FACULTY OF LAW

INGLS JURDICO II
COURSE MATERIALS - part 1 Prepared b Da!"d W"#d CONTENTS
page Revision exercises on civil and criminal procedure Lay involvement in the judicial process Juries and Magistrates Grammar: indirect questions !uestions and "ns#ers a$out Li$el and %lander Grammar: used to' still' any more *uropean +nion introduction *uropean "rrest ,arrant Grammar: .assives & () (2 ((5 2 5

This course is taught on the assumption students have already completed the Ingls Jurdico I
course/ 01 you have not done so' you should o$tain the 1irst part o1 the course materials 1or Ingls Jurdico I and do the 1irst (- pages o1 exercises' as 1ar as you are a$le 2there are some you #ill not $e a$le to do 1or example listening exercises3/

February 2014

Re!"$"%& e'er("$e$ %& ("!"# a&d (r")"&a# pr%(ed*re

adapted 1rom wikipedia articles 1 0n the $ox at the end o1 each line o1 text +r"te the #ord 1rom list $elo# #hich 1its in the space mar4ed $y square $rac4ets ,-' agencies clerks companies discovery lawsuits penalties private remedies service standards state statements 5ivil procedure is the $ody o1 la# that sets out the rules and ,- that courts 1ollo# #hen adjudicating civil ,- 2as opposed to procedures in criminal la# matters3/ 6hese rules govern ho# a case may $e commenced' #hat 4ind o1 ,- o1 process 2i1 any3 is required' the types o1 pleadings or ,- o1 case' motions or applications' and orders allo#ed in civil cases' the timing and manner o1 depositions and ,- or disclosure' the conduct o1 trials' the process 1or judgment' various availa$le ,-' and ho# the courts and ,- must 1unction/ 5riminal and civil procedure are di11erent/ "lthough some systems' including the *nglish and 7rench' allo# ,- persons to see4 to have criminal ,- imposed on another person $y $ringing a prosecution against him'

why prosecutions are nearly al#ays started $y the ,-/ 5ivil actions' on the other hand' are
started $y private individuals' ,- or organisations' 1or their o#n $ene1it/ 0n addition' governments 2or their su$divisions or ,-3 may also $e parties to civil actions/ . 0n the $ox at the end o1 each line o1 text +r"te one #ord #hich 1its in the space mar4ed $y square $rac4ets ,-'

Most countries ma4e a clear distinction ,- civil and criminal procedure/ 7or example' a criminal court may 1orce a convicted de1endant to pay a 1ine ,- punishment 1or his crime' and the legal costs o1 ,- the prosecution and de1ence/ 8ut the victim o1 the crime generally pursues his claim 1or compensation in a civil' ,- a criminal' action/ 0n 7rance' 0taly and *ngland' ho#ever' a victim o1 a crime ,- incidentally $e a#arded compensation $y a criminal court judge/ *vidence that has ,- admitted in a criminal trial is generally admissi$le as evidence in a civil action the same matter/ 7or example' the victim o1 a road accident does not directly $ene1it i1 the driver #ho injured him is ,- guilty o1 the crime o1 careless driving/ 9e still has to prove his case in a civil action' ,- the doctrine o1 collateral estoppel applies' as it ,- in most "merican jurisdictions/ 0n 1act he may $e a$le to prove his civil case even #hen the driver is 1ound ,- guilty in the criminal trial' $ecause the standard to determine guilt is higher ,- the standard to determine 1ault/ / 0n the $ox at the end o1 each de1inition on the next page +r"te the #ord or expression 2to $e 1ound in the texts a$ove3 to #hich you thin4 the de1inition applies/ :ote that the de1inition does not include the #ord 2or any #ord in the expression3 that you are loo4ing 1or/

" term' #ider in scope than ;damages<' denoting an a#ard o1 money to $e paid

to a person #ho has su11ered loss or injury/ "lso 4no#n as issue preclusion' a common la# doctrine that prevents a person 1rom relitigating an issue/ 7ormal #ritten statements 1iled #ith a court $y parties in a civil action' other than a motion/ 8y stating #hat claims and de1ences are at issue' these statements esta$lish the issues to $e decided $y the court/ :ot $elonging to any o1 the categories o1 evidence that are $arred 1rom $eing presented in a court o1 la#/ =ut>o1>court oral testimony o1 a #itness ta4en do#n in #riting 1or later use in court or 1or discovery purposes/ .residing in a legal process $y #hich an ar$iter or judge revie#s evidence and argumentation to come to a decision #hich determines rights and o$ligations $et#een the parties/ 0 Re#rite the 1irst sentence in each pair $y 1illing in the gaps #ith no 1e#er than t#o and not more than 1ive #ords' including the #ord in square $rac4ets ,-/ a3 0n a civil court' a success1ul claimant usually recovers damages/

