Clauses Millions Fin. VFs Phrases Word cl.

NP VP (v) of workers will be guaranteed

MC an extra eight days paid holiday a year.

NP Noun

Cardinal number

Prep

Noun

(v)

(v)

Indef. Art.

Adj. used Attribut.

Cardinal number

Noun

(v) Non-finite Full verb

Indef. art.

Noun

Finite 2 auxiliary 3 p. plural

rd nd

Non-finite Prim. auxiliary Bare infinitive

Non-finite Full verb Past participle

Past participle

Future Simple, non-perfective, non-continuous, passive Functions Subject Predicator Direct Object

Clauses

MC

SC

The Fin. VFs Phrases

secondary

school

headmaster

expelled

the

pair

after

the

police

had

intervened.

NP

VP

NP

NP

VP

Word cl.

Def. art

Ordinal number

Noun

Gen.

Noun

(v) Finite 3 p. sing Past simple Active Full verb Non-perf. Non-cont.
rd

Def. art

Pair

Subor. Conj.

Def. art

Noun Prim. Aux. Finite 3 p. plural

rd

(v)

(v) Non-finite Full verb Past part.

Past Perfect Simple, non-continuous, active

Functions

Subject

Pred.

DO

Adverbial Adjunct of Time Subject Predicator

Clauses

SC1

SC2

If Fin. VFs Phrases Word cl.

he

had

gone

into

the

computer

business

when

he

left

school,

NP

VP

Prepositional Phrase

NP

VP

NP

Subor. Conj.

Pers. pronoun Finite

(v)

(v)

Prepos.

Def. art.

Noun

noun

Compound noun Non-finite Full verb Past participle

Subor. Conj.

Pers. pronoun Finite Full verb 3 p. singular Past Simple

rd

(v)

noun

Primary auxiliary 3 p. singular

rd

Past Perfect Simple, non-continuous, active

Non-continuous Non-perfective Active Functions S Pred Adverbial adjunct of Condition/Time Prep. Object Adv. Adj. of Time S Pred DO

Clauses he Fin. VFs Phrases Word cl. NP VP would have been a

MC comparatively rich man now.

NP Adverb

AdvP

Pers. Pron.
rd

(v) Finite 3 p. sing 2 aux.

nd

(v) Non-finite (bare) infinitive Prim. Aux.

(v) Non-finite Past participle Copula

Indef. Art.

Adjective

Noun

Adverb

Past Perfect Simple, non-continuous, active Adv. Adj. Functions S Predicator Complement to the Subject Of Time

Clauses

MC

SC

The Fin. VFs Phrases NP

notice

had

been

put

there

by

four

unhappy

children

who

did

nt

want

VP

AdvPh Or: Prep. Ph.

Prepositional phrase NP Part icle VP (v)

Word cl.

Def. Art. Finite

Noun

(v)

(v)

(v)

Adverb

Prep.

Card. Number

Adjective

Noun

Non-finite Past-participle

Full verb Past-participle Non-finite

Primary auxiliary 3 p. singular

rd

Relative Pronoun/ Subordin. Conjunct.

(v)

Finite Past simple 3 p. pl. negative

rd

Full verb Non-finite bare infinitive

Past perfect continuous, passive, non-perfective

Non-perfective,

Functions

Pred

Adv. Adj. Place/ Agent

Subject of he passive construction

Clauses to Fin. VFs Phrases VP Word cl. Prep. Ph. Prep be taken on holiday to

(SC1) Bournemouth by their parents.

(continuing) Prepositional Phrase Prep. Ph. Prep. Ph.

(v) Non-finite To-infinitive Primary auxiliary

(v) Non-finite Full verb Past participle

Adv. Particle /prep.

Noun

Noun/proper name

Prep. Agent

Pos. pronoun

Noun

(Non-perfective), non-continuous, passive Functions Subject of he passive construction

Cls

MC

MC2

He F VFs

was

backed

by

governors,

but

an

independent

appeals

panel

overturned

the

decision

on

technicality

Phrs

NP

VP

Prep. Ph. Coord Conj.

NP

VP

NP Noun Prep

Prep. Ph. Ind. Art. Noun

W cl.

Pers. Pron.

(v)

(v)

Adv. Conj Agent

Noun

Ind. Art.

Adjective

Compound noun

(v) Finite Full verb 3 p. sing Past simple Non-cont. Non-perf. Active
rd

Def. Art.

Finite Prim. Aux. 3rd p. sing

Non-finite Full verb Past-Participle

Simple Past, non-perfective, non-continuous, passive

Fns

Pred.

Adv Adj Agent

Pred

DO

Prep. Object

Clauses

MC3

SC

and
Fin. VFs

ruled

that

the

boys

should

return

to

the

1300 -

pupil

comprehensive.

Phrases

VP

NP (v) Finite 2 aux. 3 p. plural Past Simple Active

rd nd

VP

Prepositional Phrase

Word cl.

Coord. Conj. Finite Full verb

(v)

Subord. Conj.

