GCSE MARKING SCHEME

SCIENCE - BIOLOGY JANUARY 2011

INTRODUCTION The marking schemes which follow were those used by WJEC for the JANUARY 2011 examination in GCSE SCIENCE - BIOLOGY. They were finalised after detailed discussion at examiners' conferences by all the examiners involved in the assessment. The conferences were held shortly after the papers were taken so that reference could be made to the full range of candidates' responses, with photocopied scripts forming the basis of discussion. The aim of the conferences was to ensure that the marking schemes were interpreted and applied in the same way by all examiners. It is hoped that this information will be of assistance to centres but it is recognised at the same time that, without the benefit of participation in the examiners' conferences, teachers may have different views on certain matters of detail or interpretation. WJEC regrets that it cannot enter into any discussion or correspondence about these marking schemes.

BIOLOGY - B1 Q.1 (a) layer of fat / huddle together / feathers retain heat/ feathers absorb heat (any 2) or lots of fat Not: absorb heat from the sun / feathers keep them warm

[2]

(b)

streamlined / webbed feet / (wings acting as) flippers / waterproof feathers Or layer of feathers (any 3) [3]

(c)

(i) (ii)

so they can stay under water for flying/flight Easier to fly

[1] [1]

[Total 7 marks]

Q.2

(a)

[1]

(b)

(i) (ii)

A C Indicator

[2] [1] [Total 4 marks]

Q.3

(a)

2 all plots correct , -1per error +/- small square plots joined through centre joined with ruler

[2] [1] [1] [1]

(b)

decrease increase

(c)

some reference to competition or clear explanation [1] qualified e.g. food/space [1] compete for food [2] e.g. 7 spotted are eating more food than 6 spotted (2) not: 7 spotted eat all of the greenfly / reference to fighting for food

[2]

[Total 7 marks] Q.4 (a) Fast / quick / instant / rapid/ immediate Not: sudden automatic / without thinking /involuntary / no control / unconscious (np) not: protection (i) (ii) sound, receptor, ears [1] [1]

(b)

[3]

impulse / electrical/ signal message / electrical (energy) [1] Not: electric / electricity/ message [Total 6 marks]

Q.5

(a)

20 (egg) 20 (sperm) [1] 40 (fertilised egg) 40 (embryo) [1] Allow: ecf if B 2xA - all correct 2. 1 error 1 (i) (ii) meiosis; (reduction division) Correct spelling mitosis

[2] [1] [1] [3]

(b)

(c) (d)

DNA, nucleus, genes

characteristic female white ears broken tail mass 350g 1 mark per row

inherited

environmental

[4]

[Total 11 marks]

Q.6/1 (a)

(i)

Rr and Rr both required for the mark If other letters used same letters only not this mark but ECF No mark if sex chromosomes used Allow ECF from this point

[1]

(ii) Gametes R r

RR

Rr

Rr

rr

All 4 gametes correct Allow ecf from (i) but only if each genotype in (i) is represented by 2 alleles If each genotype in part (i) is represented by a single allele candidates can gain the gametes mark in part (ii) only if the answer is as shown in the Punnett square above. Mechanics of cross correct Even if gametes incorrect Gametes correct Genotypes correct [1] [1] [1]

(b) Gametes R R

Rr

Rr

Rr

Rr

All 4 gametes correct If candidate has used their own letters in part (a) to represent the 2 alleles allow ECF but the cross must be homozygous dominant X recessive to gain the gametes mark. Mechanics of cross showing all offspring orange NB If the gametes are correct and the mechanics of the cross incorrect award 1 mark. If the gametes are incorrect and the mechanics of the cross is incorrect award 0 marks. Therefore, candidate can have: 1 mark for gametes and 1 mark for mechanics 1 mark for gametes and 0 marks for mechanics nut cannot have: 0 marks for gametes and 1 mark for mechanics Gametes correct Genotypes correct

[1] [1]

(c)

variation Not: variety

[1]

[Total 6 marks]

Q.7/2 (a)

(i) (ii)

pancreas (I) converts (excess) glucose into glycogen / turns it into glycogen / makes it into glycogen exact spelling for glycogen liver

[1]

[1] [1]

(II)

(b)

(i)

(I)

injected too little insulin before the evening meal / forgot to Inject / hasnt taken enough insulin / eaten more sugar than usual meal he has eaten is high in sugar / carbohydrates / starch/fruit (the evening meal) contained too much sugar/carbohydrate [1] or forgot to inject not: high energy meal (injected) too much insulin (before the midday meal) didnt eat at midday/lunch time or his dinner / ate too little carbohydrate midday/lunch time or his dinner Not: didnt eat / missed a meal exercised (in the afternoon) (without a snack) [1] e.g. running

(II)

(ii)

if his blood sugar is too low at bedtime it could fall below 4.0 mmol/l during the night / he could hypo at night [1] Prevent blood sugar level going to low/ high To make sure the level is safe / high enough Not: reference to level increasing / see if insulin needs taking [Total 6 marks]

Q.8/3 (a)