" civil court ???????????????????????? a success1ul claimant

$3 6he criminal and civil standards o1 proo1 are di11erent

,a+ard$-

6he standards o1 proo1 in criminal and civil ?????????????????? same/ ,(a$e$c3 6he magistrate acquitted the de1endant/

6he magistrate 1ound ?????????????????????/

d3 6he jury could not agree #hether the de1endant #as guilty or not

,1*"#t -

6he jury #ere ?????????????????????????? a verdict

,*&ab#e-

2 0n small groups' d"$(*$$ #hat you thin4 are the three most important di11erences $et#een civil and criminal procedure' and #hat you thin4 their importance is/ 6hen $tate them br"e3# in the spaces $elo#/ a3

$3

c3

7or 4OMEWOR5' do a $it o1 re$ear(6 online 2or else#here3 and $e prepared to d"$(*$$ the main di11erences in civil and@or criminal procedure $et#een countries #ith common la# and civil la# systems/

D"$t"&(t"%&$ bet+ee& CRIMINAL a&d CI7IL Pr%(eed"&1$

F"## "& the $oxes #ith the correct phrase 1rom the list

5R0M0:"L .roceedings
6he $urden o1 proo1 lies in general #ith the party #ho commences the proceedings' that is the /// 6he party that commences the action /////// the other/ 6he standard o1 proo1 %anction 2in general terms3 7inancial sanction ,hen a jury is required 2in the +B3 01 the case is proved' the de1endant is ////

50A0L .roceedings

claimant

prosecutes

(/ 1or indicta$le o11ences' including ;either>#ay< o11ences committed to the 5ro#n 5ourt 2/ prosecution -/ $eyond all reasona$le dou$t C/ lia$le 5/ hardly ever the main exception is in de1amation cases D/ a remedy as set out in the judgment

/ prosecutes &/ claimant E/ a punishment as laid do#n in the judge<s sentence ()/ convicted @ 1ound guilty ((/ a 1ine (2/ sues (-/ damages (C/ on the $alance o1 pro$a$ilities

La "&!%#!e)e&t "& t6e 8*d"("a# pr%(e$$ 9 1: J*r"e$

A .hrases have $een removed 1rom the text $elo# 2adapted 1rom an article in ,i4ipediaF/ 6he phrases are listed $elo# the text/ :ext to each phrase +r"te t6e &*)ber that corresponds to #here it $elongs in the text/ Juries are summoned in *ngland and ,ales 1or criminal trials in the 5ro#n 5ourt #here the o11ence is an indicta$le o11ence ,1- that has $een committed to the 5ro#n 5ourt $y magistrates/ Magistrates have the po#er to send any o11ence tria$le either #ay to the 5ro#n 5ourt $ut' ,.- the accused retains the right to elect 1or a 5ro#n 5ourt trial #ith a jury/ %ummary o11ences are tried $y magistrates and ,/- $y jury/ Guring the 2(st century some exceptions ,0- have $een developed/ 6he t#o most important exceptions concern cases o1 suspected jury tampering ,2- and #here there are multiple counts against de1endants accused o1 domestic violence/ " coroner must summon a jury 1or an inquest i1 the death occurred in prison or in police custody' ,;- or i1 it 1alls under the 9ealth and %a1ety at ,or4 "ct (E C' or i1 it a11ects pu$lic health or sa1ety/

even i1 they elect to try the case themselves' or an o11ence tria$le either #ay or in the execution o1 a police o11icerHs duty' there is no right o1 5ro#n 5ourt trial to jury trial in the 5ro#n 5ourt 2usually an attempt to $ri$e or threaten jurors3

