DC Micro-grid for Super High Quality Distribution - System Configuration and Control of Distributed Generations and Energy Storage

Devices Hiroaki Kakigano, Yushi Miura, Toshifumi Ise, Ryohei Uchida Osaka University Division of Electrical, Electoronic and Information Engineering 2-1, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Email: kakiganogeei.eng.osaka-u.acjp
distribution. In this paper, characteristics of DC micro-grid is described in section II. Control methods of converters for distributed generations and energy storages are supposed in section III. Finally, computer simulation results demonstrated a seamless operation during turn-on and tur-off of a distributed generator, a transient of connecting
and sdi ecng with vablown for a sudden large load variation.
a

Abstract-"DC micro-grid" is the novel power system using dc distribution in order to provide super high quality power. The dc distribution system is suitable for dc output type distributed generations such as photovoltaic and fuel cells, and energy

storages such as secondary batteries and electric double layer capacitors. Moreover, dc distributed power is converted to required ac or dc voltages by load side converters, and these

voltage. This distributed scheme of load side converters also contributes to provide supplying high quality power. For instance, even if a short circuit occurs at one load side, it does not effect other loads. In this paper, we suppose one system

converters do not require transformers by choosing proper dc

Fig.
v

II. 1 shows one

Dc MICRO-GRID configuration of DC micro-grid. The

configuration of DC micro-grid, and propose control methods of converters for generations and energy storages. Computer simulation results demonstrated seamless turn-on and turn-off operation of a distributed generation, a transient of connecting and disconnecting operation with a bulk power system, and the stability for sudden large load variation, Index Terms-micro-grid, distributed generation, dc distribution, high quality power, intentional isolation

voltage of AC 230 V, transformed from AC 6.6 kV distribution, is converted into DC 170 V by a bidirectional rectifier. A gas engine cogeneration system is connected to AC 230 V through a back to back converter. In this paper, the gas engine cogeneration system is connected to ac line by using rectifier and inverter, but it is possible to connect the output of the rectifier to dc distribution line directly. A secondary battery and an electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) are connected to dc distribution line through

bidirectional choppers. In addition, photovoltaic cells are I. INTRODUCTION connected to dc distributed line through a dc/dc . . ....... . ~~also .. A number of distributed generations are being installed sconverter. At the load sde, dc distributed power iS converted converter. into the utility grid under deregulations in electrical power invtoeqr.e lac sdc e, stbyteah nto required ac or dc voltages by each converter. systems. In adiin inrdcn eewbeeeg Inadto,itouigrnwbeeeg Characteristics of DC micro-grid can be summarized as '. generations such as photovoltaic cells, wind-powers, etc. f llo s: contributes to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide as . Distributed scheme of load side converters contributes to owrupyngFr greenhouse gas linked to global warming. However, there are * prvdasuehihqlty e a s in hor circuit ocrsatnloide, it possibilities to cause problems due to introduction of many dostnot efect sotrloads. distributed generations such as a voltage rise of distribution line and a protection problem. On the other hand, there is a variety of customers' needs for electric power quality. * Various forms of electoric power like single phase 100 V, three phase 200 V, DC 100 V can be obtained. These Computerized and power electronic equipment are recently converters are transformerless, therefore it contributes to essential to manufacturing and business applications such as their downsizing and improving high efficiency. banks, semiconductor manufacturing, and hospitals. . * This kind of dc distribution system is suitable for dc Threor, t Ion. I t voltag output type distributed generations such as photovoltaic sag, backuts et. hs bcom a rea cocer. Oe o an fulcls n nrysoae uha eodr solutions for th1ese probl ems iS to construct a new conceptual electric power system. Several concepts have been proposed batteries and EDLCs. and studied such as "FRIENDS", "Premium Power Park" * If an accident occurs in a bulk power system, this system "Micro-grid", etc. [1][2][3]. can be separated from the bulk power system rapidly. "DC micro-grid" is the novel power system which can During an isolation, this system can supply electric supply super high quality electric power by using dc power continuously.

systems~ ~ ~

.l

power supply center

the bulk pow er~~~~~~~~~~.........

photovoltaic el
r.

b..........d..........ect........ional.......
k

e6.6.........../

..........V........ ..........re tifie

bidirectio

20 bulk power system ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~the

OV

I q5 100 V

*If power consumpti~~~~~ontbectome mor tan pwe can stop supplying powei-slridn soeoodsinetinaiyPDLC fora ln power for high quality loads.