That Pravastatin is much more effective (at reducing heart attacks) than Simvastatin / both drugs reduce heart attacks Allow: Pravastatin is the best/ most effective Not: reference to placebo Any one from

[1]

(b)

[1]

if researchers notice that the treatment group is different from the placebo group they will know that the difference is because of the treatment; without the placebo there is no way of knowing whether these results would have happened anyway; if the patient knows that they are given the drug it could affect the results to make a comparison (between placebo and 2 other drugs) (accept: to act as a control) Not: reference to fair testing

(c)

Any one from same number of patients given each option patients had same level of cholesterol patients did not know which pill they were taking not: reference to age/sex/amount of patients

[1]

[Total 3 marks]

Q.9/4 (a)

4 5 years or figures between

[1]

(b)

as the number of lemmings increase the number of foxes increase Foxes increase lemmings decrease or vice versa e.g. as lemmings peak foxes peak later [1] not: one goes up the other goes down / lemmings increase foxes decrease starvation / lack of food / competition for food disease not: habitat destruction/migration [1] [1]

(c)

(d)

decrease of (numbers)

[1] [Total 5 marks]

Q.10/5 (a)

No mark to be awarded for choice of method

Method B Calves have identical / same genes / chromosomes to the mother / because they are clones of mother / cow B not: surrogate mother will produce same yield / amount / volume of milk as mother [1] [1]

(these marks can be obtained by describing the negative effects of Method A)

Method A If candidates choose this method they can have a maximum of 1 mark for stating that the method is: fewer steps/ much simpler / has a higher success rate / is very much cheaper

(b)

they would have to check the embryos to make sure there are no Y chromosomes there are only X chromosomes they would use/ check the sperm (1) with X chromosomes (1)

[1]

[1]

(c)

clone(s) [Not: twins, sisters, cloning etc]

[1]

[Total 5 marks]

Q.6

(a) (b) (c)

Nicotine In the blood / blood stream

[1] [1]

Reduces chances of (lung) cancer (by passive smoking) [1] Not: improve peoples health / reduces the chance of heart attack / reference to other diseases / reference to passive smoking craving for tobacco / poor concentration Lungs / alveoli / air sacks Dangers of tar collecting in lungs [1] [1] [1]

(d) (e) (f)

or correct reference to lung disease e.g. emphysema / heart disease / bronchitis / mouth cancer / high blood pressure / infertility not: heart attack / kills you [Total 6 marks] Q.7 (a) (b) (ii) (i) A Sensory (nerve) B Motor (nerve) (ii) (I) Relay / intermediate (or other correct term) Connecting/connector/ interneurone Not: connective Synapse(s) [1] [1] [1] [1]

(II)

[1] [Total 5 marks]

Q.8

(a)

(i) (ii)

(As body mass increases so volume of water) decreases (Method: 5 3 12) = 180 [1] 180cm3 [2] If answer is incorrect but method is correct =1 mark

[1]

[2]

(b)

(i) (ii) (iii)

Sweating / sweat is produced Evaporation causing heat loss Short supply of water in desert / Deserts are dry Not: reference to temperature Lower temperature at night; so less loss of water; Reference predators (any 2 1)

[1] [1] [1]

[2] [Total 8 marks]

Q.9

(a)

Evolution Allow: evolve(s) Gene / DNA / allele Mutation / or description e.g. change in DNA/genes (allow mutation) leads to variation; Predators could not see them in caves / fewer predators Not: survival of the fittest/survival value/ reference to no predators Adaptation to new environment / caves / darkness; Or (selective) advantage not attracted to light / no advantage if have eyes in cave (Mutated) gene / allele passed on (any 4 1)

[1]

(b) (c)

[1]

[4]

[Total 6 marks]

Biology - B2
Q.1 (a) (i) increased/larger Not: more space no/less ponds / drainage; fewer hedges; not: no hedges/hedges removed less/fewer trees not: no trees more buildings/houses/sheds [any 3] (iii) it has decreased/become less Not: wildlife killed/less wildlife [3] [1] [1]

(ii)

(b)

pesticides, insects, chains, fertilisers, minerals

[5] [Total 10 marks]

Q.2

(a)

(i) (ii)

14, 15, 1 3 correct = 2 marks, minus 1 mark per error labels, (3 correct) Allow ecf for (i) bars correct height, bars correct width and drawn with ruler

[2] [1] [1] [1]

(b)

Pyramid of numbers, either names of animals or correct number at each level [3] Seaweed/red and green limpets/periwinkles starfish 3 levels only 70, 29, 1: total numbers accepted. Ecf if totals in table are incorrect not: producers/herbivores/carnivores not: inverted pyramid [Total 8 marks]

3.