<

6he 1ormat o1 this exercise is a com$ination o1 the previous exercise and that o1 exercise 2 on page 2/ 0n most lines o1 the text you must 3"## "& the $ox at the right #ith the appropriate #ord missing 1rom the position indicated $y a space in ,$=*are bra(>et$-/ 0n 1ive o1 the lines' ho#ever' a #hole phrase is missing/ 6he missing phrases are in a num$ered list $elo# the text 2overlea13/ Iou must +r"te t6e (%rre$p%&d"&1 &*)ber in the $ox at the right o1 these lines/ Judges have al#ays $een alert to the possi$ility o1 jurors $eing in1luenced $y in1ormation , the case that , -/ 6hey al#ays #arn jurors to disregard any such in1ormation' and diso$edient

about 5

jurors have $een punished over the years/ "t the same time' judges , - traditionally ta4en a ro$ust vie# o1 the good sense o1 juries in $eing a$le to 1ocus , - the case as presented in court / 0n (EDE' , -' in a case #hich attracted a large amount o1 media coverage/ 6he judge said' J0 have enough con1idence , - my 1ello# countrymen to thin4 that they have got ne#spapers siKed up L and they are a matter , - 1airly and #ithout prejudice even though they have to disregard , - they may have read in a ne#spaper/ %ome people argue that the 0nternet' , -' is an entirely di11erent proposition 1rom ne#spapers' and can have a much more insidious e11ect on the integrity o1 a jury trial/ Jurors have , - jailed 1or improper use o1 Google and 7ace$oo4' and at least one trial had to $e a$andoned a1ter , - $ecame 4no#n/ changes to the la# have $een proposed' and at the very least ' ne# guidelines , - judges #hen they are addressing jurors as to , - responsi$ilities seem to $e urgently required/ 1 a de1endant<s previous convictons . capa$le in normal circumstances o1 loo4ing at / especially since the advent o1 social media 0 they learn a$out outside the courtroom 2 t#o notorious London gangsters #ere on trial Wr"tte& 3"&a# e'a)"&at"%& - t pe$ %3 e'er("$e 6he 1irst question in the #ritten 1inal exam #ill $e in the 1ormat o1 exercise 8 on juries/ 6#o o1 the remaining questions #ill $e in the 1ormats o1 exercises (and C on pp/(>2' ex/ 8 on p/E and ex/ C on p/(2 Iou should there1ore try and $ecome 1amiliar #ith them/ :ote that in the examination' example ans#ers #ill not $e given/ 6he #ritten 1inal exam also includes an essay> type question/ 01 you opt 1or (%&t"&*%*$ e!a#*at"%&' listening exercises o1 a type similar to the one on magistrates #ill 1orm part o1 the ;#ritten test< component o1 your evaluation/ 6he other #ritten tests #ill $e in the 1ormat o1 exercise 8 on juries/

La "&!%#!e)e&t "& t6e 8*d"("a# pr%(e$$ 9 .: Ma1"$trate$

L"$te&"&1/ A&$+er the questions/ 6hey are given mostly in the same order as the ans#ers are provided in the text' #hich is $ased on a ,i4ipedia article/ (/ ,hat #as the di11erence $et#een JlayJ and stipendiary magistratesM 2/ ,hat do the initials J. stand 1orM
-/ Minor criminal damage' assaults' pu$lic disorder and motoring o11ences are examples o1 #hich category o1 o11enceM C/ 0s the court cler4 a JlayJ magistrateM *xplain your ans#er/ 5/ 9o# does the proportion o1 magistrates 1rom an ethnic minority $ac4ground relate to the proportion o1 the ethnic minority population as a #holeM 25ircle one3 N Much lo#er N Managing onesel1 N %lightly lo#er N %lightly higher N Much higher D/ ,hich o1 these heads o1 training is applica$le only to chairmen o1 the $enchM 25ircle one3 N Ma4ing judicial decisions N Managing judicial decisions / Roughly ho# many convictions are overturned or sentences changed on appeal each year 1rom magistrates courtsM

N D)))

N D)')))

N ())')))

N D))')))

N ( million

&/ ,hy does the judge in a 5ro#n 5ourt not give a reason 1or the verdictM

4%)e+%r> Prepare a r%#e 2you #ill $e told #hich one3 1or a simulated 6A
discussion in #hich a host and three guests #ill discuss the merits o1 lay involvement in the judicial process/ 6he host@presenter must $e 1amiliar #ith the issues $ut must remain neutral/ 6he three guests are: a3 " la#yer #ho practices in a *uropean jurisdiction and thin4s that it #or4s $etter #ithout the complications made necessary $y lay involvement/ $3 " common la#yer #ho supports the status quo and $elieves any proposed reduction in lay involvement should $e resisted/ c3 " la#yer #ho $elieves in lay involvement in principle' $ut $elieves modern conditions necessitate some modi1ications to the existing rules/

0ndirect questions
0ndirect questions $egin #ith phrases such as: Could you please tell me ... Do you happen to know ... 8elo# are phrases that could $e used to complete the indirect questions/ T*r& t6e$e p6ra$e$ "&t% d"re(t =*e$t"%&$: Iou may have to alter #ord order' add auxiliary ver$s' or ma4e other changes to the phrase/ 6he 1irst is done as an example /// ho# the government can legally justi1y its decision to go to #arM

How can the government legally justify its decision to go to war?

