thermal zone (Kontak, 1985; Farrar et al., 1988; Kontaket al., 1990d). Thermaloverprinting is

recorded by a 4Ar/39Ar age spectrum (Fig. 14, b)

determined for biotite from COCA-268, a monzo-

veins exposed a short distancesouthof the southeasternmarginof the Aricomaintrusion(loc 49); the economicpotential of this hydrothermalzone is unknown.

granite collected 6.25 km east-northeast of Huaram The Sarita, or Oscoroque, Cu-W-Mo(-Sn) deposit chani(Kontak,1985). The spectrum, whichyieldsan in the northernsectorof the Aricomapluton (loc 48), integratedage of 179.5 ___ 3.7 Ma, displays a saddle by far the mostimportantbaseand lithophile metal characteristic of disturbance. Thermalmodeling,fol- mineralization known to be associated with the CaralowingTurner (1968) and Dodson(1973), suggests baya batholith,hasbeen briefly described by Robthat the mica experienced a relativelybrief (ca. 1-3 ertson(1978), Guerrero(1980), CandiottiandGuerm.y.) thermal pulseat a temperatureof ca. 160 to rero (1983), andKontak(1985). Severaldistincthy175C, in conformitywith microthermometric data drothermalfaciesare represented, includingswarms for fluid inclusions preservedin microfabrics devel- of pipelike bodiesrich in W, Mo, and Sn and suropedduringthe overprinting(Kontak,1985; Kontak rounded by zones of potassic K feldspar-rich alteration et al., 1990d). It is estimated that the biotite lostonly superimposed on an intenselyalbitizedgranite,and ca. 4 percentradiogenic argon,andfromthe apparent at a lower altitude, chalcopyrite-rich lodeswith variages of the plateausegments flanking the saddle, that ablyepidotized, sericitized, albitized,andchloritized originalintrusionoccurredat ca. 190 Ma (seeDall- envelopes. Numerous apliticandbasaltic dikesoccur meyer, 1975). The Levansdepositis locatedin an in the district. areaof the plutonlessaffected by the Zongo-San GaA conventional K-Ar ageof 194.1 ___ 3.9 Ma (Table bftn event than the above sampleand we estimate 3, c) was obtainedfor biotite (OSC-1) from monzothat only ca. 3 percent radiogenicargon losstook granite in the lowerpartof the mineralized area.The placeat thistime in the mine area.We conclude that samplewastaken from an outcropadjacentto a Cuthe Eoceneactivityhasnot significantly affectedthe rich vein andcontains disseminated chalcopyrite. This two K-Ar mica dates from the Huarachani area and ageis distinctly younger thanothersdetermined for that their "reversediscordance" (i.e., muscovite date granitoid rocks of the Aricoma district. A 4Ar/39Ar less thanbiotite date)is evidence that the Levans veins step-heating run on this biotite yieldsa weakly disformed at least 7 to 8 m.y. after the Coasamonzo- turbed age spectrum (Fig. 14, c), with an integrated granitehad cooledbelow ca. 250 to 300C (the Ar- age of 187.11 ___ 1.18 Ma. The Saritaprospectlies blockingtemperatureof biotite). On thisbasis we in- closeto the southwestern limit of the Zongo-SanGafer that lithophile metal mineralizationin this area btnzone and the spectrumrecordsan Ar lossof no was probablynot directly associated with the em- morethan5 percent.This mayreflectthe lateEocene event,but the ageprofilediffers from placement of the voluminous monzogranites at ca.220 tectono-thermal to 230 Ma, but with youngerintrusions of approxi- those of disturbedmicaselsewherein the zone (cf. mately 190 to 195 Ma, i.e., of Early Jurassic age. spectrumfor LMP-1, Fig. 14, and Kontak et al., Southwest of Coasavillage, there is an extensive but 1990d). The configuration of steps3 through12 is undelimited outcrop of cordierite-biotite granite, similar to thoserecordedby Lo and Onstott (1989) distinctlymore peraluminous than the main monzo- for chloritized biotites and interpreted by them as

from3"r recoil.Sample OSC-1biotiteapgranites andwith a much higherS7Sr/S6Sr initialratio resulting

andcontains ca. 7 percent (0.7241 versus 0.7082-0.7087: Kontak et al., 1990c). pearsfreshin thin section

METALLOGENIC EVOLUTION,SEPERUVIAN ANDES

1559

K (Table 3), but it is from a site closeto a vein with irregularlychloritizedselvages. We tentativelyproposethat granitoidrocksdatingfrom ca. 205 to 210 Ma were invadedby youngerintrusions and hydrothermal fluids in the Early Jurassic, at ca. 185 to
190 Ma.

11). These rocksare considered to be of Hercynian, i.e., Paleozoicage, and the datesto reflect Andean resetting,but we considerit probablethat the age
data record a westward extension of the Cretaceous

Crucero district

intrusive activitywe identifyin the Cruceroarea.The onlymineralization documented in thisbelt, however, is of Cu and Sn (the Tres Marlas and Rescateprospects: locs5 and8), of a type unlikelyto be associated

A small mill formerly operated by the Banco with intermediate calc-alkaline stocks. The intrusions Minero at Puncotira processed silver-bearing of the Crucero districtmay representpart of an exarc (Clark et al., 1984). Pb-Cu(-Zn) sulfide, and more recently, oxide ores pandedCretaceous from severalvein deposits in a districtcenteredca. Summary 15 km north-northeast of the town of Crucero(Figs. Definitionof the agerelations of the mineralization 3 and 11). The veins,among whichthoseof the Cerro in the earlier stages of development of the delIncaAzul (loc41) andCasa de Plata(loc40) mines emplaced (sometimes grouped as the Tambopatamine) have Inner Arc domain is far from complete. However, magmatism of the polyphase, UpperTriassic been the mostproductive,are hosted by strataof the granitoid to Lower Jurassic, Carabaya batholith is implicated Carboniferous to Lower PermianTarma and Copacabana Groupsin the vicinityof several smallstocks in a wide range of lithophile (W, Sn, and Mo) and mostof modestsize. We favor a of hypabyssal granodiorite. The Altura(loc37), Santa basemetal deposits, Ana Uno (loc 38), and SantaAna Dos (loc 39) oper- genetic relation between the batholith and the Au ationshavealsoproducedmixedsulfideconcentrates; lithophilemetalveinsof the broaderAnaneadistrict. the firsttwo deposits arehosted by fine-grained horn- The limited extent of much of the bedrock mineralblende granodiorite. These vein systems are domi- ization may directly reflect the generallydeep level nated by quartz and carbonates: early periods of of exposureof the magmatichydrothermalsystem.
brecciation, and of silicification and chloritization of
We consider the evidence for the occurrence of Pa-

unconvincing. Minor argentian the wall rocks,were followedsuccessively by quartz- leozoicmineralization are associated with Upper chalcopyrite-pyrite andcarbonate-galena (-acanthite- base metal vein systems sphalerite)stages (Kontak, 1985). Whole-rockK-Ar Cretaceous"I-type" stocksin at least one area. datesfor the intrusions hosting the Altura and Santa Cenozoic Mineralization of the Inner Are Domain Ana Uno deposits are, respectively, 74.4 and83.8 Ma (Table 3, d). Whole-rockdatesof suchrocksare sub- Introduction ject to uncertainty,but the agesare tentativelyacIn contrastto the restrictedscaleof hydrothermal cepted asevidence fora LateCretaceous metallogenic activity associated with the Carabayabatholith, the episode. smallerepizonalgraniticstocks of Tertiary agein the One sulfidic (Cu,Zn, Pb)veinsystem in the district, Cordilleraand Precordillerade Carabayagenerated that of Condoriquifia (loc42), notto be confused with several largeandhigh-grade lithophileandbasemetal the Sn-W depositnear Limacpampa, hasbeen shown deposits (Kontakand Clark, 1988). The geochrono(Bateman,1982; Kontak, 1985) to containacicular logic data basefor the intrusions and ore deposits of cassiterite and is comparable in its paragenetic evo- the area has been documentedelsewhere (Clark et
lution to the chloritic lodes of the San Rafael and other

al., 1983b, 1984; Kontak et al., 1987; Farrar et al.,

ca. 25-Ma districts (e.g., Clark et al., 1983b). Kontak et al. (1990a) have, moreover,shownthat the Pb isotope composition of the oresis identicalto that of the Sn-bearing vein systems, whereasthosefrom the Sno free deposits in the Cruceroareadiffermarkedly. The smallSol de Cobrizacoppervein system (loc 43), is developed in limestones adjacent to a diabasic intrusion, which yields an Early CretaceousK-Ar whole-rock dateof 122 Ma (Table3, d; Kontak,1985). The Pb isotopecomposition of this ore hasno equivalent in the region, lendingsupportto the isolated

1990b) and requiresonly brief summary.However,

we include new data for two mineralized districts in

the region.

Mineralizationassociated with upper Oligocene granitic plutons Small,composite, epizonalintrusivecenters in the SanRafael-Quenamariand SantoDomingodistricts (Figs. 11 and 13) are associated with, respectively, Sn-Cu(-Ag)and Pb-Zn-Ag(-Cu,Sn), and Zn-Pb-CuSn(-Ba)vein systems, exhibitinglateral (Quenamari apparent age. andSanto Domingo)andvertical(San Rafael)zonation Bonhomme et al. (1985) report five whole-rock K- from early Snto later baseandprecious metalassemAr datesin the range,66 to 169 Ma, for largelyin- blages (Arenas, 1980; Kontak, 1985; Kontak and termediateepizonalgranitoid rocksfroman east-west Clark, 1988; Clark et al., in prep.). The host monbelt between Ajoyani andMinaSanto Domingo (Fig. zogranitesare markedly peraluminousand petro-

1560

CLARK ET AL.

