Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

1. INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY MANAGEMENT 1.1 GENEREAL

In today s po!er scenario" !e are facing a ma#or po!er crunc$% &ay 'y day" t$e gap 'et!een demand and supply of electric energy is !idening% At present" t$e difference is a'out (%()" going up to a'out *2) in t$e pea+ period% Bridging t$is gap from t$e supply side is a very difficult and expensive proposition% Also" limited energy resources" scarcity of capital and $ig$ interest costs for t$e addition of ne! generation capacity is leading to t$e increased cost of electrical energy in India% T$e only via'le !ay to $andle t$is crisis" apart from capacity addition" is t$e efficient use of availa'le energy" !$ic$ is possi'le only 'y continuously monitoring and controlling t$e use of electrical energy% T$e rate at !$ic$ t$e energy demands and prices are increasing it may 'e impossi'le to pursue t$e present rate of development% &eveloping countries" li+e India" !ill 'e forced to retard its development , industriali-ation program for !ant of sufficient energy reserves% Besides t$is t$e environmental implications of $ap$a-ard energy utili-ation also need to 'e closely studied% In.efficient use of energy $as stretc$ed t$e glo'al environment to its limits as can 'e seen from unpleasant responses of t$e nature% /reen $ouse effect" acid rain" smog" deforestation" s$ift in climatic conditions" etc%" are some of t$e indications% Setting up additional generating capacities to meet increasing energy demands is not only a very expensive alternative 'ut also very time consuming approac$% Additional po!er plants" meaning additional pollution and furt$er degradation of t$e environment% 0$ile Energy Conservation" 'esides 'eing a 1uic+ and economical approac$ $as t$e potential to provide an effective solution to emerging environmental $a-ards% Considering t$e scenario of t$e Indian Industrial sector and its energy utili-ation efficiency" t$ere is urgent need to revie! manufacturing tec$nologies and t$e present energy management approac$% 2!ing to old and o'solete industrial tec$nologies and mac$inery t$e extent of energy !astage is very $ig$% Energy Conservation potential in t$e industrial sector of our nation $as 'een pro#ected 'et!een 30 to 40 )% Energy
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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

conservation measures range from simple good $ouse.+eeping practices to plant moderni-ation% To +no! extent of energy is 'eing !asted it is very essential to +no! !$at amount of energy is 'eing consumed% 6onitoring industrial energy utili-ation on continuous 'asis and relating it to t$e production is t$e first step of any energy conservation programme%

1.2 Energy Management

Energy 6anagement is t$e #udicious and effective use of energy to maximi-e profits 7minimi-e costs8 and en$ance competitive positions% T$e aim of energy management is to reduce t$e amount of energy a 'uilding consumes% /ood energy management starts from an understanding $o! a 'uilding uses energy% T$e next stage is to identify inefficiencies and agree actions to improve efficiency% T$ese actions need associated targets and ongoing monitoring to measure t$eir performance% Actions ta+en to improve efficiency can vary% Some cost not$ing" ot$ers are lo! cost and some re1uire greater investment% Some use tec$nology" ot$er focus on people 'ut good energy management !ill normally deliver savings t$roug$ a com'ination of met$ods% Improving energy efficiency can 'ring many 'enefits 9 :o!er energy costs 9 ;educed car'on 9 Better control 9Aids IS2 *400* accreditation 9 &emonstrates corporate 5 social responsi'ility emissions 9 Improved !or+ing conditions

1.3 Princip e! "# Energy Management

T$e principles of Energy 6anagement involve t$e follo!ing< =rocure all t$e energy needed at t$e lo!est possi'le price 7Example< 'uy from original sources" revie! t$e purc$ase terms8
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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

6anage energy use at t$e $ig$est energy efficiency 7Example< improving energy use efficiency at every stage of energy transport" distri'ution and use8 ;eusing and recycling energy 'y cascading 7Example< !aste $eat recovery8 >se t$e most appropriate tec$nology 7select lo! investment tec$nology to meet t$e present re1uirement and environment condition8 ;educe t$e avoida'le losses% 76a+e use of !astes generated !it$in t$e plant as sources of energy and reducing t$e component of purc$ased fuels and 'ills8

1.$ Energy Management %trategy

Energy management s$ould 'e seen as a continuous process% Strategies s$ould 'e revie!ed annually and revised as necessary% T$e +ey activities involved in t$e process are outlined 'elo!<

1.$.1 I&enti#y a %trategic C"rp"rate Appr"ac'

T$e starting point in energy management is to identify a strategic corporate approac$ to energy management% Clear accounta'ility for energy management needs to 'e esta'lis$ed" appropriate financial and staffing resources must 'e allocated" and reporting procedures initiated% An energy management program re1uires commitment from t$e !$ole organisation in order to 'e successful%

1.$.2 App"int Energy Manager

T$e energy manager" !$o s$ould 'e a senior staff mem'er" !ill 'e responsi'le for t$e overall coordination of t$e program and !ill report directly to top management% Energy managers need to $ave a tec$nical 'ac+ground" need to 'e familiar !it$ t$e organisation s activities and $ave appropriate tec$nical support%

1.$.3 %et (p an Energy M"nit"ring an& Rep"rting %y!tem

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

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Successful energy management re1uires t$e esta'lis$ment of a system to collect" analyse and report on t$e organisation s energy costs and consumption% T$is !ill ena'le an overvie! of energy use and its related costs" as !ell as facilitating t$e identification of savings t$at mig$t ot$er!ise not 'e detected% T$e system needs to record 'ot$ $istorical and ongoing energy use" as !ell as cost information from 'illing data" and 'e capa'le of producing summary reports on a regular 'asis% T$is information !ill provide t$e means 'y !$ic$ trends can 'e analysed and tariffs revie!ed%

1.$.$ C"n&(ct Energy A(&it

An energy audit esta'lis$es 'ot$ !$ere and $o! energy is 'eing used" and t$e potential for energy savings% It includes a !al+.t$roug$ survey" a revie! of energy using systems" analysis of energy use and t$e preparation of an energy 'udget" and provides a 'aseline from !$ic$ energy consumption can 'e compared over time% An audit can 'e conducted 'y an employee of t$e organi-ation !$o $as appropriate expertise" or 'y a specialist energy.auditing firm% An energy audit report also includes recommendations for actions" !$ic$ !ill result in energy and cost savings% It s$ould also indicate t$e costs and savings for eac$ recommended action" and a priority order for implementation%

1.$.) *"rma i+e an Energy Management P" icy %tatement

A !ritten energy management policy !ill guide efforts to improve energy efficiency" and represents a commitment to saving energy% It !ill also $elp to ensure t$at t$e success of t$e program is not dependent on particular individuals in t$e organi-ation% An energy management policy statement includes a declaration of commitment from senior management" as !ell as general aims and specific targets relating to< Energy consumption reduction 7electricity" fuel oil" gas" petrol etc%8 Energy cost reduction 7'y lo!ering consumption and negotiating lo!er unit rates8 Timeta'les Budgetary limits Energy cost centers 2rganisation of management resources%
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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

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1.$., Prepare an& Un&erta-e a Detai e& Pr".ect Imp ementati"n P an

A pro#ect implementation plan s$ould 'e developed as part of t$e energy audit and 'e endorsed 'y management% T$e plan s$ould include an implementation time ta'le and state any funding and 'udgetary re1uirements% =ro#ects may range from esta'lis$ing or c$anging operational procedures to ensure t$at plant and e1uipment use minimum energy" renegotiating electricity supply arrangements etc% to adopting asset ac1uisition programs t$at !ill reduce energy consumption% An overall strategy could 'e to introduce energy management pro#ects" !$ic$ !ill ac$ieve maximum financial 'enefits at least cost to t$e organisation%

1.$./ Imp ement a %ta## A0arene!! an& Training Pr"gram

A +ey ingredient to t$e success of an energy management program is maintaining a $ig$ level of a!areness among staff% T$is can 'e ac$ieved in a num'er of !ays" including formal training" ne!sletters" posters and pu'lications" and 'y incorporating energy management into existing training programs% It is important to communicate program plans and case studies t$at demonstrate savings" and to report results at least at *2.mont$ intervals% Staff may need training from specialists on energy saving practices and e1uipment%

