Module EG-222 Reinforced Concrete Design

Section S ti 1: 1 Actions on Structures

Dr C. Wood College of Engineering Swansea University

EG-222 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN - Section 1

Characteristic loading
Loads are direct actions (forces) that are applied to a structure. Loads are characterised as either permanent or variable:
Permanent loads Imposed Loads / Variable Loads

Walls Columns Floor slabs Beams Roofs Finishes Cladding Permanent y machinery

Occupants Furniture Stored

materials

Moveable
partitions

Moveable
machinery

Wind loads Snow S loads l d

Loads are specified p by y their characteristic values, , as defined in BS EN 1990 and the National Annex.

EG-222 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN - Section 1

Characteristic weights of building materials for calculation of permanent loads

Walls Columns Floor slabs Beams Roofs Finishes Cladding
Loads due to the weight of the Permanent machinery structure

Note: The values provided here are unit masses in kg/m2 or kg/m3. To convert this to a unit weight in N/m2 or N/m3, take the constant of gravitational acceleration, a=9.81m/s2.

continued overleaf

EG-222 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN - Section 1

Characteristic weights of building materials continued

Note: The values provided here are unit masses in kg/m2 or kg/m3. To convert this to a unit weight in N/m2 or N/m3, take the constant of gravitational acceleration, a=9.81m/s2.

EG-222 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN - Section 1

Imposed loads due to building use Table NA.2

Occupants Furniture Stored
materials

Moveable partitions Moveable machinery

Variable actions due to imposed loads are categorised t i d from f A to t H according di t the to th specific use and subcategorised according to intensity of loading arising from that use. Categories: C t i Residential, social, commercial and administration areas (A,B,C,D) Storage and industrial activities (E) Garages and vehicle traffic areas (F,G) Roofs (H, I, K) Be aware that the National Annex applies here: Refer to National Annex Table NA.2 to select category code Refer to Table NA.3 to find the value of the imposed load qk

EG-222 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN - Section 1

I dl d d ildi use T bl NA 2 continued ti d Imposed loads due t to b building Table NA.2

EG-222 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN - Section 1

Imposed loads due to building use Table NA.3

Distributed load value qk is intended for determination of general effects i.e. calculation of structural self weight. Point load value Qk is intended for determination of local effects, such as shear punching. g to the correct use of Further details relating these tables must be read in your copies of the Eurocodes

EG-222 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN - Section 1

Variable load due to snow loading

A significant source of imposed loading in the UK is snow. snow Roof loading and ground loading due to snow is set out in EN1991-1-3:2003 Eurocode 1: Actions o on s structures uc u es Part1-3: a 3 Ge General e a ac actions o s Snow loads (from p1-24 of Eurocode extracts).

Wind loads Snow loads

Variable load due to wind loading

The third class of loading set out in the Extracts is wind loading. The standard is named in full as: EN1991-1-3:2003 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures Part1-4: General actions Wind actions, from p1-48 of extracts. Calculation of wind actions is taught it Module EG EG-224 224 Steel Design

EG-222 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN - Section 1

P ti l safety Partial f t factors f t for f favourable f bl and d unfavourable f bl loads l d

Design loads are obtained by multiplying characteristic loads by their appropriate partial safety p y factors e.g. g 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk for simple p beam cases. Partial safety factors for actions allow for: Design assumptions and inaccuracy of calculation Possible unusual increases in the magnitude of the actions Unforeseen stress redistributions Construction inaccuracies In order to make a structure as safe as possible we must consider whether the load that is acting is having a favourable or unfavourable effect on the structure this will of course depend on which structural response is being considered. considered Loads that are considered unfavourable will have a higher partial safety factor applied. Loads that are favourable will have a lower partial safety factor applied. Permanent Load Gk Unfavourable Permanent + Imposed 1.35 Favourable 1.0 Imposed Load Qk, Unfavourable 1.50 Favourable 0.0

