FOR USE

IN

LIBRARY

ONLY

092ZSQ

FIFTY HELPS
FOR THE BEGINNER IN THE USE OF THE

KOREAN LANGUAGE

ANNIE

L. A.

BAIRD

FOURTH EDITION

Price:

)m.

PRINTED
THE PUKUIN PRINTING
CO.,

LTD,

YOKOHAMA
1911

"

Kor thou art

bent to a people of a strange

* *

s[KCch,

and of a hard language,

lip

to

tnany

people deep of

and heavy of tongue, whose words

Vz/.ek 3
:

thou canst not mulct statul "

"

5, 6.

people

of a

deeper

speech than thuu canst

perceive

of a ridiculous tongue that thou canst not

Isa.

understand,"

33

19, marginal reading.

FIFTY HELPS
FOR THE BEGINNER IN THE USE OF THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.

This
those
stuily

litllc

Ixxjklct

is

not inlcntlcil

fur the

eye of
tti

who have made

consitlcrablc progress
is

the

and use of Korean, but

tlcsiyiKtl sitnply lu

help the beginner to a sjxxtly uso of certain coinnion

iiliuiius.

All

tli.it

it

contains,

with

the

exception,
tin-

perhaps, of the vocabulary of religious terms, ami

prayer and guspd sentences,

tmy

be
in

found

much

more

fully aiul

carefully expressed
believe,
in

ulhcr works,

but not, as
beginners.
First

wc
all,

form xs accessible to

of

the
tc

^tiulcnt

should
at

learn

from the
written

following

tabic,

recognize

sight

the

character, and thus c|uip himself for the Ubc of Gale's

FIFTY llELrS FOK

dictionary,

THE BEGINNER
ami
all

Korc.iivl'nglish

other available

printed helps.

TABU:

01:

KORliAN CHARACI

I.RS

WI IH

THIilR liQUIVALENT ENQI.ISM

SOUNDS.*
VOWELS.

u or u,
or oo,

S-

cu, 5
a,

6 or

o,
i,
|

oo

a or almost

silent,

a or
\v,

something

like \va with

in

but slight sound of

a.

The
vowels

character t>
is

connection with each of these

is

omitted wlicucvcr the vowel

preceded by

n consonant.
1
.

in

machine, as

pi (rain,)

"y

kiptiw

(to

mend).

=i
2.
3.

in pin, as
(to

,
,
>

chip, (house),

kipln,

be deep).
as H;, kit, (hat).

r=H

in father,

==fl in tub, as

,
,

(prtp),

custom.

=u in purr, as
(to

put, (friend)

be

far).

Both sounds arc found

kini

in

nu

kiio,

(to

cross

4.
'

over).

French eu, as
article
in

kcu,

(that).

Taken from nn

Kcv. \V. M. Itaird on "

The KoinanMay, 1895.

ixation of

Korean Sounds,"

Tht Kmrean RtfctUtry

for

IN

THE

KOKF.
as
soin, (cotton),
ng-

5-

in note,

na, (a neighborhood)

in for, as in

oo

moon, as
wool as
as

, ,
,

tong san,

(a

garden),

jrioon, (a door),

do
;i

in

"8", p'ool, (grass).

in father,

mal, (a horse),

a almost

silent,

as in closed, unaccented

syllables like the second syllable of

sjirani, (person),

in hat,

is

7H,

=a =c in
io.

in fate, as

met, as

"51

, ,

ka, (a dog).
clia ga, (he

or she or

1).

kagesso, (I will go).

in

=This

character has no exact equivalent

It is

English sounds.

somewhat

like vii
,

with but slight sound of w, as

(fault

ch\v;i,

or

sin).

^|

in hat, as

ch'ak, (a book).

DIPHTHONGS
ihthongs there
12.
is

but one.
like
i

^\ French

cui.

Something
slight

precciK-d

by a very

sound of w,

eui wun, (a physician).

II'

as

;i

vowel has no rcprcstntation except that

Noa.
io,

sd under

and

12

and

has no

IIFTY HELPS FOR

THE

nF.r.INNER

place whatever as a vowel.

As

consonants they are

compoun'k'd with other

letters as follows

VOWKI-S COMI'OUNDEn WITH

13-

Y.

a as in father prccctlcd
(a

by

y, as

yanjj,

sheep).

in

tub preceded by y, as

pyfing'

(a hottlc).
11

in

pun preceded by
(to
)

y,

as

"^ C

V,

tnyun ha da,
15'
in

escape, a\oid).
prefixed, as

note with

y'i'k,

(abuse).
1

>

in

f<

with y prefixed, as

in

first

syllaMc
(to k'

of

^S.^-'t^}, by-

rhr.k lu.Ia.

sharp, pointed).
in

moon
uool,

uitii

prcfi\el, as

yin> sik hada, (to

fiT>

be learned).
:>s

in

with y pnfixod,
(famine year),

hyoong nyun,
;.

in

l'.iti

ith

prefixtd,

^
yc,
as

>

zoon,

(sixty).

in

nu t with y pn

fixed, as

(yes).

|.S.

VoWKLS COMPOUNDED WITH W.

a
in

father

with w

prcfixeil,

sil {nv.t,

(fruit).

THE KOREAN LANGUAGE*

=a
20. "^j

in hat

with

w w

prefixed,

in,

(a

Japanese).

in

tub with

prefixed,

wun, (an

official).

u
21.

in

purr with

prefixed, as

,
O
,

wun

hada, (to wish, to desire).

in

machine with

prefixed, as

\vi

or

"^,
U
^\
(to

hatb, (to worship).

the sound of

After

(m),

is

dropped as

n "'

wu

hiida, (to hate)

ptda (to he empty).

in fate

preceded by w, as

wan, (what

sort of? what manner of?)

in

machine preceded by somewhat

in

sound of w, as
be drunk). occurs except

^|

t,

slight

ch'wi hada,

This combination seldom

after

(ch')

(ch),

and

KKMARKS ON THE VOWELS.

The
self,

sign
if
it

pronounced

$-\

is

often

written
in

lone as

were a separate
effect

letter.

It

has no value

however, it

being to modify the sound

f the

preceding vowel

decided umlaut or deflection of vowel sound

FHTV HELPS FOR THE BEGINNER

caused by the influence of another vowel following

cither directly or separated

by an
is

intervening conso-

nant,

is

found

in

Korean.
also the case in

The

disturbing vowel, as
is
I.

Old

Knglish,

a followed by
piip,

as in the nominative case of

(food) approximates a, as

papi

u followed

by

as in

the nominative case of

a,

.F

duk, (bread), approximates

as

^
a,

**)

d5

6 followed by
ya followed by

as in the nominative case of

t,

pok, (blessing), approximates

i

as

I
*g

as in the nominative case of

as

yak, (medicine), approximates

yu followed by
l>yung,

as in the nominative case of

(bottle),

approxiimtes

i,

yo followed by

as in

the nominative case of

a,

yok, (abuse), approximates

as

,
X

ya^-

CONSONANTS.
Sitnple.

y
C
t.

k,

O
ch,

m,
C>
ntj.

n,

or

r,

tl

p,

s 'm

sh,

Aspirattd Consonants.

These characters arc pronounced as

indicates

their

name
In

with a sharp outgoing of the breath.

'

transliterating, the arbitrary sign

marks the

aspiration,
is

except

in

the case of the

first

character which

natural aspirate.

"^=h, as
*7 =k', as

lieulk, (earth).

=p
"t =t'

as
as

,
5
,

2L,

k'6, (nose).
p'i,

(blood),

fat, (fault).

=ch', as

chon,

(village).

I\i(/nflicnUd Qynsonanti

77
UD

or
nr

A7 =g, AU=b,

as ^J, got, (flower).

as

byu, (bone).
z,

=s, or almost
rot,

as ^5}

sukta. a<

or decay).

CC
7J

or

AC=d,
^X=j,

as

^\^]

cl.iridi,

t"

strike,

beat).

or

as

jotta, (to drive

away).

IIn- pronunciation of the

ton

iitnf>lc

consonants dqwiuls
If at

thdr position

in the

word.

the beginning,

in or
if

FIFTY

IIFIJ'S

lOR THE nF.GINXER

in the

they occur double

middle of a word, they

are pronounced as follows

Initinl,

or do'd'lc uidiial consonants.

kapsi,
(price),

7=k,

as

"{}

,
(1.

kakkak,

O -m, as 5t mat
ever way). n or
1

(taste),

fiintnan, (in

what-

or y, as H]"?}",

i^a.

son

nint (guest).

When
(

doublt'l

medially
polla,
silent

with

both
Is
s<

In-

niii-

1,

-^-^)

(ori^imlly).
,

.me

times

<

T almost
silent,

2-

<>r

ii,

or

as

as Vj

yi, (to th>.

nail,

^tomorrow).

When
silent,

tloubKd medially with

becomes
at><vc.

I,

as in the cxanipK-,
hcio\ c

-^^|

^iven

Often
as

vowels compoumlol

with y.

yong, (dragon).

H
/\
.

|,.

.is

(the

for^,

i|>

pyunc:.

(disease of the mouth).