1.$.1 Ann(a Re2ie0

An energy management program !ill 'e more effective if its results are revie!ed annually% ;evie! of energy management policy and strategies !ill form t$e 'asis for developing an implementation plan for t$e next *2 mont$s% India is a &eveloping nation% Its per capita Energy Consumption is very lo!% To ac$ieve Economic /ro!t$" !e need to 5 $ave to use more 5 more energy to increase t$e pace of development% 0e need to increase t$e manufacturing of good in ?uality 5 @olume% It is estimated t$at Industrial energy use in developing countries constitutes a'out 4A. A0 ) of t$e total commercial energy consumption% 6uc$ of t$is energy is converted
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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

from imported oil" t$e price of !$ic$ $as increased tremendously so muc$ so t$at most of developing countries spent more t$an A0 ) of t$eir foreign exc$ange earnings% Bot !it$ standing t$ese fiscal constraints" developing countries need to expand its industrial 'ase li+e us if it $as to generate t$e resources to improve t$e 1uality of life of its people% T$e expansion of industrial 'ase does re1uire an additional energy input !$ic$ 'ecomes more and more difficult in t$e present scenario% /eneration of po!er needs resources% ;esources availa'le on eart$ are of &iminis$ing Bature% It is getting depleted very fast !it$ time as use is increasing exponentially% T$ere are some resources" !$ic$ are ;ene!a'le e%g% Solar =o!er" 0ind =o!er and /eot$ermal =o!er% Tec$nology is also 'eing developed to $arness t$ese ;ene!a'le ;esources to generate =o!er% T$e capital investment re1uirement is very $ig$ as compared to normally availa'le resources% It can 'e 1uoted $ere t$at !it$ t$e availa'le tec$nology" !e could $ardly generate A) of total po!er generation as on date %Cence" to restrict t$e use or increase t$e life of diminis$ing type of resources% :et us see t$e ot$er aspect of life" !$ereas every'ody can t understand all tec$nical reasons or 'enefits of t$e !$ole !orld until $e $imself reali-es some 'enefit for $is action or efforts% In t$is competitive !orld" cost competitiveness is very very essential for survival of every individual% To esta'lis$ any !or+ , motive or tas+" energy in one or ot$er form is an essential component% T$us t$e need to conserve energy" particularly in industry and commerce is strongly felt as t$e energy cost ta+es up su'stantial s$are in t$e overall cost structure of t$e operation% Cence it calls for 6ABA/E6EBT 2D EBE;/E or in ot$er !ords 6ABA/E6EBT 2D ;ES2>;CES or EBE;/E C2BSE;@ATI2B% It 'ecomes clear from t$e a'ove data 5 statement t$at Energy needs to 'e 6anaged , ;esources needs to 'e managed irrespective of a &E@E:2=E& BATI2B or A &E@E:2=IB/ BATI2B%

1.) LITERATURE %UR3EY

In t$e existing transition period 'et!een an era of a'undance of relatively inexpensive electric energy and one in !$ic$ energy of all types is scarce expensive" increasing emp$asis is 'eing placed on innovative tec$ni1ues t$at improve t$e efficiency of generation " distri'ution and usage of electricity% T$e 'asic p$ilosop$y 'e$ind
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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

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&emand Side 6anagement seems to 'e t$at it is c$eaper to save a !att t$an to produce one% It is definitely more reasona'le, cost effective, easier to save t$an to increase production 'y one !att from current capacity% In a paper F*G By =%;avi 'a'u descri'es t$e application &emand Side 6anagement and descri'es ;esi-ing operation of transformer% In t$is paper t$e aut$or descri'es t$e pro'lem in a su'.station at Hurnool !$ere a transformer of $ig$ rating !as proposed a resi-ed and revised sc$edule% In t$e analysis it !as found t$at a smaller rating transformer !as more efficiently !or+ing !it$ $ig$er value of T>D% T$e energy loses !ere reduced to a maximum extent and moreover lo!er capacity of t$e transformer !as sufficient to meet t$e load% S%=%S ;ag$av and Jayant Sin$aF2G descri'es &emand Side 6anagement t$roug$ =o!er Sector reforms !$ere t$e met$ods adopted to reduce t$e transmission and distri'ution 'y *00) metering% >se of electronic meters" installation of capacitor 'an+s and $ig$ voltage distri'ution system etc% $ence t$ey conclude t$at strengt$ening of su' transmission and distri'ution net!or+ is extremely important in en$ancing efficiency and promoting demand side management% In &ecem'er *999 &r%C%=alanic$amyF3G descri'es t$e need for energy conservation for 'ot$ environmental and economical 'enefits% Dactor li+e limited fuel reserve" ageing" transportation" operational efficiency and environmental impact influence t$e generation of po!er% To overcome t$ese pro'lems restructuring of state electricity 'oard !$ere updating energy conservation plans every year and suggested incentives for rene!a'le energy sources !ere called for as a application of &S6% In t$e year 6ay *999 &r% 6%@%Hris$na ;ao F4G descri'es t$e usage of intelligent metering systems for revenue improvement% T$e universal pro'lem faced 'y all t$e utilities across t$e !orld is in ensuring t$e correct measurement of energy consumed is t$e commercial losses% T$e pro'lem is more acute in developing countries !$ere t$e losses may vary from *0.40)% T$ese losses are mainly due to !rong meter reading" defective metering" malpractice in usage of energy" persons indulging in pilferage% As a solution to t$ese pro'lems $e suggests usage of A6; s 7automatic meter reading8 and meter testing !$ic$ is a critical activity of distri'ution management as t$e utility $as suffered considera'le revenue loss due to non.testing of meters and allo!ing installation of meters !it$ errors%
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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

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2. ENERGY AUDIT
Energy Audit is t$e +ey to a systematic approac$ for decision.ma+ing in t$e area of energy management% It attempts to 'alance t$e total energy inputs !it$ its use" and serves to identify all t$e energy streams in a facility% It 1uantifies energy usage according to its discrete functions% Industrial energy audit is an effective tool in defining and pursuing compre$ensive energy management programme%

2.1 DE*INITION O* ENERGY AUDIT

As per t$e Energy Conservation Act" 200*" Energy Audit is defined as It$e verification" monitoring and analysis of use of energy including su'mission of tec$nical report containing recommendations for improving energy efficiency !it$ cost 'enefit analysis and an action plan to reduce energy consumptionJ%

2.2 NEED *OR ENERGY AUDIT

In any industry" t$e t$ree top operating expenses are often found to 'e energy 7'ot$ electrical and t$ermal8" la'our and materials% If one !ere to relate to t$e managea'ility of t$e cost or potential cost savings in eac$ of t$e a'ove components" energy !ould invaria'ly emerge as a top ran+er" and t$us energy management function constitutes a strategic area for cost reduction% Energy Audit !ill $elp to understand more a'out t$e !ays energy and fuel are used in any industry" and $elp in identifying t$e areas !$ere !aste can occur and !$ere scope for improvement exists% T$e Energy Audit !ould give a positive orientation to t$e energy cost reduction" preventive maintenance and 1uality control programmes !$ic$ are vital for production and utility activities% Suc$ an audit programme !ill $elp to +eep focus on variations !$ic$ occur in t$e energy costs" availa'ility and relia'ility of supply of energy" decide on appropriate energy mix" identify energy conservation tec$nologies" retrofit for energy conservation e1uipment etc%

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

In general" Energy Audit is t$e translation of conservation ideas into realities" 'y lending tec$nically feasi'le solutions !it$ economic and ot$er organi-ational considerations !it$in a specified time frame% T$e purpose of Energy Audit is to determine !ays to reduce energy consumption per unit of product output or to lo!er operating costs% Energy Audit provides a I'enc$. mar+J 7;eference point8 for managing energy in t$e organi-ation and also provides t$e 'asis for planning a more effective use of energy t$roug$out t$e organi-ation% SJBIT as a professional college $as 4 undergraduate courses and 3 postgraduate courses !it$ a full time !or+s$op" computer centers and ot$er la's% It $as CT connection !it$ &iesel /enerator set 'ac+up !it$ many >=S systems% College is a developing institution !it$ plans to start researc$ centers and some more =/ courses% Heeping t$ese points into consideration energy audit on t$is institution plays a vital role to optimi-e t$e cost of energy and maintenance cost%