Load combination

EG-222 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN - Section 1

Example: Partial safety factors for favourable and unfavourable loads

EG-222 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN - Section 1

Load combinations
So far you have dealt with problems only g p permanent load ( (typically yp y due containing to the self-weight of the building) and imposed load (due to building occupancy). However, what if another source of However variable loading is introduced e.g. wind? In this case you must consider one of the variable loads to be leading and the other accompanying. The leading variable action is considered to be acting with full magnitude, whilst the accompanying variable action is reduced by a co combination b at o factor acto 0. 0 The value of the combination factor depends on the type of action it is being applied to. to A number of calculations may need to be made to find the worst i.e. critical combination of leading variable action and accompanying variable action

Action Imposed load in buildings, category (see EN 1991 1991-1-1) 1 1) Category A: domestic, residential areas Category g y B: office areas Category C: congregational areas Category D: shopping areas Category E: Storage areas Category F: traffic area, vehicle weight < 30kN C t Category G traffic G: t ffi area, 30kN<vehicle weight<160kN Category H: roofs

Combination factor 0

0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 10 1.0 0.7

07 0.7

0.7

Snow load on buildings (see EN 1991-1-3) For sites at altitude H>1000m above sea level For sites at altitude H1000m above sea level Wind loads on buildings (see EN 1991-1-4) 0.7 0.5 0.5

EG-222 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN - Section 1

Example: Using the load combination factor 0

EG-222 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN - Section 1

Favourable and unfavourable loading with load combination factor Factors for design of structural members
Load combinations and partial safety factors for checking the design of structural members of a building structure at the ultimate limit state
Type yp 1 2 3 4 Load combination Permanent + Imposed Permanent + Wind Permanent + Imposed (leading) + Wind (secondary) Permanent + Imposed (secondary) + Wind (leading) Permanent Load Gk 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Imposed Load Qk,1 1.50 1.50 1.5 x0 0.0 0.0 0.0 U f Unfavourable bl Favourable F bl Unfavourable U f bl Favourable F bl Wind 1.50 1.5 x0= 1.5x0.5= 0.75 1.50

1) The unfavourable partial safety factor is applied to any loads which tend to produce a more critical design condition at the section considered 2) The favourable partial safety factor is applied to any loads which tend to produce a less critical design g condition at the section considered 3) For Type 3 wind is considered to be the secondary variable load with 0 = 0.5 and partial safety factor calculated as 1.50 x 0.5 = 0.75 4) For Type 4 imposed load is considered to be the secondary variable load with partial safety factor calculated as 1.50 x 0 (typically 0 = 0.7)

EG-222 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN - Section 1

Favourable and unfavourable loading with load combination factor Factors for checking static equilibrium
Load combinations and partial safety factors for checking the static equilibrium of a building structure at the ultimate limit state
Type 1 2 3 4 Load combination Permanent + Imposed Permanent + Wind Permanent + Imposed (leading) + Wind (secondary) Permanent + Imposed (secondary) + Wind (leading) Permanent Load Gk 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 Imposed Load Qk,1 1.50 1.50 1.5 x0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Unfavourable Favourable Unfavourable Favourable Wind 1.50 1.5 x0= 1.5x0.5= 0.75 1.50

1) The unfavourable partial safety factor is applied to any loads which tend to produce a more critical design condition at the section considered 2) The favourable partial safety y factor is applied to any y loads which tend to produce a less critical design condition at the section considered 3) For Type 3 wind is considered to be the secondary variable load with 0 = 0.5 and partial safety factor calculated as 1.50 x 0.5 = 0.75 4) For Type 4 imposed load is considered to be the secondary variable load with partial safety factor calculated as 1.50 x 0 (typically 0 = 0.7)

EG-222 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN - Section 1

Example: Partial safety factors for load combinations

Considering the stability of the office block for overturning about point B, calculate the , recalling g that minimum allowable characteristic load due to the foundation block at A, there will be two possible load combinations of permanent, imposed and wind loading.