<

>!

almost

sli,

as

sin, (shoe)

4l
ni.it

isso

(to be).

C r-t. as -^,

ton. (nioncy).

>lf

tang-

li.ul.i, (to. In-

norrssiry).

X
C

'

Ii,

.is

(to -.lrq>).

.ilent

aid in

the-

formation of vowels.

IN

THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.

II

When

the siwple consonants ore found single in the

iddle of a

word they arc pronounced

as follows

g, as

*ij

sound of

ni,

.sound

gcuin, (king).
n,

of

ang gyui^

I,

vowels
p, as

, , H
as
f)f

c f,

nulgta,

or

(to
it

eat).

Or

before the

becomes n^, as

cluing

mang
.mi;i,

kida, (to reprove),

^^
ing-

nung nuk

h;io (enough),

(perhaps).

>r is

before the

it

also 1h.cmks n^,

^ "a",

ns

anhu,

(wife).
n;^.

Or
is

before the sound

tin*

it

also

Ur. .Hies
to
u>

word

""Q

(spectacles) illustrates.
,>olt
'

as

'

^mt
it

Or between two
onri, (our).
t-,

""$*

it

liccoincs

r,

l) i[>

l'.'".'i.

(to a^ri

to suit.

Or

if

between vowels

becomes
it

b, as

Jlv|
<>\

poba, (treasure). in, as -S* V|

llstrict).

Before
,
(

takes the sound

uinn j,

(the official tow u

iik.s n,
is

tween

,
as

t.iM.

(a^aink
,

)r

Ixrfore

\^

it

bc-

^
upla,
it

iniim.ui, (believing),

(to

be gone, not to be).

d, as

Or

vowds

becomes

^J^f,

: adilk,

ason, cause),

hada, (to do).

FIFTY HELPS FOR THf: BEC.INNF.R

X=j^>

as

,
tci

niijangi, (a plasterer).

=ng,

as ^1

nangsoo, (fresh water).

uiinating a

When found

word

the

consonants

are pronounced as follows

/hnil consoJuints.

S",

mom,
s;in,

(body).

(a

mountain).

il.

(work).

son top,
pat, (a
s;"ing,

(finger-nail),

field)^

{a tabic).

A't

jnarks on the Consonants.

and "t becomes ch and ch' when follow"

or the

by & )
Initial

compound

letters

beginning with y.

consonants become hard by reduplication.

the sounds of k or

The Korean does not make

1

or

r,

p or
in

b,

or d, ch or
In
his

j,

or ng as distinctly as

we do

Knglisli.

mouth

often sounds to

us like a

Dudium l>ctrcn k and g

(I

medial
1>

is

often as mucli like

as

is

equally p or

between
t>
,

and d
is

between ch and

ng, in
the

some words

scarcely distinguishable.

Of

Korean language sounds, those requiring

the most constant practice with a teacher, and those

usually last acquired
ing
:

by

the foreigner, are

tlic

follow-

Nos.

4,

10 and

12 of the

vowels,

and the

aspirated

and the reduplicated consonants.

first

The very
this

step

is

to

make

a careful study of
falling

tabic

and preserve yourself from

into

serious errors of pronunciation such as pronouncing

5>
1

,
w

Cho sun Yak pang

(Korea), as

if it

rhymed with

anicn,

(medicine room), with Jack sang, etc.

THK FOLLOWING
are a
few
things

which

will

be helpful
teacher.

in

getting
first

on a
place,

'king basis with

is

your

In the

it

not

proper to address him as

"you

"
is

or speak of him as " he," but by his name, or he

not far from your age, as

(Ko subang) or
as the case

, ,
.'

(Kim

subiing) or

(Chung sub.ing)

may

be.

If

he

considerably older, he

should be spoken of and addressed as

saing) a

^,

(Sun
but
if

word meaning
in

literally,

born

first,"

c(]uivaicnt

use to the word " teacher."

Or,
as,

he

has a

title,

he should be addressed by that,

/^^,

(Hong Sa gwa) or

(Su Clio

si).

14

MTY H ELI'S

OK

TIIK

BECINM K
it is

When

he comes

him with the query,

?
in the

morning

polite to salute

That

is,

"

offer

That

is

liousc,

that

is,

In return be will

peace," that

. . .
him a
he

lave

you

slept

peacefully?"

As you

chair, bi\l him,

" PltiLsc be scaled. "

may

be bidden

When he leaves the lo " Go in peace,"

doubtless bid you tu M Remain

in

is 9

The

following sluut

list

of \v<nls and plirabcs

will

give you soinctliin^ U> begin with.

b ) U",
thai,

(c)

) *jl

this thing,

(i

gut).

0^ u
,

7i
way.
(

that lhing,(keu gut) that

(his

ru

!X

way.

k'e).

^kcu ru kV).

"!J
u
s. o).

Wlut

is

this thing

(c

gut

mou moo

Dl
U
SI o).

D
l

What

is

this

word

(c

mal

IS 1'rtE

KOKEAN I-\NCLACE.
prc>cMt talk, or tense, (chi

It is

lal

o).

This, ami the following phrases

to ijucstioas
It
is

kcum may he

^ lunged
/^(chun

by

a rising inflection nicrcly.

talk
or,
Is
it

past talk?

mfil c 6).
It is

D S)
(hoo nvil c

future talk

or, Is

it

fulurc talk

6).
It
i-s

^
talk

5 | -S-

low

talk

or,

Is

it

low Ulk

(na chin nul c 6).

Iti--u,Mcllct
Is
il

miildlc

(ka on da nial c 6).

It is

'

high talk

il

high lalk

(n"p hcun

ni.il

c 6).

Ui
lalk

"W"
<

iUon

(moo nan
I

tnal c

>).

lity

aj^Jj^jt alike,

Arc

i\\cy jubl

alike

(drk kiis bo).

ffe
Is
it .I

n i
often ubed

a
i

often usetl

or
n.)

word

(hcun
or.

tun

tn.il

i-

Itbuscfid-

bit
Is

useful?

^
t.i

is so).
It
is

useless; or,

it

u^lc
M.niU.

iip so).

2
(kat

" lul
heun nul rnou u
7fl
1

.i

si

6) #

don't Know, (tno ro j^s so).

]6

FIFTY

1111.1^

1-OK TIIM

ni:<

'.INNER

^ 4l
or Vfl

don't know,
(ye).

(al

soo up

so).

Yes,

No,

(a ni 6).

6^"^

"

The

native written character, (kook

moon).

The Chinese

written character, (h.in moon).

iniin

Let us stop, (keu

hap

st'-

in).

Several of these phrases, such as the distinctions of tense and of middle talk, are not native but have

been invented
student
is

by

foreigners

so

that

unless

the ex-

so fortunate as to secure one

who
is

is

perienced, he
his teacher

may how to

find

that

his first

task

to teach

teach.

NOUN DEaENSIONS.
Root
Nominative
Instrumental
Genitive
person.

Dative

^1*

b1

'
..
by

(wrson.
the person.

of the person.
tu the person.

Accusative
JfocatiNc

however,
with

the person.

Oh, person.
tu or in the {xrrson,

Ixxativc
(not

used,

reference

to

personal

nouns).

m
Ablative
Appositive
<

THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.

(
'

)
.

\"J

A\

...

from the person.

as for the person. these endings
(hat,)

by

Learn

this

heart and then try to

fit

to other nouns such as

(field,)

(kingdom,)

(horse,) (bird)

etc.

In

the

process you will learn the slight differences which exist

in

form, depending upon the letter with which the

root ends.

Notice that the Dative

"H]

is

not

com-

monly used except with personal nouns.

to impersonal objects the Locative

In reference
is

preferred.

Also that with impersonal objects

and not

/ is used Make up a
commit them

for the Ablative.

list

of names of

common

objects and

to

memory.

PRONOUNS.
Take up now
(you,)

through the case endings.

,
...

the pronouns

^1.)

(who,)

(hc.)

and put them

,
I.

(we,)

(1.)

runs as follows

Root ......
Norn.
Instru.

...

by

mc

i8

fifty

m'.i.rs

for the beginner

Gen Dat

Ml
or
1 .....
.

my.
to me.

Acc

me.
as for me.
this

App
Make
work.
out the others according to

paradigm,

always securing corrections of your teacher on your

For the

relative

pronouns see Sec. 43.

language
is

Notice that the Korean

not rich in

pronouns and learn to avoid the use of them especially

the
first

person, except

where absolutely necessary

to

express the thought

VERBS.
CONJUGATION OF VERBS.
First in order

comes the great verb

in

which

plays so important n part

the structure of Korean.

and
Let us take up
children and

follow, a close second

first

and

third.

the form of the verb used to

known

as the

Low Form.

"^
'

MAKE.

DO.

Indicative,

"i"
I
1

^l")
j

I,

you, he,

\vc,

they,

do or

make.

IN

THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.

^^"1" U you,
"91
etc.

19

4St ......

did or made.

Future
Imperative,

|"

I,

you,

etc. will

do or make.

"^
"i"

*r

let

make or do. us make or

do.

Relative larticiples.
Present.

making, doing

Past

....

made, done.
[to

Future

be made or done. about to be made or

done.