2.3 O45ECTI3E%
T$e institute s annual energy 'ill $as crossed 20 la+$s !e aim to conserve *0. *A) of its energy consumption !$ic$ !ould result in savings of a'out 2 la+$ annually% To prepare a single line diagram of t$e distri'ution system for t$is institution%% To study t$e existing energy utili-ation pattern of t$e institution% To suggest energy conservation opportunities for optimum utili-ation of energy%

2.$ TYPE% O* ENERGY AUDIT

T$e type of Energy Audit to 'e performed depends on< Dunction and type of industry &ept$ to !$ic$ final audit is needed" and =otential and magnitude of cost reduction desired T$us Energy Audit can 'e classified into t$e follo!ing t!o types% i8 =reliminary Audit
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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

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ii8 &etailed Audit

2.$.1 PRELIMINARY ENERGY AUDIT

=reliminary energy audit is a relatively 1uic+ exercise to< Esta'lis$ energy consumption in t$e organi-ation Estimate t$e scope for saving Identify t$e most li+ely 7and t$e easiest areas for attention Identify immediate 7especially no.,lo!.cost8 improvements, savings Set a Kreference point Identify areas for more detailed study,measurement =reliminary energy audit uses existing" or easily o'tained data

2.$.2 DETAILED ENERGY AUDIT

A compre$ensive audit provides a detailed energy pro#ect implementation plan for a facility" since it evaluates all ma#or energy using systems% T$is type of audit offers t$e most accurate estimate of energy savings and cost% It considers t$e interactive effects of all pro#ects" accounts for t$e energy use of all ma#or e1uipment" and includes detailed energy cost saving calculations and pro#ect cost% In a compre$ensive audit" one of t$e +ey elements is t$e energy 'alance% T$is is 'ased on an inventory of energy using systems" assumptions of current operating conditions and calculations of energy use% T$is estimated use is t$en compared to utility 'ill c$arges% &etailed energy auditing is carried out in t$ree p$ases< =$ase I" II and III% =$ase I . =re Audit =$ase =$ase II . Audit =$ase
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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

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=$ase III . =ost Audit =$ase

2.$.2.1 DETAILED ENERGY AUDIT MET6ODOLOGY

Industry.to.industry" t$e met$odology of Energy Audits needs to 'e flexi'le% A compre$ensive ten.step met$odology for conduct of Energy Audit at field level is presented 'elo!% Energy 6anager and Energy Auditor may follo! t$ese steps to start !it$ and add,c$ange as per t$eir needs and industry types%

Ta7 e 2.1 Ten !tep! #"r &etai e& energy a(&it

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

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2.$.2.2 INITIAL %ITE 3I%IT AND PREPARATION RE8UIRED *OR DETAILED AUDITING
An initial site visit may ta+e one day and gives t$e Energy Auditor,Engineer an opportunity to meet t$e personnel concerned" to familiari-e $im !it$ t$e site and to assess t$e procedures necessary to carry out t$e energy audit% &uring t$e initial site visit t$e Energy Auditor,Engineer s$ould carry out t$e follo!ing actions< . &iscuss !it$ t$e site s senior management t$e aims of t$e energy audit% &iscuss economic guidelines associated !it$ t$e recommendations of t$e audit% Analyse t$e ma#or energy consumption data !it$ t$e relevant personnel% 2'tain site dra!ings !$ere availa'le L 'uilding layout" steam distri'ution" compressed air distri'ution" electricity distri'ution etc%
Tour t$e site accompanied 'y engineering,production

2.$.2.3 T6E MAIN AIM% O* T6I% 3I%IT

To finalise Energy Audit team To identify t$e main energy consuming areas,plant items to 'e surveyed during t$e audit% To identify any existing instrumentation, additional metering re1uired% To decide !$et$er any meters !ill $ave to 'e installed prior to t$e audit eg% H0$" steam" oil or gas meters% To identify t$e instrumentation re1uired for carrying out t$e audit% To plan !it$ time frame

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

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To collect macro data on plant energy resources" ma#or energy consuming centers To create a!areness t$roug$ meetings, programme

2.$.2.$ T6E IN*ORMATION TO 4E COLLECTED DURING T6E DETAILED AUDIT INCLUDE%

Energy consumption 'y type of energy" 'y department" 'y ma#or items of process e1uipment" 'y end.use 6aterial 'alance data 7ra! materials" intermediate and final products" recycled 6aterials" use of scrap or !aste products" production of 'y.products for re.use in ot$er industries" etc%8 Energy cost and tariff data =rocess and material flo! diagrams /eneration and distri'ution of site services 7E%g% compressed air" steam8% Sources of energy supply 7e%g% electricity from t$e grid or self.generation8 =otential for fuel su'stitution" process modifications" and t$e use of co. generation Systems 7com'ined $eat and po!er generation8% Energy 6anagement procedures and energy a!areness training programs !it$in t$e esta'lis$ment% Existing 'aseline information and reports are useful to get consumption pattern" production cost and productivity levels in terms of product per ra! material inputs% T$e audit team s$ould collect t$e follo!ing 'aseline data< Tec$nology" processes used and e1uipment details Capacity utilisation Amount 5 type of input materials used 0ater consumption Duel Consumption
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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

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Electrical energy consumption Steam consumption 2t$er inputs suc$ as compressed air" cooling !ater etc ?uantity 5 type of !astes generated =ercentage re#ection , reprocessing Efficiencies , yield It is important to plan additional data gat$ering carefully% Cere are some 'asic tips to avoid !asting time and effort< 6easurement systems s$ould 'e easy to use and provide t$e information to t$e accuracy t$at is needed" not t$e accuracy t$at is tec$nically possi'le 6easurement e1uipment can 'e inexpensive 7flo! rates using a 'uc+et and stop!atc$8 T$e 1uality of t$e data must 'e suc$ t$at t$e correct conclusions are dra!n 7!$at grade of product is on" is t$e production normal etc8 &efine $o! fre1uent data collection s$ould 'e to account for process variations% 6easurement exercises over a'normal !or+load periods 7suc$ as startup and s$utdo!ns8 &esign values can 'e ta+en !$ere measurements are difficult 7cooling !ater t$roug$ $eat exc$anger8

2.$.3 IDENTI*ICATION O* ENERGY CON%ER3ATION

OPPORTUNITIE%
*(e !(7!tit(ti"n9 Identifying t$e appropriate fuel for efficient energy conversion
Energy generati"n: Identifying Efficiency opportunities in energy conversion

e1uipment,utility suc$ as captive po!er generation" steam generation in 'oilers" t$ermic fluid $eating" optimal loading of &/ sets" minimum excess air com'ustion !it$ 'oilers,t$ermic fluid $eating" optimising existing efficiencies" efficienct energy conversion e1uipment" 'iomass gasifiers" Cogeneration" $ig$ efficiency &/ sets" etc%

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

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Energy &i!tri7(ti"n: Identifying Efficiency opportunities net!or+ suc$ as transformers" ca'les" s!itc$gears and po!er factor improvement in electrical systems and c$illed !ater" cooling !ater" $ot !ater" compressed air" Etc% Energy (!age 7y pr"ce!!e!9 T$is is !$ere t$e ma#or opportunity for improvement and many of t$em are $idden% =rocess analysis is useful tool for process integration measures%

2.$.$ TEC6NICAL AND ECONOMIC *EA%I4ILITY

T$e tec$nical feasi'ility s$ould address t$e follo!ing issues M Tec$nology availa'ility" space" s+illed manpo!er" relia'ility" service etc T$e impact of energy efficiency measure on safety" 1uality" production or process% T$e maintenance re1uirements and spares availa'ility