/// #ho #ants to change the la# so that terrorists can $e convicted on a $alance o1 pro$a$ilitiesM /// i1 the jury is ready to give its verdictM /// #hat areas o1 administrative decision ma4ing #ill $e removed 1rom the scrutiny o1 the courtsM /// #hat advice the la# o11icers have given to the ministerM /// #hen the judge is li4ely to give his summing>upM/ /// #hen the asylum and immigration $ill $ecame la#M /// #hich minister too4 over some o1 the Lord 5hancellor<s 1unctionsM /// #hose alleged drug>ta4ing #as exposed in the ta$loid pressM /// i1 company la# is similar in your country to oursM /// #ho has the $urden o1 proo1 in a civil caseM

/// #hich standard o1 proo1 is easier to satis1yM /// #hich o1 the current la# lords supports the proposed re1ormsM /// #ho has the time to read every issue o1 the la# reportsM /// #hether 0 should see4 legal adviceM /// #hose research suggests that this la# is almost impossi$le to en1orceM /// #hy you thin4 this clause o1 the contract is unli4ely to $e e11ectiveM %ome o1 the direct questions do not require you to ma4e any changes/ W6at d% t6e$e =*e$t"%&$ 6a!e "& (%))%&?

@*e$t"%&$ a&d A&$+er$ ab%*t L"be# a&d S#a&der

"dapted 1rom http:@@###/carter>ruc4/com@7"!s@Li$elO2)andO2)%landerO2)5ases/html

A: F"## "& the $lan4s to complete the questions/ .hrases have $een removed 1rom the text and replaced $y num$ers in ,square $rac4ets-/ 6he missing phrases are listed $elo# the text/ Wr"te the correct num$er next to each phrase as in the example/ @1 W"t6"& AAAAAAA AAAAAAA per"%d )*$t #"be# %r $#a&der AAAAAAAAAAAAA AAA (%))e&(ed? +sually #ithin one year o1 the date o1 pu$lication o1 the material containing the de1amatory allegations complained o1/ 9o#ever' in exceptional circumstances ,1-/ @. W6at AAA AAA AAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA #"be# a&d $#a&der? Li$el concerns the #ritten #ord and ,.-/ %lander concerns the spo4en #ord/ @/ W6% AAAAA AAAAAAA AAAAAAA #"be# %r $#a&der? 0ndividuals' companies' 1irms' charities and trade unions can all $ring proceedings 1or li$el and slander/ ,/- and political parties cannot > $ut i1 the allegation re1lects on them' individual councillors' civil servants and politicians can all $ring actions in their o#n name/ @0 W6at AAAAAAAAAA a per$%& %r (%)pa& AAAAAAAAAAA "& a #"be# %r $#a&der a(t"%&? (/ that the #ords are de1amatory o1 themP 2/ that the #ords ,0-P and -/ that the #ords have $een pu$lished to a third party/ " li$el claimant does not have to prove that the #ords are 1alse or ,2-/ Gamage is presumed/ " slander claimant #ill need to prove that the de1amatory allegations caused actual damage' unless the slander is #ithin certain categories/ @2 AAAAAAA are +%rd$ de3a)at%r ? 6here is no set de1inition o1 Hde1amatoryH/ " statement may $e considered de1amatory ,;-: a/ lo#er the claimant in the estimation o1 right>thin4ing mem$ers o1 society generallyP $/ disparage a claimant in his $usiness' trade' o11ice or pro1essionP c/ ,B-P or d/ cause the claimant to $e shunned or avoided/ ,hether or not a statement has that e11ect is measured against the standard o1 the reasona$le man generally and not a limited class o1 people ,C- o1 mem$ers o1 society/