Imperfect
Perfect

..

Participles.

^ ^
* ..
*T|
...

made or was niaking. \donc or was doing.

ninde, done.

making,

doing

or

having

made or done-

uns.
tloing, niaking.
dcx-cl,

action.

20

FIFTY HELPS FOR

THE BEGINNER
HAVE.

,
Indicative

AM,

Ijpw Form.
jl 9 you, he, etc.

Present
last

\am or
I,
'

have.

Future
...

^
"!
J
Jl

cf

'

you, he, etc. J \was or had. |I, you, he, etc. shall I be or shall have.
>bc or have.
I
let

us be or have.

Relative Participles.
Present
Past
...

being or having.

6
\

been or had.
about to be or have.

Future
Imperfect
Perfect
-

..

been or had.

......

Verbal Participle.

.
^

<y>y

....

been or had.

having been or being.

Vcr/'al nouns.

being
the being.

Low Form,
Indicative.

Present
Past

64>y M cV

.../
[

'^"'
not or

etc

am not.

;'

^
not

|I

you,

etc.

had not or
shall

'

was

not.

Future

......

7fl

..,
'

[I you,
\

etc

nave or be.

Imperative
Relative Participles^
Present Past

not in use.

^ cl
fe

not having or being. not had or been.

Future

Imperfect
Perfect

"
....
. .

about not to have or

be.

not had or been. not have or been.

......

Verbal Participle.

6j tJ

[not having, not being,

JlJ
{
I

^ iJ \l
r*]

or not having had, or not having been.

Verbal nouns.

"1

not being or having.

the absence.

. .

22

FIFTV HELPS FOR

THE BEGINNER
to a

Next comes the form used among equals or

grown >erson of
talk, or

inferior

rank, and

known

as friend

Middle Ponn.

Present

H
" *
.

I,

he, etc.

/I,

you, he,
.

make or do. etc. made

shall

Past

..

Future

..

>A J*T "

/I,
\

i r did y u he, etc. make or do.

Imperative

do or make.
Middle form.

Indicative,

Present
Past
.

I,

you, etc. you,

etc.

am or have.
was or had.
Shali

I,
1

Future

..

A T!l
Middli

I
(

'

V
will
u

CtC
\

be or*u have.

Ivipcrativc

be
I'ortn.

InJicativc,
(yi

(I,

Present...

w
"

Past

^ ^
-ji

\
,

II,
\

(I,
\

Future
//'//i fii/i.
<

...

"

you, etc. am not or have not. you, etc. was not or have not. you, etc. shall not be or shall not have.

not used.

IN

THE KOREAN LA

23

Next comes the form used toward a superior or

between equals when an unusual degree of respect
indicated.
is

High form.
Indicative,

Present
Past

I,
[I,

y u

etc.

f Future t
...

you,
did.

etc.

make or do. made or

j^=
Please

c . sha11

^
have.

Imperative

"t"

do or make.

~%

CV

I jet

us do or make.

High Form.
Indicative,
Present..

>1

^|

CV

--.

I,
I,

you, etc you,

>'^
;

am or
-

Past

. .

etc.

was or had.

Future

..

Tjjwg V| cj-J

1
'

u ctc sha11

^ or

Imperatwc

Let us be.

High Form.
IttdUative t
I,

Present .....

you, etc' have not.

lucl not.

am

not or

Future

-o^ ^3.

ul

l c t| 1" U
I.

you,
r

etc. shall

not

shall not have.

24

FIFTY HELPS FOK

THE BEGINNER
not in use.

Imperative

Below arc the

interrogative

forms of these three

verbs, low, middle and high.

Interrogative Form.

Low,
Present
Past

Future

......

"^
-|

Vr

^
VrM
1

do

...

...

I, you, etc. ntake or do did or have I, you, etc. made or done will, I, you, etc. make or do.

Middle, Exactly the same as middle Indicative with

rising inflection.

High,
Present
Past

~%
......

Future
Lltw,

# ^^
l\

do,

I,

you,

etc.

do or
you,

make
did or have
etc.
I,

made or done, will I you, etc. make or do

Present
Past

......

V
"5!

{^IoramlPyou.

^ n/'
......
...

>vas

1 you

'

Future

......

will I

be or have

IN

THE KOREAN LANGUAGE,

25

High,
Present
......

Vj VI

Future

......

Low,
Present

..
Future
......

have or

am

not? etc.

.. .{^A nf. 11 V ...{^7^^

^ ^

High,
Present
Past
.

...

Future

..

..

^
V!

ACTIVE VERBS.
Verbs
in

Korean arc divided

into

two

classes,

Active

Under the first head come all words known as verbs in ICnglish except the copula to be. Commit to memory the following list of active verbs. They are arranged in sets for aid in memorizing
and Adjectival. and are
all

conjugated

in

the

main according to the

models given above.

l'or subject of adjectival verbs sec \\ 30.

FIFTY IIEIPS FOR

THE BEGINNER

LIST OF ACTIVE VERBS.

Make, do

Go
Conie
IJ

Walk Run
Stand

T,

.F

Crawl

.
'.

Fly

T,

Swim
Ride
Sleep

Dream

.315-

Wake
Rise
Sit

.
3"
.3,
ytuK

See

Hear
Taste

yi;5.

Smell

Touch
Talk

2*

THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.

Eat

Drink

Tell

Think

...

Wonder
Laugh
Cry
Shout

at

" ^
....

Whiter

^
^ "?

^^
*
X.
"

Command
Persuade

Chase
Drive

^
^

"

Lead
Follow

Push
Pull

^
*

^ eJv-

"

urt
Kill

. .

28

FIFTY HELPS FOR THE BEGINNER

Be born

To
Die

live
.

Marry
Bury...

.
Kir

IT.

....

IT

Come
"

out
in

"

Go out Go in Go up Go down
Buy
Sell

^
1

Hej7|- cV

^ l}^}

jH"

Sew

Wash
Iron

4 Vl*f

^ *
1

Ask
Answer
Get

Ask

for

^^ ^

IN

THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.

Borrow
Steal

Earn
Give
Receive

Try
Fail

f
with the hand..

To

feel

Strike

Forget

Remember
Throw away
Lose
Find or seek
for
. .

3 " ^

-.

^ ^
^
CV

Conquer

Be beaten

To dry "Krot

FIF1Y HELPS FOK

THE BEGINM-K

To shut To open
Grow
Bloom
Fade
SAl-wr

. ^

'

Ripen

Know
Not know
Perceive

0 ^
IKST

Guess
Bring

Take
Send
Await
Prepare for
......

7h4 M!4
ll
j

"
CV

cf

Welcome

^1

"^"
'rf

ADJECTIVAL VERBS.
When
casts
it

Korean wishes to use a predicate

n

adjective

he fuses his copula and adjective into one word and

into

verbal

form.

Thus

the

English

IN

THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.

becomes
and
is

3i
in

"It

is

good

"

conjugated

the main as follows

Indicative,

Pres.

Past

Future
Verbal

, 59 ,
I,
*

he, she, etc.

I, I,

am
etc.

good.

you, he,

was good.
be good.

you, he,

etc. shall

participle,

" good.
g d
good.
-

Relative participle,

Present
Past

f^-^
1

Future

These

adjectival verbs can

be run through

all

the

changes of low, middle and high

etc.
list

talk, interrogative,

It will

be good practice to

select

some from the

given below and conjugate them, getting correc-

tions as

you work, from your teacher and noting

carefully the slight but important differences between

the conjugations of the two kinds of verbs, active and

adjectival.

ADJECTIVAL VERBS
Little

IN

COMMON

USE.

Big
Flat

Round

^ ^

FIFTY HELPS FOR THE BEGINXKR

Thin

IS

Thick

Long
Broad

^
3 c f

Narrow
Tall

Short
Pretty

"?

65t

Ugly
Sweet

Sour
Bitter

Sharp

Hot
Cold

Lukewarm
Sick
,

Well
Dull, (as a knife)

... ...

Jf4a

Sharp

IN

THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.

Blunt
Pointed

"
^
7
...

Full

Empty
Bright

Dark
Black

White

oid

4
S

jcL

Young
Old

New
Beautiful

tf
..

Hateful

False..

True

^
5

Fierce

Gentle

FIFTY HELPS FOR

THE BECINNER

Right

Wrong
Good
Bad
Ignorant

GV

*T^V

Learned
Wise....
Foolish

.sis'

Early
Late

i
.

....

Near
Far

....
.fy.3r

High....

Jrlpx

Low

...

Sorry

.10
.

Glad....
Grateful

^
.411?.*

^
.

Cheap

Dear....

IN

THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.

35

Few Many
Easy
Difficult

Peaceful

Agitated

" " ^
1

^"?"^

Clean
Dirty

......

^
di-

Weak
Strong

tN^f
TJ

^
* *

Deep
shallow
Useful
Useless

Busy
Idle

"...

