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Fault Analysis of Distribution Network with Wind Turbines of DFIG

Yang Beige, Xue Hui, Bai Dandan, Hu Wei, and He Jinghan
characteristics of rotor winding excitation voltage and electric controlled variables of generator; (ii) Converter and control implementation [7-10]: In [10] a dual PWM converter control strategy is proposed in order to achieve stability of the DC voltage and adjust the power factor; and (iii) Pitch control: There are a variety of improved programs at present so as to solve that a fixed set of PID parameters in different wind speed is difficult to get good control results. Reference [11] puts forward a control pitch on a fuzzy combination of feed-forward and a new fuzzy PID control to ensure good control effect at different wind speed levels. This paper investigates and analyzes the fault transient characteristics of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) under various short-circuit fault conditions for a typical distribution network. Results can be used to provide a reference to improve the effectiveness of the protection devices for the network with wind farms. II. MODELING OF DFIGS AND DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS A. Analysis and Modeling of DFIGs A DFIG model [13] as shown in Fig.1 consists of a wind turbine model, a gearbox, a double-fed induction generator model, an AC/DC and a DC/AC inverters, the controller and pitch control.
Tm
transmission

Abstract With high penetrations of wind energy, different types of wind farm generators do not have the same fault transient characteristics that can complicate the selection and configuration of wind farm grid protection equipment. Incorrect selection of protection equipment will affect the stability and of the power systems. This paper investigates and analyzes the transient characteristics of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) under various short-circuit fault conditions for a typical distribution network. Firstly a detailed model of the DFIG and its principles is descried. A realistic of a 99 MW wind farm with 66 units of 1.5 MW DFIG is modeled using RTDS/RSCAD. The transient characteristic of the wind farm with the DFIG units have been analyzed under different short-circuit fault conditions. Results from the fault performance study on the distribution network are presented and discussed. Index TermsDoubly-Fed induction generator, Wind farm, Fault transient analysis.

I. INTRODUCTION HE technique advance and wide applications of power electronic devices make it possible for manufactures to develop large Variable-Speed Constant-Frequency (VSCF) wind turbine generators. It is expected that the VSCF wind power generators will gradually replace constant frequency wind components [1]. Since most VSCF wind turbine generators are induction machines which can't provide a longer enough stable short-circuit current to operate the relays for the networks. One of solutions is that relay can use the fault transient characters by the relay to protect the network against the fault [2,3]. In order to allow relays to use correct fault transient information, it is thus necessary to study the fault characteristics, the security and stability of system under the network fault conditions. There are many studies on modeling and simulation of VSCF wind turbine generators which often consists of a wound-rotor generator, a brushless exciter and a low-rating controlled power converter. Mainly from three aspects[4]: (i) Generator model: VSCF wind turbine generators always choose DFIG which can connect wind turbines and power system flexibly[5]. Reference [6] takes the mechanism of a DIFG as a starting point and derives the DFIGs dynamic mathematical model according to the relationship among the flux, electric potential and current. The only drawback is the need to add the relationship between the control variables
Yang Beige and XueHui are with Shanxi Electric Power Co., Ltd., Datong 037008, China. Bai Dandan, Hu Wei and He Jinghan are with the School of Electrical Engineering of Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China. (Prof. He's email: 11121572@bjtu. edu.cn).

Vs

DFIG

grid

Vdc
Control of rotor-side converter Control of stator-side converter

Pitch control

Master controller

Fig.1 Structure of a DFIG and its control system

1) Basic equations of DFIG at two-phase rotated coordinate system: The control strategy of the DFIG is the vector control which can achieve a decoupling control of the reactive and reactive power. The voltage equation of the DFIG at synchronous rotating coordinate system can be expressed as:

2
ds Vs = R s Is + + j1s dt V = R I + d r + j( ) r r r 1 r r dt

(1)

So, after

u rd substracting u rdc and u rq subtracting u rqc i rd will be decoupling.

the control to i rq and

Corresponding flux equation is :

s = L s I s + L m I r r = L m I s + L r I r

(2)

Where, Vs and Vr are the stator and rotor voltage vectors; Is and Ir are the stator and rotor current vectors ; s and r are the stator and rotor flux linkage vectors; R s and R r are the stator and rotor resistance ; Ls and L r are the stator and rotor winding total self-inductance; L m , L and Lr are the mutual inductance between stator and rotor, the leakage inductance of stator and rotor; 1 is the synchronous angular speed; r is