5ommon examples o1 #hat may $e considered de1amatory are allegations that suggest a person is: - 0mmoral - Gishonest - 5orrupt ,D- 0ncompetent 6he producer o1 shoddy goods %tandards o1 morality constantly change and so #hat #ould have $een immoral ,1E-/ Getermining the meaning o1 #ords gives rise to a great degree o1 uncertainty in a li$el action/ 0t is not only the super1icial meaning that may $e de1amatory $ut also ,11-/ 6here are three levels o1 meaning to $e a#are o1: (/ the F&at*ra# a&d %rd"&ar )ea&"&1F' in other #ords the meaning on the 1ace o1 the #ordsP 2/ "&3ere&(e' in other #ords a meaning that can $e ,1.-P and -/ "&&*e&d%' a meaning #hich can $e attri$uted to the #ords $y readers #ho have a specialist 4no#ledge/ 6he onus is ,1/- to the innuendo and that these 1acts are 4no#n to the readers/ 7or example' to say that a person eats meat is not de1amatory on its 1aceP i1' ho#ever' some readers 4no# that the person pro1esses to $e a committed vegetarian' the statement may $e considered de1amatory' suggesting he is hypocritical or dishonest/ 6he #ords must $e put in their 1ull context' including headings and captions to any photographs/ 7or the purpose o1 deciding #hether #ords are de1amatory' ,10-/ "ll that matters is the impression #hich the #ords give to readers/ 0nsolvent or in 1inancial di11iculties #ould $e understood to re1er to them $y even one other person

the court can extend this time to prove that he has in 1act su11ered any loss any HhiddenH meaning #hich can $e in1erred expose the claimant to hatred' ridicule or contempt on the claimant to sho# the 1acts giving rise t#enty years ago may not necessarily $e so today the intention o1 the author is irrelevant material $roadcast on television or radio read $et#een the lines #ithout any specialist 4no#ledge #ho may have di11erent standards 1rom the majority Governmental $odies 2local authorities' central government $odies3

i1 it tends to do any one o1 the 1ollo#ing <: F"## "& the $ox at the end o1 the line #ith the appropriate 1orm o1 the #ord in Qsquare $rac4etsF/ 0n 2)) ' the 885 #as ,3"er(e- criticised 1or its quic4 surrender and payment o1 R 5'))) a1ter Lady 7al4ender claimed compensation 1or an ,a##e1e- li$el contained in its television drama The Lavender List' even though ,p*b#"$6o1 $oo4s ,(%&ta"&- the same allegations #ere not sued/ 9er la#yers' .eter 5arter>Ruc4 S .artners' also ,$ee>- su$stantial legal costs' $y some estimates ,e'(eed- R())')))' though no #rit #as ever issued/ Many years ago the 1irm<s ,3%*&d-' the late .eter 5arter>Ruc4' #as as4ed ho# he justi1ied charging R5'))) 1or sending out one short letter/ 9is ,re$p%&d- #as that #hen any other solicitor sent out such a letter it #as treated as $eing the start o1 #hat might $e ,#%&1negotiations/ J,hen 0 do it the other side is li4ely to capitulate ,"))ed"ate-T/ "dapted 1rom an article $y Marcel 8erlins' 6he Guardian' (D "pril 2))

C: 4%)e+%r>: "ns#er the questions that #ill $e dictated to you $y going to http:@@###/guardian/co/u4@la#@li$el>re1orm and 1ollo#ing the story lin4s/

U$ed t%G $t"##G a& )%re

L%%> at the questions and the in1ormation in the $oxes/ A&$+er the question in t#o sentences' one sentence #ith used to didn!t use to and another sentence #ith a short ans#er using still any more now/ 6he 1irst 1our ans#ers are done 1or you as examples/ Goes 8ritain have the death penalty 1or murderM 0n the past no#

Britain used to have the death penalty for murder. It doesnt any more.
0s Great 8ritain a constitutional monarchyM

Great Britain used to be a constitutional monarchy. It still is.

0s adultery a crimeM

Adultery didnt use to be a crime. It still isnt.

Goes the state pay compensation to victims o1 crimeM

The state didnt use to pay compensation to victims of crime. It does now.
5an a #oman sue her 1iancW 1or $rea4ing o11 the engagementM

10

U 0s school attendance compulsory 1or sixteen>year oldsM V 0s a$ortion illegal in 8ritainM U 0s the %cottish legal system di11erent 1rom *ngland<sM U Goes 8ritain have a #ritten constitutionM V 0s there compulsory military service in 8ritainM U Go people 1rom "ustralia have the right to emigrate to 8ritainM U 5an prisoners vote in electionsM V