^ *

'

Slow
Fast

36

FIFTY HELPS FOR

THE BEGINNER

Heavy
Light
Soft

1\ ^

Hard
Deficient

SS*
-T"^"l* c l*

Enough

M"

ADVERBS.
Having
familiarized yourself with the

above

list

of

adjectival verbs,

you

will

be

in

a position to

make up

your own adverbial

derivatives,

which you can do

by adding Thus

the syllabic 1l|

to the root of the verb.

3/

Little.
...

"l
Or,
in

Greatly.
Prettily.

......

Etc.

many

adjectival verbs admit an adverbial

form

Thus
Gently.

2
......

Kmirely.

Near.

Ktc.

COREAN LANGUAGE.

LIST OF ADVERBS.
Sonic Adverbs
in constant use are

..

!
*

How

Thus,

this

way.

That way.

^
.
2

!
I

^>)

Quickly, at once.

...\

How much?

low

(J

About how much?

Several.

Some.

Much,

very.

Iuiough.

Only.
Well.

38

FIFTY HELPS FOR

THE BEGINNER

,.

All.

Too much,
More.
Less.

too.

And,

again,

still

more.

Also, too.

So much

the more.

little.

Perhaps.
Possibly.

Why.
Where.

..

When.
Unexpectedly.

..

Together,

all at

once.

1^.5

7y
.

Like.
Like, the same as.

I
,

Almost

altogether, nearly.

IN

THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.

39

On

purpose, purposely.

5
^
<
^?
Naturally, of
itself.

Of necessity.

*
^
y

Little

by

little.

Just now, a

moment

ago.

As

yet.

When
Already.

What

time

Always.
.

This time.

That time.

rr

40

FIFTY HELPS FOR

r,

THE BEGINNER

Presently, in a

moment

Long.
,

These days.
Often.

*TS:

Immediately.

oil

Finally.

In advance.

At At

first.

last

Now.
Soon.
Again, once more.

Back.
In a

moment

After.
I

lere.

.
FC,

There, vonder.

IN

THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.

41

POSTTOSIIIONS.
The
following
is

list

of postpositions, so called
it

because they follow the noun instead of preceding

as in Ei^lish.

Under.

T*
*lj

Over, or on top
Behind.
In front of.

of.

y J\

*<1

At thereof.
Below.

*
fl

1*?

>

If In the middle

of,

between.

./

Inside.

Without

t^^fJUU

On

account

of.
of.

For the sake

^1
l] S)
"li

Outside.

Ifctwccn, as

(between us.)

Across.

42

FIFTY HELPS FOR

THE

BEGINNliK

.....

After, as
this.)

(after

Before as
this.)

(before

During.
After,

"iw*^
to,

According

as

9
please.)

(just as

you
to

^ ^|

To, as to speak
I

a person.

Commit

these

words perfectly
let

to

memory.

With these

preliminaries

us begin the process of

language building.
l

L
This

t
is,

{
literally,

"

Doing means

arc,"

and

is

equi-

valent to our English expression,

" It can be done."

The

negative form

is

It

Take

these

variations of

^^.

. , ^.
Your
teacher

cannot be done.
nil

two forms and run them through

ami C(

the

\^
the

Also tluou^h

will

suggest correct forms

ami pronunciation.

IN

THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.

have

,us

you

will

Low

talk,

Present

Past

ST
Future

. .

Middle

talk,

Present

Past

"

Future

^?

High

talk,
...

Present

......

Past

turc

......

^ ^^ ^
t
1

t^r^i^}-\

44

FIFTY HELPS FOR

THE BEGINNER
and high,

And
Low

the interrogative forms, low, middle

past, present talk,

and

future.

Thus;

Present

Past

Future

^ ^ ^^ ^ "^ ^ ^^
"S

VM=

Middle

talk,

Present

Past

Future

High

talk,

Present

VI
Past

VI

g^m
Future
g
1
J!

^ ^

vi

IK

THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.

4S

Continue

M
I

can go.
I

,"

this

process with any other verb of action,

4,

etc.
I

Thus,
see.

can not

can not

eat, etc., etc.

The student will readily see that instead of but two new forms, he has acquired a number only limited by

hb knowledge

of verbs of action, and

this

he

will find

to be the case in every exercise herein presented.

Since pronouns are seldom expressed in Korean,

and since the plural number

these phrases
sons,

is

used only when

it

is
it,

impossible to express the desired meaning without

may convey
it,

the idea of any or

all

genders,

and numbers.

As,

perI,

you, he, she, they, we, or

I,

cannot go.

you, he, she, they, we, or

it,

can come,

etc.

Koreans

usually rely

upon

the context to give definitcness,

it

and

the result

is

not so vague as

seems

at first thought.

Notice the invariable construction of Korean scnrst,

if,

the subject,

if

expressed, preceded

by

its

there arc any.

Then

the object, preceded

dificrs, if

any, and lastly the verb.

For example

.
person

s
whom
I

never saw before has just wcl-

46

FIFTY HELPS FOR

Literally,

THE BEGINNER

corned me.

This before not seen person

me just

has welcomed.

With the help of your teacher, the dictionary, other text-bookf, and any other available source of information, as servants, visitors

or friends,

sentences containing these expressions.

make up ten short Such as,

can not

see,

or read the book.

^;f
He
Etc.,

cannot cat Korean food*

Can you not go to-morrow

Etc.

Go
use.

slowly, and put what

you

learn to
this

immediate
than upon

More, much more depends upon

hours spent
2.

^
"

toiling

over a text book.

Literally,

Doing means beside are not," and

expression
take

is

equivalent to our idiom.

Instead

" Nothing else can be done."

this

of

in

*^ and

you have.

cannot but ^o, or, you, he, she, they, or

it,

as the

case

may

be, cannot but go.

substitute

^
get hold

IN

THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.

47

"5

and you h^e,

I,

ydb, he,

etc.,

cannot but look or

see.

Take

the

future participles of

any or

all

the verbs of action that

this

you can
high

of,

and run

expression through

the present, past and

talk,

future tenses, low, middle

and

and

interrogative, as before.

sion.

Make up As

^^
I,

ten short sentences containing this expres-

he, she, etc., cannot but

go

to the house.

The day cannot but be warm.

Etc.,

Etc

3.

*
Make, or do.

^
Go.
This
is

Look, or

sec.

the low imperative form

to be

used to

4S

FIFTY HELPS FOR THE DFGINNER

children

and

coolies.

When you

wish to include

yourself, the

form becomes,
.

Let us do, or make.

Let us

see.

Let us go.
Etc.

higher
still,

form for directing servants

is

^"

or higher

Watch

"^
the

For example

baby

well.

Bring the money.

In intercourse with Christians of the servii^ class
is
it

much

better to use the middle, or as

it

is

often

called, the friend talk.

In giving directions to your teacher or any equal, use

Thus

Please

do

^
so.

Please send a man.

Please
I

KOKKAN LANGUAGE.

come

early.

In

including

yourself in

the

proposition,

say

Let us do

^
g
Make
4

Let us send a man.

so.

Let us study.
sentences as before.

*
Do
not do.
*

Take
rrb

this

and add

it

to the root of the

and you have -"

Do
Or add
it

not go.
to the root of the verb to see

not look.
this

through the midillc and high

fori its

with

5
tlic

FIFTY HELPS FOR TIIH BEOINNER

help of your teacher, and

make up

other sentences

such as

Do

not stay long.

)"

Do
5.

not believe false talk.

* *f
I, lie,

she or

it,

cannot do or make.

f
I,

he, she or

it,

will

not do or make.

The

latter,

and sometimes the former form, arc also

is

used where simple negation

expressed without the

idea cither of unwillingness or inability.

"
I,

and

be added to the root of any active verb, thus

^
it,

*,

like

No.

4,

may

you, he,

cannot eat

f
I,

you,

lie, it,

will not cat.

Add
Thus

also

to

the

root

of any

adjectival

verb.

*
It
it

or

5L

not good.

IN T1IK

KOREAN I^NGUAGE.

51

:
is

jl

is

a contracfion of

""$* ,

anil
tlic

exceedingly

common

with adjective verbs like

above, as

It is

not

far.

"U
It is

not deep.
Etc.
.
it

The

student will find

advantageous to accustom
rather than

himself to learn

by sound
it

by

sight,

and

with this in view

writii^;

will

be well to avoid too

much
better.

out of exercises.

Committing them and

possible will be

reciting

them aloud as rapidly as

much

Take

frequent

reviews,
in

and vary the routine of any way that you

study herein suggested

find profitable.

may
origi-

Remember
with each

these arc only suggestions

for study.

But do not omit the construction of

form.

nal

sentences
r

You

cannot

have

practice than this.

The

short vocabulary of
lists

ligious terms

on

p.

83 and the other

o( words purpose.
clay to

in presented will

be found useful for

this

Use the words and terms which you

day.

learn

from

Doing mind

is.

52

II

TV HKIJ^ hOK

THli ni-.GINNtK

Doing mind
Equivalent
in

is

not
to.

our ':nglish idiom

I

"

have a

nunc! to do, (thus or so)." " (thus or so)."

have no mind to do,

Applications of this useful

gest themselves.

have a mind to go up to the (Buddhist)

temple.

^
etc.,

form

will

speedily sug-

*
I

have no mind to

try.

^
"7.