Fi.

Cofgrtono h

CTir-rd

R0~~~~~~~~~~~~th

blkpoersyte

1OO

lines between load side converters.~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ lo

distributionpa~~rtr4], and share power betwend other C Vd~ phase inyer+ter+I

A. System Operation~~~~~~~bator As asupr hgh ualiy pwersysem, C mcrogri.ha to be stable against~~... raidlrg.la.vritonan.utu

Fig. 2.icutadcoto.boko frED C ...~~~~~~~~idrctoalcope

more than ten thousands times [5]. A chopper of EDLCthe

isk

power_sstem __OO
m

center to load side shown icognerFig.1ond usdaT edorad+K

controller shown in Fig. 3. The~ ~ ~ ~ ~(Gp by C oerreerence ais gIve a-......

P. supervisor

system. The chpper of the batery iscnrlefcd byusing

system Photovoltaic

always is controled.by MPPT

control....... .......... bidirectional chopper...... . . . . for........ secondary..... battery.......................... ....

Fig. 3. Cicuit and conrolvblockPo

the bulk power system

P2

I=> localgrid
f

KPout2
rectifier

corrntro contJro __
P
i4
secndary

thetvolbulkel the bulk

p
power system

P2
iout
rectifier

voltage

llocal grid
1

control

photovoltaic cell

p5
Pload

Pload

{P3

Cf4

cogenerafion system GC

gasengne

During operation of gas engine GC P1 =P,1 rectifier P2*=Pb +P1

g . .

>

<

During stopping of gas engine GC P, 0 rectifier P2*=Pb

>

p gasdengie gea stme (cogeneration system (GC) ( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~During operation of gas engine
GC

During stopping of gas engine

GC P1 0 battery P4 =Pout P2

Pi

=PI*

battery

P4*=Pout-P2

battery P4*=Put-P2

battery P4t Pout -P2

Fig. 5 Independent operation mode.

Fig. 4 Interconnected operation mode.

to keep its efficiency high. In this paper, a photovoltaic system was not included in a computer simulation circuit. Gas engine cogeneration system is operated in a full or zero output power operation, not in a partial load operation, in order to keep its efficiency high. The supervisor PC gives orders for the gas engine to start or stop. When this system is connected to the bulk power system, the bidirectional rectifier is operated in current control mode. A power reference of the bidirectional rectifier is also given by a supervisor PC. Fig. 4 shows interconnected operation mode of DC micro-grid. There are formulas of power references given to devices above-mentioned. To make the power from the bulk power system constant, Ph shown in Fig. 4 is set constant value. It contributes a leveling of demand power. B. DisconnectingLand Reconnecting Operation If an accident occurs in the bulk power system, DC micro-grid has to be separated from it by the magnetic contactor, and keep supplying to the load. Before the

Ca
ec

Rf

Lf

C2
V

the bulk power system voltage

230V
the amplitude of

2
+

stop tracking fault

during
'A

the bulk power system voltage

e
-

during fault
+X
ebs

T clearvalue

-s~in(t - 2,z-/ 3) sin(ct2/3) s1

+sin

ebs

ecs

(1)

ebs
es

F-F-71

separation, the bidirectional rectifier and the inverter of the gas engine cogeneration system are operated in current control mode. Therefore, after the separation, one of them should be operated in constant voltage mode. In consideration of a case that more than one distributed generations are connected, it is better that the bidirectional rectifier changes its control mode from current control to voltage control. Fig. 5 shows the independent operation mode. We define ac line between the magnetic contactor and the bidirectional rectifier as local grid. The voltage control block of the bidirectional converter is shown in Fig. 6. The block of (* 1) in Fig. 6 is used to make an additional voltage reference, which is called zero sequence voltage, for PWM inl order to get higher utilization of the dc voltage. This modulation is similar to a sinusoidal modulation with 3rd harmonic injection. Other devices are operated under the same control methods through disconnecting and reconnecting operation. Fig. 7 shows a flowchart of disconnection from the bulk power system. When a fault is detected, DC micro-grid is