(a)

A (cell) membrane, B nucleus, C cytoplasm

[1] [1] [1]

(b)

(i) (ii)

diffusion for respiration not: to obtain energy/for energy carbon dioxide/ CO2

[1] [1]

(iii)

[1] [Total 6 marks] 9

Q.4

(a)

5, 2, 1.4, 3 (all correct 3, 2 correct 1, 3 or 4 = 2) allow: words

[3]

(b)

B, C, A, D. (all correct 3, or 3=2 1=1)

[3]

(c)

(i)

glucose Not: no starch glucose and starch (both) Not: no change starch was too big to pass through while glucose is small enough to pass through allow: smaller i.e. implied size comparison must be a correct reference to molecule or pore size

[1]

(ii)

[1]

(iii)

[1] [1]

(v)

blood/blood plasma/plasma

[1] [Total 11 marks]

Q.5/1

(a)

chlorophyll (phonetic spelling)

[1]

(b)

Any 3 of the following for 1 mark each: Record measure the distance of the lamp from the plant or example of Measurement count the amount/number of bubbles given off not: amount/volume/number of bubbles/reference to CO2 in a set time repeat readings/experiment

[3]

move lamp to a (new measured) distance/move lamp/further away/change strength of bulb/lamp intensity not: change light intensity unqualified

(c)

Any 2 of the following Respired/ (to provide energy)/ used for energy Not: make energy converted to starch/store to starch used to make cellulose proteins lipids/oils sucrose not: used for growth/energy unqualified

[2]

[Total 6 marks]

10

Q.6/2

(a) A photosynthesis B respiration

C Feeding/ eating/eat/consumption/ingestion Not: digestion

[3x1]

(b)

feed on the dead bodies of animals and plants [1] To bring about the decomposition/correct reference to decomposition Decay/breakdown release CO2 during respiration [1] [Total 5 marks]

Q.7/3

(a)

undifferentiated / unspecialised cell Not: specialised cells which can change/develop into other types of cells or other types of tissues accept: turn into other cells/ to become any other cells not: new cells/ take place of other cells

[1] [1]

(b)

no rejection issues/ body will accept cells/ the cells will be compatible no moral/ethical issues (relating to the stem cells used) not: ethnic/ killing embryos / reference to religion no need for tissue typing/ no need to check tissues match no need for a donor/ to find a donor/wait for a donor (Any 2)

[2x1]

[Total 4 marks]

Q.4

(a)

2 000 000 (1 940 000 + 10 000) = 50 000 (2 marks) Or 2 000 000 1 940 000 = 50 000 1 mark for working

[1]

[1]

(b)

Any 2 correct answers e.g. making cells, movement, growth, repair, making cells, proteins, enzymes, lipids, photosynthesis, maintain body temperature accept: 1 mark for chemical reactions e.g glucose and glycogen not: for heat/ warmth/keep warm

[2]

(c)

There is insufficient energy remaining Very little energy to pass on/ not enough KJ left not: no energy left

[1]

[Total 5 marks]

11

Q.5

(a)

fatty acids

[1]

(b)

(i)

because the oil is being digested or broken down to fatty acids (which lower the pH) 40C units needed lipase (enzyme) is denatured / destroyed / broken down / correct reference shape change or active state (do not accept killed)

[1] [1]

(ii) (iii)

[1]

(c)

stomach

[1] [Total 5 marks]

Q.6

(a)

(i)

Lactic acid [3 1]

(ii) (iii) Carbon dioxide + water

(b)

Complete breakdown of glucose / more energy released (per gram glucose) or provides more energy/ more energy is produced or provided not: energy on its own

[1]

(c)

(iii)

[1] [Total 5 marks]

Q.7

(a)

(i) (ii) (iii)

B A D

[1] [1] [1]

(b)

Water/distilled water

[1]

(c)

Semi / selectively permeable / partially/ differentially permeable Not: abbreviation e.g. SPM

[1]

(d)

repeat the investigation

[1]

(e)

equal movement of water in both directions / no net movement or no net diffusion / no net flow / balanced flow of water each way not: any reference to no osmosis

[1]

[Total 7 marks]

12

Q.8

(a)

(i)

Fast acting / immediate results / produces results faster or numbers plummet not: any reference to temperature Not permanent / effect does not last / population eventually gets bigger / flies develop resistance / insecticide is used repeatedly Allow: immunity / reference to number of sprays Permanent effect / population stays low / it lasts / the flies do not become resistant

[1]

(ii)

[1]

(iii) (iv)

[1]

Takes longer to show an effect / cost of keeping suitable temperature / preventing escape [1] [1]

(b)

Malathion also kills Encarsia (because it is an insecticide) Not: reference to food chain Biological control / bio control (np)

(c)

[1] [Total 6 marks]

Q.9

(a)

Effect on tourism / numbers visiting beaches / reference disease or health risk [1] Not: pollution unqualified Nitrate / phosphate / fertiliser Not: nitrogen on its own Accept: fertiliser containing nitrogen caused plant (over)growth Decay/ decompose / rot / or sewage decay breakdown by bacteria which use oxygen for respiration causing decrease in biodiversity kills fish/wildlife not: plants die due to lack of light [6x1]

(b)

Alternative: Run off (1 mark) Insecticides/pesticides (1 mark) Bioaccumulation/Increase food chain (1 mark) Persistent or not excreted (1 mark) Example of e.g. algae eaten by small fish Toxic level reached (1 mark) Makes fish infertile, prevents them reproducing (1 mark) [Total 7 marks]
GCSE Biology MS - January 2011

13

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