J
Have you no mind
brother

^
to
liclp

your younger

^"
I,

you, we,

wish to do.

I,

you,
:

\vc, etc.,

do not wish to do.

Applications

^
Wc
I

wish

^^
t<> set'

your house.

hi
his hair.

Ic

docs not want to cut

IN

THE KOREAN

I-ANGUAGF..

5.3

])o

you want

to

go to

the

fair

8
1

)oing

is

easy.

ft
Doing
is

hard.
It is

Idiomaticallv, "

*1
Wrong
1

easy to do," "

It is

hard to do."

doing

is

easy.

?h
is

*
difficult,

Hating medicine
say, "
It is

or as

we would
as,

hard to take medicine."

Get

your teacher
"115:
It Ls

to

sug^t

allied

forms such

good

to look

.it.

It is

hideous to look

at.

It is

ll good
Ktc.

to hear.

Run Uksc through

gativc forms, thus
:

the

various tenses

with

he

lt is ,,ot

eas>' Ut do.

54

FIFTV IIEIJS FOR

THE HFCINKKR
It is It is It is

"1
V
9.

not hard to do.

^
so)
in
is
1

not

good

to see.

not hideous to see.

1! 5L

It is

not

good

to hear.

f
If
is

5:
it

you do, (thus or

will

be good.
in

This

convenient to use

expressing a wish, or

giving directions, and

a relief from the constant use

icing equivalent

of the imperative forms.

conditional
if, it

to our

opens up a vide range of expression.

5
If lie

comes

it

will

be well.

If

you

will call the chair coolies,

will

go'nt

once

*
It

TH
I will

he does the work

give

him the wages.

f
If

5:
is it

he reverences his parents,

will

not well

This form
10.

be found of endless use.

f
fomi
is

This

given

in

connection

with

j
is

since they both

com'ry the ideaof our-//, but there

IN THF.

KOREAN LANGUAGE,
in

55

n very imporLuU difference

their

use.

"^

i*>

of wider application and

may

be followed by a clause

denoting cither a

result

of the condition stated, a

choice resting with the speaker or a

as,

command

where-

^
it

is

never followed

by a

clause denoting

result,

but always a choice resting with the speaker

or by a comnund.

If

is

cold

^
I

-^t^- ^

will

shut the

door, (that
so).

is,

the speaker chooses to

do

^^'
If the

A,

room

is

warm

stop the

fire,

that

is,

do
not

not start any more.

This difference

in the

use of
it is

an d a very

H
real

>

easy for foreigners,

but that

one

may

be easily

verified
t
,

by

projiosing to

sentence as

or

any other sentence

I i

a
in

result.

It

which *n must always be followed

^
ji

your teacher such a

s f>H>c(l

by

l>y

a choice or

command.

f
If

only you

wilt

lo,

(thus or so)

it

will

do

ott very often,

You must do

(thus or so).

56
This
i

FIFTY HELPS FOR

is
ill

THE

nF.r.IN*NER

so a pleasant w ay of expressing a wish or

necessity, or of giving an order.

3i
If

A
is

T
cat,
I will

only there

something to

eat

it.

t
If

you

will

but worship the spirits the house

will l>c peaceful,

^^
f

must have the money to do

it.

To make

^" ^
Have her do
I

to do, or, to let to do.

the sewing.

had

it

all

done yesterday.

Tflf
\jct

the carpenter

come
or as

in.

13.

*f

*, *
t

"
*

it is

often spelled,

A^r

To

intend to do, (thus or so).

am

intending to write a

letter.

^
.

IN

THK KOREAN LANGUAGE.

you intend ^oin^
is,

When An

" , :1
Siki has

ilo

to the

country

c([uivalcnt phrase

or as

it

often spelled,

*
yjV

14.

*
To go
to do, (thus or so).

f
To
conic to do, (thus or so).

^
Yong
goods.

The

hostler has

^
I

*
his

gone to move

household

come

to see the horse.

He

has gone to buy a chicken.

15.

f
I

do or make, but,

As

for myself
difficult.

^
(t is

fe:

troublesome, but please ^ivc

^
.iddcd

do study, hut

&^
tt>

1
Icarnii^;
i|

jfp

/
mo
a drink.

l"fe

may

Ik-

any tense as

58

FIFTY IIEUS FOR

THE

nF.r.INNER

f
It

fe:

did, Jaut,

U!
I

will go, but.

The

similarity of this

idiom to our
it,

own may lead

is

the

student into a perpetual use of

which

un-Korean.
the

Often where

we would

say,

"

So and

so but,"

Korean
16.

will prefer the

following terim

*
Although,
I,

he or she,

^^
etc.,

do, (thus or so).

ll

As

for myself,

although

do study

(Hllipcntly

learning

is difficult.

Although

take

much
it is

medicine

am no better.
is,

Although you go

ik>

matter, that

Go

if

^ ^
The

you

like.
is,

past tease

or

*
^
Ktc,

Although

I di<i.

or

or

^
Etc.

Althou K h

vnt.
I

Although

ak

IN

THK KOREAN

I^Nr.UACF,

59

Kuturc tense,

^
......
......
j

" ^

Although

will will

do.
go.

Although Although

I
I

will eat.

Etc..

Ktc.

Make

a study of shnilar, though perhaps slightly

as.

varying terms,

S\

By
forms

this

time the student should be able to

,
S

etc.

nuke up
the

sentences of considerable length

by combining
it

alreajy

learned.

Try

with

twenty-five

sentences or so.
theni to

Construct them yourself and submit

your

tcaclicr for correction.

Thus

f
Although
forgot
I
it.

*
fe:

^
fjr

intended to answer (the

#|

letter),

4^
fivy^
if

An

ahuiulant year has become, hut

like
this

the w est

wind blows
crop
will

^oiling of^Jkc rice

he easy.
Ktc..

Ktc.

Go
These

FIFTY HELPS FOR

THE BEGISNER
anil

two fun

is

arc

cxccdingly cuuunun,
because.

convey the idea

of, as, since,

the weaker of the two,

than and.

read the Bible and

^^
f
steals

The former is and sometimes means no more

it is

true.

TJ!
will

Because he

they

put

him

in jail.

The
expect.

past

and future tenses arc formed as one would

* /^ ^ ^
fU!
"rn!

fs:

Since the exorcist has already come, the noise

of the devil worship w

*7fi^
Since they
not
will

be cheaper to-morrow

^^
ill

begin directly.

did

buy

to-day.

Your

S**Ht
stronger

^,
in

teacher will furnish

you with

and also

, &,
*

similar forms, a,

which arc a degree

meaning.

IN TIIK

KOKKVN lANCU AGK.

6l

1^

1:
I,

*
etc., will

you,

probably do, (thus or

so).

le will

probably bring the cane.

If the

day

is

cold ho probably cannot go.

in precisely

A form

used

the

same way

is,

f
As,

Ul
It will

probably
is

rain.

The

past tense

fc/T
(t
As,

He
1

has probably already received the reward.

^ ^
*

all

managed by,

jy ^

*C

lis

neighbors

probably helped him.

t *
I,

U^'JtL*
was on the point of doing.

he, etc,,

f
I

was on the

jx)int

of

falling, or,

nearly

fell.

*
He was on
the pointing of (lying.

62
20.

MITY HUM'S FOR THE

nEGINNF.K

^^ ^
f
It is

worth doing.

Is the

book worth reading

"?
is

The

sight

worth seeing.
but conveying more nearly
able,
is,

similar expression,

the idea of our

As,

^^
TJ

^t
1

English ending

*
*lfi
be

ICggs will be purchasable to day.

The

pickled turnips, after ripening, will

eatable.

21.

If

$
I,

he, etc.,

am
is

pretending to do.

That child
Past tense,

pretending to cry.

*
This

"t
know kook-

wonwn

pretended not to

inoon.

IN

THE KORKAN MNfiUAGK.

Future

tense,

^
Those who
don't

know

& *^
will

63

*
I

"
fear this or that
is

^^^u

pretend to know.

happening or

tJ
T fear

he

will

icar

he

will

^
*S

will

happen.

only waste his strength.

not come.

The
will

contrasting expression, to hope that this or that

happen,

^
will

is:

As,

CI
I

hope the man of that house

The form
tense

^^^^
Ls

naturally expresses the future idea.

come back, The

expressed as follows

hoped

that the barley

^m
has
coiijc,

crop had turned out well.

&

>VP3
Since no

"ru!
letter

she will fear that

her husband has died.

64
Notice

FIFTY HELPS FOR

in

THE BE<WNNEK
all

these sentences that

all

tenses of hoping

and fearing as well as

feared, are expressed.

tenses of the thing

hoped or

Similar forms arc

1
ing, expecting

h^
and

,
urn]

other vcrbsof hop-

fearing.

23.

This

is

used to express our whether, and very often

equals whether or not,

"

by taking on

ffe:
Whether he
know.
is

TJ!
I

doing well or badly,

do not

don't

know whether

lie is

going or

not.

added
gives "^"

to the root of the past tense

,

"",

7|

the past form

*
Whether he
is

inarried,

do not know.

s
slept well.