EG-222 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN - Section 1

Example: Partial safety factors for load combinations

EG-222 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN - Section 1

Example: Partial safety factors for load combinations

EG-222 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN - Section 1

Example: Partial safety factors for load combinations

EG-222 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN - Section 1

Loading arrangements on continuous beams

Loading arrangements can be defined as patterns of load which are chosen to produce the worst effects on the structure. structure In reinforced concrete beam or slab design we look for the loading arrangement that will generate: The worst (i.e. largest magnitude) in-span moment The worst (i.e. largest magnitude) support moment For a continuous beam/slab of n spans this generates a total of n+1 possible loading arrangements.

Loading g for maximum span moments

To produce a maximum in-span moment, the span must carry the maximum load, the adjacent spans the minimum load, and the spans next to those the maximum load. This produces two load cases: Load Case 1
Unfavourable Maximum moment Favourable Unfavourable Maximum moment Favourable Unfavourable Maximum M i moment Favourable Unfavourable Maximum moment Favourable Unfavourable Maximum M i moment Favourable

L d Case Load C 2

EG-222 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN - Section 1

Loading for maximum support moments Eurocode methodology

For maximum moment at a support, adjacent spans carry maximum load and then p alternate with maximum and minimum load. This p produces n-1 load cases. spans
Maximum moment Unfavourable Unfavourable

Load Case 3

Favourable

Unfavourable

Favourable

Load Case 4

Favourable

Maximum moment Unfavourable Unfavourable

Favourable

Unfavourable

Maximum moment

Load Case 5

Unfavourable

Favourable Unfavourable Unfavourable

Favourable

Load Case 6

Favourable Unfavourable

Favourable

Maximum moment Unfavourable Unfavourable

Obviously, y, this set of load cases could take a very y long g time to analyse y for a large g structure, so the UK National Annex permits a simplification for the load case for maximum support moments shown on the next slide..

EG-222 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN - Section 1

Loading for maximum support moments UK National Annex simplification

For simplicity, the UK National Annex permits the single load case of all spans loaded to determine the maximum support moments. moments This replaces Eurocode LC3,4,5,6 LC3 4 5 6 on the previous slide. This means that all continuous beam analyses will only need to consider three load cases, regardless dl of f how h many spans there th are. However, the resulting support moments (except those at the supports of cantilevers) y 20% into the beam/slab span. p must be redistributed by This requires a procedure known as moment redistribution detailed in Section 2.
Maximum moment Maximum moment Maximum moment Maximum moment Maximum moment Maximum moment

Load Case 3 UK NA UK National Annex load case for maximum support moments

Unfavourable Unfavourable Unfavourable Unfavourable Unfavourable

Note: If this Load Case 3 UK NA is to be used for slabs then the following three conditions must be met: In a one-way spanning slab, the area of each bay must exceed 30m2. permanent load Gk must The ratio of the characteristic variable load Qk to the characteristic p not exceed 1.25 The characteristic variable load Qk must not exceed 5kN/m2.

EG-222 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN - Section 1

Load cases for continuous beams summarised using UK National Annex simplification with partial safety factors for design of structural members
Load Case 1 For maximum in-span moment
1.35Gk + 1.5Qk Unfavourable Maximum moment 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk Favourable Unfavourable Maximum moment 1.35Gk 1.35Gk 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk Favourable Unfavourable Maximum moment

Load Case 2 For maximum in-span moment t

1.35Gk Favourable

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk Unfavourable Maximum moment

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk Favourable Unfavourable Maximum M i moment

1.35Gk Favourable

Load Case 3 UK NA UK National Annex load 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk1.35Gk + 1.5Qk case for f maximum i support t Unfavourable Unfavourable Unfavourable Unfavourable Unfavourable moments 20% support moment redistribution must Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum b applied. be li d moment moment moment moment moment moment