2.$.) CLA%%I*ICATION O* ENERGY CON%ER3ATION MEA%URE%

Based on energy audit and analyses of t$e plant" a num'er of potential energy saving pro#ects may 'e identified% T$ese may 'e classified into t$ree categories: *% :o! cost L $ig$ returnN 2% 6edium cost L medium returnN 3% Cig$ cost L $ig$ return Bormally t$e lo! cost L $ig$ return pro#ects receive priority% 2t$er pro#ects $ave to 'e analy-ed" engineered and 'udgeted for implementation in a p$ased manner% =ro#ects relating to energy cascading and process c$anges almost al!ays involve $ig$ costs coupled !it$ $ig$ returns" and may re1uire careful scrutiny 'efore funds can 'e committed% T$ese pro#ects are generally complex and may re1uire long lead times 'efore t$ey can 'e implemented%

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities TA4LE 2.2 GUIDELINE TO PRIORITI%E RECOMMENDED MEA%URE

2009

Pri"rity A ; G""& 4 ;May 7e

Ec"n"mica *ea!i7i ity 0ell defined and attractive 0ell defined and only marginally accepta'le =oorly defined and marginally unaccepta'le Clearly not attractive

C ;6e & D ;N"

Tec'nica *ea!i7i ity Existing tec$nology ade1uate Existing tec$nology may 'e updated" lac+ of confirmation Existing tec$nology is inade1uate Beed ma#or 'rea+t$roug$

Ri!- : *ea!i7i ity Bo ;is+, Cig$ly feasi'le 6inor operating ris+,6ay 'e feasi'le &ou'tful Bot feasi'le

2.$./ ROLE O* ENERGY AUDITOR%

To carryout detailed energy audit% To 1uantify energy consumption and esta'lis$ 'ase line energy information% To construct energy and material 'alance% To perform efficiency evaluation of energy and utility systems% To compare energy norms !it$ existing energy consumption levels% To identify and priorities energy of saving measures% To recommend energy efficient tec$nologies and alternate energy sources% Energy Efficiency pro#ects $ave t$e follo!ing cost components% Energy Audit c$arges% Consultancy fees for a detailed pro#ect report% Consultancy c$arges for implementation of pro#ect% Cost of mac$inery" including cost of retrofitting,renovating" modification of existing items" 6iscellaneous assets for esta'lis$ing a monitoring system and C$arges for monitoring t$e energy efficiency on long term 'asis%

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3. DEMAND %IDE MANAGEMENT

&emand.side management 7&S68 refers to cooperative activities 'et!een t$e utility and its customers 7sometimes !it$ t$e assistance of t$ird parties suc$ as energy services companies and various trade allies8 to implement options for increasing t$e efficiency of energy utilisation" !it$ resulting 'enefits to t$e customer" utility and society as a !$ole%

3.1 4ene#it! "# t'e D%M initiati2e!

Benefits of t$e &S6 initiatives are manifold a fe! of t$em is listed 'elo!%

3.1.1 C(!t"mer 7ene#it!

Satisfy electricity demands% ;educe, sta'ili-e cost 7'ills8% Improve value of service% Improve lifestyle and productivity%

3.1.2 %"cieta 7ene#it!

;educe environmental degradation% Conserve resources and protect glo'al environment% 6aximi-e customer !elfare%

3.1.3 Uti ity 7ene#it!

:o!er cost of service% Improve operating efficiency and flexi'ility%
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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

;educe capital needs% Improve customer service% T$e implementation of &S6 programs in India is li+ely to< Improve t$e efficiency of energy systems% ;educe financial needs to 'uild ne! energy facilities 7generation8% 6inimi-e adverse environmental impacts% :o!er t$e cost of delivered energy to consumers% ;educe po!er s$ortages and po!er cuts% Improve t$e relia'ility and 1uality of po!er supply%

3.2 Imp ementing D%M

&S6 programs are utility and customer specific% Digure 'elo! descri'es various steps involved in implementing a &S6 initiative% *ig(re 3.1 !'"0ing !tep! in D%M pr"gram

Steps in typical &S6

Step *< :oad ;esearc$

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

T$is stage in t$e &S6 implementation !ill typically assess t$e customer 'ase" tariff" load profile on an $ourly 'asis and !ill identify t$e sectors contri'uting to t$e load s$ape% T$is step !ill also identify pea+ load contri'utors%

Step 2< &efine load.s$ape o'#ectives Based on t$e results of t$e load researc$ in t$e utility" &S6 teams define t$e load s$ape o'#ectives for t$e current situation% @arious load.s$ape o'#ectives . =ea+ Clipping 7reduction in t$e pea+ demand8" @alley Dilling 7increased demand at off. pea+8" :oad S$ifting 7demand s$ifting to non.pea+ period8" and :oad Building 7increased demand8 are possi'le% T$ese are represented in figure 'elo!% *ig(re 3.2 L"a&;!'ape tec'ni<(e!

Specific descriptions of load.s$ape o'#ectives are s$o!n 'elo! 6eaning of load.s$ape o'#ective =ea+ Clipping . t$e reduction of utility load primarily during periods of pea+ demand

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

@alley.Dilling . t$e improvement of system load factor 'y 'uilding load in off. pea+ periods :oad S$ifting . t$e reduction of utility loads during periods of pea+ demand" !$ile at t$e same time 'uilding load in off.pea+ periods% :oad s$ifting typically does not su'stantially alter total electricity sales% Conservation . t$e reduction of utility loads" more or less e1ually" during all or most $ours of t$e day :oad Building . t$e increase of utility loads" more or less e1ually" during all or most $ours of t$e day Dlexi'le >tility :oad S$ape . refers to programs t$at set up utility options to alter customer energy consumption on an as.needed 'asis" as in interrupti'le, curtaila'le agreements% Step 3< Assess program implementation strategies T$is step !ill identify t$e end.use applications t$at can 'e potentially targeted to reduce pea+ demand" specifically in sectors contri'uting to system pea+% T$is step !ill also carry out a detailed 'enefit.cost analysis for t$e end.users and t$e utilities" including analysis of societal as !ell as environmental 'enefits% Step 4< Implementation Implementation stage includes program design for specific end.use applications" promotes t$e program to t$e target audience t$roug$ mar+eting approac$es suc$ as advertising" 'ills and inserts" and focused group meetings 7specifically in case of commercial and industrial sector8% Step A< 6onitoring and Evaluation T$is step trac+s t$e program design and implementation and compares t$e same !it$ proposed &S6 goal set 'y t$e utility% A detailed 'enefit.cost analysis in t$is case includes identifying t$e avoided supply cost for t$e utility vis.O.vis t$e total program cost for t$e utilities and 'enefits to t$e participants including t$e reduced 'ills or incentives to t$e end.users%

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

$. Energy a(&it met'"&" "gy

T$e met$odology adopted for t$is audit !as %(r2eying p'a!e9 T$is involved visual inspection and data collection and o'servations on t$e general condition of t$e facility and e1uipment and 1uantification% Mea!(rement p'a!e9 T$is involved verification of energy consumption and ot$er parameters of load 'y measurements% Rec"mmen&ati"n! p'a!e9 &ata o'tained t$roug$ survey and measurement p$ase !ere analysed corrective measures $ave 'een recommended%

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

). %UR3EY DETAIL%
T$e first and t$e most important step in energy auditing is t$e survey of t$e campus% T$e aut$enticity of o'servation and recommendations made in energy audit depends on correctness of t$e information gat$ered t$roug$ survey% 0e started t$e survey !it$ follo!ing o'#ective< To collect t!elve mont$ energy 'ills of t$e institute to assess energy consumption pattern in different mont$s t$roug$ t$e year% To dra! t$e single line diagram of t$e distri'ution system of t$e institute% To identify different +inds of loads connected in t$e institute along !it$ t$eir 1uantity and electrical specification% 0it$ a'ove details to estimate t$e total connected load" in terms of !attage" in t$e campus% To study t$e condition of connected loads" !iring" 6CB" fuse etcP

).1 Ana y!i! "# energy 7i !

