Working with words The washing machine came to save the boring work of washing clothes manually.

The idioms below use names of items of clothing and accessories. Find out their meaning and use them to rewrite the phrases in bold in the sentences below. to be a stuffed shirt It?s in the bag! to fit like a glove to be in someone else's shoes at the drop of a hat to be hot under the collar - um says you crashed !ad's car last night. I wouldn't like to be in your situation - I can't stand the sight of that man. "e is such a pompous bore. - There is no reason for you to get so upset. #obody stole your wallet. $ou dropped it under the car seat.

- The witness gave a description of the robber that described him exactly as he is. - %he left home without reason or warning and stayed away for three years& writing only twice. - 'fter studying hard for three months I looked at the e(am and found it so easy that I told myself ?You?ve done it!?
Expressing Preference )onsider the following sentence* + ost people would rather go for high-,uality and affordable prices.+ The e(pression would rather e(presses preference for something and is followed by an infinitive without "to" -bare infinitive.. The contraction 'd rather is often used. This structure can be replaced by the structure would prefer -'d prefer. followed by the to infinitive. e.g. %ome people would prefer to buy ine(pensive clothes. /hen we want to e(press preference in terms of alternatives& structures with would rather and the verb prefer are possible* +would rather0'd rather 1 bare infinitive 1 than 1 bare infinitive e.g. "e would rather read t
han waParticiple lauses

)onsider these two sentences* 2!aving graduated in "#$%& she began working at )##...3 2 overing conflicts from the corners of the globe& she strives to go beyond the clich4s...3 The clauses in bold are called participle clauses. This kind of clause contains a perfect participle -having graduated. or a present participle -covering.. The first clause re,uires a perfect participle because the action 2having graduated3 was finished before the action of the main clause -%he began working at )##.. In the second clause the present participle can replace a reason clause -5 &s'because she covers conflicts..... ' participle clause is used* 6 when two actions by the same sub7ect occur simultaneously. It is possible

to e(press one action by a present participle which can replace an as'when clause. e.g. !earing a noise& 8aul went outside to see what was happening. -5 When'as he heard a noise.... 6 when one action is immediately followed by another by the same sub7ect& the first action is often e(pressed by a present participle. It can replace an as soon as or an after clause. e.g. (ealising his mistake& realised.... r "ornman apologised. -5 &s soon as he

)ote* The perfect participle can also be used in sentences of this type. e.g. !aving realised his mistake& r "ornman apologised. The perfect participle is used when one wishes to emphasise that the first action is complete before the second one starts. The perfect participle is& however& necessary when there is an interval of time between the two actions. e.g. !aving failed twice in the e(am& %ue didn9t want to try it again.

)ote* The sub7ect of the participle clause must also be the sub7ect of the other clause.
ompound &d+ectives

)onsider the following sentence* +It is a three,country coproduction involving a French& an Italian and a :erman channel.+ The ad7ective in bold is a compound ? it is made up of two words 7oined by a hyphen ? and it describes the number of countries involved in the production of a T; series. ' large number of compound ad7ectives used to describe personal appearance or character normally consist of the following patterns* - 'd7ective or #umber 1 #oun with ?-ed? - 'd7ective 1 8resent 8articiple - 'd7ective or 'dverb 1 8ast 8articiple e.g. !avid proved to be a two,faced hypocrite. %he is a blonde& blue,eyed girl. $our colleague is a very good,looking man. <i==ie is a well,behaved little girl. 'nother set of compound ad7ectives describe something precisely& such as height& weight& length& distance or duration. The first part of the ad7ective indicates the amount -e.g. three. and the

second indicates the unit -e.g. pound& mile.& which is always in the singular. e.g. a five,mile walk> a six,foot man> a four,hour movie. There are other patterns for forming compound ad7ectives* - #oun 1 8ast 8articiple e.g. a home,made cake - #oun 1 'd7ective e.g. a trouble,free car - 'd7ective 1 #oun e.g. present,day 'merica - #oun 1 8resent 8articiple e.g. a mouth,watering aroma -re.uency adverbs and adverbial expressions )onsider these sentences* +?en is regularly working overtime.+ +%he also rarely has time to go shopping.+ The words in bold indicate how often something happens - they are adverbs of fre,uency. 'dverbials of fre,uency - some e(amples fre,uently repeatedly ever from time to time constantly normally hardly ever now and then again and again periodically seldom scarcely all the time sometimes rarely continuously regularly occasionally

e.g. y grandmother doesn?t see very well> she seldom reads newspapers. I?ve told you again and again not to play football near the windows. ' more specific indication of fre,uency can be given using some time expressions* @very hour0week0month once0twice a month0year @very -two. days0months0weeks -three. times a week0month0year @very other day0week

e.g. %he visits her old aunt twice a month. Ather time words can be used to indicate the fre,uency of an event* hourly weekly yearly daily monthly ,uarterly 'dverbs and adverbial e(pressions are normally placed* - after au(iliary verbs and the verb - to be - before simple tenses consisting of one word - after the first au(iliary in compound tenses - at the beginning or end of a sentence -time e(pressions and some other adverbials. e.g. y brother constantly interrupts my father. I have never had such a terrible flight! %he goes to <ondon every other week.