(" and

sec

whether our father

IN

THE KOREAS I^NOUAGE.

it

65

"J

or, as

is

often spelled,

"
6

and

give the future

-"Who knows whether or not war

by

natural formation.

^fl

will arise

5
it

Whether
see to

^
be

will

turn out well or not

wc must

know.

The

student will notice that these forms are always

followed

by a

clause denoting cither knowledge or

fact

ignorance.

This

established,

ho

will

pre

pared not to confound them dthcr with the followii^

egression, or with No. 30 which
only.
is
.

similar in

form

24.

*
our wluther, but instead of
i

Is also equivalent to

being followed by
not know,
it

clause denoting that

you do or do

is

invariably

(with one exception whicli

to),

need not now be referred

followed

by

the idea

tet fOM do not

care.

^t.

^1

*
Whether
I

t
live

Whether he docs or

or die,

^
not,

r
it is

*
no matter to
nic.

hrru!
not sacrifice (to

I will

ancestors)

66
25.

FII

TY HI

LI'S

FOR TMK DFC1SNER

1^
W hile
a
or

when

doing.

do
not

;
cats.

*--4j

When you

have a cold,

^
I

enters)

(literally, when a cold go where the wind is blowing.

le

prays every time he

?
arc

synonymous expres-

sions,

and used almost as frequently.

26.
Before doing.

^^S^

^*
must
is fault*

Before beginning consider well.

^fn
Before

;
certainly

accusing

one

know

whether or not there

27.

After doing.

After you have done the criand,

?^

come

again.

^*
28.

IN

THE KOREAN LANGUAGE,

^
^^^^j/r

<>7

After he undcrstocxl the talk he

inquiries.

made no more

I'4fok or

^^
C1
think
it

know

(thus or so),

'

do not think or know

as.

&

(thus or so).

The lady knows

that guests aic coming.

is

in that

room.

The

past

5
form
did rot

is

As,
I

know

that the n:asti

of the house

hid already gone.

5
I

thought he had calm six

that
is,

New

Year's cakes,

was

six years old.

68

FIFTY HF.LPS FOR

THE

nF.GINNER

The

future tenses are expressed

by
-

"I
"I

.
S
know
is

As:

thought a boat would come to day.

did not

that

^!
to-wit, to

*
this long.

you would wait

The

future form
different

capable of conveying another

:

and very

meaning

know how

to

do

thus or so.

The mason knows how

to

mend

the wall.

29.

^
He

"I docs not

know how

to

do farm work.

Conveys the

idea of

//;////,

uf

to the

tirnc of, the

vwre.

f
I

f
until

le

worked

he was

tired.

Mother was

sick unto death.

IN

The more persons

THE KOKEAN LANGUAGE.

69

They played

^
until
is

the better.

they cried.

The same thought

6

&
,
Used "1

also expressed

by

the use of

with the verbal noun.

the

Thus, instead of
is

Korean
That

is just

likely to say,

is,

He worked himself to death

S
to express time since.

"

^
this

The baby was born

nine

months ago.

It

has been long since

saw you.
wonder,
fear,

Our

Knglish

mode
a.s,

of expressing
I

admiration, etc.,
ful," is also

"

low strange/
form,
z

Mow

beauti-

expressed by

s
\

ov

big

7o

FIFTV HELPS FOR

THE BEGINNER
to

And

if

the

Korean wishes
and adds,

be more

explicit

he

chops the

^
It is

inexpressible.

31.

and
in

These are used as connectives,

joining

two or

more

subjects or objects of the

same verb.
"tf

^
having

Sagi and Chil-scungi having gone to the

fair,

came back,

bought persimmons,
.

pears and a chicken.

The
will

difference between

ami

as the student
is

see

by

a look at the sentence given above,

merely euphonic,
in

being used after words ending

.Iter

a vowel, and

wortls

ending

in

con-

sonant.

32.

^
is

This
ccjual

also a very

common

connective for joining

well as

parts of a sentence, as

two or more

subjects or objects of the

sunc verb.

IN

THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.

"t

t
One The
33.

reads the book well, and one reads

71

it

badly.

soldiers

went by boat and by land.

^, f, f

These forms arc used

a sentence.

^
As
left

for joining

unequal parts of

4?
will

**
well.

"
is

g
Ten

Obeying the

of God, he keeps the

Commandments

3!:
I

laving

home he went

to a distant place.

Note

well that in each of these sentences the

this

two

verbs have the sanic subject, and

case where the )articiplc
verb, except in occasional
is

always the

derived from an active

instances

u here the verb,

in

though active
meaning.

in

form

may be

strongly adjectival

Generally speaking, the clause immediately

participle,

following an active

must have the same'

subject as the participle.

Where
veil),

the jurticiplc

is

derived from an adjectival

cl.ius*.

huwever, the subject of the folluwing

7^

FIFTY HELPS FOR THE BEGINNEK

or

may

may

instance

Or :

^ ^^ ^

The
ing
it,

not be the same as the participle.

For

^ s
I

flower being beautiful,

(literally,

feel

like pluckarises).

plucking mind

"

it

9g
makes
the

The
of

flower being beautiful,

mind

man

glad.

34.

f cl^l
very

A form
written,

much

used
in

in

narrative,

spoken or

and indicating

print a

pause longer than

It

comma and
to
it

not so long as a period.

equivalent
to

nwy

be
In

said

be about

a semi .colon.

sixx'ch

a pause.

may As

be translated by

" and " or simply

by

*|*&<
f
They
A
arc having a feast how, and have pre-

pared several kinds of nice food.

>S

j^

fe:

sorrowful

aflair

has occurred

why do you

laugh

IM

THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.

73

The
expect

past

and future tenses are formed as one would

S
The
baptismal

t
you have come
late.

ceremony has already been

performed

will

use
it

it

tomorrow and have not yet

bought
35.

f
ending used
I

An

in

speaking to another person of

to

something which

know

be a

fact,

but which they

have not seen or known.

^"
In

f American
nuking

schools

they

study

vithout

the least noise.

for the

The

polite

form

same

cxprcssi<iii is

"^ S
Ques.

Knglish horses arc very large.

Do you know
lu.s

^ ^
/r

"
gone

M
is

where the musioiiary

for a walk.

74

FIFTY HELPS FOR THE BF.GINNEK

The
which

interrogative fonns,

high and low, are also

used in enquiring
I

of

another about something of

am

ignorant,

but which he has seen or

known.

Thus, to a child,

^
He
Is
it

Where

has your father gone

has gone to a village.

in the

church

It is.

36.

"fr^H
it

^^KP
connective, corresponding to
to

A past imperfect
35 and used like
seen or

No.

convey the idea of something

listener.

known by the Translated by " and."

speaker but not by the

Yang Ssi believed and attended now her husband, too, ti u.sts
Notice tlut thesr fonus, Nos. 35

fe:

(church,) and
in Jesus.

IN

THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.

This
is

75

used

in the first person.

not true,

however,

of the following form.

37.

*
is

'

This
force as

a past perfect connective and lus the same

that
it

No. 36 except For instance, persons.

can be used with

all

fe.t

^
God
hteard.

^
It
is

I (or he,)

wept and prayed and

very commonly used when

the speaker

wishes to

convey the idea that a change has taken place, and As : is translated by " but."

l-ornicrly

^ ^
*
worked a great
cannot.
deal,

but

ow

being uld,

38.

*
connective used to indicate simultaneous action.

A
As:

As

he was jjoing along

the

r"tl

he

rc.id

a book.

y6

^1
filial

FirTY HELPS FOR

THE DEGINNEK

"9"?

While we reverence God we must also be

to

our parents.

39.

A connective
As:

indicating interrupted action.

As
he was going along the road he met a

^
He
40.

tiger.

y
fell

believed God, but unfortunately, he

into sin.

r
Not only
that but

Or,

^^ ^
1
(Literally,

He

not

only suffered but died.

ditl).

up

to death

Or.

There was not only much

blew.

^^
word ought
is

rain,

but the wind

^
g
I

41.

The Jdea of Duty or Obligation conveyed by

expressed by the use of the

the English

future participle.

For example

Drinking and gambling are not work that an

upright

man ought

There being
come.
"jj,

much work

to do.

to see to,

could not

meaning thing,

is

used almost interchangeably

with

after the participle.

42. Indirect Discourse

is

expressed by adding any

mode or

tense desired of the verb

jL"t"

c|*

to the

root form of the remark quoted.

S^Z^"/Cc5225

*
Tell

*
him
to do, (thus or so).

FIITY HELPS FOR

THE

r.FOINNPK

Tell

Please

I will tell

Jt He

They

^ " ^? ^
*
him
to speak.
tell

him

to

buy

the wood.

him

to

go

to the school.

says the coolie has come.

"
at day-break.

said they

would leave
all

And
tenses.

so

on

through

the

modes, ranks

and

A variation *
I

is

furnished

by

heard he was doing, (thus and

so).

heard he was sick.

JJ:

heard you were married.

43.

Relative clauses are expressed by means of the

past, present

and future

participles.

g
The man who
is

doing the wyrk wants money.

Thus
v!

IN

THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.

