4-Activated Sludge F11

4-Activated Sludge_F11.
doc
1
Primary Treatment

Purpose: To remove settlable organic solids
Efficiency: BOD removal - 30% (30 - 40%)
SS removal - 60% (50 - 70%)

Secondary Treatment

Purpose: To remove soluble organics
Efficiency: BOD removal - 90% (85 - 95%)
SS removal - 90% (85 - 95%)

Biological Treatment

Basic Reaction of Aerobic System

(X) more new
microbes microbes

Organics + O
2
+ nutrients --------> CO
2
+ H
2
O

Soluble air N, P
BOD
5

(S)

Note: all naturally present in domestic sewage, except O
2

Types of Secondary Treatment Systems

1. Suspended Growth Systems (Reactors)
e.g. Activated Sludge processes
- Conventional
- Completely mixed

2. Attached Growth Systems (Reactors)

e.g. Trickling Filters,
Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC)
Submerged Rotating Biological Contactor (SBC)

4-Activated Sludge_F11.doc
2
Conventional Activated Sludge Process

MLSS
MLVSS
Diffused Aerator
Waste sludge
Log phase Endogenous phase
(Exponential growth)
BOD
5
MLVSS
O
2
demand
Waste sludge
Time or distance

Completely Mixed Activated Sludge Process

MLSS
Waste sludege
Endogenous phase
BOD
5
O
2
demand

MLVSS
Distance

3

Completely Mixed Activated Sludge Process (3
rd
DC 387; 4
th
DC 462)

Secondary Sedimentation Tank
Aeration Tank (Secondary Clarifier)

Q
Q + Qr Q + Qr (Q - Qw)
So V, X, S X S S Xe
X = MLSS
X = MLVSS
Qr + Qw
Qw
Qr Xr S S Xr

Terms and Definitions

Hydraulic retention time (HRT), Hydraulic detention time, Aeration period, Liquid
detention time

HRT = t
d
= = V / Q

where V = volume of the aeration tank, m
3
, MG
Q = flow rate, m
3
/d, MGD

MLSS, MLVSS

MLSS = Mixed liquor suspended solids = SS in the aeration tank

MLVSS = Mixed liquor volatile suspended solids = VSS in the aeration tank.

Note:
C MLSS and MLVSS are indicative of biomass

C MLVSS is more indicative of true biomass than MLSS
- MLSS includes inorganic constituents.

MLVSS / MLSS = 0.7 - 0.8
4

SVI (Sludge Volume Index)

a. The SVI is the volume (in milliliters) occupied by 1 g of suspended solids (SS) after 30
min of settling.

b. It is computed by:

Sludge volume after settling (mL/L) 1000 mg
SVI = ------------------------------------------------ x -------------
MLSS (mg/L) g

SVI = 50 150 mL/g indicates a good settling sludge

10
6

Xr (in mg/L) ~ ----------
SVI

Unit of Xr:

g 10
3
mg 10
3
mL mg
------- ----------- ---------- = -------
mL g L L

BOD (Organic) Loading

BOD Loading = Q So

Volumetric BOD Loading, F / V

Q So
Volumetric BOD Loading = ----------
V

F lb BOD applied / day
----- = -------------------------------------------------
V 1000 ft
3
of aeration tank capacity

- This relationship has no information on microbial population density

5

F/M Ratio, Food-to-Microorganism Ratio

F Mass of BOD
5
applied to the system / day
---- = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
M Mass of microbes (MLSS, MLVSS) in the system (Aeration tank)

F Q So F Q So
--- = ----------------- or ---- = ------------------
M (MLVSS)(V) M (MLSS)(V)

Q So So
= ---------- = --------
X V X

Note:
V 1 Q
= ----- or ---- = -----
Q V

Range of F/M value = 0.05 - 1.0 lb/lb.day
0.3 - 0.7 lb/lb.day - commonly
0.5 lb/lb day - typically

Unit of F/M Ratio:

lb BOD
5
/d lb mg BOD
5
/d mg
---------------- = --------- ------------------ = ---------
lb MLVSS lb d mg MLVSS mg d

Example 5-9 (3
rd
DC 394) Example (4
th
DC 468)

Compute the F/M ratio for the new activated sludge plant at Gaterville. Given: Q = 0.15
m
3
/s, V = 970 m
3
, So = 84 mg/L, X = MLVSS = 2000 mg/L.

