[1]

&&
2000.12.12

ii


1. ....................................................................................................1
1.1 .................................................................................................1
1.2 .............................................................................1
2. ........................................................................................3
2.1 ......................................................................................3
2.1.1 ..............................................................................................3
2.1.2 ..........................................................................................3
2.2 .................................................................................4
2.2.1 ..................................................................4
2.2.2 ..........................................................................5
2.3 ...........................................................................10
2.3.1 ............................................................................................10
2.3.2 ........................................................................................12
2.4 .......................................................................13
2.5 ...................................................................................13
2.5.1 ............................................................13
2.5.2 ........................................................14
3. JPEG ...................................................................................15
3.1 ...............................................................................................15
3.2 ...............................................................................................16
3.2.1 (SAMPLING)..........................................................................17
3.2.2 (NORMALIZE)...................................................................17
3.2.3 DCT ...................................................................................18
3.2.4 QUANTIZATION............................................................19
3.2.5 EMBEDDING ....................................................22
3.3 .......................................................................23
3.4 ........................................................................................24
3.5 ............................................................................................28
3.5.1 ........................................................................28
3.5.2 .........................................................................30
3.5.3 .........................................................................30
3.5.4 .........................................................................32
3.5.5 .................................................................................32
3.5.6 ..............................................................33
3.6 .......................................................................................34
4. JND...............................................................43
iii

4.1 ...............................................................................................43
4.2 JND (PROFILE)........................................................47
4.2.1 .................................................................................47
4.2.2 .................................................................................47
5. ......................................................................52
5.1 ................................................................................52
5.2 JND ..................................................56
5.3 DCT ......................................................................63
6. ..............................................................68
7. ..........................................................................................69

iv


2- ....................................................3
2- .............................................................................4
2- .............................................................................5
2- .............................................................7
2- .............................................................8
2- 5 ................................................................10
2- 6 .............................................................................11
2- 7 ....................................................11
2- 8 .............................................................................12
2- 9 PIXEL...............................................12
3- DCT ..............................................................................16
3- ...................................................................................17
3- 128.....................................................................................18
3- 1 DCT DCT ..........................................................19
3- 2 .................................................................................20
3- 3 .............................................................................20
3- ...................................................................................21
3- QUALITY = 40 ............................................................22
3- ...................................................................22
1................................................................................................................22
1................................................................................................................22

3................................................................................................................22
3................................................................................................................22
5................................................................................................................22
8................................................................................................................22
4................................................................................................................23
7................................................................................................................23
6................................................................................................................23
2................................................................................................................23
4................................................................................................................23
2................................................................................................................23
3- BLOCK (,
)...............................................................................................................23
3 4 PSNRMSE ..........................................................24
3- 5 SM ..........................................................................24
3- () PSNR .........................................24
3- () PSNR ..........................................25
3- JPEG ....................................................................26
3- JPEG , PSNR SM..................27
3- JPEG ............................................................................28
3- ..........................................................34
3- ..........................................................35
3- ..........................................................35
3- ..................................................................35

vi

 3- ..................................................................36
3- ..................................................................36
3- ..................................................................37
3- ..............................................................37
3- ..................................................................38
3- ..........................................................38
3- ..................................................................39
3- ..................................................................39
3- ..........................................................40
3- ..........................................................40
3- ..........................................................41
3- ..................................................................41
3- ..................................................................42
3- ..................................................................42
4- [8].................................................43
4- [8]....................44
4- [8]
.........................................................................................................................44
4- JND [8].....................................................................45
4- JND B [8].............................................................46
4- JND G1G2G3 G4 [8]..............................46
4- ..............................................................48
4- N JND
PSNR..........48

vii

 4- JPEG .......................................................49
4- ..........................................................49
4- ..........................................................50
4- ..................................................................50
4- ..........................................................51
5- .........................................................................................52
5- ...............................................................................52
5- ...................................................................................53
5- ...................................................................................53
5- ...........................................................................54
5- ...........................................................................54
5- ...........................................................................55
..................................................................................................................55
5- ..........................................................55
5- ...............................................................................56
5- ...............................................................................56
5- ...................................................................................57
5- ..................................................................57
5- JND ........................................58
5- JND ........................58

5- ..........................................................59
5- ..................................................60
5- ...........................................................................60
viii