*+ la# introduction
Iou #ill $e given part o1 a text #hich in its entirety comprises 1our sections: introductionP primary legislationP secondary legislationP and case la#/ 7rom the part o1 the text you have' (%)p#ete #hichever o1 the phrases $elo# you are a$le to/ 7or the rest' a$> #ell>1ormed questions to other students to ena$le you to complete the phrase/ A&$+er questions that other students as4 you/
1

(/ 2/ -/ C/ 5/ D/ / &/ E/ . (/

*uropean 5ommunity la# ta4es precedence over L *+ la# is composed o1 three types o1 legislation' #hich together comprise L .rimary legislation is agreed $y L 6he 6reaty on *uropean +nion is o1ten called L L characterise 5ommunity la# and its implementation/ 6he permissi$le 1orms o1 secondary legislation are all de1ined in Girectives have to $e implemented in national legislation in accordance #ith L " decision may $e addressed to L 6he *uropean 5ourt ma4es its decisions in response to re1errals 1rom L F*rt6er =*e$t"%&$: ,hat is the di11erence $et#een rati1ication and implementationM

11

2/

,hich do the 1ollo#ing require: rati1ication' implementation or neither o1 theseM regulations directives

-/ C/ 5/

amendments to *+ treaties ,hat 4inds o1 secondary legislation are not mandatoryM ,hat does 7irst 0nstance meanM ,hat 4ind o1 case' there1ore' #ould the *uropean 5ourt o1 Justice normally considerM ,hat language is Jacquis communautaireJM 9o# #ould you express the idea in *nglishM Me)ber $tate$

(/ Na)e the 2& countries that are currently *+ mem$ers' in the order in #hich they joined: a3 the six 1ounder mem$ers 2(E5 3' $3 three that joined in (E -' c3 one (E&(' d3 t#o >(E&D' e3 three (EE5' 13 ten 2))C' g3 t#o 2)) h3 one 2)(-/ 2/ -/ 0 7or each country' +6at &%*& denotes a national o1 the country and +6at ad8e(t"!e re1ers to the country or its languageM W6"(6 %33"("a# #a&1*a1e2s3 is@are not included in the list o1 adjectives a$oveM

Most o1 the lines in the text overlea1 have an extra #ord that does not $elong/ Cr%$$ "t %*t in the line and +r"te it 0n the $ox at the end o1 the line' as in the example/ 0n a 1e# lines there is no surplus #ord: +r"te ;OK< in the $ox at the end o1 the line' as in the example/ 6he *uropean +nion is $uilt up on an institutional system #hich is the only one o1 its 4ind in the #orld/ 6he Mem$er %tates delegate sovereignty 1or certain matters to 0ndependent institutions #hich represent the interests o1 the +nion as in a #hole' its mem$er countries and its citiKens/ 6he 5ommission traditionally upholds to the interests o1 the +nion' #hile 1or each national government is represented #ithin the 5ouncil' and the *uropean .arliament is directly elected $y citiKens/ 6his Jinstitutional triangleJ o1 5ommission' 5ouncil and .arliament is 1lan4ed $y t#o or more institutions > the 5ourt o1 Justice and the 5ourt o1 "uditors > and 1ive other *uropean $odies/ 6hese latter 1ive $odies #ill $e loo4ed at $elo#/ 0n the addition thirteen specialised agencies have $een set up to handle #ith certain essentially technical' scienti1ic' or management tas4s/

up OK

4%+ t6e EU +%r>$

2 Mat(6 the 1ive main *+ institutions to their respective roles' as in the example executive $ody #hich initiates legislation representatives o1 the governments o1 the Mem$er %tates #ho ta4e the political initiatives consults #ith the executive and holds it to account

*uropean .arliament 5ouncil o1 the +nion *uropean 5ommission

12

5ourt o1 Justice 5ourt o1 "uditors

see4s sound and la#1ul management o1 the *+ $udget secures compliance #ith *5 la#

; 7ive 1urther $odies are part o1 the institutional system/ Mat(6 these to their respective roles: *uropean *conomic and %ocial 5ommittee *uropean =m$udsman 5ommittee o1 the Regions *uropean 0nvestment 8an4 contri$utes to *+ o$jectives $y 1inancing pu$lic and private long>term investments responsi$le 1or monetary policy and 1oreign exchange operations deals #ith complaints 1rom citiKens concerning maladministration $y an *+ institution or $ody expresses the opinions o1 regional and local authorities on regional policy' environment' and education expresses the opinions o1 organised civil society on economic and social issues