Energy consumption pattern of t$e college can 'e gauged t$roug$ t$e study of energy 'ills of preceding mont$s% It t$ro!s lig$t on several important aspects li+e maximum po!er demanded 'y t$e college in a particular mont$N overall operating po!er factor of t$e loads in t$e collegeN penalties" if any" paid 'y t$e college for lo! operating po!er factor or for exceeding t$e contract demand etcP Cence" t$e energy 'ills of

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

last t!elve mont$s of t$e college !ere collected for analysis 'earing in mind t$e a'ove factors% Extracts of energy 'ill is presented in t$e form of ta'le%

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

).1.1 O4%ER3ATION% *ROM ENERGY 4ILL%

T$e energy tariff applica'le to t$e institute is CT27B8 T$e amount of po!er t$at t$e supplier 7BESC268 $as agreed to ma+e availa'le for delivery to t$e college and !$ic$ t$e college $as agreed to purc$ase is 200+va i%e% College $as agreed for a contact demand of 200+va from supplier 7BESC268% If t$e maximum po!er demanded 'y college exceeds C& in any mont$ institute is lia'le to pay penalty% *A0+va" !$ic$ is QA) of C&" is t$e 'ase value for !$ic$ demand c$arges $as to 'e paid at rate of ;s 200,+va% If t$e maximum demand exceeds C& t$en demand c$arges is on t$at value and not on *A0H@A 7QA) 2D C&8% In t$e last t!elve mont$s t$e maximum demand recorded !as *2*+va" in mont$ of Bovem'er" 200( and t$e demand !as minimum at (3+va" in t$e mont$ of January" 200(% T$is is 'ecause Bovem'er 'eing mont$ in middle of t$e semester and January 'eing vacation period% Also" since maximum demand in any mont$ $as not exceeded *A0+va 7QA) of C&8 option of reduction in C& from 200+va to *A0+va can 'e considered% T$is !ould result in savings of demand c$arges%

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

Grap' ).1 !'"0ing ma=im(m &eman& "# 12 m"nt'! "# prece&ing year

140 120 100 MD 80 60 40 20 0 Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

In no mont$ $as t$e po!er factor gone 'elo! t$e recommended value of 0%9%

T$is s$o!s t$at loads in college are operating at a $ealt$y po!er factor and installation of any po!er factor improving devices is not necessary.

Grap' ).2 !'"0ing 2ariati"n "# p"0er #act"r t'r"(g' t'e year

Total annual energy c$arges of t$e institute amounts to ;s 20"(Q"(R0,. 7;upees t!enty la+$ eig$ty seven t$ousand eig$t $undred and sixty only8%

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

).2 Tari## &etai !

T$e collage $as opted for CT27B8 +ind of tariff T$e demand c$arges are calculated at t$e rate of ;s 200,+va% T$e minimum amount of demand c$arge is levied on QA) of contract demand !$ic$ !ould amount to ;s 30000,mont$% If t$e maximum po!er demanded 'y t$e institute exceeds QA) of C& t$en t$e demand c$arges are calculated on t$is maximum demand and not on t$e QA) of C& If t$e po!er demand of t$e institute exceeds C& i%e% 200 +va t$en t$e 1uantum of increase in demand is c$arged at t$e rate of *%A time s normal rate per +va i%e% at ;s 300,+va If t$e operating po!er factor of t$e institute is 'elo! t$e recommended value of 0%9 t$en for every po!er factor reduction 'y 0%0* t$en surc$arge of 3 paisa per units levied on total unites consumed

).3 DETAIL% O* DI%TRI4UTION %Y%TEM O* T6E IN%TITUTE

T$e institute $as a 2A0+va" **+v,433v distri'ution transformer !$ic$ is energi-ed 'y a **+v feeder from BESC26 su'station% T$e institute also $as *2A+va diesel generator as 'ac+up %t$e institute $as t!o :T 'us% Bus* feeds EEE 'loc+" IS 5 CS 'loc+" administrative 'loc+" $ostel" canteen" pump sets and street lig$ting% Bus2 feeds SJB College of nursing" B/S Sc$ool and commercial complex% :T 'us* $as a generator 'ac+up% T$e single line diagram of t$e distri'ution system of t$e campus is given 'elo!%

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

*ig(re ).1 !'"0ing !ing e ine &iagram "# &i!tri7(ti"n !y!tem "# camp(!

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

).$ LOAD DETAIL%

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

T$e loads connected in campus can 'e generally classified into follo!ing types< :ig$ting load% Dan% Computers" printers" and p$otocopiers% =ump sets% Electrical mac$ine la'% 6o'ile communication to!ers% &etails of t$ese loads $ave 'een given in su'se1uent sections%

).$.1 LIG6TING LOAD

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

Ta7 e ).2 Type "# L"cati"n

Detai ! "# ig'ting "a& %peci#icati"n T"ta 0attage >-0?

8(antity

ig'ting

Classroom Staffroom :a's :i'rary Dluoresce nt tu'e lig$t 6ess Corridor Classroom CD: Sodium vapour lamp Calogen lamp Street lig$ting Staffroom 2ffice Street lig$ting Costel

*RA A0 **0 Q2 2A0 A0 R0 AA *A 30 R0 *A0! 23! 3R!,fitted !it$ electromagnetic 'allast%

A%94 *%( 3%9R 2%R 9 *%( 2%*R *%23 0%34A 0%R9 9

*R

*00!

*%R

Total !attage

3Q%(A

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

).$.1.1 O4%ER3ATION%
6ostly" fluorescent tu'e lig$ts and CD:s are used for classroom and ot$er general purpose lig$ting% T$e institute totally $as QAQ fluorescent tu'e lig$t in various classrooms" staffrooms" la's" li'rary and $ostel% All of !$ic$ are fitted !it$ electromagnetic 'allast and eac$ !it$ a !attage of 40!% Institute totally $as *00 CD:s in classrooms" staffrooms and office% Eac$ CD: is of 23! rating% T$ere are R0 sodium vapour lamps used for street lig$ting and anot$er 20 lamps used for same purpose% Calogen lamp used for stage lig$ting in seminar $all% Total lig$ting load is 3Q%(A+!%

).$.2 *an "a& Ta7 e ).3 Detai ! "# #an "a& L"cati"n 8(antity %peci#icati" n T"ta 0attage >-0? Classroom Staffroom :a's
&ept of E5E" SJBIT" Bangalore

*A2 A4 *20 Q0!,fitted

*0%R4 3%Q( (%4

34

Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

!it$ :i'rary Costel 6ess A0 *20 20 electronic regulator 3%A (%4 *%4

).$.2.1 O4%ER3ATION%
T$ere are A*R num'er of fans in t$e institute all fitted !it$ electronic regulator% 6ost of t$e regulators don t $ave t$e +no' to vary t$e speed of t$e fan% Cence t$ey run at maximum speed irrespective of t$e needs% Total fan load amounts to 3R%*2 +!%

).$.3 COMPUTER% PRINTER% AND P6OTOCOPIER% ).$.3.1 COMPUTER%

Ta7 e ).3$ L"a& L"cati"n 8(antity *itte& 0it' pr".ect"r. *itte& 0it' CRT m"nit"r. Computers Classroom 2A . *itte& 0it' LCD m"nit"r. . Detai ! "# c"mp(ter! "a& %peci#icati"n *itte& 0it' pr".ect"r. *itte& 0it' CRT m"nit"r. *itte& 0it' LCD m"nit"r. 4%A T"ta 0attage >-0?