As (*1)

_3

Sb

Pwm

PWM -1111- ~~~Gate Signal

SAX
Sa

.2

As

As

Fig. 6. Circuit and voltage control block of bidirectional rectifier.

Interconnected operation mode 1

No

fault

YES

NO t t ISeparate from the bulk power systemI Change the bidirectional rectifier control mode to the voltage control

|Independent operation mode|

Fig. 7. Flowchart of disconnecting operation.

Independent operation mode

power system

thebuk

x bidirectional rectifier

No fault at the bulkpower systeagnet.m m NO n contactor YES +

L
L

L L
L L

C
load

Adjust the local grid voltage to the bulk power system voltage Amplitude and phase of the local grid voltage correspond to ose of bulk power system T
YES

protector

cgasengeratlToT
NO1

Connect with the bulk power system

electric double layer capacitor and bidirectional chopper

secon battery and bidirectional chopper

Change the bidirectional rectifier control

mode to the current control

( p*=

P1)

Fig. 9. Simulation circuit.

Change to P2* = Pb + PI gradually

Interconnected operation mode l

'~~
R

|Table 1. Main parameters ofthe simulation

bidirectional rectifier
~
l

Lf

~~~~~~~~~~Rf 0.001l[ Q] 1.0 [mH]

5.0 [ F]

C2

L2

|8000L[ugF] 0.1 [mH]

10 [kHz]

Fig. 8. Flowchart of reconnecting operation.

Cf

switching frequency

separated from the bulk power system rapidly and change the bidirectional rectifier control mode to the voltage control. Then DC micro-grid become in a independent operation mode. Fig. 8 shows a flowchart of reconnection from the bulk power system. At first, DC micro-grid checks that there is no fault in the bulk power system. If the amplitude and frequency of voltage in the bulk power system are satisfied, DC micro-grid makes the amplitude and phase of the local grid voltage correspond to those of the bulk power system. After that, DC micro-grid is connected with the bulk power system, and change the bidirectional rectifier control mode from voltage control to current control. At that time, the power reference of the bidirectional rectifier is the same output of the gas engine cogeneration system (P1). Then the reference is changed to the sum ofPI and the power from the bulk power system (Ph) gradually.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS In order to confirm the mode change of the various operation modes shown in Fig. 4 and Fig 5, and the stability against rapid load variation, computer simulations were carried out by using PSCAD/EMTDC. The simulation circuit is shown in Fig. 9 and the main parameters are shown in Table 1. To simplify the simulation, we focused on the power providing side of DC Micro-gird and regarded the load as a simple resister. The generator and rectifier of gas engine cogeneration system is considered to be a voltage source. The output of the gas engine inverter is 20 kW. The magnetic

EDLC and bidirectional chopper capacitance of the EDLC 1.0 [F]

internal resistance

40.8 [H]
switching frequency
voltage of the battery internal resistance Lb 4.0 [mH] 4000 [ F] C4
switching frequency

0.1

[Q]

l 0.1 [H]

10 [kHz] secondary battery and bidirectional chopper

.L4

170 [V] 0.5 [Q]

1I [mH]

10 [kHz]

contactor is assumed to be an ideal switch. The power from

the bulk power system is assumed to be 10 kW. Simulations of the following three cases were carried out: Case(a):

turn-on and turn-off of gas engine cogeneration during interconnected operation mode, Case(b): transient between variation.
interconnected operation and independent operation mode, and Case(c): power compensation against large rapid load

A. Simulation of Case(a) The load consumption is assumed to be 20 kW. The supplied power 30 kW from the gas engine cogeneration system and the bulk power system is passed through the bidirectional rectifier. The surplus power 10 kW is charged to the secondary battery. When the stored energy of the