 5- PHOTOIMPACT ..............61
5- ...................................................................................61
5- ...................................................................................62
5- ..................................................................62
5- ...........................................................................63
5- ...............................................................................63
5- ...............................................................................63
5- ...................................................................................64
5- .......................................................................65
5- PHOTOIMPACT ..............65
5- ...................................................................................66
5- ..............................................66
5- ...........................................................................67

ix

1.
1.1

[1]
imperceptibility

robustness
unambiguity
security

1.2

2.
2.1
2.1.1
[7]
2-1

X
Y

cos sin x0
=
sin cos

y0

X=X0 * cos- Y0 * sin () +

Y=X0 * sin+ Y0 * cos () +
2-

2.1.2
for(row)
for(column) {
X 2-1
Y 2-1
(X,Y)
}

2.2
2.2.1
RGB

2-12-2

2-

2-

2.2.2
(1)
(A)
255
(B)
255
255
255 255
255
(C)
255
255
255 255
255

ii.

R = R + I
G = G + I
B = B + I

(A) RG
IF Max(R+I , G+I) <255
R = R + I
G = G + I
B = B
ELSE
R = 255
G = 255
B = B + Max(R+ ,G+I) - 255
(B) BGRB

(A) R
IF R + I <255
R = R + I
G = G
B = B
ELSE
R = 255
G = G + (R+I - 255)
B = B + (R+I - 255)
(B) GB

(A) RGB <= 255

(B) IInput value

iii.

Start

| R G | < Threshold

| R B | < Threshold

Y
| B G | < Threshold &&
| B R | < Threshold

N
N
G > Max(R,B)

Y
N
R

B > Max(R,G)

GB

G
Y

RG

2-

RB

N
| G B | < Threshold

N
R > Max(G,B)

R>G

G>B

Y
N
R

GB

G>B

G
Y

R>B

Y
R

2-

iv.

for(column)
for(row) {
R,G,B
//
if(R-G )
if(B-G B-R )

else if(B > R G ) // B

if(B = )
RGB
else B
else // RG
if(RG = )
RGB
else RG
else if(R-B )
if(G > R B ) // G
if(G = )
RGB
else G
else // RB
if(RB = )
RGB
else RB
else if(G-B )
if(R > G B ) // R
if(R = )
RGB
else R
else // GB
if(GB = )
RGB
else GB
9

else if(R > G )

if(G > B ) // R
if(R = )
RGB
else R
else if(R > B ) // R
if (R = )
RGB
else R
else // B
if(B = )
RGB
else R
else if(G > B ) // G
if(G = )
RGB
else G
else // B
if(B = )
RGB
else B
}

2.3
2.3.1
pixels 2-5

2- 5
10

(1)
(A) pixel

2- 6

(B) pixel

2- 7

(C)

11

(2)
(A) pixel

2- 8

(B) pixel

2- 9 pixel

(C)

2.3.2

height_rate
width_rate
pixel
pixel
pixel (Xi,Yi)(Xi,Yi)
for (X = 1 to image width)
for (Y = 1 to image height) {
X= X*width_rate
Y= Y*height_rate
for i = (X-1)*width_rate to X
for j = (Y-1)*height_rate to Y
pixel of (X,Y) in original image assign to Pixel of (i,j) in nother
image
}
12

2.4
(1)
(2)

(3)
(4)

2.5
2.5.1
for(ROW)
for(COLUMN)

if()
RGB
else
( RGB +
)/2

13

2.5.2
(1)

( RGB +
)/2

ii.

for(ROW)
for(COLUMN)

If()

else

14

3. JPEG
3.1
JEPG Discrete Cosine
Transform DCT[9]
DCT JPEG
(spatial domain)
Frequency domain
DCT Spatial domain

15

3.2
Original Image

(sampling)

(normalize)

DCT

(quantization)

(embedding)

