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Impact loading on body structure during a car crash; Punching force on sheet metal in a stamping process; Impact force on electrical chips when an iPhone is dropped on the ground; Impact force on the head when a person falls on the ground.
2. Implicit
More costly (need to do stiffness matrix inversion at each increment); Much more accurate in stress calculation (enforce equilibrium iteration at each increment); Applies to many more element types; Not practical for dynamic analysis of very large model.
Stability condition
Time increment used in an explicit analysis must satisfy a stability condition. Otherwise, the solution becomes unstable the displacements will oscillate with increasing amplitudes.
: material density.
Mass scaling
Artificially increase material density by a factor of f2. Reduce the total time period of the event from T to T/f. Has exactly the same effect on inertia forces as speeding up the time of simulation. Can be used for rate-dependent materials. Must be used with care to ensure that the inertia forces do not dominate and change the solution.
General contact
Is a different contact algorithm other than contact pair algorithm. Can be defined either as model data or history data, while contact pair can only be defined as model data. Allows very simple definitions of contact with very few restrictions on the types of surfaces involved; Can be used simultaneously with the contact pair algorithm (i.e., some interactions can be modeled with the general contact algorithm, while others are modeled with the contact pair algorithm); Can be used only with three-dimensional surfaces; Can be used only in mechanical finite-sliding contact analyses.
Further include contact between surf_2 and surf_3. Further exclude surf_c as self-contact.
Energy output
It is particularly important in checking the accuracy of the solution in an explicit dynamic analysis. The artificial energies, such as the artificial strain energy (ALLAE), the damping dissipation (ALLVD), and the mass scaling work (ALLMW) should be negligible compared to real energies such as the strain energy (ALLSE) and the kinetic energy (ALLKE). In a quasi-static analysis the value of the kinetic energy (ALLKE) should not exceed a small fraction of the value of the strain energy (ALLIE).
t (s)
0.5
Square-box beam (aluminum alloy, 2.5mm thick) 500 MPa 311 MPa Steel support (1mm thick, elastic)
0.12
Result