graphically distinctive, with phenocrysts of alkali breccia, as at Berenguela.Similarrelationsmay perfeldspar, biotite,andcordieriteandmicrophenocryststain at the smallMartha (loc9) andCerro Moromoroni of sillimanite,and are interpretedasproducts of va- (loc 13) hematite deposits.Each occursin mixed por-absent, biotite-mediated, partialmeltingof semi- limestone andclasticfaciesof the Tarma-Copacabana at Cerro Moromoroni, the iron mineralization pelitic protolithsin the continentalcrust (Kontaket Groups; al., 1984; Clark et al., in prep.). Intrusionwasaccom- is concentrated with chalcedonic silicain crosscutting panied,andprobablycaused by, injectionof mantle- fragmentalbodies,describedas sandstone dikesby derived shoshonitic basalt magmasinto the crust Kontak (1985) but perhapsrepresenting multistage (Kontaket al., 1986). The stocks exposed west and phreatic brecciabodies.Barite is abundantin both northwest of the Crucerodepression are disposed in deposits, and at Cerro Moromoroniforms_15-cmbreccias. a broadlycirculararray, inferred to delimit a large wide veinscuttingthe hematite-cemented below an unpluton at depth (Kontakand Clark, 1988; M. J. Ar- The latter depositlies a shortdistance enas,unpub. data; Clark et al., in prep.). This, and conformably overlying succession of upperOligocene composithe flagrantlycrosscutting contacts of the intrusions, volcanicbrecciasand flows of shoshonitic impliesemplacement in an extensional or neutraltec- tion, intrudedby the 24.9 _ 0.5-Ma Antautagranite, a wide dike of cordierite-biotitemonzogranite. tonic setting. The Mn andFe(-Ba)deposits westof the Crucero K-Ar datesof magmatic biotitesin the SanRafael, are interpreted as havinga geneticrelaQuenamari,and SantoDomingo stocksrange from depression 23.1 ___ 0.7 to 27.1 ___ 1.0 Ma (Fig. 13), whereasun- tionshipwith the upper Oligoceneto lower Miocene graniteintrusions, being either distal mineralizedstocksof this provincewere emplaced peraluminous metal veinsor, more probably,the overthe interval,20.0 ___ 0.5 to 24.9 _ 0.5 Ma (Kontak faciesof Sn-base of small-scale fluid circulation unassociated et al., 1987; Sandeman et al., 1990). However, K-Ar products The latter is preferredbedatesfor hydrothermalmuscovite and adulariafrom with other mineralization. the associated granites at Minastira andAntauta the SanRafael veins (Clark et al., 1983b; Kontak et cause al., 1987) indicate that mineralizationtook place at show none of the hydrothermal alteration effects ca. 22.6 ___ 0.5 to 23.6 ___ 0.6 Ma, perhaps significantly which are widely developedin the SanRafael,QueDomingostocks (Kontak andClark, later than monzogranite intrusionin the SanRafael- namari,andSanto of the Martha Quenamari area.At the southeastern extremityof the 1988). The lead isotopecompositions region affectedby this late Oligocenemetallogenic and Minastiraores(Kontaket al., 1990a), extremely when compared to thoseof the SanRafael episode, 4Ar/39rdating of hydrothermal biotiteand radiogenic are interpretedasreflecting adulariafrom the large Palca 11 W-base metal vein and allied vein systems, system(Farrar et al., 1990b; Yamamura,1990) dem- the dominanceof host-rock over magmatic metal onstratesthat ore formation is essentiallycontem- sources. Also possiblyof mid-Tertiary age is the Rosario poraneous, at 24-25 Ma, with that at SanRafaeland is considerablyearlier than emplacementof the Mo(-W, Sn, Cu) mineralization(loc 22), comprising nearby Cerro Corimpataand Pucaorco(micro-)gra- a series of molybdenite-wolframite-pyrite-quartz with a phyllicallyaltered felsicpornitic stocks(8.4 and 12.4 Ma, respectively: Kontak veinsassociated et al., 1987; Laubacher et al., 1988; Farrar et al., phyryplug.Although molybdenite occurs onlyrarely in the Tertiary veinsof the region,being more char1990b). deposIn addition to the Condoriquifia(Crucero) Sn- acteristicof the PermianandTriassic-Jurassic of the mineralbearing veins, other mineralizationin the Carabaya its, the ore-lead isotopecomposition mid-Terregionwhich may havebeen contemporary includes izationis very similarto that of undoubted the manganese deposits formerlyworkedat the Min- tiary systems (Kontak et al., 1990a). Moreover, that much of the pyrite in astira (loc 12) and San Francisco(loc 27) mines.At textural relationssuggest after lathsof pyrrhotite, both locations,broadly strata-bound lensesof man- the veinsis pseudomorphous ganReandother Mn oxidesare hosted by limestones asat SanRafael-Quenamari. The mostimportantmineralizationof problematic of the Pennsylvanian-lowermost PermianTarma and Antonio Copacabana Groups. Audebaud and Laubacher age in the regionis that of the Cecilia-San (1969) concludedthat these depositsoccur within Zn-Pb-Agdistrict (loc 30-32), in which the Cecilia of karst caverns developedbeneathan erosionsurface mine wasthe major producer,reportingreserves now overlainby continentalclastics of the Permian 1.2 millionmetrictonsat 6.8 percentZn, 2.68 percent in Mitu Group. However, at leastthe Minastiradeposit Pb, and 2.35 oz/metricton Ag prior to its closure 1984). The deposit compriseswide is situatedadjacentto a smallplug of cordierite-bio- 1985 (Sassos, tite-(sillimanite) granite(Kontak,1985), andsamples veins (to 12 m) of essentiallymassivesulfide and from the mine showthat Mn oxide replacementof strata-bound mantos of sulfide veinlets, both hosted of the AmboGroup,immediately limestonewas controlled by thin dikes of phreatic by quartzarenites

METALLOGENIC EVOLUTION, SE PERUVIAN ANDES

1561

beneath the contact with the Tarma-Copacabanaobtained for the basalts and rhyodacites and of 16.7 0.4 to 17.9 ___ 0.6 Ma for the overlyingrhyolites. Group. Whereaswe originallyinterpretedthe min- ___ eralization to be of "sandstone lead" type (Clarket 4Ar/39Ar step-heating agedeterminations (Sandeman that major eruptionin the al., 1984), inferringemplacement duringthe diagen- et al., 1990) demonstrate to 15.99 ___ 0.48 Ma, terminating prior esisof the clasticrocks,petrographic studydemon- areapersisted pyroclastic activity in strates thatthe ore minerals were introduced notonly to the initiation of large-scale after diagenesis but following the developmentof the Macusani (Quenamari) field at ca. 10 Ma. Sandefabrics indicative of intense pressure solution (Girard, manet al. (1990) distinguish two facies in theyounger 1984; Kontak,1985). Bothvein andmantoorescon- rhyolites of the area,neitheridenticalto the ash-flow field: a lower unit with promitain abundant marcasite, pseudomorphous after eu- tuffsof the Macusani andbiotitephenocrysts, andan upper hedralpyrrhotite,aswell asdelicatelyzonedsphal- nent muscovite erite crystals strongly suggestiveof open-space with biotite and sillimanite. (Arenas, 1985) have growth.Moreover,stannite isa widespread accessory Preliminary investigations thatCerroLintere (ca.lat 1432';long69o45') constituent of the ores. Thesefeatures aresuggestive shown by a ca.1-km-diameter, crudely elliptical, of a shallow magmatic hydrothermal origin,prompt- isunderlain leucoing analogies with the mineralogically similarlater intenselyfracturedstockof muscovite-rich with previouslyundocumented stages of the tin-bearingvein systems at SanRafael granite, associated (Fig. 15A). The north andsouthconand elsewhere(Clark et al., in prep.). Kontaket al. mineralization (1990a) showthat the leadisotope composition of the tactsof the stock are gentlytransgressive to the bedash-flow tuffs.The latter disCecilia sulfides is very similarto that at SanRafael dingof the surrounding and SantoDomingo.Moreover,the Cecilia-San An- playaltered phenocrysts of biotitebut lackmuscovite, similarto the earlier tonio camplies only 1.5 km northwestof an outlier and are thuspetrographically ignimbrites of the meseta(Sandeman et of the volcanic field of the Picotani Meseta(Fig. 15), rhyodacitic marginof the leucogranite which exposes large volumesof upper Oligocene al., 1990). At the western rhyodacitic ash-flow tuffsmineralogically and chem- stock, a small faulted enclaveof fiuviatile conglomwith sandstones is disconformably ically similar to the monzogranites at San Rafael- eratesintercalated by a subhorizontal basalt flowwith a vesicular Quenamariand SantoDomingo (Laubacheret al., overlain 1988; Sandemanet al., 1990). Cordierite-biotite upper facies.This basalthas phenocrysts of olivine and its high K20 content (2.10 granite float occursin a streamvalley 0.6 km north and clinopyroxene, of the Ceciliamine. On the basis of theseobservations, wt %) andsanidine-rich matrixpermititsclassification we tentativelyassign the Cecilia baseand precious as an absarokite. Contacts between the basalt and the metaldeposits to the lateOligocene to earlyMiocene graniteare not well exposed: to the westthe former metallogenic episode represented in thoseotherdis- isoverlain, broadly conformably, by rhyodacitic tuffs. tricts. Mineralizedveinscut both the sedimentary rocks and the leucogranite(Fig. 15A). On the southern Picotani district slopes of Cerro Lintere, the veinscontainspecular An extensive areaof essentially fiat-lying subaerial hematite,kaolinite,andcarbonates (veinD), or pyrite volcanic rocks, the Picotani Meseta, lies at the north- andquartz(veinC). In contrast, the majorveinof the ern marginof the Precordillera de Carabaya and in district(B), exposed at lower altitudein the valleyto part separates the Crucerodepression from the An- the west of Cerro Lintere, contains massiveFe-rich anea-Ancocala basin(Figs.13 and 15). The eruptive sphaleriteintergrownwith acicularand tabularcasrocksof the area were assigned to the rhyoliticMa- siteriteandminorpyrite,marcasite (afterpyrrhotite), cusaniVolcanics by Laubacher(1978a and b), but arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, fluorite,andquartz.Vein more recent studies(Laubacher et al., 1988; Sande- B andthe thinnerbut mineralogically similarvein A manet al., 1990) haveshown that,in addition to felsic dip steeplyto the southeast and penetrate,as thin ash-flowtuffssimilarin somerespects to the ignim- fractures,the westernmargin of the Cerro Lintere britesof the Macusani (Quenamari) field,thePicotani intrusion(Arenas,1985). The main segment of vein areaexposes substantial volumes of basaltandof san- B, which strikes at ca. 80 and is 2 to 4 m wide, teridine,biotite, andcordieriteporphyritic rhyodacitic minates abruptlyat its southwest end andis inferred tuffs.Laubacher et al. (1988) problematically assign (A. Cheilletz and G. ArroyoPauca,pers. commun., all unitsin the area to the CayconiFormation,with 1989) to occupy a shorttensional fracturedelimited a type sectionin the Cruceroarea (Fig. 13). horizontally by northeast-striking dextral shear Conventional K-Ar agesfor the Picotanivolcanics planes.None of the veinsis observed to cut the ashare presentedby Kontak (1985, in Pichavantet al., flow tuffssurrounding the intrusion, but Laubacher 1988a) and by Bonhomme et al. (1988) and Lau- et al. (1988) record the existence of tourmalinized bacheret al. (1988). Datesof 22.9 to 24.8 Ma were tuff on the northernslopes of Cerro Lintere, and ex-

1562

CLRK ET

Cecilia

Pb-Zn-Ag

___) I

Q. Picotani I COCA-1100

c.. f-J H a_ ienda123.99+0.07 Ma

0 I

5 I km

10

Fluvio - Glacial Sediments

vVv Rhyolitic Tuffs +1 Tertiary Intrusive Rocks

V V V V V V V V,V( v v v v v v v v':*::: Vv .V,,,,VVVVV:';:ii' !

VVV16/ VVVVVVVV

/VVVV

v v v

i,,1 !,,iRhyodacitic Tuffs LLII

vvv::;:., ,._"'-., ;;,;;,
%

143 '" :!n V ""'"' '' , x

.v ,vv,-z-I
I I I

Offvine - Plagioclase Glomerophyric Basalts

Coarse Clastic Sediments
with

+'-"'! . !!!iii -',.J

Ananea Fm.
Dioritic

Sills and Quartz

Veins

VVV['" '"'"''::';if "'==" ''-' ' :JJ.=:.--.?!=,x' 4772 m I

V V V V
VV

':''

' - *C '

strike and dip ofbedding

V V V

....... -::::!!!!!:!!;!:i!!!:il !:E>-' -

-'"'"-"'"'"-'"" :: 17.40 -+ 0.14 Ma (m) II ! .11o3 I

/
/ ';:::::: ....

:;i!::i:: if.iii::i:::: tC
vvvv
:E:::

fault

/,,, . :' ................

":"' ":;::i *****vv,v.
v v v v v v ....

v.

./

.............

69o46,W

mine; abandoned mine

4Ar/3Ar total fusion age

4Ar/39Ar spectrum

FIG. 15. Geologic relations in the PicotaniMesetaarea(mainlyafter Arenas,1986; Laubacher et al., 1988; andSandeman et al., 1990). District map (top left) shows outlineof the PicotaniOligoceneMiocenevolcanicfield, locationof the Cecilia mine (seetext), and of a singledated sample.Local map A, of the Cerro Lintere area, illustratessurroundings of the JsicaSn(-Zn)prospect,and the locations of twosamples dated by the 4Ar/aAr totalfusion method, LocalmapB shows the northeastern margin of the meseta,with the locations of the HuacchanealluvialAu-Snworkingsand the Picotaniuranium prospect, from whichwasobtained the sanidine agespectrum.

METALLOGENIC

EVOLUTION,

SE PERUVIAN ANDES

1563

tensive kaolinization is evidentsouthof the mountain, suggesting that hydrothermalactivity may have affecteda wide area.The veinshavebeenexplored by Minsur, S.A., as the Jsica(or Jessica) prospect(loc 58) and gradesof 2 to 3 percent Sn have been reported.