DCT

Watermarked Image

3- DCT

16

3.2.1(Sampling)
JPEG (block-based)
Block 8 * 8
8 * 8 subimage
DCT 256 * 256

3-

8
8

3.2.2 (normalize)
DCT 8*8 8 * 8
128 0 255
127 -128

17

 A00 A01 A02 A03 A04 A05 A06 A07 128 128 128 128 128 128 128 128

A 10 A1 A12 A13 A14 A15 A16 A17 128 128 128 128 128 128 128 128

A 20 A21 A22 A23 A24 A25 A26 A27 128 128 128 128 128 128 128 128

A A A A A A A A 128 128 128 128 128 128 128 128

30 31 32 3 34 35 36 37

A40 A41 A42 A43 A44 A45 A46 A47 128 128 128 128 128 128 128 128

12
8
128
128
1
2
8
1
2
8
12
8
12
8
128
A50 A51 A52 A53 A54 A5 A56 A57

A 60 A61 A62 A63 A64 A65 A66 A67 128 128 128 128 128 128 128 128

128 128 128 128 128 128 128 128

A70 A71 A72 A73 A74 A75 A76 A7

3- 128

3.2.3 DCT
DCT
DCT(Discrete Cosine Transform) cos
DCT
DCT losslessDCT 3-1

18

N 1

F (u , v) =( u )(v)
x =0

N 1

f ( x, y ) =
u =0

N 1

( 2 y +1)v
( 2 x +1)u
..... DCT
cos
2N
2N

f ( x, y) cos
y =0

( 2 y +1)v
( 2 x +1)u
...... DCT
cos
2N
2N

N 1

( u )( v )F (u, v) cos
v =0

( u )( v ) =

1
,
8

( u )( v ) =

2
, otherwise
8

for u , v = 0

f ( x, y ) ( Subimage )
F (u , v) ( DCT )
N8

3- 1 DCT DCT

DCT

(DC
Component) 63 (AC Component)

3.2.4 Quantization
JPEG

64 DCT
()

DCT

DCT 64

Lossy

19

 F ( u, v )

F Q ( u, v ) = InterRound
(
)
Q
u
,
v

3- 2

JPEG
[9] JPEG

Pixel

3-3

5000 / quality, if quality 50

scale _ factor =
200 quality 2, if quality > 50
quantization[ i, j] = ( std _ quantization[ i, j ] scale _ factor + 50) / 100
3- 3

quality
std_quantization[i,j] ( i, j)quantization[i, j]

Quality=40
JPEG 3-1 3-2 Quality=40

16
12
14

11
12
13

10
14
16

16
19
24

24
26
40

20

40
58
57

51
60
69

61
55
56

14
18
24
49
72

17
22
35
64
92

22
37
55
78
95

29
56
64
87
98

51
68
81
103
112

87
109
104
121
100

3-

21

80
103
113
120
103

62
77
92
101
99

20
15
18
18
23
30
61
90

14
15
16
21
28
44
80
115

13
18
20
28
46
69
98
119

20
24
30
36
70
80
109
123

30
33
50
64
85
101
129
140

50
73
71
109
136
130
151
138

64
75
86
100
129
141
150
129

76
69
70
78
96
115
126
124

3- quality = 40

3.2.5Embedding
[5]

3-4
3-5 8*8 (Block) 4 pixel

(Block) 1 pixel Pixel 8

bits 3-5

3-
1

3
5

22

4
2

3- Block (, )

1 0

3.3

PSNRPeak Signal-to-Noise Ratio

PSNR 30
MSEMean Square Error[5]

23

 255 2
PSNR = 10 log10
MSE

N 1 N 1
1
~
MSE = 2 I i ( x, y ) I i ( x, y )
N x =0 y =0

3 4 PSNRMSE

JPEG

SM 3-4
SM

i, j

Not ( L(i, j ) L (i, j ))

2m 2m

3- 5 SM

3.4
(1)
PSNR
Quality
30
Picture
Lena
28.79891
Pepper
28.42478
F16
27.43626
Baboon
26.53966

40
30.58785
29.95100
28.72829
27.55443

50
31.80786
30.93763
29.53335
28.14879

60
32.80968
31.71277
30.14931
28.58322

3- () PSNR

24

70
33.77900
32.41621
30.69082
28.951120

(2) (Lena)
PSNR
Quality
Picture
Cloud
Pepper
F16
Baboon

30

40

50

60

70

28.076458
25.08254
24.41305
23.87760

30.11077
25.97320
25.17733
24.56879

31.59445
26.44767
25.59986
24.94601

32.90049
26.78871
25.89104
25.19824

33.33996
29.57828
28.25715
26.10242

3- () PSNR

Quality 40 PSNR
30 Quality 5060
JPEG Quality 40

25

3- JPEG

(3) 40 JPEG ,
PSNR SM

26

 logo

PSNR
33.07635

SM
0.88037

20%

32.18449

0.85889

30%

31.66995

0.81836

40%

30.98390

0.72437

50%

30.24964

0.64551

60%

29.61535

0.58716

10%

3- JPEG , PSNR SM

iv.

