Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CONTENTS
xi 1 2 2 5 5 9 12 12 13
BACKGROUND
The Beginning: Marjorys Story Eriksons Model Butlers Observations About Reminiscence and Life Review The Growth of Life Review The Structured Life Review Process
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Copyright 2007 by Health Professions Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
vi
Contents
Structure Duration Individuality Evaluation Additional Considerations About Life Review Hard Work Self Repetition Power and Control Supervision Confidentiality Audiotaping Life Review with Relatives
23 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 34 34 36 37 39 39 40 49 53 54 60
THE PARTICIPANTS
Therapeutic Listener Interviewing Techniques Counseling Skills Life Reviewers Types of Reviewers Conclusion
63 63 63 64 65 65 66 66 67 68 68 69 70 70 71 71 72 73 73 74 74 75 75 76
Contents
vii
VISIT 2: CHILDHOOD
Visit 2: Listener Guidelines Preliminary Tasks Personal Issues for the Life Reviewer Eriksons Model: Childhood Trust Autonomy Mistrust and Shame Using the Life Review Form Beginning the Process First Question Order of Memories Responsive Comments Counseling Skill: Acceptance Interviewing Techniques Attentive Behavior Repetition Reframing Reviewer Types Storyteller Reluctant Reviewer End Visit 2 Summarize Session Next Visit
77 77 78 78 78 79 79 80 81 81 83 84 85 86 86 87 87 88 90 90 91 92 92 92 95 95 96 96 97 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 105 106 107 108 110 110 110
VISIT 3: ADOLESCENCE
Visit 3: Listener Guidelines Preliminary Tasks Clarify Visit 2 Eriksons Model: Childhood and Young Adolescence Initiative and Industry Guilt and Inferiority Using the Life Review Form Questions About Adolescence Probing Questions Questions About School Questions About Feelings Counseling Skill: Caring Interviewing Techniques Responding Reflecting Feelings Unique Life Review Characteristic: Structure Reviewer Type: The External Reviewer End Visit 3 Summarize Session Next Visit
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Contents
111 111 111 112 113 113 114 115 115 116 117 118 119 121 121 122 122 123 124 125 125 125 125 127 127 127 128 128 128 130 131 131 133 134 135 136 136 137 138 138 140 140 140
Contents
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141 141 142 142 143 143 145 146 146 146 148 149 149 150 151 152 154 155 155 155 157 157 157 158 158 158 159 161 161 162 163 163 164 166 166 167 167 168 168 168 170 170
VISIT 7: INTEGRATION
Visit 7: Listener Guidelines Preliminary Tasks Clarify Visit 6 Eriksons Model: Oldest Adulthood Integrity Despair Using the Life Review Form Encourage Understanding Review Significant Successes Again Reframe Difficult Times Again Establish a Future Emphasis Counseling Skills: Review All Interviewing Techniques Integrating Review of Techniques Unique Life Review Characteristics: Consider All Four Together Reviewer Type: Recognize Your Reviewers Type End Visit 7 Summarize Session Consider Referrals Next Visit
Contents
171 171 172 172 173 174 174 174 175 180
P A R T I I I USES AND OUTCOMES OF THE STRUCTURED LIFE REVIEW VARIED USES FOR THE STRUCTURED LIFE REVIEW
Newly Relocated Depression Prevention Substance Abuse Recovery Dying Bereavement Dementia Dementia Caregivers People with Dementia Other Potential Reviewers 183 184 184 185 186 186 187 188 188 192 193 201
INTRODUCTION
Life Review [is] a naturally occurring universal mental process characterized by the progressive return to consciousness of past experiences and unresolved conflicts. ROBERT N. BUTLER
esearch has demonstrated that a structured review of ones life is helpful, even therapeutic, especially for older people. This Handbook shows you how an effective Therapeutic Listener can conduct the Structured Life Review process. This process will help a variety of people (Life Reviewers) to review and reconcile their lives. This Handbook is a comprehensive guide for conducting a Structured Life Review and for training you to be a Therapeutic Listener. The Life Review is a form of reminiscing a natural human activity. We all do it; we tell stories we have lived, both good and bad, long and short. Experts say this is good for us. The potential therapeutic benefits from a Structured Life Review are many: reconciling ones past life, finding forgiveness, reducing depression, reconnecting with friends or family, increasing life satisfaction, and increasing self-esteem, among others. Although these results particularly help older people, other people affected by traumatic or significant events (family deaths, prolonged hospitalization, hospice, divorce, entrance to a nursing home, being fired, planning retirement, etc.) can realize those benefits as well. This all-inclusive Handbook teaches the professional as well as the layperson how to conduct a Structured Life Review. Use it as a guide.
1
Copyright 2007 by Health Professions Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
Introduction
n Relates to one or more stages of Eriksons developmental model (Eight Stages of Man) n Provides
on key questions from the LRF detailed information on the various types of Reviewers whom you will encounter
One hour per week is the recommended time per visit. Depending on circumstances, you may vary the length and the number of visits each week. Part II also contains helpful examples and excerpts from actual Life Reviews to guide you. Italic type is used for Reviewer comments in these excerpts to indicate that they are actual quotes, whereas bold italic type is used for actual Therapeutic Listener responses and remarks from past Life Reviews. Each chapter also contains recommended questions from the LRF to ensure that you get the Reviewers reminiscing about all the key stages of their lives. Part III, Uses and Outcomes of the Structured Life Review, completes the Handbook by presenting many applications and purposes of the Life Review with diverse populations. An annotated bibliography is also provided as background material for understanding this Structured Life Review process and for future research.
Introduction
complex. You, as the Therapeutic Listener, must learn and practice good listening habits, good counseling skills and techniques, and good Life Review practices. You must identify and deal with a variety of Life Reviewers to guide each one through a successful Structured Life Review process. There is a lot to learn and apply. This Handbook will teach you. We suggest you study this whole Handbook in advance and then review the particular chapter related to each particular session as you go through an actual Life Review. Note that in front of each application chapter, we have provided a summary of that chapter in the form of Listener Guidelines. This overview of the chapter can guide you in preparing for that particular session and ensuring you cover everything during that visit. Almost everyone can benefit from the Structured Life Review process. Prospects are everywhere. We discuss specific potential reviewers and the benefits they gain in the last chapter. The process is pleasant for both participants. This is important work and you can bring therapeutic benefits to many people. We wish you success!