Jsica vein systemis assumedto be ca. 17.4 Ma in age, and thus to representthe first recordedSn mineralization associated with the Miocene two-mica

granites and rhyolitesof the region,and with magmatism differing significantly in composition andpetrogenesis from the preceding SanRafaelcycle.HowUraniummineralization hasbeen explored(J. ValenciaHerrera,pers.commun., 1989) in the Llojarani Grandeareanearthe northernmarginof the Picotani Meseta (Fig. 15B). Disseminations of autunite,presumably after pitchblende,occurin a muscovite and
sanidine porphyriticfelsicash-flow tuff, characteristic

We havedetermined 4Ar/a9Ar total fusion dates ever, cassiterite hasnot been observed in vein seg(Table 4) for biotite in the rhyodacitic tuff exposed ments definitely hosted by the stock.
immediately northof Hacienda Picotani andfor magmatic muscovitein the Cerro Lintere leucogranite (100 m west of vein D outcrop;Fig. 15A). A third date, on a whole-rocksampleof the absarokite (120 m northeast of the J(sica workings), is tentativelyinterpreted as recordingthe time of crystallization of itsabundant sanidine. The dates define lateOligocene agesfor the basaltic flow (26.86 +__ 0.17 Ma) andPicotanirhyodacite(23.99 +__ 0.07 Ma), and a significantly younger, early Miocene, age (17.40 4- 0.14 Ma) for the leucogranite. The dates for the absarokite and rhyodacite are similarto but slightlyolder than the conventional K-Ar agesrecordedby Bonhomme et al. (1988) and Laubacheret al. (1988) for comparablerock types in this district.
Thus, we conclude that the Cerro Lintere leuco-

of the earlierrhyolites of the district.A phyllically alteredandpyritizedrhyolitestock crops out 1.5 km to the northeast. 4Ar/agAr stepheating of fresh sanidine from the weaklyalteredhostrock in the main
Picotaniprospectpit yieldsa plateauspectrum with an integratedage of 16.73 4- 0.36 Ma. On thisbasis, anearlyMioceneageisinferredfor thismineralization (Sandeman et al., 1990). Fluvio-glacial deposits have beenexploited for many years for gold,andto a lesser extent,cassiterite (Robertson, 1978) in the vicinity
of Hacienda Huacchani. A short distance to the

granite is a lower Miocene subvolcanic intrusion,

probably associated withthe earliest phase ofperalu- northeast, Lower Devonian turbidites of the Ananea
minous rhyoliticpyroclastic eruptionin the Inner Arc Formationare intruded by a sheetedseriesof thick domain.The rhyolitic ash-flowtuffs of the Picotani microdioritic dikeswhichare segmented by northMeseta(Sandeman et al., 1990) differ from thoseof northeast-trending dextralstrike-slip faults associated

the Macusani field (Pichavant et al., 1988a,b), and with laterally extensivequartz veins (Laubacher, more dramatically, from the underlying rhyodacitic 1978a). Theseundatedveins,or the nearbyCerro tuffswhich,with theirbiotiteandcordieritc pheno- Carabarcuna mantos(Fornari et al., 1988), could crysts,are interpretedas extrusive analogues of the represent the source of the Au andSnin the gravels San Rafael-type monzogranites. Theapparently small of the Huacchani district, but derivation through reTABLE 4. Ar/a9Ar Total Fusion AgeDeterminations, Picotani andQuenamari Mesetas
Volume of

Sample no. Location

Picotani Meseta

Material analyzed
rock

Fraction Arraa/ aeAr/a"r a7Arcd(cm aX 10 -e J 4Arraa(Ma) and (mesh) aAr (X 10 -a) aArc NTP) (X10 -a) (%) error (__2a)
-80,+100 4.235 0.368 1.30 0.142 3.541 56.26 26.86_0.17

agaric

Apparent age

COCA
COCA

1102
1100

1432'15"

Whole
Biotite

6945'10"
1433'34"

(absarokite)
-40, +60
-45, +60

3.704
2.682

1.717
1.291

0.00146
0.0161

3.331
0.350

3.614
3.614

87.65
87.10

23.99 _ 0.07
17.400.14

6948'41"
COCA 1103 1432'16"

(rhyodacite)
Muscovite

6945'08"
Quenamari Meseta
MAC12

(microgranite)

1405'41"

Sanidine

-60,

+80

2.123

8.006

0.00956

0.172

3.642

88.16

12.26 0.14

7039'27"
Ma-89-14

(intrusive rhyolite)
Muscovite

1401'11"

-18, +40

2.351

4.025

0.00266

0.171

3.637

48.76

7.51 0.14

70%8'13"

(intrusive rhyolite)

J = dimensionless irradiationparameter

1564

CLARK ET AL.

workingof the fluvio-glacial deposits of the Ananea- et al., 1983; Arribas and Figueroa, 1985; Valencia Ancocola basin isalso possible. A source in the ignim- and Arroyo, 1985). Supergenealterationto oxidate brites is considered improbable. assemblages (nutunite, meta-autunite, gummite, etc.)
is widespreadand intense. Minor mineralizationoccursin interflowsediments. The majoruraniumconcentrations,which display similaritiesto the LakeThe MacusaniVolcanics, a thick sequence of Mio- view, Oregon,deposits (CastorandBerry, 1981), are ceneto Plioceneperaluminous rhyoliticash-flow tuffs confinedto specificflows and are thus both strata which fills in the northwestern part of the Macusani bound and stratiform. Hydrothermal activity was, intermontane basin,formingthe Mesetade Quena- however, most intense close to the northern and marl (Figs.13 and 16), hostseveraluraniumdeposits, northeastern boundaries of the ignimbrite field,where someof considerable sizeandgrade.The mineraliza- the generallynortheasterly dippingflowsare warped tion in mostof the showings comprises pitchblende upward against faultswhich were active duringvol-(melnikovitic) pyrite veinlet stockworks,the indi- canism andthusdelimitedthe basin,andwhichprobvidualveinletsshowing a controlby both steeplyin- ably reactivated a zone of uplift originallygenerated clinedjointsandgentlydippingshear fractures (Flores within the Zongo-SanGabn zone. The Macusani Uranium, antimony, and basemetal mineralization of the Macusanidistrict
to Ollachea

;o50'S

VVVVVV
VVVVVV VVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVV
VVVV

f6
m

vVMacusani Volcanics :i:i Intrusive Rhyolitlc Porphyry

(10+0.5-4_+1 Ma)

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

VV VV

vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv

vvVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

\ I '\...
\

i.. CorderiteBiotite Monzogramt

Pre-Tertlary Rocks

,,r ---

vvvvv t't. hmn i . vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv VVVVV '"'"l l, VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV, vvvvvvv"Chapi Alto VVVVVVVVV/ vvvvvvvvvv,>--, VVVVVVV. VV VVVVVV
VVVVVVV, VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

vvvvvv VV M E S E T A
IlVVV...vvvvvvvvv
,' lvvvvvvvvv [.I I I l-IM /-A

vvvvvvvi VVVV I vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvqvvvvvvvvvv VlVVV

- , , -- $k I Jl, I
'', ' ' '''

IVVVVVVVV

fault
-

D I::v/vvv Chllcuno TM& I'x//VVVVVVVVVVV

H

VVVVVVVVVVV VV,'VVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVV'U// VVVV VVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVV ",,VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV'! VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV ,!

I\/I /A

il

vvvvvvvvv
I vvvvvvvvv

Dinnrhn
..........

...-...

roan

/Vvvvvvvvvvvvvvv F;v,lv, vvvv,v,;/vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv,' e uran,um prospect, show,ng

]VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVl

/vvvvvvvvvvvvvv

/VVVVVVVVV

iv.;/'.vvvvvvvv;,-vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv\\x

''

'

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVYV

I VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV%
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

-14Svvvvvvvvvv--vvvl Vvvvvvvvvvvv,vvv!,

' 17.51 _ ......... vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv _+U.14Malmllvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv

.-.

40,39 ..... Ar/ r [o[al 'umon age

t;orani vv .......... ,,,"' ',-, - ,', vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv\ VVVVVVVVV/VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV\ (l'O-z;n)Vxvvvvv&,f/..Xyvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv(\,

.--

vvvvvvve,, ......
VVV VVVV

niza]V,,. ,.,
' '

o_.,'

']vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv"x_
40 39 rn

v,/w'' vvvvv'.".)vVvvvvV...... vVvVVVV vVvVvVvVvVvVvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv,lK'x\ Ar/Ar spectra 'IV)/ I 'VV 'VJ.'.'. V V VV V V

I-'" ' "k'"-'..'
]

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

'(Sb)V ./' x ,/'_ I,',,X {- k. '- _ v', xx' r \ --I'.'.a,._.

Wtnlloa -

'"

9&.Z.,2'(vvvvvv
"'"v',x, '
'r',,_

,001Dla

__

\v vwwvwtlvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv'

Hevancna

vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv,,vv,z-

N. VVVXg-VVVV'llVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV\

-,,,v

"%v V

vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv",4

\,,.,.Macusam
/ / "-... ..

--

'**t*:/IYV,. vvvvvvvvvvvvV , r-*++,,..v..v.. x..vvvvvvv I' -kvvv',. Xvvvvvy' '/ I Ma - 89 -151 'v9v (.,z-z-9v./
I .... _

'x

%x',

-_

%'Z.

""

30,

12.26 +0.14 Ma (S)

I MAC 12 I
70140'W

to Nunoa

km

20.

BI (Ma- 89- 15)

15-

I.A. 24.18+_0.72 Ma
0 10C

70i30, w

Cumulative %39Ar released

FIG. 16. Geologicsketchmap of the Tertiary rocksof the Mesetade Quenamari,modifiedafter Floreset al. (1983), showing the locations of the uraniumprospects and radiometricanomalies hosted by the Macusani rhyoliticash-flow tuffs,andof the mineraldeposits associated with subvolcanic stocks at the southernmargin of the ignimbrite field. Also shownare the locations of two samples dated by the 4Ar/aAr total fusion method,andan agespectrum for a microgranite from the Ninahuisa stock.

METALLOGENIC EVOLUTION, SE PERUVIAN ANDES

1565

Volcanics are (Noble et al., 1984a; Kontak, 1985; Pi-

chavant et al., 1987, 1988a andb) strongly enriched in numerous lithophile andalliedelements (e.g.,F, Li, P, B, Sn,W, andBe),andunmineralized rhyolites contain 5 to 19 ppmU (Pichavant et al., 1988b).ConventionalK-Ar dating(Barnes et al., 1970; Kontak, 1985;Pichavant et al., 1988a)has suggested anoverall agerangeof ca. 4 to 10.5 Ma for the mainMacusani (Quenamari) ignimbritefield.A comprehensive pro-

total-fusion date of 12.26 _ 0.14 Ma (Table 4), implyinga middleMioceneagefor the Collpaveinsystem. The Revancha antimonymineralization (loc 62) is hostedby ash-flow tuffs,but it is not clearwhether theseare of Macusani Volcanics type and age.The deposit is situated close to the northeastern extremity of an extensive outcropof cordierite-biotite monzogranite of SanRafael type,the Ninahuisa stock, which

yieldsa 4Ar/"r biotiteagespectrum closely apgram of 4Ar/39Ar step-heating mineral agedetermi- proaching a plateauand with an integratedage of

nationacross well-defined sections (Cheilletzet al., 24.18 _ 0.72 Ma. This intrusionmayhavebeen pa1990;andin press) has since clarified thestratigraphic rental to the Revancha veins, but the intrusive rocks relations of the volcanic succession, defining seven closest to the deposit are extremely fresh,containing eruptive cycles,with agesof 10.0 _ 0.5, 7.8 to 8.0 abundant glass, translucent sanidine, andmauve, un___ 0.1, 7.5 ___ 0.1, 7.3 ___ 0.1, 6.8 to 7.0 0.1, 6.7 pinitizedcordierite.There features strongly suggest _ 0.1, and4 _ 1 Ma, anddemonstrating that all sig- that (seeKontakand Clark, 1988) the granitewas nificant uranium mineralization occurs in flows 8.0 uninvolved in hydrothermal activity,andby analogy _ 0.1 Ma or younger.The mostimportantdeposits with the Collpadeposit, a middleMiocene ratherthan veins. (Chapi Alto,Pinocho, andChilcuno VI) arehosted by late Oligoceneageisinferredfor the Revancha tuffswith agesin the range6.8 to 7.0 _ 0.1 Ma. The Stibnitehasnot been observed in the Sn-W polymineralization has not been directly dated but is metallic veins associated with the upper Oligocene clearly no older than the latest Miocene, and the intrusions in this region. The ageof the Coranideposit (loc63) remains unmodels generally accepted for deposits of thistype (Goodelland Waters, 1981; Valenciaand Arroyo, certain. The Pb-Zn-Ag veins are hosted by Ambo (Floreset al., 1983), but it is not 1985) suggest that hydrothermal activitywasessen- Group psammites tially contemporaneous with volcanism. known whether the veins predate or postdatethe The cluster of uranium showings andradiometric nearby MacusaniVolcanics. anomalies in the Chaccaconiza area (Floreset al.,
1983) occursin Macusaniash-flowtuffs less than 1