40 JPEG ,
PSNR SM SM Pixel 8
bits Pixel Pixels SM

PSNR
SM

10%
30.58335 0.69238

27

20%

30.17769 0.67358

30%

29.79250 0.64331

40%

28.95463 0.58020
3- JPEG

3.5
3.5.1
for( Width)
for( Height)
{
8 * 8 subimage ;
for(int i=0;i<8;i++)
for(int j=0;j<8;j++)
{
Pixels RGB ;
RGB 128;
DCT ;
;
if( logo Pixels < logo Pixels )
{
logo Pixels ;
logo ;
if( logo )
1;
else
-1
logo
;
logo 1;
}
28

 8*8 block DCT ;

Pixels 128;
if(Pixels < 0)
Pixels = 0;
else
if(Pixels > 255)
Pixels = 255;
else
Pixels ;
Pixels Pixels ;
}
}

29

3.5.2
for( Width)
for( Height)
{
8 * 8 subimage ;
for(int i=0;i<8;i++)
for(int j=0;j<8;j++)
{
Pixels RGB ;
RGB 128;
DCT ;
;
if( logo Pixels < logo Pixels
)
{
if( logo > 0)
pixels ;
else
pixels ;
logo 1;
}
}
}

3.5.3
for( Width)
for( Height)
{
8 * 8 subimage ;
for(int i=0;i<8;i++)
for(int j=0;j<8;j++)
{
Pixels RGB ;
30

 RGB 128;
DCT ;
;
If( logo Pixels < logo Pixels )
{
for(int bit=0;bit<=7;i++)
{
logo Pixels 8 bits;
i bits
;
if(bit==1)
1;
else
-1
logo
;
}
logo 1;
}
8*8 block DCT ;
Pixels 128;
if(Pixels < 0)
Pixels = 0;
else
if(Pixels > 255)
Pixels = 255;
else
Pixels ;
Pixels Pixels ;
}
}

31

3.5.4
for( Width)
for( Height)
{
8 * 8 subimage ;
for(int i=0;i<8;i++)
for(int j=0;j<8;j++)
{
Pixels RGB ;
RGB 128;
DCT ;
;
if( logo Pixels < logo Pixels
)
{
for(int bit=0;bit<=7;i++)
{
if( i bit > 0)
i bit 1;;
else
i bit 1;
}
8 bits ;
logo pixels 8 bits ;
}
}
}

3.5.5
if( Quality <= 50)
32

scale_factor = 5000 / Quality;

else
scale_factor = 200 - Quality * 2;
for(int i=0;i<7;i++)
for(int j=0;j<7;j++)
{
= ( * scale_factor + 50) / 100;
}

3.5.6
PSNR
for(int x=0;x<256;x++)
for(int y=0;y<256;y++)
mse =((-)^2 ) / (256 * 256)
PSNR = 10 log 10 (255 * 255 / mse);

33

3.6
(1)
3-7~ 3-24
1.

PSNR=16.9327334613213

SM=0.75244140625

3-

2.

PSNR= 25.9444728346115

34

SM= 0.671875

 3-

3.

PSNR= 25.2436747903437

SM= 0.640625

3-

4.

PSNR= 16.0814340730427

SM=0.955322265625

3-

35

5.

PSNR= 14.8106692423208

SM= 0.750732421875

3-

6.

PSNR= 22.1366444686006

SM= 0.884033203125

3-

36

7.

PSNR= 18.2643571594442

SM= 0.949951171875

3-

8.

PSNR= 11.4914408945378

SM= 0.968994140625

3-

37

9.

PSNR= 17.0377327867149

SM= 0.806640625

3-

10.

PSNR= 7.61601299637213

SM= 0.978271484375

3-

38

11.

PSNR= 13.839026108065

SM= 0.60400390625

3-

PSNR= 13.1335767529612

SM= 0.60888671875

3-

39

12.

PSNR= 14.2273017773738

SM= 0.7017822265625

3-

13.

PSNR= 10.4869568010463

SM= 0.6995849609375

3-

40

14.

PSNR= 14.2273017773738

SM= 0.7017822265625

3-

15.

PSNR= 16.1988660708434

SM= 0.597900390625

3-

41

16.

PSNR= 23.4574920189386

SM= 0.7022705078125

3-

17.