3) The control of the grid-side inverter: Similarly, grid-side converter selects the grid voltage oriented vector control method to maintain the DC link capacitor voltage at a predetermined constant value independent of the direction and size of the rotor power. And control the reactive power at a reference value according to the wind turbine reactive power requirements. The control voltage of grid-side converter can be derived as:
di gd u = (R g i gd + L g ) + (u gd + e L g i gq ) gcd dt u = (R i + L di gq ) L i gcq g gq g e g gd dt

(6)

the rotor angular speed. If turning the stator flux linkage to coincide with the d-axis at synchronous rotating system, the q-axis component of flux linkage will be zero. According to the output expression of the DFIG, the stator active and reactive output power can be described as :
3 L Ps = s s m i rq 2 Ls 2 Q = 3 ( s s s s L m i ) s rd 2 Ls Ls

The feed-forward compensation is:

u gcdD = u gd + e L g i gq u gcqD = e L g i gd

(7)

Where, R g and L g are the resistance and inductance of the grid-side converter; u gd and u gq are the d- and q-axis component of three-phase voltage; i gd and i gq are the d- and q-axis component of three-phase current. According to equation (1)-(7), the VSCF wind turbine with DFIG model can be established and the control structure and the control blocks are shown in Fig.2.

(3)

2) The control of the rotor-side inverter: According to equation (3), the d-axis component of rotor current can control the Ps and the i rd can control the Qs .Because the i rq and i rd are orthogonal to each other, the Ps and Qs can achieve decoupling control. The rotor-side inverter takes the stator flux-oriented rotor current control methods. Rotor current is indirectly controlled by controlling the applied voltage on the rotor. The equation of rotor current control at the stator flux oriented coordinates can be derived as:
di u rd = R r i rd + Lr rd sl L r i rq dt di rq L2 u rq = R r i rq + L r +sl ( m i ms + Lr i rd ) dt Ls

(4)

Where the = 1 L2m / Ls L r represents leakage factor. From equation(4), the rotor active and reactive current are completed decoupled, but the voltage vector which controls the current isnt decoupled. Choose the feed-forward compensation to solve this question:
u rdc = sl L r i rq L2m u rqc = sl ( L i ms + L r i rd ) s

Fig.2 Control of DFIG

(5)

B. Distribution Network Model Using the established DFIG model and a actual wind farm in Shanxi province, the studied distribution network was established as shown in Fig.3. The number of wind turbines is 66 units and the total installed capacity is 99MVA. Each unit in wind farm uses the two boost program. Each wind turbine

3 export voltage is 0.69kV, and then boosts to 35kV. All the units pool together through collection line, then access into power grid. The second boost voltage will be 110kV. Take the actual operating data of a DFIG in the wind farm and the variable values are shown in table 1.The substation and transmission line parameters in the distribution network are shown in table 2 and table 3.
220KV
Lines Voltage T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 110 110 110 110 110 35 SB (MVA) 100 100 100 100 100 20 UB (kV) 110 110 110 110 110 35 X0 (p.u) 0.1608 0.1668 0.1982 0.2747 0.0861 0.0895 R0 (p.u) 0.0471 0.0847 0.0911 0.1132 0.0396 0.0545 X1 (p.u) 0.0520 0.0477 0.0566 0.0785 0.0246 0.0256 R1 (p.u.) 0.0124 0.0247 0.0242 0.0265 0.0105 0.0175

III. FAULT ANALYSIS When the wind farm connects to the power system, the power flow and the fault contribution in the network will change. Protections now used must be adjusted and changed to ensure correct fault clearing with right method, and maintain the safe and stable operation of the system. If the power system goes wrong, the short-circuit current is supplied by not only conventional power but also the wind farm. The change of the short-circuit current will influence the operation of the relay protection, such as making the protection devices miss-trip or miss-operate. We need to optimize the protection devices by analyzing the fault characteristics of the power system connected with DFIG. This makes simulation analysis of the fault characteristics by setting different fault position, different wind speed and different reactive power state.
A. At different fault position Based on the network in Fig.3, we carried out various fault simulation and analysis. In this paper only results of the faults on lines T1, T2 and T3 are presented and discussed. The total installed wind farm capacity is 99MVA, and this wind farm has 66 units, and rated capacity of every unit is 1.5MVA, the annual average wind speed is 7.5m/s. Take the three-phase short-circuit as the fault type, the operation wind speed is 15m/s, fault initial angle is 90 degrees. Monitoring the voltage and current situation of the bus bar 6, and the results are as Fig.4 and Fig.5.