6

(Solution)

F Mass (lb) of BOD
5
applied to the system / day
---- = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
M Mass (lb) of microbes (MLSS, MLVSS) in the system (Aeration tank)

Q So (0.15 m
3
/s) (84 mg/L) (86,400 s/d)
= ---------- = --------------------------------------------------
X V (2,000 mg/L)(970 m
3
)

0.56 mg BOD
5
/d
= ---------------------------
mg MLVSS

0.56 lb BOD
5
/d
= ---------------------------
lb MLVSS

Example: The wastewater flow rate and BOD
5
to the secondary treatment system is 1
MGD and 300 mg/L, respectively. The hydraulic retention time of the aeration tank is 6
hrs, and MLSS is 2500 mg/L. Calculate: a) BOD loading, b) volume of the aeration tank,
c) volumetric BOD loading, and d) F/M ratio.

(Solution)

a) BOD loading = So Q = (300 mg/L)(1 MGD) (8.34)
= 2500 lb BOD/d

Note: 1 mg/L = 8.34 lb/MG

1 x 10
6
gal
b) V = Q = -------------- (6 hrs) = 250,000 gal = 0.25 MG
24 hrs

= (250,000 gal) (1 ft
3
/ 7.48 gal) = 33,500 ft
3

So Q
c) Volumetric BOD Loading = ----------
V

(300 mg/L)(1 MGD) (8.34) 75 lb BOD
5
/d
= ------------------------------------- = ----------------------
33,500 ft
3
1000 ft
3

7
d)

F So Q (300 mg/L) (1 MGD)(8.34)
---- = ----------- = -----------------------------------------
M X V (2500 mg/L)(0.25 MG)(8.34)

2500 lb BOD/d 0.48 lb
= ----------------------- = -----------
5200 lb MLSS lb d

Mean cell residence time (MCRT), Solid retention time (SRT), Sludge age (c):

a. Definition
- Average length of time in which a solid particles (i.e., biomass) is retained in a
system (an aeration tank).

biomass (MLVSS or MLSS) in the aeration tank
c
= ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

= day
sum of the biomass in the waste sludge and effluent / day

mass of solids in aeration tank
c = -----------------------------------------
mass rate of sludge wasting

(MLSS or MLVSS) (V)
c = ------------------------------------
waste sludge/day

X V

c
= ------------------------------------------
Qw Xr + (Q Qw) Xe

Rate of Rate of
Intentionally + Accidentally
wasted wasted

c net
w w
e
g
X X
Q X Q Q
dX
X
V V
dt
= =
| |
| |
+
|
|
\
\


Q
So V, X, S X S S Xe
X = MLSS
X = MLVSS
Qr + Qw
Qw
Qr Xr S S Xr

8
1
c
net
=

At steady state, the rate of loss = the rate of growth

Typical values, c = 3 - 60 days (commonly 10 - 15 days)

If
c
is high If
c
is low
-------------------------------- -------------------------------
Low F/M High F/M
Low sludge wasting High sludge wasting
------------------------------- -------------------------------

Process Efficiency, E (%)

(So S) 100
E = ------------------
So

Example 5-27 (3
rd
DC 452).
Two activated sludge aeration tanks at Turkey Run, Indiana, are operated (in parallel).
Each tank has the following dimensions: 7.0 m wide by 30.0 m long by 4.3 m effective
liquid depth. The plant operating parameters are as follows: Flow = 0.0796 m
3
/s; Soluble
BOD
5
after primary settling = 130 mg/L; MLSS = (1.40) (MLVSS); MLVSS = 1,500 mg/L;
Settled sludge volume after 30 min = 230 mL/L; Aeration tank liquid temperature = 15C.

Determine the following:
(1) Aeration period
(2) F/M ratio
(3) SVI, and
(4) Solids concentration in return sludge, Xr

(solution)
Q = 0.0796 m
3
/s
So = BOD
5
= 130 mg/L
MLVSS = 1500 mg/L
MLSS = 1.4 (MLVSS) = 1.4 (1500 mg/L) = 2100 mg/L
Settled sludge volume after 30 min = 230 mL/L
T = 15C
V
each
= (7.0 m)(30.0 m)(4.3 m) = 903 m
3

V
Total
= 2(903 m
3
) = 1806 m
3

9

(1) Aeration Period

V 1806 m
3

= --- = ---------------------------------- = 6.3 hrs
Q (0.0796 m
3
/s)(3600 s/hr)

(2)

F Q So (0.0796 m
3
/s)(130 mg/L)(86400 s/d)
--- = -------- = --------------------------------------------------
M X V (1500 mg/L)(1806 m
3
)

0.33 mg 0.33 mg/d BOD
= -------------- = ------------------------
mg.d mg biomass

(3)
(Settled sludge volume after 30 min)(1000)
SVI = ------------------------------------------------------------
MLSS

230 mL/L 1000 mg
= ---------------- -------------- = 109.5 mL/g
2100 mg/L g

Note: SVI = 50-150 mL/g for good settling

(4)
1 1 1000 mg/g
Xr ~ ------- = -------------- ----------------- = 9132.4 mg/L
SVI 109.5 mL/g L/1000 mL