)onsider the following sentence from the te(t* 2/he 0uke of Wellington is reported to have spoken against trains.3 This sentence has a special passive structure& which consists of* 1ub+ect -the !uke of /ellington. 1 Passive verb -is reported. 1 Perfect 2nfinitive -to have spoken.. Instead of the Perfect 2nfinitive& the same structure is also possible with the 2nfinitive. 'nother alternative structure is used* 2t 3 Passive verb 3 that clause e.g. It is reported that the !uke of /ellington spoke against trains. The agent of the action is never mentioned in this type of passive. These passive constructions are formal and are often used in news reports. Bournalists use them when they cannot say or do not need to say who the source of information was. %ome verbs used in this kind of passive structure are* believe 0 agree 0 think 0 report 0 announce 0 know 0 e(pect 0 say 0 find 0 consider 0 claim e.g. 2t is believed that the 8rime inister will resign. inister will resign..

'ctive -5 8eople believe that the 8rime

/he -rench team was expected to win the game. 'ctive -5 8eople e(pected that the French team would win the game..

,ing forms after prepositions Cead this sentence* - +The international market -.... has been cornered by about DEE -.... factories staffed by more than a million workers.+ The part of the sentence +staffed by more than a million workers+ is a reduced relative clause. The passive participle staffed follows directly after the noun factories and it is used instead of a relative pronoun and a full verb -5 DEE factories that are staffed.. /e can form this kind of clause with a passive participle -e.g. staffed. or an active participle. e.g. !o you know that young man standing ne(t to the shop? -5 who is standing. ' truck carrying barrels of beer has overturned and burst into flames. -5 which was carrying. This path leading to the church is full of beautiful flowers. -5 that leads. The active participle means the same as* - a relative pronoun 1 a continuous verb form -e.g. who is standing. - a relative pronoun 1 a simple verb form -e.g. which leads.

)egative Words )onsider this sentence* - /orkers are never paid overtime for %aturday mornings. - )ever is a negative word used here to say that workers are not paid overtime at any time. - /e also use no one& nobody& nothing and nowhere to make a negative

clause. )o one and nobody are used to talk about people> we use nothing to talk about things and nowhere to talk about places. e.g. )obody ' )o one visited him when he was ill. /hen his boss asked him to answer he said nothing. /e do not say two negative words in the same clause - anything& anyone& anybody and anywhere are used instead. - Two negative words that are used together in the same clause are neither and nor to say that two alternatives are not possible& not likely& or not true. The negative words not either can also be used with the same meaning. e.g. )either !avid nor ?aren were in the restaurant. or !avid wasn't in the restaurant and ?aren was not either. The negative words not and nor can be used in similar sentences. e.g. y mother was not surprised nor shocked at the news. )either of ' Either of refer to two items separately. e.g. I read both books but I didn't like either of them. - )o is used before a noun to say that something does not e(ist or is not available. The verb is always positive. e.g. There are no parks in the city centre. - /e use none or none of to say that there is not one thing or person& or a small amount of something. e.g. /here's the pudding? )one is left. )one of my friends came to the party. F. )omplete these sentences using the most appropriate negative words. a. The accident looked serious but fortunately ....................... was badly in7ured. b. I couldn?t make a cake yesterday because I had ................ eggs in the fridge. c. y brother has two motor bikes but he doesn?t ride ............... of them any more. .................... of them is in very good condition. d. %he had a heated argument about her 7ob with her uncle and now she has .................... to live. e. #o& we didn?t go to the cinema. ................. of us managed to go as we

were too busy. f. I met !ick the other day in the shopping centre but I?ve .................. met his younger sister. g. ............. Bane ................ )lare won the pri=e for ?Gest 8upil?. It was 8eter who won it.

)onsider this sentence* ?/orkers are never paid overtime for %aturday mornings.? )ever is a negative word used here to say that workers are not paid overtime at any time. - /e also use no one& nobody& nothing and nowhere to make a negative clause. )o one and nobody are used to talk about people> we use nothing to talk about things and nowhere to talk about places. e.g. )obody ' )o one visited him when he was ill. /hen his boss asked him to answer he said nothing. /e do not say two negative words in the same clause ? anything& anyone& anybody and anywhere are used instead. - Two negative words that are used together in the same clause are neither and nor to say that two alternatives are not possible& not likely& or not true. The negative words not either can also be used with the same meaning. e.g. )either !avid nor ?aren were in the restaurant. or !avid wasn?t in the restaurant and ?aren was not either. The negative words not and nor can be used in similar sentences. e.g. y mother was not surprised nor shocked at the news. )either of ' Either of refer to two items separately. e.g. I read both books but I didn?t like either of them. - )o is used before a noun to say that something does not e(ist or is not available. The verb is always positive. e.g. There are no parks in the city centre. - /e use none or none of to say that there is not one thing or person& or a small amount of something. e.g. /here?s the pudding? )one is left. )one of my friends came to the party.

