Learning outcomes: Definition & composition of solid waste. Describe the categories of solid waste.

e. Describe the characteristic of MSW. Process of generation & handling of solid waste. Explain 4Rs concept.

Solid Waste Management

Definition SW:

Any scrap material or other unwanted surplus substance or rejected products arising from the application of any process; any substance required to be disposed of as being broken, worn out, contaminated or otherwise spoiled; or any other material that according to this Act or any other written law is required by the authority to be disposed of, but does not include scheduled wastes as prescribed under the Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Act 127), sewage as defined in the Water Services Industry Act 2006 (Act 655) or radioactive waste as defined in the Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984 (Act 304).

Solid Waste Composition:

Composition

for Solid Waste in Malaysia 2005 (RMK9)

Percentage 45 24 7 6 3 15 100

Component Food waste Plastic Paper Steel Glass Others Total

Solid Waste Composition:

Composition

for Solid Waste in Malaysia 2005 (RMK9)

SW Classification:
Sources Household / domestic, Restaurant, institutions, stores, markets. Kind Garbage Composition Waste from preparation, cooking, and serving of food; market wastes; wastes from handling, storage, and sale of produce. Combustible: paper, cartons, boxes, barrels, wood, excelsior, tree branches, yard trimmings, wood furniture, bedding, Dunn age. Noncombustible: metals, tin cans, metal furniture, dirt, glass, crockery, minerals. Ashes Streets, sidewalks, alleys, vacant lots. Street refuse Residue from fires used for cooking and heating and from on-site incineration. Sweepings, dirt, leaves, catch basin dirt, contents of litter receptacles. Rubbish

Dead animals
Abandoned vehicles Factories, power plants. Industrial wastes

Cats, dogs, horses, cows.

Unwanted cars and trucks left on public property. Food-processing wastes, boiler house cinders, lumber scraps, metal scraps, shavings. Lumber, pipes, brick, masonry, and other construction materials from razed buildings and other structures. Scrap lumber, pipe, other construction materials. Hazardous solids and liquids; explosives, pathological wastes, radioactive materials. Solids from coarse screening and from grit chambers; septic tank sludge.

Demolition sites to be used for new buildings, renewal projects, expressways. New construction, remodeling Households, hotels, hospitals, institutions, stores, industry. Sewage treatment plants, septic tanks.

Demolition wastes

Construction waste Special wastes

Sewage treatment residue

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

The process of generation and handling of MSW.

Separation
Storage Collection Transportation Transfer Processing Recycling Treatment Disposal

of controlled solid waste

Storage.
Storage:

Individual container. Communal container. On-site Collection.

Collection:
The

functional element of collection includes not only the gathering of solid waste and recyclable materials, but also the transport of these materials, after collection, to the location where the collection vehicle is emptied. This location may be a materials processing facility, a transfer station or a landfill disposal site.

Collection Method:
1.

Curbside, or alley pick up.

The quickest and most economical. The crews simply empty the containers into the collection vehicles. Whenever possible the crews collection from both sides of the street at the same time. Common limits are out by 7 a.m and back by 7 p.m. A typical crew consist of a driver and two collectors. (can be 3 or more).

Collection Method:
2.

Set out, or set back collection.

The set-out crew carries the full containers from the residential storage location to the curb or alley before the vehicle arrive. The collection crew loads the refuse in the same manner as the curb method. The set back crew returns the empty cans.

Collection Method:
3.

Backyard pick up or the total barrel method.

Usually accomplished by the use of tote barrels. The collector enters the residents property, dumps the container into a tote barrel, carries it to the truck, and dumps it. The collector may collect refuse from more than one house before returning to the truck to dump. Advantage: the convenience to the home owner. Disadvantage: High cost.

Transportation:
This

element involves two main steps:

First, the waste is transferred from a smaller collection vehicle to larger transport equipment. The waste is then transported, usually over long distances, to a processing or disposal site.

Transportation:
2

categories:
Hauled Container system HCS). Stationary Container System (SCS).

Hauled Container System (HCS)

Storage

Containers are:

Hauled, Emptied and Returned

Conventional

/Exchange Container Mode For Sources of high generation rate Low container handling time Reduced unsanitary conditions Flexibility in container size/shape Less Scope for Mechanisation(Filling/Compaction) Single Collector Driver Low container Utilisation

Stationary Container System (SCS)

Storage

containers remain at point of generation Manual/Mechanical loading / compaction into collection Vehicle. Increased container utilisation Not suitable for heavy industrial wastes / Rubbish. Labour intensive. Possibility to use satellite collection vehicle.

Disposal:

Today, the disposal of wastes by land filling or land spreading is the ultimate fate of all solid wastes, whether they are residential wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill site, residual materials from materials recovery facilities (MRFs), residue from the combustion of solid waste, compost, or other substances from various solid waste processing facilities. A modern sanitary landfill is not a dump; it is an engineered facility used for disposing of solid wastes on land without creating nuisances or hazards to public health or safety, such as the breeding of insects and the contamination of ground water.

House to house Collection

Organic

Non Organic

Composting

Sorting

Compost Recyclable other

Sold

Sold

Transported

Dump Site

MSW disposal methods:

land

filling, incineration and organic MSW composting.

Syarikat-syarikat Konsesi

(WP K.Lumpur, WP Putrajaya, Pahang, Kelantan, Terengganu)

(Johor, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan)

(Kedah, Perlis)

4Rs concept:
reduction,
reuse, recovery

and

recycling

Definition of 4Rs.
(from a best to worst option view) Reduce Prevent waste in the first place; by eliminating waste at source through better planning and design

Reuse Increase creativity on site Reuse materials waste whenever possible; this is both cost-effective and reduces waste to landfill Recycle Secondary material use Down-cycle if it cannot be reused Recycle Ensure a good separation of waste into onematerial fractions that can be more easily recycled Enable segregation of at least 6 fractions: Wood, Concrete, Gypsum/Plasterboard, Metal, Plastic -soft and hard, Paper/Cardboard

Recover Energy Recovery can be an alternative, if recycling is not available

Reduce: It makes possible to minimise the goods or materials that we use and thus ensures less waste.
Reuse: Avoiding the use of disposable goods (only used once) and this can extend the use of goods before they actually become waste. Recycle: Not all goods can be recycled but a practice has been started all over the world. When discarded materials are recycled, these provide industry with an alternative source of raw materials. This results in less demand for virgin materials whose extraction, transport and processing are major sources of greenhouse gas emissions. Recycling, thus, reduces emissions in virtually all extractive industries. Recycling of paper and wood products has a notable double impact. Not only does it reduce the demand for virgin wood fibre- it reduces deforestation. It also preserves forests' ability to continue to act as carbon sinks (removing carbon from the atmosphere). Recycling also reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Replace: Changing goods that can only be used once, for example, replacing plastic bags as poly-ethylene cannot be degraded naturally