Note:

10
6

Xr ~ ------- (in mg/L)
SVI

10

Bacterial Growth Kinetics

m
/2
Ks
S

(3
rd
: DC 350; 4
th
DC 459 Fig. 6-18) Monod growth rate constant as a function of limiting
food concentration

The Monod Model:

m
s
S
K S
=
+

where = specific growth rate, d
-1

m
= maximum specific growth rate, d
-1

S = rate limiting substrate (food) concentration, mg/L (e.g., soluble BOD)
K
s
= half-saturation coefficient, mg/L
= Monod Constant
= half-velocity constant

Bacterial growth rate ,
g
g
dX
r
dt
| |
|
\

m
g
g
S dX
r X X
dt Ks S
| | | |
= = =
| |
+
\ \

where X = bacteria concentration (in VSS), mg/L

m
s
S
K S
=
+

11
Substrate Utilization Rate, ,
su
u
dS
r
dt
| |
|
\

g u
dX dS
dt dt
| | | |

| |
\ \

g u
dX dS
Y
dt dt
| | | |
=
| |
\ \

where Y = bacterial cell yield
= yield coefficient, mg VSS/mg BOD

Bacterial Death Rate, ,
d
d
dX
r
dt
| |
|
\

d d
d
dX
r k X
dt
| |
= =
|
\

where k
d
= death rate constant
= endogenous decay coefficient, d
-1

Endogenous Phase - near starvation phase

Net Growth Rate = Growth Rate - Death Rate

'
net
g
g g d
dX dX dX
r
dt dt dt
| | | | | |
= =
| | |
\ \ \

where ,
d
g d
dX dX
X k X
dt dt
| | | |
= =
| |
\ \

'
( )
net
g d net
g
dX
r k X X
dt

| |
= = =
|
\

In which
m
net d d
s s
S Y k S
k k
K S K S
= =
+ +

where k =
m
/ Y
12
= maximum substrate utilization rate constant

'
net
g net d
g s
dX Y k S
r X k X
dt K S
| |
| |
= = =
| |
+
\
\

Substrate Utilization Rate, r
su

1 1
m
su
u g s
s
S dS dX
r X
dt Y dt Y K S
kSX
K S
| |
| | | |
= = =
| | |
+
\ \
\
=
+

Specific Substrate Utilization Rate, U

( )
u
dS
So S So So S dt
U
X X X So
QSo So S F
E
VX So M

| |
|

\
= = =
| || | | |
= =
| | |
\ \ \

where E = (So - S)/ So = substrate removal efficiency
= V/Q = hydraulic retention time
= aeration time, hr
F/M = Food to microorganisms ratio


Q
So V, X, S X S S Xe
X = MLSS
X = MLVSS
Qr + Qw
Qw
Qr Xr S S Xr

13
Mass balance on X around the secondary treatment

Accum = Inputs - Outputs Rxns

V
dX
dt
QX
o
Q Q
w
X
e
Q
w
X
r
r
g
V
where r
g
YkS
K
s
S
k
d
X
= +
=
+
|
\
|
|
( ) '
'

r
g
= net growth rate, mg/L. d
Y = yield coefficient, mg X / mg S
K
s
= half-saturation constant, mg/L
k
d
= endogenous decay rate constant, d
-1

k = maximum substrate utilization rate, d
-1

k =
m
/Y

m
= Y k

m
= maximum specific growth rate

at steady state, dX/dt = 0,

(1 ) (1 )
( ) 1 ( ) 1
m
K k K k
s d c s d c
S
Yk k k
c d c d

+ +
= =

(6-21) 4
th
DC 467

where S = soluble BOD in effluent
Y = yield coefficient, mg X / mg S
K
s
= half-saturation constant, mg/L
k
d
= endogenous decay rate constant, d
-1

k = maximum substrate utilization rate, d
-1

k =
m
/Y or
m
= Yk

Mass balance on S around the aeration tank

Accum = Inputs - Outputs Rxns

V
dS
dt
QS Q S Q Q S r V
where r
kSX
K S
o r r su
su
s
= + +
=
+
( )

r
su
= substrate utilization rate, mg/L-d

At steady state, dS/dt = 0,

14
X
Y S S
k
c o
d c
=

+

( )
( ) 1
(6-22), 4
th
DC 467

Substituting = V/Q, solve for V

V
c
Y Q S
o
S
X k
d c
=
( )
( ) 1

Example: Q = 10,000 m
3
/d, So = 120 mg/L, S = 7 mg/L,
X (MLVSS) = 2,000 mg/L, c = 6 days, Y = 0.6 mg VSS/mg BOD, k
d
= 0.06 d
-1

What is the aeration tank volume?