*uropean 5entral 8an4

B L"$te& to the 1unction descriptions that a student #ill read out and de("de #hich institution each o1 them relates to: either C"#' 21or C%*&("# %3 t6e E*r%pea& U&"%&3' "$ 21or E*r%pea& Par#"a)e&tH or "C 21or E*r%pea& C%))"$$"%&3/ %&ource' "uropa &erver( ( 2 C 5 D

EUROPEAN ARREST WARRANT

group

This warrant has been issued by a competent judicial authority. I request that the person mentioned below be arrested and surrendered for the purposes of conducting a criminal prosecution or e ecuting a custodial sentence or detention order.
2a3 0n1ormation regarding the identity o1 the requested person: %urname: / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 7orename2s3: / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Maiden name' i1 any: / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / "liases' i1 any/ / / / / / LLLL// / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / %ex: / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / :ationality: / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

Gate o1 $irth: / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / .lace o1 $irth: / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Residence and@or 4no#n address/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Gistinctive mar4s@description o1 the requested person' and language2s3 #hich the requested person understands 2i1 4no#n3: //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 2$3 Getails o1 domestic #arrant or judicial decision on #hich the #arrant is $ased: Gate: / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Re1erence: / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

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2c3 :ature and legal classi1ication o1 the o11ence2s3 and the applica$le statutory provision@codeP details o1 o11ence2s3P maximum length o1 the custodial sentence or detention order #hich may $e imposed 1or the o11ence2s3: / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// Gescription o1 the circumstances in #hich the o11ence2s3 #as 2#ere3 committed' including the time' place and degree o1 participation in the o11ence2s3 $y the requested person and any other circumstances relevant to the case: / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 2i3 :ame o1 requesting authority/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / :ame o1 representative / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / .ost held 2title@grade3/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 7ile re1erence: / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 5ontact 2tel@1ax@email3/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / =$servations concerning practical arrangements 1or the surrender/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// %ignature o1 the issuing judicial authority and@or its representative: / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / (&/ /2))2 *: =11icial Journal o1 the *uropean 5ommunities L (E)@(- 2heavily adapted3

0n groups' 3"## "& the *uropean "rrest ,arrant request on the previous page G "& re#at"%& t% %&e %3 t6e 3%##%+"&1 per$%&$ I %* +"## be t%#d +6"(6 %&eH:
1 German police' $ased in the Xoll4riminalamt in 5ologne' are see4ing the arrest o1 Jacques Gauloise' also 4no#n as YJojo 5lopeT/ 9e is a leading 1igure in the cigarette tra11ic4ing net#or4 #hich evaded customs duty on to$acco products and sold them at cut prices at entrances to metro stations 1rom Madrid to %toc4holm/ Most o1 the gang #ere rounded up as a result o1 the Y8oomerangT operation' and' a1ter more than t#o years o1 #or4' customs investigators #ere a$le to dismantle the structures o1 this criminal organisation that has $een operating in Greece' 8elgium and Germany/ Gauloise' ho#ever' a highly placed mem$er o1 the 8elgian hu$ o1 the smuggling operation $ased near LiZge' avoided arrest/ 9e is no# $elieved' on the $asis o1 intercepted telephone calls' to $e living in .iraeus and ma4ing regular contact #ith 4no#n criminals in "thens/ . +B police are see4ing the arrest o1 8ernardette Madeley' n)e .onKi' aged DE' #ho pleaded guilty in March 2))E at the 5entral 5riminal 5ourt to (( charges connected #ith a R-) million 1raudulent investment scheme she and un4no#n associates had $een operating since (EE / =n the strength o1 recognisances provided $y mem$ers o1 her 1amily' $ail #as granted pending 1ormal sentencing in June/ 9o#ever' the de1endant 1ailed to appear at the next hearing on ( "pril and she has since $een photographed sun$athing on an unidenti1ied $each alleged to $e situated on the #est coast o1 %ardinia/