The house which was newly

70

built has

tumbled

^ ^
down.

There

is

no

special

work which ought

to be

done to-day.

The verb have, so indispensable

not

in

English,

is

found

in

Korean
"

The
or

idea

4l

with or without
say,
^tj
I

"

is

expressed

by

Thus, where

ve would
simply, ^t)
plicit,

have a book," the Korean says

or,
if

4^,

.
g

he wishes to be more ex-

45.

T/tr

purpose answered by t/w one

in

word

is in

our language, requires two

express mere existence,
condition.

Korean

to

There

is,

expressing nature or

or exists, an upriglit man.

He
in
all

is

an upright man.

distinguish between the use of these

their

two words

possible

forms

constitutes

one of the

difficulties

of the spoken Korean.

8o
46.

FIFTY HEfPS FOR TUF

nF.r.INNF.R

Degrees of comparison are expressed by

more, and

<i

^^
,

less.

Typhus

fever

is

more

dreadful.

This

rice

is

less dirty.

The

superlative degree

rmy

be expressed by ^} ^[

That mountain
high
or,

is

highest,

or

very

often,

by

the use of

literally, first

Among
or

the mountains

it is

high.

Comparison between objects may be expressed by

5
Compared
47.

7i
with this vessel that one
in
is

is

large.
is

To give assent

proper Korean fashion

quite an art, since there

that

no one word
all

like

our yes

can

be

used

under
is

circumstances.

approaches yes, but

equals or
as

used properly only between

by an
*

inferior to a superior.
etc.,

Such words

have their place, but a

way

IN

fHE KOREAN LANGUAGE.

the

81

often preferred

by

Korean

is

to assent

by

repeating

the verb.

Qucs.

g^i
Has

Ans.

He
Remark.

the

man come

has come.

^
The crops have turned out
well.

Assent

They have turned out

48. Our much
equivalent
in

well.

used thank you has

no exact
to

Korean.

appreciation of a kindness rendered, a Korean says,

i,

or

"^

The latter word approaches thank you in use, but has more nearly the sense of / am grateful. For instance
one Korean says to another, "
but
I

.
"

If

he

wishes

express

',r

it

may bo

.
to

was

sick yesterday
his friend

am much

better to- day."

To

which

responds, "

In asking a favor of another the idea of please

may
give

be conveyed by the use of ^"S-, the verb

or grunt.

82

^
h
is

FIFrY HELPS FOR

THE BEOINNER

Please open the door.

Please take the baby.

This form

much used

in

prayer, as will be seen

by

referring

to the prayer sentences

on a subsequent

page.

49.
little

Although personal pronouns, as such, are

in

favor

among Koreans,
person,

yet substitutes, especially

for

the second

are

common and
if

useful.

meaning elder brother,

used between men,

,

and elder V|
,

sister, if

used between

women

and other words which your teacher can

will

suggest,

furnish

a profitable

morning's study.
of addre^
is

A safe and
own,
it is

always appropriate
title

mode

simply to use the name or

In the case of

of the person spoken

to.

women, who have no names of their necessary to address them as descendant

so,

of so and
so.

or

as

wife

or

mother of so and

Thus,

descendant of
house) of Mr.

Ko

wife (literally,

mother of
expressions
are

Kim; Lower forms

, %.
;

"U

for these latter

In addressing an audience
useful purpose.

answers a

IN

THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.

in

3
is

50. To offer an apology

rendering of our "

acceptable fashion
is

not

accomplished as the foreigner

literal
I

apt to think,

by a

am

sorry."

If

a Korean

wishes to express regret for some omission or commission, he says simply,

^" "$"
if

that

is,

"

have not done well."

Or
or,

he wishes to use a more

elevated turn of expression he

may

say, "2^
fault."

v \^)

S~

that

is,

" Avoid,"

" overlook the

LIST
Angel,

OF RELIGIOUS TERMS.
/

Angry,

to be,

*$*

Apostle,

Baptism,
Baptize,

Baptized, to be,
Believe, to,

^
4l
fe:

5!

Believer,
Bible,

"

5t

, .
jfl

Bless, to,

Blessed, to be,
Blessing,

Bow,

to,

FIFTY HELPS FOR

THE neGINKEK

Horn again,

to be,

"*H

Buddha,
Buddhism,

Church

building,
to, as sin,

,
^
,

Commit,

Confess, to,

Confucius,

Confucianism,

],
Z

"

Congregation,
Cross, The,
Crucify, to,
Crucified, to be,

Demon,
Destroy,
to,

Destroyed, to be,
Destruction,
Disciple,
1

H
"
"

Disobey,
Doctrine,

j3l
as destruction,

Escape,
Eternal,

to,

$
life,

Eternal

IN

THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.

85

aith,

Fall, to, as into hell,

Forgive,

to,

f
^
,

,
Roman
Catholics and

God,

"^["V

used by Protestant Missionaries.

used by

by

some
Gospel,

Protestant Missionaries.

Grace,

Heaven,
1

Icavenly Father.

Hell,

Holy

Spirit,

Jesus Christ,

Joy.

Judgment,
Kneel,

?
to,

^
:

face

to the

ground as Koreans do

Live forever,

to,

Lord,
Lord's Supper,

Love,

to,

Mcncius,
<)bcy
f

y >5

&

FIFTY HELPS FOR THE BEGINNER

1'i.stor,

^f/^

lVisccutc, to,

Persecuted, to be,
I'ity, to,

Pitiable, to be,

Pray,

to,

*
Prayer,

H , ^ *
|*
fe:

U:

to

Buddha,

Preach, to,
Preacher,
Punish, to,

" " ?: " "^

I
J51

l'unished, to be,

Punishment,
Religion,

Repay,
Repent,

lo, to,

Resurrection,

Sabbath,

;;

"

Sacrifice, to, to ancestors,

*f
Salvation.

to demons,

Satan,

KI

THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.

Saviour.
Sing, to,
Sin, Sin, to,

f * *

Sinner,

Son of God,
Soul,
Spirit,

^ ;^
f,

Suffer,

Trust, to.

, ;"
;
t
to,

Worship, or reverence,

f;

SHORT SENTENCES USEFUL IN PRESI-NTING THK GOSPL.

Among

^^
all

mankind where

^ .

is
1

there one without sin

"H

xl pitied the

siri

Htrickcn

and

lost conditiun

of

m m.

8S

Although our

As

( od

He came

^ ^^ ^^
sins

Finy HELPS FOR THE BEGINNER

were many

He

loved us.

for Jesus,

He

is

God's only son.

sent

lis

son to earth.

*
g

to atone for

He

suffered at the hands of men.

^
our

sins.

t
On
account of our sins
in
I

He

received bitter punishment

Wc

^ ^^
It died nailed to a cross.

lis

own body.

low can

\vc

repay such kindness

Tfl

must do according

to the

word of Jesus.

Wc

must

realize
it.

our

71*

sinfulness,

and having repented

fursakc

IN

THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.

TJ!

89

believe in Jesus

we
5!
If

we
l

will

go

we do

but to

As

for these words, they arc not the

1

They

arc the words of God.

^
(oil

htt

c
in
I

not believe

iim there

^
to
is

Heaven.

nothing for us

into hell.

words of man.

It will

be good practice

for the student to take these

sentences and join

them by

the proper connectives, as

had been already done

in the following.

PRAYER SENTENCES.

S
Our Father which
art in

Heaven.

Forgive the sins that we have committed against

Thee, and,

^ s
rant that

*
to bin.

wc may have no more mind

9
We
know

FIFTY HELPS FOR

THE BEGINNER

*
that

S
weak and
foolish,

we

are

and,

7?
we pray
that thou will help

iV
and teach
us.

Leave us not

for a

moment,

s
but

"ra
us

"
2
g

i
the

lead

we pray Thee, along

Heaven.

*
I

Iclp us to forgive the sins of others, and,

g
grant that

g
we may

^ ^

path

to

love others as ourselves.

lave pity upon those

Jesus, and,

who know

not and trust not

X"
may

grant that they

hear and understand the words

of the Bible.

IN

THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.

91

^^
Realizing their sinfulness, and,

coming and confessing

do Thou grant

?
From

^"
i
to Jesus,

1
that they

may

receive forgiveness for

their sins, and,

A

1]

also,

^ ^ ^
to

make them
Thee.

become new

persons,

we pray

11

the

official

class to

the

common
and

people

may

Koreans become

believers,

Ti

Thee
there
is

make them

to

know

that

beside

no

God, and,

* f
grant that they

may worship

only Thcc.

92

FIFTY HELPS FOR THE BEGINNER

Trusting

in Jesus'

Name we

^
pray.

h!!
Amen.

A FEW THINGS TO BE AVOIDED.

It is

not best to spend too

to

much

time at

first

in

trying

get at

the

bottom of every expression.

The
as

better

way

is

to take the

words and expressions

question.
later.

you

learn

them and use them, without

words as

Etymological distinctions can be looked up

The

habit of using such

etc.,

s,
be avoided.

"f">^^"
These words have
that they are used

to excess, should

their place

but not to the extent

by

foreigners.