km from a rhyoliticstock,with strong geochemical affinities with the volcanics (Cheilletz et al., 1990), The mostimportantore deposits of the Inner Arc whichyieldsa 4Ar/39Ar totalfusion muscovite date domain were emplaced duringthe earlieststageof of 7.51 0.14 Ma (Table4; Sandeman et al., 1990). Cenozoicperaluminous magmatism in the late OliThe intrusionis inferredto have controlled hydro- gocene,representedby epizonal cordierite-biotite thermal circulation in this area, but intrusive bodies (-sillimanite) monzogranitic stocks. The metallogenic havenot beendelimited in the vicinityof the larger signatureis complex--tin occurringtogether with uranium-enriched areas to the north and northeast. copper,lead,zinc,silver,barium,andprobably, manThe little-knownsouthern marginof the Macusani ganese--perhaps reflecting intimate petrogenetic (Quenamari)field has been a modestsourceof Pb- relations betweenthe anatectic magmas andmantleZn-Ag ores(Coranicamp)and of stibnite(Revancha derivedbasaltic melts(Kontaket al., 1986; Clark et and Collpa (Kolpa) camps).There are no modern al., in prep.). Gold is conspicuously absent. Whereas geologic descriptions of thesedeposits, but they are the Palca11 veinsformedat thistime (Farraret al., of vein type and occur in an area in which several 1990b), it is not clearwhy tungsten, whichoccurs in hypabyssal felsicstocks intrudeboththe margin of onlytraceamounts in the SanRafael-Quenamari and the Macusani ignimbrite pile andthe adjacent Ambo SantoDomingodeposits, is so enriched.The major Groupsedimentary strata(the areais erroneously as- difference betweenthe Sn- and W-bearingveinsis signedentirely to the Macusani Volcanics by Lau- thestrongly reduced andcomparatively S-poor nature bacher,1978a andb). oftheformer(withnoprimary Fe oxides butabundant
We have dated intrusive rocks from the vicinities

Summary

of the two antimony mines. The recentlyabandoned Collpamine (loc 61) workedstibniteveinscutting AmboGroupstrata in close proximity to a swarm of rhyoliticdikes,some showing intense hydrolytic alteration. The dikes are offshoots of a flow-banded

pyrrhotite) and the oxidizedand S-richnature of the latter (rich in hematiteandpyrite). The intrusion inferred to be parentalto the Palca11 veinsis not ex-

posedand it maybe petrochemically differentfrom the S-type,ilmenite-series monzogranites associated

with the Sn mineralization.

stockof sanidine and quartz porphyriticrhyolite Subsequent episodes of crustal meltingin the rewhich displays closecompositional analogies to the gionwere muchlessfecund,the only majordeposits nearbyMacusani Volcanics. Magmaticbiotite from beingthe upper Mioceneuraniumveinsof the MathisCerroSumperuni intrusion yieldeda 4Ar/"r cusani field (Quenamari). The small JsicaSn-Zncen-

1566

CLARK ET AL.

ter probably represents anearlyMiocenecontinuation to be parentalto, and henceessentially coevalwith, of the SanRafael-typeSn-base metal mineralization, mineral depositswithin them. That this is not necbut despitethe extreme enrichmentin Sn and other essarily true isshown by the settingof the Rosa Maria district;the hostgranodilithophile metals of the rhyolites of the mainMacusani depositin the Cocachacra field, the subvolcanic stocks associated with the ig- orite date is ca. 165 Ma, but there is evidence for nimbrites appear to host no tin mineralization of hydrothermalactivity in direct association with the Mexican type (Burt and Sheridan, 1988). The anti- ca. 140-Ma monzonitic dikes.Clearly, the uncertainmonydeposits, however,were probablyemplaced in ties are greaterwhere the mineralizationoccursnear, the middle Miocene at the outsetof this major py- but not in, the dated intrusions(see Farrar et al., roclasticactivity. 1990b). Further work on direct datingof vein or alThe majorlate EoceneZongo-San Gabtn zonetec- teration minerals is indicated. tono-thermal eventwasnot demonstrably associated Perhaps the most serious uncertainties concern for which there are no significantly rewith crustalmelting, and despitethe large-scale cir- thosedeposits culationof saline fluids triggered by the tectonism strictive stratigraphic or geochronologic data (e.g., havebeenmodified (Kontaket al., 1990d), playedno significant miner- Cecilia)or wherethe mineralages events(e.g.,GavilS. n de Oro). alizing role. Only the weak radiometricanomalies by later tectono-thermal alongthe strongly faultedandcataclastic (Laubacher, Our coverageof the Au(-W, Sn, Sb, platinum-group 1978a) northeastern contactof the Coasa pluton (G. element,basemetal)veinsof the CordilleraOriental Thus,the ageof the largeSanto Arroyo Pauca, pers. commun., 1989) may record isparticularlyscanty. Domingovein system (Fig. ),which yielded 500 to metal concentration at this time (Fig. 11). 1,000 kg of Au annuallybetween 1896 and 1930 Synthesis and RegionalCorrelations (Fuchs,1898; Soleret al., 1986) is constrained only to the post-Cambrian. The geologicrelationships of Lacunae and uncertainties
the veins of the Ananea district also remain conten-

Forthe firsttime,ourgeologic andgeochronologic tious. We presenthere and elsewhere(Clark et al., datapermit a coherentoverviewof the metallogenic in prep.) our reasons for favoringa Mesozoic rather evolution of southeasternPeru, and hence, a com- than Paleozoicage for this mineralization, but more parisonwith relationships established to the north- reliablegeochronologic dataarerequired. At present, west, in central and south-central Peru, and to the the only significant metallicdeposits of pre-Andean south, in Boliviaandnorthern Chile.The groundwork origin are the San JudasTadeo W(-Mo, Au) veins is laid for the development of models relatingmetal- (Clark et al., 1990a) andthe Aurorared-bedcopperlogenesis and the magmatic and tectonichistoryof barite deposit,respectively, definitely and probably the post-Paleozoic continental margin.Definitionof of Permianage. the mineralizationage in this extensiveregion is, Despitetheseproblems, we consider that the geohowever,far from comprehensive (Fig. 2). Several chronologic data sufficiently delimit the majorityof significant ore deposits remainundated. Theseinclude the metallogenic episodes represented in the transect. the Norviii andCanauraCu(-Au) deposits in the Creof southeastern Peru taceous to Paleogene arcof the CordilleraOccidental Metallogenicepisodes Metallic mineralization in this ca. 90,000-km 2 refor whichwe assume agesof ca. 60 and 40 Ma, rewith Andeanintermediate spectively, by analogy with the nearby Toquepala and gionof Peruwasassociated Ataspaca centers.A more importantlacunais repre- andfelsicmagmatic activityranging in agefromLate sentedby the once-productive SanAntonio de Es- Triassic to at leastthe latestMiocene.Major ore dequilache,Mantode Laycacota, andCondoroma-Kata posits, however,were emplaced at widely spaced inAg-base metal epithermaldistricts of the Cordillera tervalsand are geographically scattered. The major OccidentalandAltiplanoandby the smallerHuacul- andminormetallogenic episodes defined,or implied, lani and Pizacoma mines close to the Bolivian border by our studies and thoseof previous workersin the (Fig. 2). At leastthe firstfour of theseare hosted by Main and Inner Arc domains are summarized in Table volcanic strataof the TacazaGroupandare therefore 5 andFigure 17. The increased frequency of minerto be real and noolderthanlate Oligocene, but their minimum ages alizationin the Tertiary is considered cannot be delimited; there islittle evidence to support not a functionof the datingtechniques. It is almost by the exposure level of the asFletcher et al.'s (1989) model ascribing the hydro- certainlyinfluenced thermalactivityentirelyto thermalgradients imposed sociated igneous bodies, but there is probablyno reduring eruption of the middle Miocene Sillapaca lationship betweenthe size of the ore deposits and Group. the amounts of intrusive andvolcanic rocks preserved Equallysignificant, andpotentially critical,arethe from each epoch.Only during the late Oligoceneto assumptions underlyingthe presentresearch.Gran- earliest Miocene did demonstrable economic mineritoid plutonsandsubvolcanic intrusions are inferred alization occur simultaneously in the two domains.

METALLOGENIC

EVOLUTION,

SE PERUVIAN ANDES

1567

TABLE 5. Andean Metallogenic Episodes and Representative OreDeposits, Southeastern Peru

Episode Main Arc Domain Inner Arc Domain

LateMiocene (ca.6-12 Ma)

Mid-Miocene (ca. 15-17.5 Ma)

CACACH^R^--Pavico andCopacabana (Compuerta) Ag-Pb-Zn(-Cu) Sbdeposits of AltiplanoandPrecordillera de

Carabaya

QUENAMARI MESETA U; Collpa, Revancha Sb Jsica(Sn-Zn); Picotani U

SANRAFAEL (Sn-Cu-Ag);Carabaya (Ag-Pb-Zn-CuoSn); SantoDomingo (Zn-Sn-Cu-Ag);PALCA11 (W-CuZn-Pb-Ag);?CECILIA (Zn-Ag-Pb)

Early Miocene (ca. 19 Ma)

LATE OLIGOCENE to EARLY MIOCENE

(ca. 23.5-28 Ma)

Au (-Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag), Mafiazodistrict BERENGUELA (Ag-Cu);Lim6n Verde (Cu-Fe); SANTA BARi3^RA (Ag-Cu-Pb-ZnAu)

Late Eocene (ca. 39-43 Ma)

EARLYEOCENE(ca. 52-58 Ma)

Late Paleocene (ca. 60 Ma) Late Cretaceous(ca. 74-84 Ma) Mid-Cretaceous (ca. 95 Ma)

Ataspaca(Cu-Pb-Zn-Mo-Ag-Au); Tarata district (Cu) TOQUEPALA (Cu-Mo); CUAJONE (Cu-Mo); QUELLAVECO (Cu-Mo) Lluta district (Cu-Pb-Ag) Challatita (Cu) I1odistrict Cu(-Fe, Au) and Fe RosaMaria Au-Cu(-Fe)

Crucero district (AgoPb-Zn-Cu)

Sol de Cobriza (Cu)

Early Cretaceous (ca. 122 Ma)

Late Jurassic(ca. 145-155 Ma) Middle Jurassic (ca. 170-180 Ma) Late Triassicto Early Jurassic (ca. 120-220 Ma)

Ollachea district (AgoPb-Zn)(? Zr, REE) SARITA (Cu-W-Mo-Sn); Levans(WMo); Volctn(Cu(-W)); [?Au(-Sn, W) veins of Ananea-Limacpampa area]

Majorepisodes andlargerore deposits are capitalized; queries indicate uncertainties regarding the ageassignments or the
presenceof economicmineralization