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%he 1aces consecutive terms o1 imprisonment o1 up to years/ 9er 1inancial victims included cele$rity clients and several charities and pension 1unds' #ho #ere all ta4en in $y her reputation 1or pro$ity and long experience o1 the money mar4ets/ / Latvian police are see4ing the arrest o1 JerKy =4rasa' a .olish citiKen resident in Riga' on suspicion o1 setting 1ire to several noted post>#ar pu$lic $uildings in the centre o1 the capital city in the autumn o1 2))&/ " man o1 previous good character' he $egan to exhi$it erratic and anti>social $ehaviour a1ter a prolonged dispute #ith his estranged #i1e over access to their children/ %hortly a1ter 5hristmas he le1t his rented 1lat and has $een reportedly in contact #ith 1riends and relatives in [odK and ,arsa#/ Last month' a security guard at the .alace o1 "rts and 5ulture in ,arsa# reported an altercation #ith a man 1itting =4rasa<s description #ho spo4e Yodd $ut 1luent .olish #ith lots o1 8altic>sounding #ords in itT a1ter he 1ound him ta4ing measurements inside the $uilding and ma4ing chal4 mar4s on the #alls and steps around the entrance/ 0 Ganish prosecutors are see4ing the arrest o1 Jens %\ren Grundtvig' 1ormer director o1 the Modern "rt Museum in =dense' #ho a$sconded #ith t#enty paintings valued at a total o1 ]-5 million/ 6he paintings' part o1 a collection $y early expressionists on themes suggested $y 1ol4 tales' #ere sent to Gu$lin on temporary loan to the 5ity "rt Gallery/ Grundvig collected them in person 1rom Gu$lin "irport in JanuaryG b*t t6e &e!er arr"!ed at t6e Ga##er : T6ere "$ &% re(%rd %3 Gr*&dt!"1 6a!"&1 #e3t Ire#a&dG b*t 6"$ pre$e&t +6ereab%*t$ are &%t >&%+&: A& art dea#er 3r%) Ga#+a G !"$"t"&1 Ode&$e a$ a t%*r"$tG re(e&t# rep%rted $")"#ar"t"e$ %3 $t #e bet+ee& $%)e e'6"b"t$ "& t6e M%der& Art M*$e*) a&d $%)e %3 a $er"e$ %3 #ar1e +ater(%#%*r$ a&d %"# pa"&t"&1$ a J3%re"1& per$%&K 6ad bee& atte)pt"&1 t% $e## t% (%##e(t%r$ a&d pr"!ate art 1a##er"e$ ar%*&d t6e Ga#+a a&d We$tp%rt area$: T6"$ t%*r"$t (#a")$ t% 6a!e bee& $*$p"("%*$ at t6e t")e a&d rep%rted t6e )atter t% t6e #%(a# p%#"(e "& Ire#a&d:

PASSI7ES
*igg J delivered a dissenting +udgment. , dissenting +udgment was delivered -y *igg J. 0n everyday *nglish' the passive is not used very much' partly $ecause it is more complicated than the active and less economical o1 language/ "n exception is i1 #e don<t 4no# 2or don^t care3 #ho or #hat the su$ject o1 the active expression is' or else the su$ject is too o$vious to need mentioning: These houses were -uilt in the ./01s. 6he passive is generally more common in legal discourse' $ecause #e are o1ten dealing #ith a$stractions' or situations #here the action is more pertinent than its author/ T*r& t6e$e $e&te&(e$ into the active' as in the example' supplying a suita$le su$ject in each case/ 5hoose something more imaginative than ;some$ody< e/g/ ;the court<' ;my solicitor<' etc//

6he suspect #as arrested/

The police arrested the suspect.

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( 2 C 5 D

6he application 1or an injunction #as rejected/ 0 #as advised to sue the retailer/ 6he suspect #as not pic4ed out in the identi1ication parade/ 6he contract #as rescinded/ " 8ill $ecomes la# once the Royal "ssent is signed/ My #allet #as stolen/ 0t is su$mitted that section C2a3 o1 the "ct precludes this conduct/

& E () (( (2 ((C (5 (D ( (& (E 2)

6he de1endant #as acquitted o1 murder/ 0t #as alleged that the cele$rity had a drug pro$lem/ 0 #as 1ined R5) 1or speeding/ Legal "id is no longer granted 1or negligence claims/ 6he case #as a$andoned $ecause o1 the poor prospect o1 a conviction/ " precedent has $een set in this judgment on appeal 1rom the 5ourt o1 "ppeal/ 6he prisoner has $een put in solitary con1inement/ " right o1 #ay has $een granted across this 1ield/ Iou are not allo#ed to carry an o11ensive #eapon/ 0t is estimated that over E)O o1 civil actions are settled $e1ore trial/ 6he respondent is prohi$ited 1rom approaching #ithin ())m o1 the petitioner/ &cott v ,very is o1ten cited in commercial contract cases/ 6he house4eeper #as le1t R5))) in the #ill/

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