Coal gasification process

Clean energy technology

Red Mountain Energy recognizes that Coal Gasification is a flexible, reliable, and clean energy technology that can turn a variety of low-value feedstocks into high-value products, help reduce dependence on imported oil and natural gas, and can provide a clean alternative source of baseload electricity, fertilizers, fuels, and chemicals.

Coal Gasification was originally developed in the 1800s to produce town gas for lighting and cooking. The basic coal gasification process has been utilized for the production of synthetic chemicals and fuels since the 1920s.

Feedstock Gasifiers can be designed to use one or more of these feedstocks: coal, petroleum coke and biomass.

Air separation units (ASUs) and Cryogenic technology

Most gasification systems use almost pure oxygen (as opposed to air) to help facilitate the reaction inside the gasifier. This oxygen (95-99% pure) is generated in an air separation unit (ASU) using proven cryogenic technology.

Gasifier The core of the gasification system is the gasifier, a pressurized vessel where the hydrocarbon feedstock is converted into syngas in a partial oxidation reaction. A controlled amount of oxygen, steam and feedstock enter the gasifier. The temperatures in a gasifier range from 1,4002,800 degrees Fahrenheit (700-1500). The heat and pressure break apart the chemical bonds of the feedstock, forming syngas.

By-products Most solid liquid-feed gasifiers produce a vitrified or glass-like byproduct called slag which is non-hazardous and can be used in roadbed construction and in roofing materials. Also, in most gasification plants, more than 99% of the sulfur is removed and recovered either as elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid.

Gas cleanup The raw syngas contains trace levels of impurities which must be removed before it can be used as a fuel. Trace minerals, particulates, sulfur, mercury, and unconverted carbon are removed to very low levels using processes common to the chemical and refining industries. Any remaining carbon, in the form of CO2 can be removed as the syngas is cleaned.

Gas shift conversion The clean gas is then converted primarily into hydrogen (H2) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The CO2 is then removed from the converted gas using a number of commercial technologies. Ammonia and hydrogen manufacturing plants routinely remove CO2 using a commercially proven process, as do plants which manufacture fuels and substitute natural gas.

CO2 removal (for power)

Many predict that coal-based power plants and manufacturing facilities will be required to capture and store CO2 or participate in a carbon cap and trade market. In this scenario, the Coal Gasification projects will have a cost advantage over conventional coal combustion technologies. Removing CO2 at an IGCC plant costs $36-42 per ton compared with $75 per ton for pulverized coal plants, according to the US Department of Energy.

CO2 removal (for products) It is now a design requirement in all industrial Coal Gasification projects (such as those used to produce chemicals, fertilizers or substitute natural gas), to separate and capture any CO2 formed in the syngas, and for this reason the added cost to compress and store CO2 from these projects can be as low as $10 per ton.
It's time, you know certain facts about Hyderabad , that you might have possibly not come across in your past, this Just re-ascertains who has the righteous claim over the city of Hyderabad and the concerned stakeholders.

1) The city of Hyderabad was founded in 1591 AD by Quli Qutub Shah of Qutub Shahi Dynasty commonly known as Golconda Dynasty. This dynasty have had Hyderabad as their capital till 1687. This dynasty built buildings like Chaarminar, Golconda Fort, Tombs, Tank bund, Gosh Mahal palace etc. THIS DYNASTY COVERED ALMOST ENTIRE ANDHRAPRADESH as we see today.(http://www.mapsofindia.com/history/qutb-sahi-dynasty.html) Which implicates that, All the people of Andhra and Rayalaseema and Bellary were paying taxes to Qutub shahis , which were used to built the city from 1591- 1687. Hyderabad has been Historically and Financially linked to People of Andhra and Rayalseema for the first 200 years of it's inception. Not just the 60 years after independence

2) After the annexation of Golconda Dynasty by Mughals in 1687, Entire Telangana, Rayalseema, Andhra came under the control of Aurangzeb, Later after the fall of Mughals, Nizam-ul-mulk established a new empire called " Asif Jahi dynasty commonly known as Nizam state/ Hyderabad state in the year 1724. 3) When the Nizams founded their dynasty, Even then the Entire Andhra pradesh, was a part of the dynasty , this means, even then Hyderabad has been the capital of Entire Andhra pradesh that we see today, taxes collected from all regions, with a greater proportion from fertile coastal lands were used in building the capital city of Hyderabad. In 1766 1st treaty nizam gave away the Northern Circars (Coastal Andhra) to british,in return for payment of 90,000 pounds annually by the British to the Nizam, With Guntur , Bellary, Rayalseema still being a part of Nizam empire. This is when 45 pounds of money would

fetch you 1 Kg of Gold! 4) in 1768- 2nd treaty- as nizam succumbed to British , had to forge a gesture of friendship ,british payed an annual allowance of 50,000 pounds. In 1788 nizam gave up Guntur district to British in return for an annual tribute of rs 7 lakhs. In 1798, nizam signed the subsidiary alliance treaty with british. In 1800, nizam ceded the 4 districts of then kadapa, ananthapur,kurnool,bellary,in return for the payment for the maintainanace of the subsidiary force in hyderabad. Thus by 1802 coastal andhra and rayalasemma came under the rule of British. Thus it clear The entire Andhra PRadesh that we see today has a historical association with hyderabad, which the congress Working Committee has snapped with a stroke of pen. 5) The Hyderabad state, Nizam was finally ruling had 50% of Telangana and 50% of land from Maharastra , Karnataka ! This means, at no point of time in History, Hyderabad was built with taxes of Telangana alone, as claimed by Separatists politicians (http://bit.ly/1440vZt) . Again the same funda applies that Borefed Farming in Telangana is a very recent phenemenon, the naturally river deltas have been the dominant tax contributors, here the Raichur doab areas, Nanded areas have contributed more taxes than the counterpart Telangana region to Nizams, this was one of the reasons for the surplus budget of Nizams. After the Annexation of Nizam state by Indian army by operation Polo , in 1948 ! The new Hyderabad state was formed, with a Assembly, This region was split into 3 parts on the basis of 1st SRC report, on Linguistic grounds.The Marthawada going into Maharastra, Kannada part to Karantaka! (Ironically both these two regions are backward compared to other parts in their states, which means it has something to do with Dynastical rule of Nizams.) On 3 rd December 1955, Out of 147 Legislators present in the then Hyderabad State Assembly 103 voted in favor of Merger of the two states, while only 29 voted against it. While 15 remained Neutral. . And thus, Telangana was merged into Andhra Pradesh, according to the wishes of the representatives of People.

In this backdrop, the state of Andhra PRadesh was re-unified! (not formed) and thus, with Hyderabad as the capital has been making good progress in all the aspects. I would like you to introspect, how fair it is ... a) Divide the state b) Take Hyderabad away from Andhra/Telangana ? Is it justifiable in any sense? Except for 150 odd years of the 430 years of Hyderabad History! Hyderabad has always been an integral part of Andhra Pradesh !