Despitethe markedlyepisodic incidence of magma- Ilo-Ite district,are probablyof only minor economic
tism in the Inner Arc, contrasting with the quasicon- importance in any context. We conclude that two majormetallogenic episodes tinuousactivity in the more extensiveMain Arc, sig-

in thisAndean transect, bothfalling nificanthydrothermaleventstook place with com- are represented within the Tertiary. The oneof earlyEoceneageemparable frequencyin the two environments. Quellaveco, andCuajoneporAs in Figure 2, the rankingof the importance of placedthe Toquepala, the Cerro Verde-SantaRosa the deposits andepisodes in Table 5 is in part global phyry copperdeposits, andprobably the Chapivein-replacement andin part internalto the region.Thus,the porphyry porphyry, to the west (Fig. 2). This copperdeposits of the Cuajone-Toquepala districtare deposit,a short distance delimitedby the K-Ar age datafor the Toworld classin terms of tonnageand grade: the San episode, (57.1 Ma) andCuajone(52.15 Ma) deposits, Rafael deposithas yielded over 36,000 metric tons quepala of metallic tin and the Palca 11 deposit, although at affected a restricted swath of the Cordillera Occidenan early stageof development, has producedover tal and was apparently unrepresentedin the Inner 4,500 metric tons of ferberite and scheelite concen- Arc domain, where there is no record of Paleogene hydrothermal activity.The episode of late tratesand clearlyrepresents a considerable concen- magmatic imtration of high-gradetungstenores (Willig and Del- Oligocene(to earliestMiocene)age, generated in both the Main and Inner gado,1985). All maybe considered to be majorde- portantmineralization

posits.In contrast,the mostimportantrecent sources Arcs. In the former, we cite 23.5 Ma for the Santa Ag-Cu-polymetallic vein system and,lessseof Ag-Au-base metal ores in southeastern Peru, Bfirbara

Ag(-Cu,Mn) deposit namely, theAtaspaca, Cacachara, Santa Bfirbara, Ber- curely,infer thatthe Berenguela priorto 26.8 Ma. Thus,we conclude enguela, Mafiazo district, andCeciliadeposits, aswell formedshortly the several undated districts of the Cordillera Occithatthe oldersignificant silverandbasemetaldeposits
dental, are almost certainly smaller than many AgAu-Pb-Zn(-Cu)centersof central and south-central Peru (Petersen, 1965). They are considered to be of moderatescalein the present contextbut probably would not achievethis rankingeven in the national arena;Benavides (1984) ranksthe Cacachara deposit, recentlythe mostimportantsilverproducerof the transect, asonly the 24th in the country.Finally, numerousdeposits, e.g., thoseof Cu(-Au) andFe in the
of this area were associated either with intermediate

(ca. 26-28 Ma) stages in the evolutionof the regionally extensive TacazaGroup, and particularlywith high K calc-alkalinemagmatism, or with the early stages of the ensuing latest Oligocene to middleMiocene interval of felsicexplosive volcanism (Franceet
al., 1984; France, 1985; Klinck et al., 1986; Waste-

neys,1990). In the Inner Arc, the mostproductive lithophile-base metalvein systems of the Cordillera

1568

CLARK ET AL.

A
CENTRAL-SOUTHERN PERU Main
MB

B
SOUTHEASTERN PERU

c
NORTHERNMOST

CHILE-WESTERN

BOLIVIA

Arc

/MainArc

InnerArc

Main Arc
I

Inn4r Arc

Pli

A-P
20--

Jl-Pb-Zn-Sb .... ....

Mio

Jg-Ju-BM I SR-
Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu
Cu-Fe
Fe-Cu

OIJ
35--

I Cu-Pb-Z.-A; I
etc.

Eoc

50--

Pal
65--

Cu(-Pb,Ag)

I
80--

Cu .........

] Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu I

95--

i i

i i

I
I

(-Cu,Fe) I I
_j

i I Cu(-Fe,Au) I I I

.I
Cu

125--

Cu

140

i i
155--

I I I ......

Au (-Cu)

1 i I I !

170--

i
185--

I I

Ag-Cu (Zr)

I I

W-Sn-Mo-Cu
200--

215--

W-Sn(-Au, Bi,etc.)
Cu(-w)

230--

245--

FIG. 17. Tabular summary ofmetaliogenicepisodes in the southeastern Peru studyarea (B) and in contiguous south-central Peru (A) and northernmost Chile-northwesternBolivia (C). Sources of geochronologicdata are summarized in text. Major episodes are in black, minor in white; gradationally shaded episodes are thosefor which the intensityof mineralization is inferredto haveincreased or decreased with time (seetext). Episodes weaklyconstrained by either geochronologic or stratigraphic data are delimited by dashedlines (BM = basemetals).The Au mineralization of the Inner Arc of southeastern Peru is not shownbut is tentativelyassigned to the Jurassic.

METALLOGENIC EVOLUTION, SE PERUVIAN ANDES

1569

and Precordillerade Carabaya formedat this time. These includethe SanRafael and Palca 11 deposits, the veinsof the smaller Quenamari (Carabaya) camp (Hannington, 1983), andthoseof the Santo Domingo prospect,for which K-Ar agesin the range 22.3 to ca. 25 Ma havebeen determinedor inferred (Clark
et al., 1983b; Kontak et al., 1987; Farrar et al.,

et al. (1979), McBride et al. (1983), and Redwood

andMacintyre(1989) for Bolivia. In addition, reference is made to Chilean transectssouth of lat 25 S,

particularly the generalCopiap6(or E1Salvador) district (lat 27o-29 S) of the norte chico,where the agesof the ore deposits are well established (e.g.,
Clark et al., 1970, 1976; Clark and Zentilli, 1972;

1990b). Moreover,we advocate a similaragefor the undatedbut mineralogically comparable Condoriquifia(Crucerodistrict)polymetallic veins,the minor Mn and Fe oxidedeposits of the area,andthe extensive veins and mantos of the Cecilia-San Antonio Zn-

Quirt, 1972; Zentilli, 1974; Haynes,1975). However, despitethe expansion in geochronologic research in the past decade, considerable uncertaintypersists with regardto the ageof ore deposits in manyareas of the Andes. Thus,the metallogenic history proposed

hydrothermalevents. The ensuingdiscussion is in chronological order. Although the initiation of the Central Andean orogeny in the Late Triassic maybe recorded by the minor submarinevolcanism of the YamayoGroup (Petersen, 1954; Bellido and Guevara, 1963), preserved along the littoralof southeastern Peru,the first 1981, 1984). importantAndeanmetallogenic event wasrestricted to the orogen,in the presentCordilleraOriental of Metallogenic evolution of the centralAndes: southeastern Peru andnorthwestern Bolivia(Figs.17 A comparativeanalysis and 18a). Predominantlyvein-type W-Sn(-base is associated The longitudinal discontinuity of many central An- metal),andprobablyAu, mineralization deantectonic, magmatic, andmetallogenic subprov- in both areasof the tin belt with Upper Triassicto granitoid intrusions whichwereclearly incesor "belts" has been emphasized by Sillitoe LowerJurassic (1974), Soler et al. (1986), and other workers.This focused by the northeastern boundary of thePermian is seenin significant differences in the metallogenicMitu ensialicrift (Laubacher,1978a; McBride et al., evolution of the various orogenic transects (Clarket 1983; Clark et al., 1990a), probablyduringpersisting These plutonicrocks al., 1976; Sillitoe,1988).In thiscontext we arepar- or renewed crustalextension. a rangeof crustalpartial meltsinferredto ticularlyconcerned with temporalaspects: the defi- represent by mantle-derived alkalibasaltic nition oftheextent towhich themetallogenic episodes havebeentriggered outlinedin our studies arerepresented in areas to the magmatism (Kontaket al., 1985, 1990c). Hydrotherin the Peruvian northwest (i.e.,central Peru,incorporating thecentral mal activitywasbroadlysynchronous of this areallyrestricteddoandsouth-central metallogenic segments of Soleret and Boliviansegments dates for granitoid rocks in al., 1986) andto the south (i.e., northernmost Chile-- main:K-Ar and4Ar/39Ar Real and Mufiecas(or Apolobamba) north of lat 25 S, the norte grande--andnorth- the Cordilleras westernBolivia). of Boliviarangefrom 202 to 225 Ma (outside of the The episodes of mineralization in transects to the Zongo-San Gabtnzone),and K-Ar datesfor hydrofrom 195 to 210 Ma (McBride et northandsouth of the study areaaregivenin Figure thermalmuscovites 17; the approximate areas affected by the episodes, al., 1983).Miller andHarris(1989) reportRb-Srdates for aswell asthe broadercoeval magmatic arcs,are out- of 284 4- 16 to 300 4- 48 Ma for Boliviangranites lined in Figure 18. These mineralizeddomainsare which either Late Triassicto Early Jurassic or late not strictlymetallogenic subprovinces, sinceno ac- Oligoceneto early MioceneK-Ar dateshave been countis takenof the intensityof hydrothermal activ- determined(Everndenet al., 1977; McBride et al., ity. The majorprimary andsecondary sources of geo- 1983). Details of the Rb-Sr studiesare not given, chronologic dataare Pitcheret al. (1985) andSoler however, and althoughthere is evidencefor Late andBonhomme (1988a, andnumerous papers cited Permian intrusive activity in the Cordillera Real therein) for central and southern Peru; McBride (McBrideet al., 1987; Clark et al., 1990a), we seeno (1977),Sillitoe (1988),andMaksaev et al. (1988aand compelling reason to accept a Carboniferous to Early b) fornorthernmost Chile; andMcBride (1977),Grant Permianage for the mineralizedplutons.

Pb-Ag district. The supergeneenrichmentof the lower Eoceneporphyrycopperandvein deposits, includingCuajone,Quellaveco,and Toquepala(Clark et al., 1990b)also occurred duringthelateOligocene to early Miocene. Geomorphologic and geochronologicstudies in thisareahavedemonstrated that chalcocitedevelopment beganin the late Oligocene(at ca. 25-26 Ma) and persistedinto the mid-Miocene (ca. 12 Ma). Supergene activitywasstimulated by a succession of majorupliftevents (Aymara or Quechua 91 andtheir successors) whichaffected the oceanward frontof the Oligo-Miocene volcanic arc(Tosdal et al.,

by Vidal (1985) for the Mesozoic andPaleogene of centralandsouthern Peruislargelyunconstrained by direct ore deposit dating.Selection of the successive time framesin Figure 18 wasinfluenced by our inevitablysubjective recognition of discrete magmatic

1570

CLARK ET AL.

.;.t%,,.

[-Cu)

FIG. 18. Sketch maps showing areas in the central Andes affected by selected Mesozoic andCenozoic magmatic andmetallogenic episodes. Shading delimits approximate volcano-plutonic domains andblack areasrepresentthe more important,or in somecases, metallogenically significant, mineralizations. Radiometricages are given (18f) for the severalregionscontributingto the critical 30 to 46-Ma episode; ZSGZ represents the Zongo-San Gabtn tectono-thermal zone of Farrar et al. (1988). Map "a" incorporates the locationof the Permo-Triassic volcano-plutonic belt of northernChile, emplacement of which had terminatedprior to the intrusionof the Carabayabatholithin the studytransect.

Whereasepizonallevelsof the plutonsare widely exposed in the Cordillera Real of Bolivia, and major mineralizationcoincidentwith the earlieststages of magmatism ispreserved (Fig. 17), the deepererosion
of several of the intrusions in the Cordillera de Cara-

baya (Kontak, 1985) may have obliterated most of their significantepizonal lithophile metal deposits. Conversely, we suggest that abruptuplift andmajor rotationof batholithsduringthe late EoceneZongoSanGab/inevent(Farraret al., 1988, 1990a) exhumed widespread, in part mesothermal, Au(-W-Sn-Sb) vein systems which have given rise to important Quaternary placerdeposits in both BoliviaandPeru. Thus, the gold (-scheelite-stibnite) veins of the eastern slopes of the CordilleraRealclearlyoverprintthermal metamorphic assemblages whichdeveloped at depths of ca. 5 to 14 km aroundthe ZongoandYani plutons, the former definitelyof Late Triassicage (Heinrich et al., 1988; Farrar et al., 1990a), and the mineral-

izationis similarlyinferredto be no older thanTriassic. Comparable arguments are appliedto the study transect,where the more importantareasof Au mineralization(Ananea-Santo Domingoand OllacheaSanGab/in) occurin areas displaying extensive hightemperaturemetamorphism. We alsoinfer that the most significant Mesozoic Sn-W-Modeposits of the Cordillerade Carabaya were emplacedin the Early Jurassic, in association with strongly peraluminous stocks intrudedinto the Upper Triassicplutons.This Cu and W, Mo, Sn mineralization was coeval with the establishment of the Main

Arc in littoral Peru and Chile. It may record the incursionof alkalibasaltmagmas into metaclastic strata previously unaffected by anatexis, perhaps triggered by a tectonicevent which affectedthe entire orogen as a result of larger scaleplate interactions. In the Main Arc, Middle to Late Jurassic, basicto intermediateplutonismaffecteda narrowbut longi-

METALLOGENIC EVOLUTION, SE PERUVIAN ANDES

15 71

tudinallyvery persistent belt (Fig. 18b) which may deposit(see Figs. 17 and 18c). To our knowledge,
be traced at least from south-central Peru to central
there are no confirmed mid-Cretaceous mineral de-

Chile (e.g.,Farrar et al., 1970; McBride, 1977; Parada et al., 1988). Important Fe skarnmineralizationin southernPeru (Marcona:Injoque et al., 1988) and Chile-type Cu mantos and Cu(-Fe, Co, Au, Mo, U) veinsystems in northern(CarrizalAlto:Zentilli, 1974; Clark et al., 1976) andnorthernmost (e.g.,BuenaEsperanza,MantosBlancos: Maksaev et al., 1988a) Chile

positsin northernmost Chile, but we infer that the smallCu(-Fe, Au) veinsof the Ilo districtandthe hematite veins in the Ite area of southeastern Peru con-

stitute a link, albeit weak, in this chain of mineralization.