[VI

0 -100
-200

200 1 00

Voltage at AC Side of Bi-directional Rectifier

[kW][kvar]
I10
15

Power from Bulk Power System

dve power Ilai

-5
150 r30

Url5 0
Power from Gas Engine

[A]

Current to Bi-directional Rectifier

[kW][kvar]
20

-racti epower r
ectipowe

1 00 o50 -50 -1 -150

081

10 0 0_0
-10

[A]

40

Current from Bulk Power System

[kW][kver]
40

Power through Bi-directional Rectifier

=active power
o

20
-20 -40
0

[V]

-10

30 20 10 0

Voltage of DC Distribution -=

[kWl
10

Power from ED LC

360

350-

340

330

320
6 5 4 3 2 1

-1

-5

[kWh]

Stored Energy of Secondary Battery

[kW]
15

Power from Secondary Battery

10
1,
05 1

5 0

1.5
time [sec]

2.5

-10 -15

05

1 5

25

time [sec]

Fig. 10. Simulation result of case(a) Turn-on and turn-off of a gas engine cogeneration during interconnected operation mode.

[VI
100

Voltage at AC Side of Bi-directional Rectifier

0

[kW][kvar]
10

reactive__

Power from Bulk Power System

-active power

-100 -200

50

-5
Current to Bi-directional Rectifier

[A]

1 50 1 00

[kW][kvar]
30
2

Power from Gas Engine

-active power reacive powwer

-

-1 00

50

.1h50-

10 0

r
Power through Bi-directional Rectifier -actvpowe
F

[A]
240

Current from Bulk Power System

[kW][kvar]
301

-20

[VI

-40

U0
-

11
Voltage of DC Distribution

-1 0

10 o

360

[kw]

350
340 330 320

1 0o

Power from ED LC

--5
-

[kWh]
6 5

23I
Stored Energy of Secondary Battery

[kW]
10

Power from Secondary Battery

5-

05

15

25

05

1.5

25

time [sec]

time [sect]

Fig. 11. Simulation result of case(b) Transient between interconnected operation and independent operation mode.

[VI

Voltage at AC Side of Bi-directional Rectifier

1 5ctopoe

[kWl[kvarl

Power from Bulk Power System

200

-Ietivepower

cooEEUf lEEUUUI5 1[
Current to Bi-directional Rectifier

-100 -200

01

[Al

1 00 1 00 50 0 -500 -100 -150

[kW][kvar]
30

Power from Gas Engine

-active powver
-

reactive power

20 10

[A]

40

20 0

Current from Bulk Power System _

[kW][kvarl
40 30 20

Power through Bi-directional Rectifier

active PONer

[VI

-20 -40

360

Voltage of DC Distribution

350

___

[kWl

0__________________ o
Power from ED LC

_]

30

340
330

320

--10
Power Consumption of Load

10 [
Power from Secondary Battery

[kW]

50

[kW]
20

-50

-30

30

20

-1
-

10 10

-20

-1,

0
1
time

0.5

1-5 timei [stir]

2.5

-30 05

15

[set]

25

Fig. 12. Simulation result of case (c) Power compensation against large rapid load variation.

secondary battery exceeds the maximum energy (5 kWh), the situation. For the smooth connection, the active power gas engine cogeneration system will be turned off, and then reference of the bidirectional rectifier is gradually changed the power to the load is supplied from the secondary battery. from 20 kW that is the output of the gas engine cogeneration When the energy of the secondary battery falls below the system to target value 30 kW that is the sum of the output minimum value (2 kWh), the gas engine will be turned on power from the gas engine cogeneration system and the again. The maximum energy of batteries are quite small power from the bulk power system. because the purpose ofthis simulation is to confirm transients Fig. 11 shows that the result of simulation case (b). When of turn-on and turn-off ofthe gas engine cogeneration system. the system was isolated from the bulk power system, But in a practical situation, the capacity of the secondary disturbance was occurred in the dc distribution. However the battery should be more large, so the periods of charge and fluctuation was lower than 3 00. When the system was reconnected with the bulk power system, the reconnection discharge will become the order of hours or minutes. was done smoothly, and DC micro-grid did not effect either