(Solution)

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
V
Y Q S S
X k
d
mgVSS
mgBOD
m
d
mg
L
BOD
mg L
d
d
c o
d c
=

+
=
|
\
|
|
\
|
|

|
\
|
+
|
\
( )
( )
.
. ,
/
.
.
1
60
06 10 000
120 7
2000 1
006
60
3

V = 1495 m
3

Excess Biological Solids, P
x

( ) ( )
x obs o x obs o
P Y S S or P Y S S Q = =

where

1
obs
c d
Y
Y
k
=
+

Example: Determine the excess sludge (in mg/L VSS) for the given conditions.

Q = 10,000 m
3
/d, So = 120 mg/L, S = 7 mg/L
k
d
= 0.06/d, c = 10 days, Y = 0.6 mg VSS/mg BOD

15
(Solution)
Y
Y
k
mgVSS
mg BOD
d
d
mgVSS
mgBOD
obs
c
d
=
+
=
+
|
\
|
=
1
0 6
1 10
0 06
0375
.
.
.

P
mgVSS
mgBOD
mgBOD
L
mgVSS L
x
=
|
\
|

|
\
|
=
0 375 120 7
42 4
. ( )
. /

3 3
3 6
42.4 10, 000 10
( / )
10
420 /
x
mgVSS m L kg
P in kg d
L d m mg
kg VSS d
| || || |
| |
=
| | | |
\
\ \ \
=

Example 5-7 (3
rd
DC 391); Example 6-6 (4
th
DC 468)

The town of Gatesville has been directed to upgrade its primary WWTP to a secondary
plant that can meet an effluent standard of 30 mg/L BOD
5
and 30 mg/L suspended solids
(SS). They have selected a completely mixed activated sludge system.

Assuming that the BOD
5
of the SS may be estimated as equal to 63 percent of the SS
concentration, estimate the required volume of the aeration tank. The following data are
available from the existing primary plant.

Existing plant effluent characteristics:

Flow, Q = 0.150 m
3
/s, BOD
5
= 85.0 mg/L

Assume the following values for the growth constants:

Ks = 100 mg/L BOD
5
,
m
= 2.5 d
-1
, k
d
= 0.05 d
-1
, Y = 0.50 mg VSS / mg BOD
5
.
X = 2000 mg/L (MLVSS) - additional assumption

Approach

Use = V/Q ..... (5-25)

Determine c using

S
K k
Yk k
s d c
c d
=
+

( )
( )
1
1

Determine using

X
Y S S
k
c o
d c
=

+

( )
( ) 1

16


Q
So V, X, S X S S Xe
X = MLSS
X = MLVSS
Qr + Qw
Qw
Qr Xr S S Xr

Note that So and S are soluble BOD in influent and effluent, respectively.

(Solution)

Note that S and So in the above eqns are soluble BOD
5
.

BOD
5
allowed = soluble BOD
5
(S) + suspended solid BOD
5

30 mg/L = S + 0.63 (30 mg/L SS)

1) Calculate soluble BOD
5
in effluent (S)

S = BOD
5
allowed - suspended solid BOD
5

= 30 mg/L - (0.63)(30 mg/L) = 11.1 mg/L

2) Obtain
c

S
K k
Yk k
mg L d
d d
mg L
s d c
c d
c
c
=
+

=
+

=

( )
( )
( / )( . )
( . . )
. /
1
1
100 1 0 05
2 5 005 1
111
1
1 1

solve for
c
:
c
= 5.0 d

Note: since k =
m
/Y, Y k =
m
= 2.5 d
-1

17

3) Obtain , with X = 2000 mg/L VSS

5
1
( )
(1 )
(5.0 )(0.5 / )(84 / 11.1 / )
(1 0.05 (5.0 )
2000 /
c o
d c
Y S S
X
k
d mgVSS mg BOD mg L mg L
d d
mg L
=
+
=
+
=

Solve for : = 0.073 d = 1.8 hrs

4) V = Q = (1.8 hrs)(0.15 m
3
/s)(3600 sec/hr)

= 972 m
3

Note

( ) X
Y S S
k
Y S S
P
c o
d c
c
obs o
c x
=

+
= =
( )
( ) 1

where

P Y S S
Y
Y
k
x obs o
obs
c d
=
=
+
( )
1

c
x x
X
P
XV
P Q
biomass in Aeration Tank
biomass synthesized time
biomass in Aeration Tank
biomass wasted time
= =
= =
/ /

XV XV
c = ---------------------------- = ---------
Qw X + (Q - Qw) Xe Px Q

Px Q = Qw X + (Q - Qw) Xe

HW-3 is due 1 week from today.

http://www.pocatello.us/wpc/wpc_education.htm

4-Activated Sludge F11

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

4-Activated Sludge F11

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

4-Activated Sludge_F11.

You might also like