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

Staffroom :a's :i'rary Costel *0 *RA 22 40 24A A( **0 Total !attage *(0! *30! R0! 3%Q

2009

3R%*A R%34 R%R AQ%29

).$.3.2 PRINTER%
Ta7 e ).) Detai ! "# printer! L"a& L"cati"n 8(antity La!er D"t matri= =rinters 2ffice :a's *A *0 *A Total !attage 2A0! . Rating La!er D"t matri= 2A0! 2A0! T"ta 0attage >-0? R%2A 3%QA *0

).$.3.3 P6OTOCOPIER%
Ta7 e )., &etai ! "# p'"t"c"pier!% L"a& L"cati"n 8(antity Rating T"ta 0attage >-0? 2ffice =$otocopier :i'rary Stores 3 * * *%A+! 4%A *%A *%A Q%A

Total !attage

).$.3.$ O4%ER3ATION%
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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

T$ere are a'out RAQ computers in various departments and in office" of t$em 4A3 are fitted !it$ :C& monitors" *9Q are fitted !it C;T monitors and 2A !it$ over $ead pro#ectors% 6ost of t$e computers in 'ro!sing centre and in office are eit$er in on state or screensaver mode even !$en not in use% Students $ave a tendency to run many applications simultaneously% All printers and p$otocopiers remain on all t$roug$ t$e !or+ing $ours of t$e day and not only during printing,p$otocopying #o'%

).$.$ PUMP %ET%

Ta7 e )./ Detai ! "# p(mp !et! "a& % n" * 2 =umps used for !ater pumping =umps used in !ater treatment plant Total *00 Q4 L"a& T"ta 6P rating Q0 30 T"ta 0attage >-0? A2 22

).$.) MAC6INE LA4 DETAIL%

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

Ta7 e ).1 Mac'ine a7 &etai ! T"ta 0attage >0?

E<(ipment

Type

Rating!

D(ty ;cyc e

8(ant ity

&C s$unt motor &C s$unt motor

&C

220@,*3A,3C=, *A00rpm

S*

R%Q

&C

220@,22A,AC=, *A00rpm

S*

Q%4A

&C series motor &C compound motor Blo!ers

&C

220@,*0A,3C=, *A00rpm

S*

2%23

&C

220@,*4A,3C=, *A00rpm

S*

2%23

3.p$

4*A@,0%2AC=, 2Q00rpm

Effi R4)

*%A

AC sync$ronous motor Induction motor Induction motor

3.p$

4*A@,R%AA,AC=, *A00rpm

3%Q2

3p$ ,cage motor 3.p$, slip ring motor *.p$

4*A@,4%RA,3C=, *A00rpm 4*A@,rotor. 20A,stator. 9A,AC=,9AArpm 220@,*0%AA,2C=, *440rpm

Effi Q9)

**%*(

3%Q2

Induction motor Transformer Transformer

*%A

*.p$ 3.p$

2H@A, *<* AH@A, 440@,*<* Total !attage

Q 3

A%R

4A%(R
38

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

).$., MO4ILE COMMUNICATION TO@ER%

T$e college $as rented out space for mo'ile service providers to erect mo'ile communication to!ers at t!o places. one in EEE 'loc+ and t$e ot$er in SJB College of nursing% Eac$ of t$ese to!ers consumes approximately 20+! of po!er and remains operational all t$roug$ t$e day%

).$./ 8UANTI*ICATION 4Y END U%E

T$e loads !ere segregated 'ased on t$e end use as lig$ting and fans" Computer,printers" !ater pumping" mac$ine la'" mo'ile to!ers% ?uantification" types and necessary measurements !ere carried out% T$e details are given $ere% *ig(re ).2 !'"0ing !egregati"n "# "a&

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

After total survey of t$e campus total connected load in t$e institute !as found to 'e 300+!

,. MEA%UREMENT% PER*ORMED

,.1 LIG6TING LOAD%

T$e energy consumption of DT:s 7Dluorescent Tu'e :ig$ts8 !$ic$ are commonly used in t$e campus is s$o!n 'elo!% Ta7 e ,.1 !'"0ing mea!(rement! #"r *TL in c a!!r""m!

*TL 0it' Magnetic c'"-e 3>2" t!? 224%3 I>Amp? 0%3A P>@? 4R%2 p# 0%A(

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

*TL 0it' E ectr"nic 7a a!t 3>2" t!? 22R%A I>Amp? 0%2 P>@? 3( p# 0%(3

Ta7 e ,.2 !'"0ing mea!(rement! #"r C*L in c a!!r""m!

C*L 3>2" t!? 22A I>Amp? 0%*2 P>@? 24 p# 0%(Q

De! of t$e lux measurements ta+en in t$e campus are as s$o!n 'elo!%

Ta7 e ,.3 L"cati"n EEE C2& s c$am'er EEE staffroom 6ac$ines la' Circuit simulation la'

Mea!(re& i (minati"n e2e at 2ari"(! "cati"n. @it' &ay ig't > (=? @it' &ay ig'tA ig't > (=? 33 34* *A3Q RQ2 R20 *(34 *R( RAR A4A **A RAR . (9A (93 2324 *(( (QA Q43
41

=o!er system simulation la' Classroom 20* Classroom *0A :i'rary Bro!sing centre
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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

Rec"mmen&e& i (minati"n e2e a! per EC4C !tan&ar&!9

Ta7 e ,.$ Rec"mmen&e& i (minati"n e2e Conference" reception room 2ffice Clerical !or+ Typing drafting 200.QA0lux Q00.*A00lux *000.2000lux

=ac+ing !or+" entrance passage *A0.300lux Dactory @isual !or+ at production line Electronics parts assem'ly line% =u'lic room Cotel ;eception" cas$ier Indoor stairs" corridor Store S$o! !indo!" pac+ing ta'le Dore front of s$o! !indo! Auditorium" indoor gymnasium Sc$ool,college Classroom :a'oratory" room% li'rary" 300.QA0lux *A00.3000lux *00.200lux 220.*000lux *A0.200lux QA0.*A00lux *A00.30000lux *00.300lux 200.QA0lux drafting A00.*A00lux

T$e lux levels are found to 'e less t$an t$e standard values in some places li+e EEE C2& s c$am'er" classrooms on front side of 'uilding%

,.2 *AN LOAD

=o!er consumption of ceiling fans !it$ electronic regulators !ere measured" it !as seen t$at it consumes A! more t$an its rated value Q0!% Ta7 e ,.) !'"0ing mea!(rement! #"r *an in c a!!r""m!

Cei ing *an

&ept of E5E" SJBIT" Bangalore

E ectr"nic Reg( at"r

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

*an Ta7 * 2 3 4

3>2" t!?

I>Amp?

P>@?

P.*

233%Q 233%R 233%*( 233%2

0%*4 0%24 0%%2R 0%%32A

*3 3Q 49 QA

0%3(A 0%RR 0%(*A 0%99

,.3 COMPUTER% AND PRINTER%

T$e po!er consumption 'y t$e computer and printer under different modes of operation are s$o!n 'elo!% Ta7 e ,., %'"0ing mea!(rement! per#"rme& "n c"mp(ter! an& printer! % n". E<(ipment M"&e "perati"n "# P"0er P"0er

c"n!(mpti"n #act"r >0?

* 2

C;T monitor C;T monitor 5 C=>

2n 2n

*04 *3A

0%A9R 0%R2

C;T monitor 5 C=>

Ci'ernate

0%2A

4 A

TDT monitor TDT monitor 5 C=>

2n 2n

3A RR

0%R2 0%RA

TDT monitor 5 C=>

Ci'ernate

0%3R

Q (

In+#et printer In+#et printer

2n =rinting

3 2A

0%39 0%A(
43

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

:aserJet printer7C= 2R0A8

2n

*(

0%4

*0

:aser #et printer7C= 2R0A8

=rinting

2AA

0%R4

**

:aserJet printer7=20*48

2n

0%3(

*2

:aserJet printer7=20*48

=rinting

4*0

0%Q

,.$ MEA%UREMENT O* P6A%E CURRENT%

=ractical t$ree p$ase circuits $ave to 'e c$ec+ed for load 'alancing so t$at it !ould result in uniform distri'ution of currents in individual p$ases% If not t$e performance of distri'ution system is seriously affected due to neutral s$ifting !$ic$ may $appen due to un'alance in t$e p$ases% To c$ec+ symmetrical distri'ution of load among t$ree p$ases" p$ase currents !ere measured in EEE 'loc+% T$e values recorded are ta'ulated 'elo!%

