An Introduction to Microwave

Radio Link Design

SAF Tehnika A/S 2002
An Introduction to Microwave Radio Link Design
SAF Tehnika A/S 2002
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Table of Contents

1 Introduction............................................................................................. 3
2 Radio Link Engineering main steps .......................................................... 3
2.1 Make Path profile ................................................................................. 3
2.2 Calculate Free Space Loss (FSL) ............................................................. 4
2.3 Calculate Link Budget ........................................................................... 4
2.4 Calculate Fade Margin and Link Availability .............................................. 5
3 Rain Zone Map ......................................................................................... 6
4 SAF Tehnika A/S Contacts........................................................................ 7
An Introduction to Microwave Radio Link Design
SAF Tehnika A/S 2002
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1 Introduction
Radio Link engineering begins by doing a link budget analysis. A given radio
system has a system gain that depends on the design of the radio and the
modulation used. The gains from the antenna at each end are added to this gain.
Larger antennas provide higher gain. The free-space loss of the radio signal as it
travels over the air is then subtracted from the system: the longer the link the
higher the loss.
The energy of microwave radio signals is absorbed by rain; rain can cause an
outage if enough energy is absorbed so that the receiver loses the signal. The
engineering of radio links to accommodate the effects of rain attenuation is based on
ITU or Crane global rain models. These models are derived from meteorological
observations combined with the attenuation.
These calculations result in a fade margin for the link. Anything that affects
the radio signal within this margin will be overcome by the radio; if the margin is
exceeded, then the link could go down. The next step, then, is to analyze
impediments that could potentially affect the radio signal.
The goal is to get good availability and performance.
2 Radio Link Engineering main steps
1

2.1 Make Path profile
A Path Profile is a graphical representation of the path traveled by the radio
waves between the two ends of a link. The Path Profile determines the location and
height of the antenna at each end of the link, and it insures that the link is free of
obstructions, such as hills (Microwave radio link must be on Line-of-sight (LOS)),
and not subject to propagation losses from radio phenomena, such as multipath
reflections.
The endpoints of link must have unobstructed radio line-of-sight. Radio line-of-sight
is not the same as optical line-of-sight (that is, the ability to see one end of a link
from the other). Microwaves have a lower frequency than visible light and, therefore,
behave differently in response to environmental conditions. Radio line-of-sight
requires more clearance than optical line-of-sight to accommodate the
characteristics of microwave signals. An electromagnetic wave does not travel in a
straight line: the wave spreads out as it propagates. Also, the individual waves that
make up a radio signal do not travel at the same phase velocity. A French physicist,
Augustin Fresnel, defined the propagation of a radio wave as a three-dimensional
elliptical path between the transmitter and receiver. Fresnel divided the path into
several zones based on the phase and speed of the propagating waves.
The size of each Fresnel Zone varies based on the frequency of the radio signal
and the length of the path. As frequency decreases, the size of the Fresnel Zone
increases. As the length of the path increases, the size of the Fresnel Zone also
increases. A Fresnel Zone radius is greatest at the midpoint of the path. Therefore,
the midpoint requires the most clearance of any point in the path.

1
This is only an overview of steps required to ensure successful installation. This material will help to
make rough calculation. In order to get accurate calculation it is recommended to entrust it to qualified
planning experts.
An Introduction to Microwave Radio Link Design
SAF Tehnika A/S 2002
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2.2 Calculate Free Space Loss (FSL)
Before determine if a link is feasible, at first the Free Space Loss must be
calculated.
Free Space Loss is the expected attenuation of a signal as it travels away from the
transmitting device. When a signal radiates from the antenna, it spreads out over an
increasingly larger distance. As the area covered increases, the power density (or
the amount of power per unit area) decreases. This effectively weakens the radio
signal.
FSL=32.44 + 20lgF + 20lgD
Where:
F= frequency, MHz
D= distance between link endpoints, km
2.3 Calculate Link Budget
Receiver Sensitivity (Rx)
The minimum RF signal power level required at the input of a receiver for certain
performance (e.g. BER).
EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power)
The antenna transmitted power. Equal to the transmitted output power minus cable
loss plus the transmitting
antenna gain.
P
out
= Output power of transmitted in dBm
Ct =Transmitter cable attenuation in dB
Gt =Transmitting antenna gain in dBi
Gr= Receiving antenna gain in dBi
FSL =Path loss in dB
Cr =Receiver cable attenuation is dB
Si =Received power level at receiver input in dBm
Ps =Receiver sensitivity is dBm
Si = P
out
- Ct + Gt - FSL + Gr - Cr
EIRP = P
out
- Ct + Gt
An Introduction to Microwave Radio Link Design
SAF Tehnika A/S 2002
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Link Budget Calculation
EIRP = Pout - Ct + Gt
FSL = 32.4 + 20xLog F(MHz) + 20xLog R(Km)
Si = EIRP - FSL + Gr - Cr
The received signal power should be above the sensitivity threshold.
Link Feasibility Formula
To determine if a link is feasible, compare the calculated Receive Signal Level (Si)
with the Receiver Sensitivity Threshold.
The link is theoretically feasible if
Si >= Rx
If the Receive Signal Level is greater than or equal to the Receiver Sensitivity
Threshold then the link may be feasible since the signal should be strong enough to
be successfully interpreted by the receiver.
2.4 Calculate Fade Margin and Link Availability
Fade Margin is the difference between the unfaded Receive Signal Level and the
Receiver Sensitivity Threshold. Each link must have sufficient Fade Margin to protect
against path fading that weakens the radio signals. Fade Margin is the insurance
against unexpected system outages.
Fade Margin is directly related to Link Availability, which is the percentage of time
that the link is functional. The percentage of time that the link is available increases
as the Fade Margin increases. A link will experience fewer system outages with a
greater Fade Margin. A link with little or no Fade Margin may experience periodic
outages due to path fading phenomena.
Climate Conditions and Path Fading
Path fading occurs more frequently in flat, humid environments than in rough, dry
locations. Therefore, a link in flat and humid area requires a greater Fade Margin to
achieve the same level of Link Availability as a link in a rocky and dry location. When
calculating link performance the Climate factor must be taken in consideration.
Climate factor
2.0
Maritime temperature, Mediterranean, coastal or high-humidity- and
temperature climatic regions.
1.5 Maritime sub-tropic climatic regions
1.0
Continental temperature climates or mid-latitude inland climatic regions with
average rolling terrain.
0.5 High dry mountainous climatic regions.
You may use SAF Tehnikas Performance Calculator to determine the amount of Fade
Margin required to achieve a desired level of Link Availability.
An Introduction to Microwave Radio Link Design
SAF Tehnika A/S 2002
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3 Rain Zone Map

An Introduction to Microwave Radio Link Design
SAF Tehnika A/S 2002
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4 SAF Tehnika A/S Contacts
Most up to date contacts of SAF Tehnika A/S could be found at Web site
www.saftehnika.com.
SAF Tehnika A/S technical support could be reached at:
- Email: techsupport@saftehnika.com
- Telephone: +371 7046840
- Fax: +371 7020009