A transitionfrom dominantlysubmarine to dominantlysubaerial volcanism, andassociated plutonism, are associated with this shallow-marine to subaerial or from a Marianas to a Chileantype of subduction nagmatism. We inferthattheRosa Mara Au-Cu(Fe) (Uyeda and Kanamori,1979), occurredthroughout veinsof the Cocachacra districtare part of this me- the central Andes in the later Cretaceous and is intallogenic domain, but it is apparent that mineraliza- terpreted as initiating the developmentof thicker tion of thisagein southeastern Peruwasminorrelative crustthanhadprevailedin the preceding100 to 120
to that in areas to the north and south. No strata-

m.y. This engendered(Clark et al., 1976) a diversification of the ore metals and associated metalloids:

boundCu deposits havebeendocumented fromeither the ChocolateVolcanicsor the GuanerosFormation, evenwheretheseunitsare intrudedby maficstocks. The probablyminor Cu-Ag-dominated veinsof the Middle Jurassic Macusani Syeniteconstitute the only
economic metallic mineralization known to be asso-

Cretaceous agemaybe inferred for severalimportant Ag-Cu deposits in the Copiap6districtfarther south (Zentilli, 1974; Clark et al., 1976), andVidal (1985) hastentatively assigned ages in thisrangeto numerous Chile(e.g.,Zentilli,1974;]berget al., 1984),and smallCu(-Au, Mo, W) vein-, skarn-and porphyryin centralPeru,with the eruptionof the marinevol- type deposits associated with the Coastal batholithin canics of the Albian-Cenomanian Casma Groupin a central and southernPeru (Figs. 17 and 18d). The longitudinal marginal basin(Athertonet al., 1983). thick subaerialvolcanic(-hypabyssal) succession of On a broaderscale, the intense magmatism coincided the largely Upper Cretaceous ToquepalaGroup in with the initiationof sea-floor spreading in the South the studytransectis extensively exposed, but no sigAtlantic. Major mineralization definitely associated nificant base or precious metal mineralizationis with the Albian granitoidplutonsincludesthe an- known to be directly associated with theserocks,aldesite-hosted Fe (-Cu, Au) skarns and some thoughnumeroussubvolcanic intrusions have been Au(-Cu)veins of northern Chile (Haynes, 1975; Clark documented (A. PlazollesValdivia, pers. commun., et al., 1976; Colley et al., 1989) andtourmalinebrec- 1986). Only the very minorCu veinsin the Challatita cia and Au-rich porphyry copper mineralizationin area may be broadlycoevalwith the main period of north-central Chile,to thesouth of theareaof Figure ToquepalaGroup eruption. However, scatteredPb18 (Munizagaet al., 1985; Sillitoe, 1988). In south- Zn-Ag(-Cu) vein systems formed at this time in the centralPeru,Vidal (1985) proposes anAlbianagefor Inner Arc domain(Fig. 18d), asin the Crucerodistrict the Monterrosas, Ro Seco, Acar,andotherCu(-Fe, andin the Monolito(Sorata) areaof the northwestern Co, Au) vein deposits, but geochronologic dataspe- Bolivian Cordillera Oriental, where McBride et al. K-Ar dates of 82.7 and78.8 cifically for the mineralization arelacking. However, (1983) reportwhole-rock Vidal (1987) convincingly argues for a submarine ex- Ma for shoshonitic andesitic and dacitic dikes assohalativeorigin, and hencemid-Cretaceous age, for ciated with minor Pb-Zn-Ag mineralization. This the productiveLeonila-Gracielamassive barite-Zn- event remainspoorly defined, but the recent sedi(-Pb,Ag) deposits of centralPeru,andreports K-Ar mentologic studies of Marocco andNoblet (1990) in (sericite)agesof 106 and 116 Ma for alterationas- theCuzco-Sicuani intramontane basin strengthen our sociated with the nearbyAurora Augusta discordant suggestion (Clarket al., 1984) thatthe central Andean

ciatedwith the peralkalinemagmatism of the Inner Arcdomain of southeastern PeruandBolivia. The potential for Zr and REE deposits which may be associatedwith theseJurassic intrusions hasnotbeensystematicallyassessed in either country. Voluminousgranitoidintrusiveactivity occurred duringthe mid-Cretaceous (Fig. 18c) alongalmost the entirecentralAndean convergent plateboundary. Thisincluded the initialstages of the Coastal batholith proper(Beckinsale et al., 1985) andoverlapped with marinevolcanism andwith attenuation andincipient breakupof the continental margincrustin northern

economic or subeconomic concentrations of copper, molybdenum, iron, gold,cobalt,zinc, andmanganese were now joined in manyareasof the Main Arc domain by crustallyderived silver, tungsten,arsenic, bismuth,antimony,mercury,andlead. Althoughthe Santa RosaandHuantajaya silverdepositson the Chilean coastnear Iquique may be of Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceousage (Clark et al., 1976), the Caracolesdeposit, also in northernmost Chile, is the oldestsilver-richvein system confirmed in the Main Arc in the regioncoveredby Figure 18; Maksaevet al. (1988b) considerthis mineralization
to have formed between 75 and 85 Ma. A similar Late

1572

CLARK ETAL.

are experienceda marked broadeningin the Late Cretaceous. The availableradiometricdatessuggest that this putative event immediately followed the SantonianPeruvian orogeny (Steinmann,1929; Vicente,1981). However,our observations suggest that, unlike the late Oligocenearc expansion, it did not causeInner Arc anatexis,and hence, no lithophile metal mineralizationwas emplaced. Epizonalmonzodioritic to granodioritic plutonism of late Paleocene age(ca. 59-64 Ma) in southeastern Peru, asin the Lluta (Cercana),andprobably,Norviii districts,had associated minor Cu(-Pb, Ag, Au) mineralization,contemporaneous with comparably small Cu(-W, Mo, Au) depositsin the Campanani (Lluta)
district in northernmost Chile, from which McBride

The coherenceof the ensuingmagmatic-metallogeniceventin the vicinityof the orocline isless clearly defined. In Figure 18f we follow Sillitoe (1988) in groupingtogether all late Eoceneto mid-Oligocene igneous andhydrothermal activity,embracing the interval 30 to 46 Ma. In Chile, this belt incorporates the greatestknownconcentration of giantporphyry Cu(-Mo) centers,includingChuquicamata, E1Abra, andLa Escondida, aswell asa largenumberof smaller Cu (and/or Mo)-dominateddeposits. An extensiveKAr geochronologicdata base (Quirt et al., 1971; McBride, 1977; Sillitoe, 1981, 1988) hasbeen aug-

mented by the detailed 4Ar/39Ar studies of Maksaev

et al. (1988a) on severalof the porphyry deposits in northernmost Chile. Porphyry mineralization oc-

(1977) reportsa 62.6-Ma K-Ar agefor a mineralized curred from 31 to 41 Ma between latitudes 27 and with a narrow magmatic arc, granodiorite.Farther south,Maksaevet al. (1988b) 20 S, in association volume,coinciding in part infersimilar ages (60-63 Ma) for Cu veins in the Sierra generallyof only modest Gorda-Copucha district.This widespread episode of with the West Fissure fault zone, a continental-scale
minor Cu mineralization probably persistedto the structure. In southeastern Peru, Yoshikawa et al. K-At ages of northwestof the studyarea, but unambiguous geo- (1976) andNoble et al. (1984b) present andCu-Fe skarn chronologic dataare lacking(Fig. 17). In Figure 18e, 31 to 38 Ma (Fig. 18f) for intrusions
this late Paleocene event has been combined with the and stockwork mineralization in the inland Anda-

immediately succeeding,far more important, early huaylas-Yauri subprovince (Bellido et al., 1972), haverecognizedasconstituting Eocene(ca.52-58 Ma) episode of porphyryCu(-Mo, which many authors in the metallogenic zonation of the central Ag) emplacement which dominates the Main Arc do- ananomaly main of southeastern Peru, extendingfrom Cerro Andes (Sillitoe, 1976), where the great majority of Fe deposits lie closeto the continental Verde to Toquepala (Fig. 2). Again,the extentof this significant episode in south-central Peruis poorlydefined(Vidal, margin.In west-centralPeru, Soler and Bonhomme 1985), but its persistence southward into northern- (1988a and b) report discordantK-Ar datesof 25.9 mostChileisconfirmed by ca.58-Ma ages determined to 29.3 Ma which are interpreted asindicatinga ca. by Quirt et al. (1971; seealsoSillitoe, 1981) for the 31-Ma age for the Atacochaand Milpo polymetallic they tentativelyascribe a simmedium-sizedMocha porphyry copper deposit,and vein andskarncenters; silverdeposit. The above by similaragesreportedfor the E1Inca andCachinal ilar ageto the Uchucchacua de la Sierra silverveinsby Maksaevet al. (1988a) and mineralization lies within a ca. 125-km-wide upper arc, delimitedby Nofor thelargeE1Guanaco epithermal gold(-Cu)deposit Eoceneto Oligocenemagmatic of which by Puiget al. (1987). Stillfarthersouth, the Paleocene ble et al. (1979) andothers,the emplacement the majorepisode to early Eocenebelt (Sillitoe, 1988) assumes a more beganat ca. 40 to 41 Ma following and uplift constipolymetallic nature: copper-rich veins and breccia of thin-skinnedcrustalshortening pipeslocallycontainsignificant W, Au, and Bi (Ruiz tuting the Incaic orogeny(Steinmann,1929; Noble et al., 1965) and ca. 50- to 65-Ma agesare recorded et al., 1979; Mgard, 1984). Maksaevand Zentilli emphasize thatthe richlymineralized for severalAg-rich deposits of the Copiap6 district (1988) similarly in the afby Zentilli (1974), Haynes (1975), and Clark et al. coevalarc in northernChile wasgenerated termath of the Incaic compression. (1976). The greater part of the southeastern Peru transect Despite their apparentlyerratic mineralizationinto constitutea significant hiatusin tensity,the Mesozoic andPaleogene volcano-plutonic is demonstrated magarcs display a remarkablecontinuity from at least this importantupper Eoceneto mid-Oligocene domain in the vicinityof the Arica southernPeru to central Chile (Fig. 18b-e), with ex- matichydrothermal tensivesuperimposition of magmaticactivity of dif- deflection.The Ataspacagranodioriticcenter, with ferent agesin Peru contrasting with a more orderly its Cu polymetallic,in part porphyry-style,mineralcontinentward migration in Chile (Farraret al., 1970; ization, located 320 km north-northwest of the Clark et al., 1976; Colley et al., 1989). The oldest northernmostdocumented,broadly coeval (39 Ma: belts,of Jurassic age,are apparently truncated by the McBride, 1977), Chilean porphyry copper-typedepresentcoastline of the Africa deflection,but with posit, Queen Elizabeth (Sillitoe, 1988), clearly exthe exceptionof the still poorly definedCretaceous tends this richly endowed belt into southernmost activityin the Tintaya area and in the CordilleraOri- Peru. However, only minor Cu mineralizationis reental,magmatism wasconfined to a narrowzonesub- corded from the upper Eocene stocksnear Tarata, arcis apparently severed parallel and closeto the presentcontinentalmargin. andthislargelygranodioritic