Ta7 e ,./ %'"0ing mea!(re& p'a!e c(rrent! % n". Time Ir>A? Iy>A? I7>A? * 09%0 0 2 *0%0 0 3 **%0 0 4 *2%0 0 A
&ept of E5E" SJBIT" Bangalore

23%2

**%Q

(%Q

2(%Q

9%9

**%A

2(%R

*R%A

*4%R

2(%0

*A%0

*4%A

*3%0

24%0

*4%0

*3%0
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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

0 Q *4%0 0 ( *A%0 0 3* *4%2 *R%2 32%2 *3%( *2%4

,.) MEA%UREMENT O* P6A%E 3OLTAGE%

Dor t$e optimal performance of electrical loads t$e voltage across t$em s$ould not vary 'eyond S,. A) of t$eir rated voltage% To c$ec+ t$e variation of voltage" p$ase voltages !ere measured at EEE 'loc+ of t$e college at different timings% T$e variation of voltage !as !it$in accepta'le limits% =$ase voltages measured is ta'ulated 'elo!%

Ta7 e ,.1 %'"0ing mea!(re& p'a!e 2" tage! % n" Time 3r>3? 3y>3? 37>3? * 09%0 0 2 *0%0 0 3 *2%0 0 4 *4%0 0 A *A%0 0 6ean 222%4 222%4 222 223 222 220 224 223 22A 220 220 22* 220 22* 220 22A 22R 224

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

2009

,., LOAD CUR3E

&aily load curve is a grap$ t$at depicts daily variation in load from time to time on an $ourly or $alf $ourly 'asis% It is plotted ta+ing loads on E axis and time on T axis% It $as great importance as it gives information on variation of load t$roug$ t$e day" maximum demand for t$e day" total energy consumption for t$e day" load factor and average load%

&aily load curve of t$e campus is s$o!n 'elo!% Grap' ,.1 !'"0ing t'e &ai y "a& c(r2e "# camp(!
120 100 80 kva 60 40 20 0 16 18 20 22 0 2 4 time 6 8 10 12 14 16

,.,.1 O4%ER3ATION% *ROM LOAD CUR3E

Consumption !as seen to 'e constant at 2R +va from *0 pm to R am% A sudden increase in consumption" from 2R +va to R( +va" !as seen at R am due to pumping% T$ere is a gradual increase in consumption from R am on!ards% It reac$es a pea+ value of *02 +va at 2 pm% T$is is due to start of la' sessions%

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

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Consumption again decreases from 4 pm to a value of RA +va and remains so till *0pm% Consumption is lo!est from *0 pm on!ards since street lig$ts and fan loads in $ostel are t$e only loads in operation% =ea+ demand for t$e day does not exceed even t$e QA) of contract demand%

,./ LOAD DURATION CUR3E

T$is is also a type of curve !$ic$ indicates t$e variation of load 'ut loads 'eing arranged in descending order of t$eir magnitude i%e% greatest load on t$e left" lesser load to!ards rig$t and least load to!ards extreme rig$t% Grap' ,.2 !'"0ing &ai y "a& &(rati"n c(r2e "# camp(!.

120 100 80 kva 60 40 20 0 14 12 10 8 6 16 18 20 time 4 2 0 22

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/. RECOMMENDATION%
2n perusal of t$e last t!elve mont$s energy 'ills of t$e college" it is o'served t$at maximum demand in any mont$ $as not exceeded QA) of contract demand% Cig$est maximum demand recorded is *2* +va !$ic$ is considera'ly less t$an *A0 +va !$ic$ 'eing t$e QA) of contract demand% But as per t$e tariff" demand c$arges are calculated on QA) of contract demand , maximum demand" !$ic$ever 'eing t$e $ig$est% Cence" t$e college $as 'een paying demand c$arges for QA) of contract demand even !$en its maximum demand is less t$an t$at% T$erefore it is strongly recommended college management s$ould consider for a reduction in contract demand from 200 +va to *A0 +va% T$is !ould result in savings of ;s 90"000,.7;upees ninety t$ousand only8 per year%

T$e illumination level in classrooms on t$e rear side of t$e 'uilding is found to 'e considera'ly $ig$er t$an t$e recommended illumination level and t$at on front side to 'e far less t$an t$e recommended values% T$erefore it is suggested t$at 23! CD:s used in classrooms on t$e rear side of t$e 'uilding 'e replaced !it$ *(! CD:s% T$is measure !ould also result in energy savings of *0(0 +!$ and t$e corresponding savings in energy c$arges% It is also
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suggested t$at all CD:s in classrooms on front side of 'uildings 'e replaced !it$ 3R! DT: to augment illumination level to t$e recommended values% =resently 3R! DT:s are used for corridor and staircase lig$ting% Since t$ese lig$ting are used for illuminating space at nig$t for visual and directional cues% A illumination level of *A0lux is sufficient for all purposes% T$erefore DT:s can 'e replaced !it$ *(! CD:s% T$is results in energy saving of 4QA2 +!$ and t$e corresponding savings in energy c$arges% All DT:s in college are fitted !it$ conventional electromagnetic 'allast" !$ic$ are inefficient in terms of energy consumption" !att loss is $ig$ 79.*2!8 !$en compared !it$ t$at fitted !it$ electronic 'allast" !$ic$ $ave !att loss of 2. 3!% T$erefore it is suggested t$at t$ey 'e replaced !it$ electronic 'allast% T$e savings in po!er !ould 'e a'out (.*0! per tu'e% Total savings in energy c$arges !ould 'e approximately a'out ;s R0"000,. 7;upees sixty t$ousand only8 per year and t$e pay 'ac+ period is a'out 2%A years% Electromagnetic 'allast $as t$ese disadvantages. *% 0att loss is $ig$ 79 to *20att8% 2% Starting is not instant% 3% &oes not !or+ at lo! voltage% 4% =%D% is very lo! 70%R lagging8% A% Surges are generated during starting%

Electronic 'allast $as t$ese advantages. *% 0att losses are very lo! 72.3 !att8% 2% Instant start" no need of starter% 3% 0or+s satisfactorily at lo! voltage 7*A0.2Q0@8 4% =%D% is $ig$ 7not less t$an 0%98%
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Existing ceiling fans !ere found to 'e dra!ing QA! of as against t$eir rated value of Q0!% Assuming duty cycle of R $ours per day fan load alone consumes (3"A92+!$ of energy per year% If t$ey are replaced !it$ more energy efficient fans" !$ic$ consumes maximum of A0!" considera'le savings in energy 72Q"(R4+!$8 is possi'le% As energy efficient fans are costlier t$an t$e conventional ones" pay'ac+ period !ould 'e long" a'out Q%A years% But in t$e long run t$ey !ould prove to 'e economical% T$ere are *9Q computers in t$e college fitted !it$ C;T monitors% A C;T monitor consumes a'out (0.*00! !$ereas a TDT monitor consumes 2A.30! i%e% C;T monitors consumes approximately Q0! more t$an TDT monitors% Assuming an operating period of R $ours saving in energy ac$ieva'le after replacing C;T monitors !it$ TDT monitors !ould 'e 29"Q(R+!$ per year and savings in energy c$arges !ould 'e ;s *"44"4R4,. 7;upees 2ne la+$ forty four t$ousand four sixty t!o only8 per year !it$ a pay 'ac+ period of R%R years% It !as o'served during t$e survey t$at all computers in 'ro!sing center" office and la's 7during la' sessions8 are left idle !it$ screensavers !$ic$ !ould not result in any saving of po!er% Instead" if energy saving po!er settings is adopted in t$ese computers reasona'le amount of energy could 'e saved% Co!ever" it is advisa'le to s$ut do!n t$e systems !$en t$ey are not re1uired to 'e used for long periods% It !as also o'served t$at printers" p$otocopiers and pro#ectors !ere +ept in stand.'y mode all t$roug$ !or+ing $ours of t$e day and not turned on only !$en need arises% T$is is resulting !astage of energy as t$ese devices consume an average of Q.*0! of po!er even in stand.'y mode% Cence" it is recommended to turn on t$em only !$en need arises

