Analysis of Windowing Effects on Synthetic Aperture Radar Raw FocusedFocused-Image Formation

Rahmat Arief and Musyarofah Divison of Ac uisition and !round Station"echnology Remote Sensing "echnology and Data #enter Indonesian $ational Institute of Aeronautics and Space %&A'A$(

)utline
Introduction
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) SAR Image Formation Algorithms SAR Image Quality Parameters Sidelobes and Its Suppression

Methods
indo! Function SAR Image Quality Measurement

Simulation and Results "onclusion Re#erences

Introduction
$he use o# Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data has been increased% recently& hy radar (SAR)' SAR has o!n illumination () able to operate day and night SAR penetrates cloud and precipitation () all !eather system SAR pro*ides di##erent #eature o# ob+ect () as complementary o# optical image
("umming , ong% -../)

Introduction
SAR Ac4uisition System

Se*eral SAR image #ormation algorithm ha*e de*eloped to process radar signal% such as Range 0oppler algorithm (R0A)% "hirp Scalling algorithm ("SA)% 1mega( 2 algorithm and Specan algorithm SAR image #ormation basically consists o# a coherent% phase(corrected integration o# the recorded ra! data samples (Reigber% et&al% -.3-) R0A is o#ten used and designed to achie*e bloc5 processing e##iciency% using #re4uency domain operations in both range and a6imuth% !hile maintaining the simplicity o# one( dimensional operations ("umming , ong%
-../)

Introduction
SAR image 4uality re#ers to7
( impulse response properties o# radar8processor combination and response o# the system to distributed scatterers (9ipscomb% -..-)

$he per#ormance o# SAR image7

( characteri6ed through its impulse response impulse response #unction (IRF) obtained by measuring the system response to a single% isolated scatterer on the ground% called point target
("umming , ong% -../: 9ipscomb% -..-: S5olni5% -..3)

$he most important 4uality parameters that can be measured #rom the point target are7
( the impulse response !idth (IR ) that de#ines the SAR resolution ( the pea5 or integrated sidelobe ratio (PS9R or IS9R) that pertains to image contrast
("umming , ong% -../: 9ipscomb% -..-: S5olni5% -..3)

Introduction
Radar signal beam consists o# mainlobe and sidelobes Sidelobe or spilled energy is generated by band(limited nature o# the data that causes un#ocusing o# SAR images% hence the appearing o# target !ill be !orse and di##icult to interpretate
;enerally% it is considered to minimi6e these sidelobes% or at least reduce them to some more tolerable le*el by using !indo!8!eighting #unctions in SAR image #ormation to impro*e the 4uality o# SAR image result (Moreira% 3<<=: Samad% -.3-: 0oerry% -..=) This paper aim to compare and analyze window function effects that applied to SAR focused-image formation with RDA by using simulation of point target raw SAR data
A6imuth beam pattern o# point target and image resulted

Methods
In signal processing% !indo!ing8!eighting #unction is a mathematical #unction that is 6ero(*alued outside o# some chosen inter*al& $his real(*alued #unction rolls o## symmetrically #rom its central pea5 to!ards the t!o ends ( i5ipedia) It alle*iates the e##ects o# an abrupt truncation o# #inite( length se4uences and it applies !eights to the signal spectrum% so it can use to control sidelobes !hile 5eeping the resolution as #ine as possible ("umming , ong% -../)

Methods
indo! #unction used in simulation7
>anning indo! ?lac5man indo!

>amming

indo! "hebyshe* indo!

2aiser

indo!

Methods
Point target ra! SAR data

Spatial resolution determined in impulse response o# SAR point target

?loc5 #unction o# R0A !ith a6imuth !indo!ing8!eighting implemented

Simulation * Results

Plot o# IRF !ith se*eral !indo! #unctions applied to simulated point target ra! data in a6imuth direction

Simulation * Results

Plot o# IRF !ith se*eral !indo! #unctions applied to Radarsat(3 point target ra! data in a6imuth direction

Simulation * Results
3db Window type Resolution [pixel] Simulated Point Target No window 1.979 Hanning 3.286 Hamming 3.266 Kaiser =2.5 2.479 Kaiser =3 2.625 Kaiser =3.5 2.775 Blackman 3.862 Chebyshev 4.347 Radarsat 1 No window 2.789 Hanning 2.804 Hamming 2.803 Kaiser =2.5 2.795 Kaiser =3 2.796 Kaiser =3.5 2.798 Blackman 2.814 Chebyshev 2.823 PSLR [dB] ISLR [dB] Peak [Intensity] 1307.794 763.379 805.675 1029.537 973.183 924.455 655.328 587.544 528.275 522.270 522.738 525.938 525.306 524.680 518.418 515.220

-9.423 -19.424 -18.856 -14.363 -15.516 -16.289 -20.623 -21.105 -13.709 -13.803 -13.796 -13.745 -13.755 -13.765 -13.851 -13.861

-15.626 -15.680 -16.266 -17.791 -17.576 -17.219 -14.611 -13.805 -15.010 -15.105 -15.098 -15.048 -15.058 -15.068 -15.160 -15.204

$able 3& $he resolution% PS9R and IS9R *alues obtained by simulation

Simulation * Results

Image results o# simulated point target ra! data a#ter a6imuth !indo!ing8!eighting applied

Image results o# Radarsat(3 ra! data a#ter a6imuth !indo!ing8!eighting applied.

@oom o# Radarsat(3 image results

#onclusion
indo!8!eighting #unction has the e##ect on SAR signal spectrum% it smoothed the spectrum by reducing the discontinuity at the edges o# spectrum& $here#ore% the sidelobes le*el !as reduced& "hebyshe* !indo! has the lo!est Pea5 Sidelobe Ratio (PS9R) *alue% and 2aiser !indo! has the lo!est Integrated Sidelobe Ratio (IS9R) *alue #or simulated point target& For Radarsat(3 point target% "hebyshe* !indo! has the lo!est PS9R and IS9R *alue& 2aiser !indo! has the best resolution that approaches the original resolution& Aisually% 2aiser !indo! per#orms a better and 4uite #ocused image than another !indo!&

References
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