PSNR= 22.5385853443571

SM= 0.661376953125

3-

42

4.
JND
4.1

(1)
(2)
(weber)
4-1
(threshold)
4-1 (visibility threshold)
[2] [8]

4- [8]

43

(spatial masking)

4-

[8]

4-3

4- [8]

pixel JNDjust noticeable distortion pixel

44

 JND pixel
JND pixel

JND(MND) (profile)
JND
DCT

JND

DCT

JND fb ( x, y ) = max{ f1 ( bg ( x, y ) , mg ( x, y ) ) , f 2 ( bg ( x, y ) ) }
f1 ( bg ( x, y ) , mg ( x, y ) ) = mg ( x, y ) ( bg ( x, y ) ) + ( bg ( x, y ) )

T 1 ( bg ( x, y ) / 127 ) 12 + 3
0
f 2 ( bg ( x, y ) ) =
( bg ( x, y ) 127 ) + 3

for bg ( x, y ) 127
for bg ( x, y ) > 127

( bg ( x, y ) ) = bg ( x, y ) 0.0001 + 0.115
( bg ( x, y ) ) = bg ( x, y ) 0.01

for 0 x < H 0 y < W

mg ( x, y ) = max { grad k ( x, y ) }
k = 1, 2 , 3, 4

grad k ( x, y ) =

bg ( x, y ) =

1 5 5
p ( x 3 + i, y 3 + j ) G k ( i, j )
16 i = 1 j =1

for 0 x < H 0 y < W

1 5 5
p ( x 3 + i , y 3 + j ) B ( i, j )
32 i= 1 j = 1

4- JND [8]

45

B
4- JND B [8]

-3

-1

-1

-3

-8

-3

-1

-3

-8

-1

G1

G2

-1

-3

-1

-3

-8

-8

-3

-3

-1

-1

G3

G4

4- JND G1G2G3 G4 [8]

4-4 4-5
4-1 bg(x,y)
mg(x,y)(x,y)f2(x,y)
f2(x,y)

46


f1(x,y)[1]
T0 173/128 1/2
JND
[2]

4.2 JND (profile)

4.2.1
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

JND
pixel JND
pixel pixel

4.2.2
(1) Lena

47

threshold =1* JND

PSNR=40.4999

4-

N JND N=0.5
N=1
N=2
N=3
PSNR
46.5616 40.4999 34.3804 30.6728
JND
4-

N JND PSNR

48

(2) JPEG
PSNR

90%

SM

37.6599

0.9904

70%

34.5656

0.9108

50%

32.9979

0.7973

30%

31.5901

0.7302

10%

28.1887

0.6313

5%

25.5100

0.5363

4-

JPEG

(3)

PSNR=28.32

SM=0.6687

4-

49

(4)

PSNR=20.2978

SM=0.7246

4-

(5)

PSNR=18.5638

SM=0.6950

4-

50

(6)

PSNR=14.0748

SM=0.7968

4-

51

5.

JND DCT

5.1
(1)
(2) /

5-

(3) /

5-

(4) /

52

 5-

(5)

5-

53

 5-

5-

(6)
(7)

54

 5-

(8)

5-

55

5.2 JND
(1) //JND

5-

(2) /

5-

(3) /

56

 5-

(4)

5-

(5) JND JND

57

 5- JND

(6) JND

5- JND

(7)

58

 5-

(8) JND
pixel

5-

(9)

59

 5-

(10)

5-

(11)
PhotoImpact

(12) PhotoImpact

60

 5- PhotoImpact

(13)

5-

(14)

61

 5-

(15)

5-

62

 5-

5.3 DCT
(1) //DCT

5-

(2) /

5-

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(3)

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(4)
PhotoImpact

(5) PhotoImpact

5- PhotoImpact

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(6)

5-

(7)

5-

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copy

[2]

[4]

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[1]
Vol.6 No.1

[2]
Vol.6 No.1~

[3]
Vol.6 No.1
[4]
Vol.6 No.1

[5]

[6] :
p.7-20~7-24

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 Books
[7] Gilbert Strang, Introduction to Linear Algebra,
, p.196(1998)
Journals
[8] C. H. Chou and Y. C. Li, A perceptually tuned subband image coder
based on the measure of just-noticeable-distortion profile, IEEE
Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technal., vol 5 no 6,pp.467-476, Dec
1995.
Homepage
[9]
http://debut.cis.nctu.edu.tw/~yklee/Research/DataHiding/DataHidingT
.htm

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