Name:

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I. Lab Safety (Pg. 669 671, Lab Safety Contract) 1. What is the most important rule to follow in the science lab? __Follow your teachers instructions__________________________________ 2. What is the best eye protection when you are using heat, chemicals or glassware in an experiment? __Safety goggles________________________________________________________________ 3. What should you do before you plug in any electrical equipment? ___Make sure everything is dry and Make sure the plug and cord are not frayed _____________ 4. What should you do if you spill any chemicals in the science lab? ___Tell your teacher immediately____________________________________________ II. Scientific Inquiry and Measurement Pages 10-16. 1. The purpose of scientific inquiry is to answer a question or to solve a __problem____________. 2. Explain why an experiment needs to have many constant variables. __So you will know exactly what caused the change in your dependent variable. Everything else must be controlled 3. Why does an experiment only ever have ONE independent variable? __You only test one independent variable at a time so you will know what affect it has on the dependent variable, if any. _______________________________________________ 4. What is the reading on this graduated cylinder? Please use the correct unit of measurement! 43 ml

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5. What is the reading on this triple beam balance? And again, use the correct unit of measurement! 208.5 g

For his science project Sam decided to test the effect of a vitamin on the growth of radish seeds. Sam thought that if vitamins helped the nutrition and growth of humans, then vitamins would help the growth of the radish seeds by making more of the seed sprout. Sam planted 5 radish seeds in 100 grams of soil and added 10 ml of water to the soil. In his second group, Sam planted 5 more radish seeds in 100 grams of soil, but this time he crushed a multivitamin and dissolved it in 10 ml of water, then he used the vitamin water to water the second set. Both groups were placed by a sunny window. After one week, Sam observed that only one radish seed in the vitamin solution germinated (sprouted) and that four out of five seeds in soil with plain water germinated. a. What is the question Sam is trying to answer?___Will a vitamin make radish seeds grow better by making more sprout._______________ b. What is Sams hypothesis? Please use an if/then format. __If I add a vitamin to the water used on radish seeds, then more radish seeds will sprout._ c. Identify 4 constant variables in the experiment. 1) Number of seeds 2) Type of seeds 3) Amount of soil 4) Sunny window

d. What is the independent variable in this experiment?_Vitamin or no vitamin in the water._ e. What is the dependent variable in this experiment? The number of seeds that sprouted.__ f. What are the results of this experiment?_With the vitamin = 1 out of 5 seeds sprouted___ __No vitamin = 4 out of 5 seeds sprouted.________________________________

g. What conclusion can you draw from this experiment? The vitamin does not help. 2

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5. In general, (that means, dont use Sams experiment) how does the independent variable affect the dependent variable? ___ The independent variable is what causes the change in the dependent variable.

6. What is the difference between an observation and an inference? __An observation is something you notice with your five senses. An inference is making sense out of what you observed by using your prior knowledge. _______________________

7. Look at the picture to the right and decide if each of the following statements is an observation (O) or an inference (I). a) The wagon has bundles of paper in it. O b) The girl behind the wagon has her hair in a ponytail. O c) The two kids are recycling the papers. I

5. A baby weighing 10 Newtons is lifted out of his crib a distance of 2 meters. How much work is done? Work = force x distance _Work = F x d = 10N x 2m = 20 Joules___________________________________ 6. What are the two factors that determine if work has been done? ____If an object moved some distance in the direction the force was applied. __________ 7. The standard unit for work is the _joule_____________. III. Graphing 1. When you are graphing, on which axis do you put the variables? Independent: x-axis Dependent: y-axis 2. How do you remember that? __DRY_____MIX____________ 3. What is the variable being measured on the x-axis?___Time_______________ 4. What is the unit of measurement on the y-axis?__meters______________

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IV. Chemistry of Living Things Pages 24, 26 30; Class Notes

1. Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. The basic building block of matter is a (an) atom. 2. What is an element? A substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance by chemical or physical means. 3. What is a molecule? A combination of two or more ATOMS bonded together. 4. Can a molecule contain more than one type of element? Yes. What do you call it if it contains two or more different elements? A compound 5. The following chemical equation explains what happens during this chemical reaction. Label the products and reactants.