METALLOGENICEVOLUTION, SEPERUVIANANDES

1573

A dramaticchange in the magmatic and tectonic fartherto the northwest. Althoughcalc-alkaline felsic intrusive activity persistedinto the mid-Oligocene activity of the study transect ensued in the late Oliboth in northernmost Chile and in the Andahuaylas- gocene, at 28.5 ___ 1 Ma.Geochronologic studies (e.g., Yauri belt of south-central Peru, the initiation of mafic Tosdalet al., 1981; Clark et al., 1983b; Franceet al., shoshonitic volcanism in the Santa Lucia area at ca. 1984; Bonhomme et al., 1985; Kontaket al., 1987; 31 to 32 Ma (Wasteneys, 1990; thispaper)is inferred R. J.Langridge, in prep.)demonstrate thatat thistime to reflect a radicallydifferenttectono-magmatic con- magmatism abruptly revived across a widthof 320 to fromthePacific slope of theprestext, despiteits locationon the stronglycurved tra- 350 km, extending ent Cordillera Occidental. The Main Arc alone, enjectory of the mid-Tertiaryarc overall.
As in transectsto the south and northwest, the Main

Arc domainbetween, approximately, Tarata andTintayaexperienced uplift andcrustalshortening in the late Eocene to mid-Oligocene. The uncomformity beneath the fore-arc basinalsuccession constituting the continental Moquegua Formation(Bellido,1979; MaroccoandNoblet, 1990), whichnowunderlies the
Llanuras Costaneras between the axial Cordillera Oc-

compassing thepresent Cordillera Occidental andthe Altiplano, attained a width of ca. 230 km. Felsicignimbrites, inferredto haveeruptedfromthe location of the modern volcanic arc(Tosdal et al., 1981),dominatedthe oceanward portionof the late Oligocene Main Arc, whereas mafic and intermediate calc-al-

kaline(medium to highK) andshoshonitic suites predominated acrossits continental areas. The coeval

cidental and the Cordillera de la Costa, could have

been generatedduring the Incaic orogenyat ca. 40 to 43 Ma and may extendacross the submarine continental slopeasthe well-definedEocene-Oligocene erosionsurface(van Huene and Lallemand, 1990). Erosionof the 52-Ma ToquepalaGroup, however, probablycommenced earlier and the on-landstratigraphic record may be incomplete.Farther inland, physiographic differentiation of the emergingCordillera Oriental and Altiplano occurredasa result of thin-skinned, largelysouthwest-verging thrusting and folding(Newell, 1949; Mgard, 1988; Ellisonet al., 1989) in the vicinity of Lake Titicaca(the Huancan thrust and fold belt of Mgard, 1988; Fig. 3). However, we infer that the greatestuplift took place to the northeast, alongand immediatelycontinentward of the presentaxisof the Cordillera Oriental. Here the Zongo-San Gabtntectono-thermal zone records

suscitation of the contiguous Inner Arc involved crustal melting which resulted, atleast in southeastern Peru, from the emplacement of mantle-derived shoshonitic (absarokitic) magmas (Kontaket al.,

1986).Broadening was sensibly instantaneous (Clark and McNutt, 1982),and theavailable K-Arand 4Ar/
39Ardata reveal no clear transversesecularmigration
of the inner and outer limits of the arc.

Majorupliftat ca.25 to 26 Ma (Tosdal et al., 1984; Wasteneys, 1990) clearly followed thisradical revival of magmatism. Arc broadening in southeastern Peru thereforeprecededthe initiationof the Aymart or QuechuaD episodeof regionalcrustalshortening (Sbrieret al., 1988;Ellison et al., 1989).Arcbroadening probably also preceded thedevelopment ofthe
central Andean foreland thrust and fold belt in the

Miocene,but the two features clearlycoexisted for a protractedperiod. A strictlycontemporaneous (28-29 Ma) reactiva(Farraret al., 1988;Kontak et al., 1990d)majorthickgranitoidmagskinned compression involvingbasement uplift, and tion of both maficand peraluminous probably, rotation acrosscrustal-scale duplexesin matism occurred in the Illimani volcano-plutonic sometransects (Farraret al., 1990a), shortlyprior to centerof the BolivianCordilleraReal (McBrideet al., 38 Ma, the time of Ar retention in biotites at the root 1983), but the still scanty agedatafor the northern of the zone. BolivianAltiplano (Everndenet al., 1977; Naeseret Broadanalogies with the Mio-Pliocene basement al., 1987; Swansonet al., 1987; Lavenu et al., 1989; that arc expansion at upliftsof the Sierras Pampeanas of the northwest Ar- Clark et al., in prep.) suggest gentinian foreland(Jordan et al., 1983) suggest that this latitude was not coherent until ca. 24 to 25 Ma, event.Redsoutheastern Peruexperienced fiat subduction at this i.e., until the latestOligoceneorogenic time. No magmatism hasbeen recognized in associ- wood and Macintyre (1989) recognizeonly a midin this area.Reation with the Incaic orogeniceventsin much of Miocene(ca. 17 Ma) arc expansion southeastern Peru, accounting for the absence of up- stricted arc broadeningalso occurredin the southper Eoceneto lower Oligocenehydrothermal min- western Bolivian Altiplano in the late Oligocene et al., 1975). In south-central Peru(ca.13 eralization. Steepsubduction is,however, inferredto (Kussmaul havepersisted in centralPeru. Noble et al. (1984b) S), the K-Ar dataof McKeeand Noble (1982) demsuggested that the Andahuaylas-Yauri granitoid belt onstrate that Main Arc volcanism revived at ca. 27 resulted from shallowsubduction,but we believe that Ma, although the majormagmatic flare-upthere was to the period 17 to 23 Ma (seealsoNoble it occupies a transitional position,possibly across a assigned of igmajor warp in the subducting plate, along which et al., 1974). There wasa markeddiminution magmas rosewith minimal assimilation of crustal ma- neousactivityin centralPeru (ca. 11 S) in the midleading SolerandBonhomme (1988b,p. terials,leading to majormineralization with a mantle Oligocene, 175) to conclude erroneously that "[a] lackof maggeochemical signature (Cu, Fe ___ Au).

1574

CLARK ET AL.

matic activity throughout mid-to-late Oligocene times enguela Ag-Cu deposits. The arealextentof thislate Oligocene to earliestMioceneevent,unrecognized The significance of the arcbroadening isproblem- in previousmetallogenic syntheses of the Peruvian atic,largelybecause directlycomparable events have Main Arc (e.g.,Petersen andVidal, 1983; Soleret al.,
is generalover the PeruvianAndes."

1986), is poorly defined. However, Robertson's orogens:thus, the large-scaleMesozoic-Cenozoic (1978) conclusion that the Ag-base metalmineralizadisplacement of the cordilleranarc in the western tion of the Manto de Laycacotacamp (Fig. 2) incorUnited States(Coney and Reynolds,1977) involved porates shallow-water (lacustrine) exhalative horizons migration(ca. 1000 km) of the arc front over a pro- in the TacazaGroup(>_ ca.25 Ma: Franceet al., 1984; tracted period (90 my), rather than instantaneous Wasteneys,1990) suggests that other Ag-rich epibroadening. However, from the age, areal distribu- thermal centersin the CordilleraOccidentalmay be tion, andchemistry of the igneous rocksin the study of this age. The SantaBtrbara veins (23.5 Ma), in area, we infer that, followinga late Eoceneto mid- particular,displayan intimateassociation with initial Oligocene episode of fiat subduction, a steeper angle upliftin the Santa Luciaregionin the latest Oligocene, of oceanic plate descent abruptlyensued in the late andwith the first localoutbreakof felsicpyroclastic Oligocene. activity,bothmanifestations of the Aymart, Quechua The late Oligoceneto early Miocene interval of D1, or QuechuaD2 (Ellisonet al., 1989) orogeny. broad arc activity gaverise to extensive mineraliza- The ignimbrite-dominated oceanward portion of the tion,particularly in the Inner Arc domain, wherelarge arc is apparentlybarren, but few eruptive centers andhigh-grade bedrocktin deposits were emplaced havebeen recognized to date (Tosdalet al., 1981). The Au- and Ag-rich veinsand stockworks of the in Boliviaand southeastern Peru (Figs.17 and 18g). Detailed K-Ar studiessuggest that Sn and W vein Mafiazodistrictare inferredto be ca. 19 Ma in age mineralization commenced at ca. 24 to 26.5 Ma in onthebasis of the dated phyllic alteration assemblage spatial association with 25- to 28.5-Ma peraluminous from the Lulita deposit,andthus,representa metalgranitoidstocks in both the Cordillerade Carabaya Iogenic episodeslightly younger than that of the records and CordilleraReal segments of the tin belt (Clark et nearbySantaLucia area.This mineralization al., 1983b; McBride et al., 1983; Kontak et al., 1987; the only hydrothermalactivity in southeastern Peru Farrar et al., 1990b). Alsoin Bolivia,at latitude19050' known to be coevalwith the early Miocene (ca. 18S, minor Sn-W mineralizationwasassociated with the 20 Ma) episode of uplift (Tosdal et al., 1984) andvoKumurana pluton (25.25 Ma), representing the initial luminous ignimbriticvolcanism (Tosdalet al., 1981; magmatism of the richly mineralizedLosFrailes-Po- Wasteneys,1990) in the Cordillera Occidental,contosl area (Schneider, 1987; Halls and Schneider, sidered by Tosdalet al. (1984) to represent the final 1988). Vein formationthereafter persisted to ca. 22 phaseof the tectoniccycle initiated in the late OliMa in the Cordillera de Carabayaand, southof the gocene. Supergene enrichment of the Cuajone, Cordillera Real, in the CordillerasQuimsaCruz and Quellaveco, andprobably, Toquepala porphyrycopSantaVera Cruz. Subsequently, at ca. 20 to 21 Ma, per deposits wasinterruptedat ca. 18 to 18.5 Ma by the major focusof mineralization in the Boliviantin abruptuplift of the oceanward slopeof the Precorbelt migratedsouthalongthe proto-Cordillera Ori- dilleraandattendant manfling by rhyolitic ignimbrites ental to generateLlallaguaand other large subvol- (Clark et al., 1990b). In northwestern Bolivia, on the eastern shores of canictin deposits of west-central Bolivia(Grantet al., 1979). Schneiderand Halls (1985) also emphasize Lake Titicaca, a 23.3-Ma (biotite) K-Ar agehasbeen that the Kumarana-Azanaques magmatic hydrother- determined (McBride,1977) for the small Pfilpitodel stock,whichis associated with mimal episode (ca. 20-25 Ma) of the Potos areamay Diablorhyodacitic be distinguished fromlater events in the centralseg- nor Pb-Sb(-Sn,asteallite andberndtite) mineralizament of the Bolivian tin belt. tion (Clark et al., in prep.), possibly representing a Clark et al. (in prep.) argue that, whereasthe transition between the Main and Inner Arc metallogranitoidstocks of the Cordillerade Carabaya were genicdomains. Elsewhereon the BolivianAltiplano emplacedin a structurallyneutral (postkinematic) the majorityof the red-bedandalliedcopperdeposits environment, the immediatelyensuing formationof includingCorocoro,formedin this interval (ca. 18Sn- and W-rich veins (ca. 24 Ma) occurredduring a 23 Ma: Clark et al., in prep.), as did probably the compressional tectoniceventwhichmaybe assigned restricted mineralization of thistype in the Santa Rosa to either the Quechua D or, preferably,the Aymart (Desaguadero) district in the study area (Fig. 2). orogenic phase(seealsoLaubacher et al., 1988; S- However, there is no evidence for the occurrence of brier et al., 1988). epithermalveins in association with the scattered stocks of early Mioceneage on the BoIn the Main Arc, we recognize a significant metal- subvolcanic logenicepisode at ca. 23.5 to 28 Ma, responsible for livian Altiplano. Whereas late Oligoceneto early the Santa Btrbara Ag-base metaland,probably, Ber- Miocenevolcanism and shallow plutonism persisted

