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Speed of Sound

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Compared to most things you study in the physics lab, sound waves travel very fast. It is fast enough that measuring the speed of sound is a technical challenge. One method you could use would be to time an echo. For example, if you were in an open field with a large building a quarter of a kilometer away, you could start a stopwatch when a loud noise was made and stop it when you heard the echo. You could then calculate the speed of sound.

Measure how long it takes sound to travel down and back in a long tube. Determine the speed of sound. Compare the speed of sound in air to the accepted value.

MATERIALS

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computer Vernier computer interface Logger Pro Vernier Microphone thermometer or Vernier Temperature Probe

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OBJECTIVES

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Figure 1 tube, 12 meters long book or cap to cover end of tube meter stick or tape measure (optional) dog training clicker
Vernier Software & Technology

PRELIMINARY QUESTION
1. How fast is sound? Does it seem to be instantaneous? Refer to your own experience as a basis for your answer. 2. What is an echo? When you hear an echo, is there a delay between making a sound and hearing the echo? Why do you think that is? 33 - 1

Physics with Vernier

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To use the same technique over short distances, you need a faster timing system, such as a datacollection interface. In this experiment, you will use this technique with a Microphone connected to an interface to determine the speed of sound at room temperature. The Microphone will be placed next to the opening of a hollow tube. When you make a sound by snapping your fingers next to the opening, the computer will begin collecting data. After the sound reflects off the opposite end of the tube, a graph will be displayed showing the initial sound and the echo. You will then be able to determine the round trip time and calculate the speed of sound.

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PROCEDURE
1. Connect the Vernier Microphone to Channel 1 of the interface. 2. Use a thermometer or Temperature Probe to measure the air temperature of the classroom and record the value in the data table. 3. Open the file 33 Speed of Sound in the Physics with Vernier folder. A graph of sound pressure vs. time will be displayed. 4. Close the end of the tube. This can be done by putting on a cap or standing a book against the end so it is sealed. Measure and record the length of the tube in your data table. 5. Place the Microphone as close to the end of the long tube as possible, as shown in Figure 1. Position it so that it can detect the initial sound and the echo coming back down the tube. 6. Click to center waveforms on the time axis. 7. Click to begin data collection. Snap your fingers or click the dog training clicker near the opening of the tube. This sharp sound will trigger the interface to begin collecting data. 8. If you are successful, the graph will resemble the one in Figure 2. You may not see a third reflection. The first peak is the initial sound, the second is the first reflection, and the third is a second reflection. Repeat data collection if necessary. Click Examine, . Determine the time interval between the start of the first vibration and the start of the echo vibration. Do this by dragging from the start of the sound to the start of the echo, as shown in Figure 2. In the data table, record the time interval displayed on the graph.

Figure 2 9. Repeat the measurement for a total of five trials.

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Physics with Vernier

Speed of Sound

DATA TABLE
Length of tube Temperature of room Total travel time (s) m C

Trial 1 2 3 4 5 Average Speed (m/s)

ANALYSIS
1. Calculate the average time interval between the sound and its echo using the time intervals in your data table. 2. Calculate the speed of sound. Remember that your time interval represents the time for sound to travel down the tube and back. 3. The accepted speed of sound at atmospheric pressure and 0C is 331.5 m/s. The speed of sound increases 0.607 m/s for every C. Calculate the speed of sound at the temperature of your room and compare your measured value to the accepted value.

EXTENSIONS
1. Repeat this experiment, but collect data with a tube with an open end. How do the reflected waves for the closed-end tube compare to the reflections with an open-end tube? It might be easier to see any changes by striking a rubber stopper held next to the opening instead of snapping your fingers. Explain any differences. Calculate the speed of sound and compare it to the results with a tube with a closed end. 2. This experiment can be performed without a tube. You need an area with a smooth surface. Multiple reflections may result (floor, ceiling, windows, etc.), adding to the complexity of the recorded data. 3. Fill a tube with another gas, such as carbon dioxide or helium. Flush the air out with the experimental gas. For heavier-than-air gases, such as carbon dioxide, orient the tube vertically and use a sealed lower end. Invert the tube for lighter-than-air gases. 4. Use this technique to measure the speed of sound in air at different temperatures.

Physics with Vernier

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Computer 33 5. Develop a method for measuring the speed of sound in a medium that is not a gas.

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Physics with Vernier

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THIS IS AN EVALUATION COPY OF THE VERNIER STUDENT LAB.

This copy does not include:

Safety information Essential instructor background information Directions for preparing solutions Important tips for successfully doing these labs

The complete Physics with Vernier lab manual includes 35 labs and essential teacher information. The full lab book is available for purchase at: www.vernier.com/pwv

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