1.1 Introduction A switched capacitor is an electronic circuit element used for discrete time signal processing.

It works by moving charges into and out of capacitors when switches are opened and closed. Usually, non-overlapping signals are used to control the switches, so that not all switches are closed simultaneously. Filters implemented with these elements are termed 'switchedcapacitor filters'. Unlike analog filters, which must be constructed with resistors, capacitors (and sometimes inductors) whose values are accurately known, switched capacitor filters depend only on the ratios between capacitances. This makes them much more suitable for use within integrated circuits, where accurately specified resistors and capacitors are not economical to construct.

Fig. 1.1 Switched-capacitor resistor

The simplest switched capacitor (SC) circuit is the switched capacitor resistor, made up of one capacitor C and two switches S1 and S2 which connect the capacitor with a given frequency lternately to the input and output of the SC. Each switching cycle transfers a charge q from the input to the utput at the switching frequency f. We retained a switched capacitors based design. The compactness of switched capacitor designs, their low power consumption and the accuracy of calculation that they allow such devices to be ideal candidates for this class of integration. Indeed, on a large extent the results of the computations depend on the ratio of the capacitances used in these circuits. Hence the impact of technological dispersal is strongly reduced. Furthermore, much like sequential digital designs, switched capacitor circuits work in discreet time and supply memory elements, which makes their monitoring easy with the help of a digital sequencer. Moreover, this allows to save stages of time consuming digital to analog converters and silicon surfaceconsuming digital processing.

1.2 Problem Formulation A heart monitor, also known as a "heart rate monitor, gives the information about the current status of the heartbeat rate. There are many types of heart rate monitors available in the market. They vary in a large range of technology used, prices and specifications. Heartbeat sensors use an electronic micro-accelerometer, a small microprocessor and sophisticated software to detect the minute vibrations of a heartbeat. Some heartrate monitors are also classified according to their places of installations on the body like some are installed on earlobe, some on wrist or some are even installed inside. Their technology also differs accordingly. The major limitation however lies in the prices of the devices. Heart problem is one of the most common and serious ailment in the world. So it is not possible for every individual to buy one. As a result, casualties cannot be avoided. This results into sudden heart blockages and most of the time the patient does not survive. The major function of a heart rate monitor thus fails here.

1.3 Problem Solution

we, in this major project intend to solve this problem. For that we will be implementing the heartrate monitor using a switch capacitors. Use of switch capacitors will replace the market available expensive sensors and reduce the prices. This way the overall price of the device will get reduced and it can be afforded by common people easily.