F. )omplete these sentences using the most appropriate negative words. a. The accident looked serious but fortunately ....................... was badly in7ured. b. I couldn?t make a cake yesterday because I had ................ eggs in the fridge. c. y brother has two motor bikes but he doesn?t ride ............... of them any more. .................... of them is in very good condition. d. %he had a heated argument about her 7ob with her uncle and now she has .................... to live. e. #o& we didn?t go to the cinema. ................. of us managed to go as we were too busy. f. I met !ick the other day in the shopping centre but I?ve .................. met his younger sister. g. ............. Bane ................ )lare won the pri=e for +Gest 8upil+. It was 8eter who won it.

(educed (elative

lauses

Cead this sentence from* 2The international market -.... has been cornered by about DEE -.... factories staffed by more than a million workers.3 The part of the sentence 2staffed by more than a million workers3 is a reduced relative clause. The passive participle staffed follows directly after the noun factories and it is used instead of a relative pronoun and a full verb -5 DEE factories that are staffed.. /e can form this kind of clause with a passive participle -e.g. staffed. or an active participle. e.g. !o you know that young man standing ne(t to the shop? -5 who is standing. ' truck carrying barrels of beer has overturned and burst into flames. -5 which was carrying. This path leading to the church is full of beautiful flowers. -5 that leads.

The active participle means the same as* 6 a relative pronoun 1 a continuous verb form -e.g. who is standing. 6 a relative pronoun 1 a simple verb form -e.g. which leads.

/ime

lauses

)onsider the following sentences* 2When his younger siblings were old enough -.... he attached a bu==er to his door.3 2Ane night& while Ge=os was on his knees -.... & he said to a co-worker -....3 /ime clauses are used to say when something happens and they are introduced by con7unctions such as when and while. ' time clause needs a main clause to make a complete sentence. The time clause can come before or after the main clause. - /hen we want to say that two events happen at the same time& we use a time clause with when& as or while. e.g. "ave a look at the beautiful wooden door as you are entering the building. - To say that one event happens before or after another we use a time clause with the con7unctions after& before& when or as soon as. e.g. I must get to the library before it closes. &s soon as !avid had left his office& it started to rain. )ote* we use the past perfect to indicate an event happened before another event in the past. - /hen we want to talk about when a situation ends& we use a time clause with till or until. e.g. I stayed there until he had gone. - To talk about a situation which started in the past and continued until a later time or is still continuing now& time clauses with since or ever since are used.

e.g. "enry has been upset ever since he heard the news about the plane crash. /hat have you been doing since the last time I saw you? - Two activities which take place at the same time not once but repeatedly can be linked using the con7unction whenever. e.g. Whenever Bane is unhappy& Tom cheers her up. )ote* /hen there is a reference to future time& the verb following any time word should use a simple present or a present perfect tense. e.g. When you see #ick tomorrow& tell him I need to talk to him urgently. I guess ne(t %unday the trouble will begin even before the match has finished.

/ime Expressions

)onsider the following sentencest* 2When his younger siblings were old enough -.... he attached a bu==er to his door.3 2Ane night& while Ge=os was on his knees -.... & he said to a co-worker -....3 /ime clauses are used to say when something happens and they are introduced by con7unctions such as when and while. ' time clause needs a main clause to make a complete sentence. The time clause can come before or after the main clause. H /hen we want to say that two events happen at the same time& we use a time clause with when& as or while. e.g. "ave a look at the beautiful wooden door as you are entering the building. H To say that one event happens before or after another we use a time clause with the con7unctions after& before& when or as soon as. e.g. I must get to the library before it closes. &s soon as !avid had left his office& it started to rain. )ote* we use the past perfect to indicate an event happened before another event in the past.

H /hen we want to talk about when a situation ends& we use a time clause with till or until. e.g. I stayed there until he had gone. H To talk about a situation which started in the past and continued until a later time or is still continuing now& time clauses with since or ever since are used. e.g. "enry has been upset ever since he heard the news about the plane crash. /hat have you been doing since the last time I saw you? H Two activities which take place at the same time not once but repeatedly can be linked using the con7unction whenever. e.g. Whenever Bane is unhappy& Tom cheers her up. )ote* /hen there is a reference to future time& the verb following any time word should use a simple present or a present perfect tense. e.g. When you see #ick tomorrow& tell him I need to talk to him urgently. I guess ne(t %unday the trouble will begin even before the match has finished
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