2Mg

O2

2MgO Product

Reactant

6. What are the four types of organic compounds and what is their function in the body? 1. 2. 3. 4. Carbohydrates- main source of energy for cells Lipids- store large amount of energy in the body Proteins- build and repair cell parts Nucleic Acids- Stores genetic information for the body

7. Complete the following chart that compares organic and inorganic compounds. Total number of atoms in compound 6 5 55 Organic or Inorganic? inorganic inorganic organic

Compound KMnO4 Fe2O3 C22H22O11

Write the name of each element Potassium, Manganese, Oxygen Iron and Oxygen Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

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8. What is a macromolecule? A very large molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid, composed of many smaller units linked together. 9. Describe the two types of changes that matter can undergo and give an example of each. Change in Matter Definition Example A change that alters the form or Water freezes to become ice appearance of a substance but does not Physical
make the material into another substance. Ex: Water freezes to become ice A change in matter that produces new substances.

Chopping Wood, Tearing Paper Metal rusting

Chemical

V. Introduction to Living Things (Class Notes and pg. 672-673, pg. 336 339)

1. Identify the SEVEN characteristics that determine if something is living. a. Cellular organization d. Growth and development b. Chemicals of life e. Response to surroundings c. Energy use f. Reproduction g. HOMEOSTASIS 2. The basic structural unit of all living things is the cell. This means that it is the smallest unit of an organism that can perform life functions. 3. Please label the parts of the cell using the terms above. Plant Golgi Bodies E.R. Ribosome Cytoplasm Chloroplast
Chromosome Cell Membrane Mitochondria

Animal

Golgi Bodies E.R.

Vacuole

Nucleus

Ribosomes

Cytoplasm

Cell Wall

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Please name the following cell organelles based on their functions. a. Control center of the cell: Nucleus b. Found inside the nucleus, these always come in pairs and they contain the DNA chromosome c. Provides structure and support. Only found in plant cells. Cell Wall d. Surrounds the cell; determines what enters and leaves the cell. Cell membrane e. The thick, fluid material filling the cells that contains all of the organelles. Cytoplasm f. Jelly bean-shaped organelle that provides energy. The powerhouse of the cell. Mitochondria g. Stores food, water, or waste. Vacuole h. Contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis. Only found in plant cells. Chloroplast 4. The two main differences between the cells of a dog and the cells of the leaf from an oak tree is that the cells from the leaf contain a cell wall and chloroplasts. 5. Circle the following things that are made of cell(s). water spider bacteria rock air grass heat

6. What is the function of a microscope? To enhance your sense of sight. To see things that are too small to see just with your eyes. 7. If the eyepiece lens has a magnification of 10x and the objective lens has a magnification of 43x, what is the total magnification of that microscope? (10x X 43x= 430x) 8. A group of cells working together to perform a specific function form a tissue. 9. Put the following words in order from simple to most complex: organ, tissue, cell, organism, system Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism

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Identify the four types of tissues we studied this year. 10. This tissue covers and protects the cells that lie beneath it. Example: Your skin (also known as your epidermis) contains a lot of this type of tissue because it covers your entire body. Epithelial tissue 11. This tissue moves the parts of your body. Cells are controlled by electrical signals. Muscle tissue 12. This tissue contains cells called neurons that generate electrical impulses and transfer the impulses to other cells. This tissue is found in your brain, nerves, sense organs, and spinal cord. Nervous tissue 13. The cells of this tissue are spaced far apart. They may defend the body from invaders, act as a storehouse, or give support. Examples made of this tissue: Bones, blood, ligaments, and tendons. Connective tissue VI. Human Body Systems: Overview (Foldable) and Homeostasis (p.336-343) 1. What is homeostasis? The process by which an organisms internal environment is kept stable in spite of changes to the external environment.

2. Complete the concept map below by describing and giving examples for each of the three types of homeostasis. (Page 340 341) Homeostasis in Plants and Animals Water Balance Kidneys regulate in animals Plants have tiny holes in leaves Maintaining Temperature Humans have a regulatory mechanism to maintain stability; sweating and shivering Dogs pant Response to Stimulus Hunger is an internal stimulant Heat or noise are external stimuli

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3.

We explored several body systems this semester. Label the diagram below with the name of the system being represented by the following organs. Nervous System