Def. Art.

Noun

(v) Non-finite Full verb Bare inf.

Prep.

Def. Art.

Card. Number

Noun

Noun

3 p. singular Past Simple Non-continuous Non-perfective Active Pred S

rd

Functions

Direct Object Pred Prepositional Object

Cls

SC1

SC2

While
F VFs

England

began

to

dilute

its

comprehensive

system

almost

as

soon

as

it

was

established

Phrs

NP

VP Poss. Pron.

NP

AdvPh

NP pers pron Finite Prim. Aux. 3 p. sing.

rd

VP (v) (v) Full verb Non-finite Past part.

W cl.

Subord. Conj.

Pr. Name Finite Past Simple 3 p. singular

rd

(v)

part icle Full verb Non-finite

(v)

Adjective

Noun

Adverb

Subord. Conj.

To-infinitve

Non-perfective Non-continuous Active Adverbial Adjunct of Time S Pred DO Adv Adj

Past Simple, non-continuous, non-perfective, passive

Fns

Adverbial Adjunct of Time S Pred

Cls

MC Finland was further developing its ideal of the common school.

F VFs

Phrs

NP

VP

Adv. Phr.

VP

NP

W cl.

Pr. Name

(v) Finite Primary auxiliary

Adverb

(v) Full verb Non-finite Present participle

Pos. pron.

Noun

Prep.

Def. art.

Adj.

Noun

3 person singular Past simple

rd

Past continuous, active, non-perfective S Pred. Pred. DO

Fns

Adv. Adj. degree

Cls

SC (to both MCs)

MC1

As
F VFs

Sahlberg

acknowledges,

Finland

has

nt

abolished

competition

Phrs

NP

VP

NP

VP

NP

W cl.

Subordin. conjunction

Proper noun Finite

(v) Full verb Present simple 3 p. singular Active Non-perfective Non-continuous

rd

Proper noun

(v) Finite Prim. Aux. 3 . p. sing.

rd

Particle

(v) Non-finite Full verb Past participle

Noun

Coordin. conjunction

Present perfect, active, non-continuous

Fns

Adv. adjunct of comparison/degree

Predicator

DO

Cls

MC2 it has just moved it to a different part of the system.

F VFs

Phrs

NP

VP

Adv. Ph

VP

NP

Prepositional Phrase Definite Article Noun

W cl.

Pers. pronoun

(v) Finite

Adverb

(v) Non-finite Full verb past-participle

Personal Pronoun

Prep.

Indef. article

Adjective

Noun

Prep.

Prim. Auxiliary 3 p. singular

rd

Simple perfect, active, non-continuous

Fns

Pred.

Adv.adj Time

Pred.

DO

Adv. Adjunct of Place

Cls

MC He is an odd, diffident sort of ambassador,

F VFs

Phrs

NP

VP

NP

W cl.

Personal pronoun

(v) Copula Finite 3 p. singular present simple

rd

Indefinite article Non-perfective non-continuous Active

Adjective

Adjective

Noun

Preposition

Noun

Fns

Pred.

Complement to the subject

Cls

SC1 omitted who/that is spreading the message about the Finnish miracle

F VFs

Phrs

VP

NP Noun

W cl.

Subord. conjunction

(v) Finite Prim. Aux. 3 p. sing.

rd

(v) Full verb Non-finite Present part.

Definite article

Noun

Prep.

Definite article

Adjective

Present continuous, non-perf., active Complement to the subject Predicator Complement to the subject

Fns

Cls

SC2 omitted but who/that is not really believing in the data

F VFs

Phrs

Rel. Phr.

VP

Adv. Phr.

VP

Prepositional phrase

W cl.

Coordinating conjunction

Relative Pronoun

(v) Finite

Particle

Adverb

(v) Full verb Non-finite Present participle

Preposition

Definite article

Noun

Primary auxiliary 3rd p. singular

Present continuous, non-oerfective, active

Fns

Complement to the subject Pred. Adv.adj. of Degree Pred. Prepositional object

Cls

SC3 omitted that supposedly proves that

SC4

it

works.

F VFs

Phrs

Adv. Phrase

VP

NP

VP

W cl.

Subord. conjunction

Adverb Full verb Finite

(v)

Subord. conjunction 3 person singular Present simple

rd

Personal pronoun Non-perfective Non-continuous Active

(v)

Fns

Complement to the subject Prepositional object

S Adv. Adj. degree/manner Pred. DO S Pred.

Cls

MC His fear now is that Finland s educational

SC success is breeding complacency.

F VFs

Phrs

NP

AdvPh

VP

NP

VP (v) Non-finite Full verb Present participle

NP noun

W cl.

Poss. pron

Noun

Adv. Adj. Of time

(v) Copula Finite

Subord. Conj.

Proper Name

Genit.

Adjective

Noun

(v) Finite Prim. Aux. 3 p. Sing.

rd

Present simple 3 p. singular Active Non-perfective Non-coninuous

rd

Fns