not been documented in other Mesozoic to Recent

METALLOGENIC EVOLUTION, SE PERUVIAN ANDES

1575

Ma; Chocaya, ca. 12.5 Ma; Grant et al., 1979; Schneider, 1987). The extremeenrichments in Sn(_53ppm) and other lithophileelements exhibitedby the rhyolitic ash-flow tuffsof the main middle to upper MioVolcanics (Pichavant et confirmed to fall in thisagerange(23-24 Ma: Zentilli, cene(ca.4-10 Ma) Macusani al., 1988b; Cheilletz et al., in press)andby the scat1974; Clark et al., 1976). stockswith similar geochemical The geochronologic datafor the studytransectdo tered subvolcanic (Farraret al., 1990b;Yamamura, 1990) raises not permit delimitationof the area of the Main Arc features that concentrations of thesemetalsmay in southeastern Peru that experienced the succeeding expectations middle (ca. 17 Ma) to late (ca. 7 Ma) Miocenemetal- be locally developed.However, the majority of the knownto be of thisageandpetrochemical aflogenic episode, or episodes, whichgenerated the vast stocks majority of the large Ag and basemetal deposits of filiationdisplayno evidenceof interactionwith highmagmatogene fluids(Yamamura, 1990). the centraland southern areasof the country(Erick- temperature son et al., 1987; Candiotti, 1988; Soler and BonIn contrast, the uraniummineralization developed homme, 1988a and b; alsoPetersen and Vidal, 1983, extensively in the Macusani Volcanics, and less 1987) LosFrailes and referencestherein), includingthe rich veinsof stronglyin the _8-Ma (Schneider, the Puquio-Cailloma Ag district(16.3-17.1 Ma) im- ignimbrite field of Bolivia (Michel and Schneider, direct geochemical congruence with mediatelyto the west of the area under discussion 1978), displays (Fig. 2). Someof the baseand preciousmetal epi- the hostrocks,and the derivation of the uranium from The deposits delimited thermal deposits of the northern BolivianAltiplano the rhyolitesis indisputable. (Macusani) fieldincludethe largest (e.g.,La Joya, Viscachani) are alsoof middleMiocene in the Quenamari worldwide(cf. age (ca. 12-16 Ma; McBride, 1977; Redwoodand andrichestof thisclanyet recognized a significant Macintyre,1989). Volcanism of thisageisrepresented GoodellandWaters,1981) andrepresent epoch,one that wasless in the area of studyby the Sillapaca Formation,the late Miocenemetallogenic predominantlydacitic eruptive centersof which are well developedin Bolivia. Whereas a transition to Sb-dominant mineralization preservedin the SantaLucia district (14.7-16.2 Ma: tin belt in the latest Wasteneys,1990) and elsewherein the inner Cor- tookplacelocallyin the Bolivian and Halls, 1985), our dilleraOccidental andAltiplano(Klincket al., 1986). Miocene (ca. 8 Ma: Schneider that this had ocThe sparse availabledata suggest that at leastsome data for the Collpa districtsuggest of the antimony-richmineralization on the south- curredby 12 Ma in the studyarea. Both in Bolivia easternPeruvianAltiplano,and perhaps,in the Pre- and Peru, however,it is probablethat theseclearly representmuchweaker cordillerade Carabaya,may have been emplacedat epithermalstibnitedeposits of antimony than the mesothermal this time (e.g., Pucart:15.4 Ma). However, most concentrations eruptivecenters of middleMioceneagein the transect Sb(-W, Au) veins(e.g., Ahlfeld, 1974) and havecerarenotknownto hostsignificant epithermal veins(cf. tainly been lessproductive. The mostimportantsilverdepositof recent years Fletcheret al., 1989); thisisnot a function of erosional Peru, Cacachara, was emplaced,colevel andis interpretedasrepresenting a true metal- in southeastern evallywith the veinsof the lessimportantCompuerta logeniclull. of the Oligocene The smallJsicaSn-Znprospect(17.4 Ma) consti- camp,at ca. 7 Ma, in the later stages arc, associated with the earliest tutesthe onlylocalbroadcontemporary of the series to Mioceneexpanded of very large Sn-Ag(-Bi, basemetal) epithermalde- eruptionsof the BarrosoGroup. Broadly contempoposits generated in the centralandsouthern segments rary Main Arc epithermal mineralization on the of the Bolivian tin belt in the later early Miocene, northern BolivianAltiplano includesthe Laurani Agcenter (8.0 Ma; McBride, 1977) and including Oruro (16.3 Ma; McBride et al., 1983), Au-Cu-Pb-As-Sb the minorPb-Zn-Ag-Sb veinsof the PatriciaChorolque (16.2 Ma), Tatasi (15.6 Ma), and Tasna probably (16.4 Ma; Grant et al., 1979). This contrastin min- Pacuni area (ca. 8.1 Ma; Redwood and Macintyre, eralizationintensityis striking,giventhe broad sim- 1989). To the northwest of the study transect, the ilaritiesin petrochemistry (Kontak,1985; Schneider, extremelyrich Ag(-Au)veinsof the Arcataminehave 1987) of the coevalperaluminous igneous rocksin beeninterpretedasca.5 Ma in age(Candiotti,1988), the two areas,but we emphasizethat the Cerro Lin- but Fornari and Viica (1977) and Soleret al. (1986) tere microgranite stock isthe onlysubvolcanic center bracket the timing of mineralizationbetween 3.66 of thisagesofar recognized in the Cordillerade Ca- and 3.73 Ma. Although upper Miocene epithermal metalveins,andlocally,porphyry rabaya,andthat significant volcanism at thistime was baseandprecious largelyrestrictedto the PicotaniMeseta(Sandeman Cu(-Mo, Au) centers are known from the Sierras et al., 1990). However, there are alsono knownPe- Pampeanasof northwestern Argentina (McBride, ruvianequivalents of the importantlate-middleMio- 1972; Clark et al., in prep.; seealsoEricksonet al., almostcertainlyexceneBolivian Sn-Ag-base metalcenters (Potosl, 13.8 1987), and coevalmineralization
in the Main Arc southinto northernmostChile, only the large La Coipa Ag-Au epithermalcenter in the Copiap6 (or E1 Salvador)district of northern Chile (Rivera-Cabello,1988; Colley et al., 1989) hasbeen

1576

CLARK ET AL.

ists in western Bolivia and northernmost Chile, there be inferred to have controlled the Triassic-Jurassic of the Inner Arc domain is a striking paucityof geochronologic datafor central lithophilemetalvein systems Andean ore depositsin this time interval. This pre- in both Peru and Bolivia, and the major Paleogene vents delimitation of the area of the Main Arc affected porphyrycopperdepositarraysof the Main Arc; imare apparentbetweenthe intensity by late Miocenehydrothermal activityand an assess- portantcontrasts ment of the importanceof thisperiod. It is, however, of such mineralization in southeastern Peru and in areas, andpresent concepts of the transverse clear that severaladequatelydissected volcaniccen- adjacent of Andeanmetallogenic subprovinces tersof the Lower Barroso Groupin southeastern Peru segmentation exhibit no evidence of metallic mineralization. are probablyinsufllciently refined. The persistentmetallogenic individualityof the Plio-Pleistocene ageshave been reported for epithe Aricadeflection, aswell asits thermal vein systems in more northerly transects of regionsurrounding the Peruvian Andes, as at Atunsulla, in Nevado Por- internalvariability,impliesthat for the past220 m.y. of the orogenhasincorporated a firsttugueza(Noble andMcKee, 1982; Petersen andVidal, this segment in the plateboundary. It ishoped 1983) and Ccarhuaraso(D.C. Noble, in Candiotti, orderdiscontinuity will contributeto the de1988). Metallicmineralization of thisagehasnotbeen that the presentresearch confirmed from the contracted Pliocene-Holocene velopment of moresophisticated andpredictive mevolcanicarc of southeastern Peru, despitethe wide tallogenicmodelsfor: the Andes and other, more range of erosionallevel displayedby the stratovol- complex,ensialicconvergentorogens. canoes of the Barroso and (lower) AmpatoGroups. Acknowledgments

ConcludingStatement
The southeasternmost area of Peru embraces the

The field and laboratory studieswhich form the

basis for the research summarized herein were funded

entire array of geologicand physiographic provinces which constitutethe Central Andean orogen and is an ideal settingin which to elucidatethe overall relationships of hydrothermalprocesses and the magmatic and tectonic events which define this classic

throughNaturalSciences andEngineering Research Council of Canada grants to A.H.C. andE.F. Logistical assistance in the field was generously providedby
Minsur, S.A., Southern Peru Copper Corporation

convergent plateboundary environment. Our aimhas been to provide a detailed and unified geologicand geochronologic data base for the ore deposits and their hostrocks,a prerequisitefor the elaborationof metallogenic models.Our coverageof the known mineralization is not complete, particularly in the Neogeneprovinceof the Cordillera Occidentaland in the Precordillerade Carabaya,and severalimportant groupsof ore deposits, suchasthe goldveinsof the AnaneaandSantoDomingodistricts, clearlymerit

(SPCC),the InstitutoGeo16gico, Mineroy Metalfirgico(INGEMMET), the Instituto Peruano deEnergia Nuclear (IPEN), and the United NationsRevolving Fund (UNRF) for Natural Resources Exploration in Peru. We are particularlygratefulfor the assistance
and advice of: Fausto Zavaleta, the late Adolfo M-

dico,FortunatoBrescia, PastorLuque, SixtoParedes, Nestor Roldtn,Rafil Valdivia, and Vidal Ayque of Minsur, S.A.; Armando Plazolles, Jorge Manrique,
Frank Stevenson,and Paul Satchwell of SPCC; Guido

del Castillo, Felix Espinoza, and Rafil Rosasof

more detailed attention. However, the observations Colquiminas, S.A.; FernandoArias and JorgeTaipe

An6nima MineraRegina; TommyCinzano in thispaperconsiderably amplifythe earlysyntheses of Sociedad of De las Casasand Ponzoni (1969), Bellido and de and Elias Mestos of Compafila Minera Altiplano; E. Kovaik, Montreuil (1972), Bellido et al. (1972), Ponzoni GuillermoAbele of CENTROMIN; Joseph (1980), and Petersenand Vidal (1983), and demon- formerly of UNRF, Arequipa;Gregorio Flores and stratethat the more recent metallogenic schemes of Guillermo Diaz of INGEMMET; Ralph Ellison, Integradodel Sur (BritishGeoClark et al. (1984), Soler et al. (1986), and Fletcher formerlyof Proyecto logicalSurvey/INGEMMET);Alain Cheilletz of the et al. (1989) require significant modification. Ptrographiqueset GochiAswouldbe expected, southeastern Peru displays Centre de Recherches Miletich, JuanSaldarmany similaritiesin its metallogenic evolutionwith miques,Nancy;and Crist(>bal other transects of the central Andes. However, it is riaga,GuidoArroyo,andJacinto Valenciaof IPEN. An early report and samples collectedby Ronald equallyapparentthat the regionof the Aricadeflecprovedof greatvalueto ourresearch. tion, considered asa whole,hasbeenmetallogenically C. R. Robertson from the distinctivesince the initiation of Andean orogenyin Alain Cheilletz alsoprovidedtwo samples area.Samples for4Ar/3Ar dating wereirthe Late Triassicand, moreover, that the study area Macusani has commonly differed in the timing and nature of radiatedat the McMasterUniversity,Hamilton, Canmineralizationfrom the contiguous oroclinaltransect ada,reactor.Pirjetta Atva, Ela RusakMazur, andMiprepared the illustrations andSheila extendingfrom northernmost Chile to northwestern chaelGerasimoff Linda Anderson, andparticularly,Diane Bolivia.Thus,regional geodynamic relationships may McPherson,

METALLOGENIC EVOLUTION, SE PERUVIAN ANDES

15 7 7

Parrpatiently typedthemanuscript, theinitialversion of which was improvedby the comments of three

Economic Geologyreviewers.

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