T$ese a'ove recommendations $ave 'een presented in follo!ing ta'le%

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Ta7 e ,.1 Rec"mmen&e& mea!(re! #"r imp ementati"n % n" Rec"mmen& mea!(re Energy !a2ing! : year -0' * ;eduction in contract demand from 200 +va to *A0 +va% 2 ;eplacing 23! CD: !it$ *(! CD:% 3 ;eplacing DT: lig$ts in corridors !it$ *(! CD:% 4 ;eplacing DT: !it$ electromagnetic 'allast !it$ electronic 'allast% *2"3Q2 R0"000 *"A0"3R0 2%A years 4"QA2 23"04Q 9"000 A mont$s *"0(0 A"23( *0"000 *%9 years . 90"000 . . %a2ing! in R! : year Capita in2e!tme nt in R! %imp e pay 7acperi"&

;eplacing all existing ceiling fans !it$ energy efficient fans% 2Q"(R4 *"3A"*40 *0"32"00 0 29"Q(R *"44"4R4 9"(A"000 R%R years Q%A years

;eplacing C;T monitors !it$ TDT monitors%

Adopting energy saving

*2"2(A

A9"A(2

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

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po!er settings for computers% ( Bot to +eep printers" p$otocopiers and pro#ectors in stand.'y mode% 230 *"*A0 . .

1. ENERGY MANAGEMENT %TRUCTURE

In order to streamline t$e use of energy in t$e SJBIT campus and to ensure its efficient utili-ation" !e propose t$ree possi'le energy management structures% A final decision on t$e type of energy management structure suita'le for t$e institute s$ould 'e ta+en 'y t$e Institute management% Appointment of an Energy 6anager for t$e institute" !it$ suita'le experience and a proven trac+ record% T$e person s$all 'e responsi'le for t$e day to day energy conservation activities% Be! staff s$ould 'e allotted to t$e Energy 6anager or some staff mem'ers from Electrical 6aintenance Section 'e made responsi'le to $im,$er% An annual revie! of t$e energy performance of t$e institute is to 'e performed and a certain percentage of t$e 1uantified savings 'e s$ared !it$ t$e Energy 6anager% T$e Executive Engineer 7Electrical8 s$ould $imself ta+e over t$e responsi'ility of ensuring efficient energy use on t$e campus% T$is !ill ensure prompt implementation of measures% T$is system may also re1uire additional staff% A performance related incentive in t$e form of a 'onus can 'e provided to t$e Electrical 6aintenance staff 'ased on savings ac$ieved% Dormation of an Institute level committee $eaded 'y t$e =rincipal to revie! t$e implementation of energy conservation measures% All departments and section $eads s$ould su'mit a annual report of compliance for revie! and action% Sections, departments not ac$ieving savings to 'e penali-ed and suita'le incentives may 'e given to t$e performing departments%
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An annual revie! of t$e implementation of t$e energy saving measures s$ould 'e ta+en up and performance s$ould 'e monitored% A report of t$e same s$ould 'e sent to t$e =rincipal% Electrical energy consumption s$ould 'e made a su'#ect in t$e Institute 'udget !it$ separate $eads for departments and $ostels% Energy performance can 'e a 'asis for providing incentives to $ostels and departments%

B. CONCLU%ION
0e $ave ac$ieved our o'#ective of saving more t$en *A ) of annual energy c$arges t$roug$ t$is audit% Implementation of all t$e recommended measures can 'ring a'out a t"ta !a2ing "# ar"(n& R!. ).1 a-'! per yearC i%e% 24) of t$e present electricity 'ill% T$e total investment re1uired !ould 'e to t$e extent of ;s% *2%AQ la+$s and an a2erage !imp e pay7ac- peri"& "# ar"(n& 3./1 year!. 0e $ope t$at t$ese recommendations are implemented%

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APPENDID;A
PROCEDURE *OR MEA%UREMENT ILLUMINATION LE3EL

6easurement of room lengt$ K: " !idt$ K0 and mounting $eig$t KCm !as made% Calculation of ;oom Index" ;I U:90 , 7Cm97: S !88% Based on ;oom Index" minimum num'er of illuminance measurement points re1uired !as determined from 'elo! ta'le and t$ese points !ere evenly distri'uted in t$e room% R""m in&e= ;I V * * V ;I V 2 2 V ;I V 3 ;I W 3 N(m7er "# mea!(ring p"int! ( *( 32 A0

Illumination !as measured at t$ese points using cali'rated lux meters% T$e average of t$ese values of measured illuminance at all points is calculated% If E*" E2"P" En are illuminance measurements at points *"2"P%" n t$en Average illuminance" Eav U E*SE2 SE3 S P%%S En ,B
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APPENDID;4
CALCULATION O* PAY4ACE PERIOD *OR *TL @IT6 ELECTRONIC 4ALLA%T
DT: !it$ magnetic c$oc+ consumes 4R! DT: !it$ electronic 'allast consumes 3(! Saving in po!er per tu'e is U 4R.3( U (! Assuming an operating period of R $our per day annual energy savings is U (9Q*R9R9300,*000 U *2"3Q2+!$% 7assuming 300 days of operation8 Savings in energy c$arges per year U *23Q294%(A U ;s R0"000,. Cost per electronic 'allast is ;s 2*0,. Total capital investment U 2*09Q*R U ;s *"A0"3R0,. Simple pay'ac+ periodU *A03R0,R0000 U 2%A years

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APPENDED F C
CALCULATION O* PO@ER %A3ING IN COMPUTER%

*"rm( a (!e&9 Total energy consumed for eac$ setting U Bo of computers x &uty cycle x 24 x Average po!er x Bo of operating days in a year% T$ere are RA0 computers in institute and t$ey consume a'out 3! in sleep mode% In operation t$ese computers consumes a'out RR!% 0e $ave assumed * $r as t$e period during !$ic$ computers are idle i%e% not in use per day% If in t$is period energy saving po!er settings are adopted t$en energy saved per year is U 7RR.389*9RA09300,*000 U *2"2(A+!$ Savings in energy c$arges is U *22(A94%(A U;s A9"A(2,.

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

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APPENDID;D
LI%T O* IN%TRUMENT% U%ED *OR MEA%UREMENT%
L(= meter.$aving range to measure illumination level from *.*"00"000lux" cali'rated to standard incandescent lamp at color temperature 2(ARH%

C amp "n meter. It is a true ;6S" porta'le instrument% It measures 'ot$ AC and &C" R00@ AC and (00@ &C" 2000A%

P"0er #act"r meter; $aving range of 0%A.* lag Llead%

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Energy Audit of SJBIT Campus to explore energy conservation opportunities

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4I4LIOGRAP6Y

*% =% ;avi Ba'u IApplication of demand side management technique applied to a sub station to improve the power quality and energy efficiency- a case studyJ% 2% S%=%S ;ag$av IEnergy efficiency and demand side management through power sector reforms. 3% &r% C% =alanic$amy IRestructuring the Indian power sector with energy conservation as the motive for economic and environmental benefitsJ% 4% &r% 6%@% Hris$na ;ao I;evenue improvement from intelligent metering systemJ% A% /eneral Electric and lig$ting products" !!!%gelig$ting%com,na,$omeXlig$ting,products,energyXsmart R% 2fficial !e'site of t$e Bureau of Energy Efficiency" /ovt% of India" !!!%'eeindia%nic%in Q% &etailed information and case studies on energy audits" !!!%energymanagertraining%com (% !!!%en%!i+ipedia%org,!i+i,EnergyXaudit 9% 0e'site of t$e 6inistry of =o!er" $ttp<,,po!ermin%nic%in,distri'ution,energyXaudit *0% T$e Energy Conservation Act" 200*" $ttp<,,po!ermin%nic%in,actsXnotification,energyXconservationXact,index%$tm **% 0e'site of t$e /u#arat Energy &evelopment Agency" /u#arat" $ttp<,,geda%org%in
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*2% Bon conventional energy sources . /%&%;ai LHanna$ pu'lications

140 120 100 80 60 40 20

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