The
a

endings

should not be exclusively

help.

any longer than

you can

Notice that

in all

somewhat higher form, can be used in place of 4l but interrogative forms, and furnishes a pleasing
Sometimes new comers imagine that low
talk
is

,
used

variety to the listener.

low

or degrading to the recipient

in

our sense of the word,

it.

and thus

fall

into the error of refusing to use

in
its

It is

entirely acceptable

place,

and should be used

without

hcbilation.

IN

THE KOREAN LANGUAGE,

93

Do

not neglect any opportunity to exercise yourselt

in the use of

high and low forms, the

all

latter

always to

children, boys, and, in theory, to

servants.

As

a matter of practice, however, friend talk should

be used to
especially
distinctions

men and
in

women
less

servants.

This

is

true
are
it is

country

districts,

where

class

much

sharply drawn than in

all

Seoul, but
is

applicable in

cases

where the desire

to emphasize the relation of friend rather than that

of servant and served.

Aged men and women among your

will afford valuable

acquaintances

occasion for the use of the highest

forms.

You

will lose
if

nothing

by

it

in the estimation

of Koreans, even

the person's actual

rank

is

not

Wgh.

Avoid
after

the use of half talk until

you have had

It

consi-

derable practice of the proper forms.

can be used
to

you

know
your

just

how,

when and where

do

it

Get

rid of

first

poor makeshifts just as soon as

better.

you have learned something

can.

Weed

out errors
as

of construction and pronunciation as

fast

you

Do
talk

not allow the Koreans

whom you
you

talk with

habitually to continue to use to

the imperfect

which you arc

at present obliged to use to them.

94
Insist that

FI

FTY HF-LPS FOR THE

EK
in

they shall talk slowly, and simply, but

good, idiomatic Korean.

Avoid the sad mistake of

teacher,

talking

I'.nglish to

your

and do not
such
as, "

interlard

your own

)eech with
" " Yes,"

interjections
etc.

Well," " Oh," "

Ah

Beware of the

faults

of other foreigners.

A good
ampJy

many
just as

of us are mispronouncing words yet,

because we took them from a faulty transliteration, or

we heard them from

not
hesitate

a foreigner, instead of hav-

ing the pronunciation verified

by a

native.

Do
know,

to

go

to

older missionaries for

assistance.

They
you

are

that

shall

more anxious than you can make a good start and have a
language than they had them-

better chance at the

selves.

Learn as many Chinese characters as you can,

but at

any

rate,

learn

their

names,
etc.

as

~
This
will

6
you
to

1"^,
the

enable

recognize

meaning of Chinese

derivatives
tance,

Do

if

when you hear or see tliem. For insyou know that the Chinese equivalent of
and of
agility

is

^
grasp

is

it

requires no
that

great mental

to

the

fact

probably means " man's mind."

not be satisfied with what
is

fometinies cuphe-

IN

THE KOREAN LANGt

95

mistically styled a

" good working knowledge " of

that a

the language.

Remember
is

knowledge which
and well
all

falls short of being able to say easily

you want

to say,

not a

'.

good working knowledge

that "

of the language.

Avoid the mistake

all

of thinking that
social
tastes

you can

gratify

your

literary

and

and learn Korean

a " pigeon " use

too.

You may do

so,

and

attain to

of the language, but you

will

never talk Korean as the

It is

Koreans do, without some

sacrifice.

the greatest

of undertakings, but with pains, prayer, perseverance,

and right methods of study, every one has the

expect to accomplish it
the
first

right to

Drudge

faithfully

through

three years, and at the end of that time, the

fer distant,
will

promised land, tho' yet

be

in view,

and study
delight

will

be

pleasure

and

acquisition

Read

the church paper in the vernacular regularly,

at
first

and thus keep informed

hand as to what your

people are thinking and doing. It may

not

be

out of

place

in

booklet

intended for the help of newcomers, to mention a few

points

which most of us arc naturally a

Koreans, as a people, are

little

slow to

apprehend.

much more
West-

attentive to all the niceties of etiquette than the

ern nations from which

wc come, and

unless

we wish

96
to

FIFTY HELPS FOR THE BEGINNER

make
For

a very unfavorable impression,

we must

culti-

vate a similar punctiliousness.

instance,

never

fail

to salute

your teacher, or
find yourself

other Koreans of similar rank,

in their presence,

when you

not in a hurried fashion, and perhaps

as

half turning

away

you speak, but standing properly

due dcliberateness.
all

facing them, and with

Always acknowledge
tions

politely

proffered saluta-

from high or low.

not, as a rule, salute children

Do

or servants

first,

but expect and return their salutations.

In meeting and talking with Koreans, pay especial
attention to the

aged among them whether man or

enter and take their deparin the best

woman,
ture,

rising

when they
a

and addressing them

in

language.

When

mixed company

of foreigners and

Koreans, be careful not to devote yourself to the

former to the exclusion of the

latter.

We
it is

should take care not to offend the best social

customs of the people.

Whatever may be the reason,

often unfortunately true that foieigncrs are tempted

to greater freedom of behavior than in their

countries, whereas

own home

much more

carefulness should be

observed.
In encounters between foreign nicn and

women on

the street, dignified reserve should be the rule, and on

IN
all

THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.

97
ladies
in

occaskms wiicrc Koreans are onlookers,

and gentlemen should be careful not to indulge

what would
familiarity.

otherwise,

perhaps, be

only harmless

Ladies should bear

tlicy

in

mind

that

the liberty

which
is

have always been accustomed to exercise,

to the better classes of

not

known

Korean women, and

should take pains not to unnecessarily compromise

themselves, as, for instance,

company with
ances
other
objectionable
things

their teachers

by appearing in public in or Korean male acquaintThis

is

than
if

servant.
is

especially

the teacher
single

a young man.

Other

being equal,

ladies

should select an

elderly rather than a

young man

for teacher.

They should

also

be slow to attempt joking or

pleasantry with Korean men, remembering that nothing in the experience of a native gentleman previous to
his

connection with
a

foreigners

can enable him to

understand

modest

nocently free with

woman making herself inany man except her father, brother,

itinerate in
it

or husband.

That women can

antly

Korea has been abundlittle

proved, but

should be done with as

publicity as possible, and with

due precautions against

itincrator, for inst-

misunderstandings.

For a woman

ance, to attempt to propagate the gospel

by

singing

FIFTY HELPS FOR

THE BEGINNER
idlers, is

and addressing a
worse than
futile.

crowd of promiscuous
Singing

by women

missionaries

before a heathen audience, under any circumstances

whatever,

is

not to be recommended.

man missionary in necessary dealings with native women should be quick to notice that they are much
more
at ease in
his

presence

if

he keeps at a good
close-

distance,

and docs not subject them to too

scrutiny,

however kind and

friendly.

In dealing with Koreans a great deal of annoyance

may be saved by observing the fact that no people ever I prized their own self esteem more highly. No loss is
so serious to a Korean as to " lose face " before others.
I
If then, a

grave rebuke must be administered, do so

if it

in

/
I

private,

and

becomes desirable
is

to

convey a
it is

hint

that such

and such conduct

not acceptable

often

advisable
third

do so through the medium of a party or in some other round-about way.

friendly
If you
it

are to get on happily, and tarry out your purposes,

will cJften

be necessary to drop your Anglo-Saxon

\ ^

directness,

which no Korean comprehends, and adopt

is

the system of hints and go-betweens, with which he

perfectly familiar.

Learn early

in

dealing with
all

Koreans to

efface as

much

as possible

traces of impatience or irritation

from the face as well as words and bearing.

Mildness

IN

THE KOREAN
equal parts,

LAN'

99
love,

and firmness,

in

compounded with

and administered constantly and regularly,

will usually

enable the missionary to carry any reasonable point.

The
a

necessity for these

words may not be apparent

without doubt,
if

to

newcomer, but he
in

will,

he stays

long

Korea, often

find himself

hindered and thwarted

]

plans and purposes'

irritating.

by circumstances almost unsuch times he gives vent to

bearably

If at

his natural feelings in a burst of

will

angry impatience, he

undo much

earnest and prayerful effort, for,

and

this is

a point well worth considering, what truthful-

ness and honesty arc to the Anglo-Saxon, patience,

forbearance and courteous bearing are to the Korean.

down- right

lie

on the part of a native Christian

is

not more shocking to us, than a display of ilUterngp^" n oof part is to them. In this connection it is suggestive to notice that while the Old and New Testa-

ments by no means underestimate the importance of

truth

and uprightness, yet

at least as

much

stress is
self-

upon brotherly love, meekness, patience,

rol

and kindred virtues which perhaps are not so

Cushionable
life.

nowadays

in the

push and

stress

of Western

Many more
but enough
ful

suggestions might be

made
the

in detail,

has be'en said to enable

his

thought-

reader to draw

own

conclusions as to the

IOO

FIFTY

HI-LI'S

FOR THE

HIK '.INNER

nature of things that are better done or

left

undone

in

Korea.

The
the

contents of this

little

volume are not offered

to

reader in the

spirit

of one

who
who,

" has already

like

attained,"

but

merely

as

one

himself,

" follows

after."

^
r

w
A
-

w
w
16-