Respiratory System

Circulatory System

Digestive System

Muscular System Skeletal System

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Please name each body system below based on their functions. 4. Gives shape and support to your body, Muscles attach to bones to provide movement, Protects your internal organs, Produces blood cells in some bones, and stores minerals such as Ca and P Skeletal 5. Coordinates the movement of your body Muscular 6. Breaks down food into molecules your body can use Digestive 7. Blood transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells, and CO2 and wastes away from the cells Circulatory 8. Brings oxygen into the body and removes CO2, also releases energy from glucose in the cells Respiratory 9. Removes waste products from the body Excretory 10. Protects against disease and the outside world, Regulates loss of water and body temperature, Makes Vitamin D (when you are in the sunshine) Integumentary 11. Produces and receives messages from all parts of the body. Nervous 12. Controls body functions with chemicals Endocrine 13. Helps the body defend itself against disease and infections Immune VII. Human Body Systems: Skeletal System (pages 336 343) 1. Please give the functions of the skeletal system. a. Gives shape and support to your body. b. Muscles attach to bones to provide movement. c. Protects your internal organs. d. Produces blood cells in some bones. e. Bones store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. 2. Bones are connected to bones by tough connective tissue called ligaments. 3. The place where two or more bones meet is called a joint. 4. The ends of the bones in a joint are covered with cartilage, which acts as a cushion to help prevent the bones from grinding together. 9

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5. Give an example of each of the following types of joints: a. pivot joint - Neck d. hinge joint knee, elbow b. gliding joint ankle, wrist c. fixed joint skull

e. ball and socket joint shoulder, hip

VIII. Human Body Systems: Muscular System (pages 352 356) 1. What is the function of the muscular system? To move your body. 2. What is a tendon? A strong connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone. 3. Name the three types of muscles and fill in the following chart.

Type of muscle Skeletal Smooth Cardiac

Example Biceps

Voluntary or Involuntary Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary

In your digestive system Heart

4. Label the diagram: bone (used 3 times!), muscle, tendon (used twice!)

Tendon

Muscle (Biceps)

Bone (ulna) Bone (radius)

Bone (Humerus) 5. Muscles only pull, they cannot push.

Tendon

6. Explain how your biceps and triceps muscles work together to let you raise a glass of water to your mouth using the terms contract and relax. Bend your arm to raise the glass = biceps contract, triceps relax; Extend arm = triceps contract, biceps relax 7. 10

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IX. Human Body Systems: Digestive System and Nutrition (pages 352 - 356) 1. Know how to read a food label. 2. What is the function of the digestive system? To break down food into molecules the body can use, to absorb those molecules, and to eliminate waste. 3. Mechanical digestion is the physical process that tears, grinds, and mashes large food particles into smaller ones. Chemical digestion is the process that breaks large food molecules into smaller molecules through use of fluids. 4. Refer to page 383 to review the structures of the digestive system. Trace the pathway of food as it travels through the organs of the digestive system, beginning with the mouth. Mouth esophagus stomach duodenum (this is where the liver, small intestine large intestine

gallbladder, and pancreas add materials)

5. The process of peristalsis moves food through the esophagus. 6. Food is absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestine 7. What do each of the following nutrients provide to the body? a. Proteins Raw materials for growth and repair of body cells, and used as enzymes b. Carbohydrates Main source of energy for your body c. Lipids Stored energy 8. Why is water so important to your diet? Do you get any energy from water? Water is the most important nutrient because the bodys vital processes, like digestion, take p lace in water. No, you cannot get energy from water. Water has zero calories. 9. Identify the following as either a chemical or physical change that occurs during digestion. Example Churning of food in the stomach Breaking down carbohydrates into starches with saliva Breaking food into smaller pieces using your teeth Pepsin helps to break down proteins in the stomach Pancreatic juices and other enzymes breakdown food in the small Chemical or Physical Physical Chemical Physical Chemical Chemical 11

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Bile breaking down fat

Physical

X. Human Body Systems: Respiratory System and Circulatory System (pages) 1. What are the 2 main functions of the respiratory system? 1. It brings in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide 2. It allows energy to be released from the cells 2. What is the main function of the circulatory system? It transports nutrients, oxygen and waste throughout the body 3. Fill in the chart Blood Vessel Artery Carry blood to from the heart Vein Allow for the exchange of gases Capillary Very thin walls Valves Function Carry blood away from the heart Structure Thick walls

4. Fill in the chart Blood Component Plasma Help blood form clots Platelets Fight infection/disease White Blood Cells Carry O2 on hemoglobin Red Blood Cells Smaller eukaryote Large prokaryote Pieces of a cell Function Transport nutrients Structure Liquid part of blood

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XI. Human Body Systems: Nervous System (pages _ 1. Label the nerve cell Dendrite Axon Tip Cell Body

Axon Nucleus 2. What is the difference between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system? The CNS is the brain and spine and the PNS is all of the nerves in the body 3. Define the following: Motor Neuron: A neuron that carries a message to the muscle causing it to react Sensory Neuron: A neuron that takes in information from the environment and makes it into a nerve impulse Interneuron: A neuron that carries a nerve impulse to the brain or back from the brain to the muscle

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