Fig. 10 shows that the result of simulation case (a). The the load or the bulk power system. active power and the reactive power from the bulk power system were kept 10 kW and almost zero, respectively. When C. Simulation ofCase(c) the gas engine was turned off, the power was supplied in a The purpose ofthis simulation is to confirm the stability of short duration of 0.1 sec from the EDLC to the dc line. After this system against load variation. If a large load step change that, the power was supplied from the secondary battery. The is occurred, the surplus or shortage power of DC micro-grid voltage of the dc line was kept 340 V (= 170 V +170 V). is compensated by the EDLC and the secondary battery, and When the gas engine was turned on, the power was absorbed the voltage of the dc distribution is supposed to be kept from the dc line to the EDLC and the secondary battery constant. In this simulation, the load consumption was similarly, and dc voltage is also kept constant. changed from 10 kW to 40 kW at 1.0 sec, and after 1.0 sec the was changed from 40 kW to 10 kW. Simulation B. B. o f Case (b) ~consumption Slmulatlon of Case(b) ~~~~Fig. 12 shows that the result of simulation case (c). When The load consumption is 25 kW. It is assumed that the DC the load consumption was increased at 1.0 sec, power was micro-grid is separated from the bulk power system at 1.0 sec provided by the EDLC rapidly, and the voltage fluctuation of by the magnetic contactor. After 1.0 second, the DC the dc distribution line was lower than 5 00O. When the load micro-grid is reconnected with the bulk power system. In consumption was decreased at 2.0 sec, the fluctuation was consideration of the simulation time, the isolation period was also lower than 5 00O. Usually, the voltage of the bulk power set 1.0 sec, but the time will be much longer in a practical system is managed within 5 00O. In consideration ofthat, DC

micro-grid kept high quality power providing to the load in the simulation. In addition, it was realized that these load variations did not have influences in the bulk power system.
V.
CONCLUSION

REFERENCES
[1] Toshifumi Ise, "Functions and configurations of quality control center
Exhibition 2002: Asia Pacific. IEEE/PES Volume 1, 2002, pp. 590-595 Alexander Domijan, Jr, Alejandro Montenegro, Albert. J. F. Keri, and Kenneth E. Mattern, "Simulation Study of the World's First

on FRIENDS", Transmission and Distribution Conference and

[2]

Distributed Premium Power Quality Park", IEEE TRANSACTIONS In this paper, we proposed the concept of DC micro-grid, ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 20, NO.2,2005,7 14831492 and showed one system configuration and control methods [3] Robert H. Lasseter and Paolo Paigi, "Microgrid: A Conceptual for and generators. Simulation results for power converters and generators. Simulation results Solution", 35th Annual IEEE Power Electoronics Specialists demonstrated that the dc voltage can be controlled at a Conference, Germany, 2004, pp. 4285-4290 constant value, even if the gas engine cogeneration system in [4] Masaki Saisho, Toshifumi Ise and Kiichiro Tsuji, "DC loop type quality control center for FRIENDS-system configuration and circuits the micro-grid is turned-on and turned-off, and the power factor correctors", Transmission and Distribution Conference iscmce oordsonof micro-grid micro-grid iS connected to or disconnected from the bulk and Exhibition 2002: Asia Pacific. IEEE/PES, Volume 3, Oct. 2002, power system. Moreover, this system contributes load pp.2117-2122 leveling. This indicates that DC micro-grid gives good [5] Specifications and Applications of Electric Double Layer Capacitors "FARADCAP ", Shizuki Electric Co.,Inc, effects to the utility grid as well as the customers. htt://ww~hiukLo. enlis/faahml
power

converters