TRF1

TRF2

35KV T6 110KV
load2

35KV 10KV
load1 load3

T5 T3 F3
TRF3

TRF4

110KV T2 F2 110KV F1 T4 110KV

T1 110KV

load4

TRF5

35KV
G

Fig.3 The studied distribution network based on Shanxi Province TABLE I PARAMETERS OF DFIG MODEL 1.5MW Stator resistance 690V Rotor resistance 1 Stator leakage inductance 1.2pu Rotor leakage inductance 1.5kV Stator and rotor mutual inductance 50HZ Rated wind speed 3m/s Cut-out speed

Power Rating Stator voltage No. of pole pairs Maximum rotor speed DC-link voltage Frequency Cut-in speed

0.0244pu 0.01316pu 0.26619pu 0.45471pu 16.7495pu 15m/s 21m/s (a)fault on T1 (b) fault on T2 (c) fault on T3

Fig.4 The voltage waveform at bus 6 with different fault position

TABLE II PARAMETERS OF THE SUBSTATION NEAR THE WIND FARM

Name TRF1 TRF2 TRF3 TRF4 TRF5 X1 0.118 0.119 0.341 0.549 0.210 X2 0.0074 0.00585 0.0023 0.0075 0.1136 X3 0.0772 0.0675 0.249 0.3325 Ratio 22081.5%/121/385 22081.5%/121/385 11081.25%/36.7/10.5 11081.25%/36.7/10.5 11081.25%/36.7 Total Capacity (MVA) 120 120 31.5 20 100 Load Loss (MW) 0.132 0.132 0.026 0.025 0.1

(a)fault on T1

(b) fault on T2

(c) fault on T3

Fig.5 The current waveform at bus 6 with different fault position

TABLE III TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS NEAR THE WIND FARM

From the results we can get that the degree of the voltage drop and the short current characteristics in the wind farm are

4 different when the fault position is different. If the fault is on T1, the voltage drop is large, and then finally decreases to zero. At the same time, the short circuit current increases at first and then decreases to zero fast, that causes the generator unstable. If the faults on T2 or T3, the voltage drop is less than the voltage drop when the fault is on T1, and then decreases to a stable value larger than zero. The generator is unstable because of serious voltage dip, and the wind farm could only supply transitory short circuit current and the amplitude is low.
B. At different wind speed The output of the wind farm changes with the wind conditions because of the random, volatile and non-controllable of the wind power. So it is necessary to study the characteristics of wind power short circuit failure in different wind speed. If there is a three-phase short circuit on T1, make a research on the voltage and current characteristics at the point where the wind farm access into the power grid. The simulation results are shown in Fig.6 and Fig.7.

farm can be controlled as absorption or output state. In this article, by controlling the reactive power of the wind farm on absorption or output state, we can observe the fault voltage and fault current in the point connected to the power grid. As the waveforms shown in Fig.8 and Fig.9, the fault location is still set in the T1 line and the fault type is still the most serious three-phase short-circuit.

(a) Current waveform (b)voltage waveform Fig.8. the voltage and current waveform in the point (bus 6) connected to the power grid when Absorbing the reactive power

(a) Current waveform (a)current waveform (b)voltage waveform

(b)voltage waveform

Fig.6voltage and current waveform at bus 6 when the wind speed is 15m/

Fig.9 the voltage and current waveform in the point (bus 6) connected to the power grid when output the reactive power

(a)current waveform

(b)voltage waveform

It can be seen from the waveforms in Fig. 8 and Fig.9, whether the DFIG is absorbing or output the reactive power, the change trend of voltage and current is basically the same, but the short circuit current during the fault when absorbing the reactive power is larger than that when output reactive power. This is mainly because when stator output reactive power, the generator armature reaction is demagnetizing the synthesis of flux. After the three-phase short-circuit fault occurred in the power grid, the rotor flux will increase, in order to guarantee the stator flux won't mutate, so the short circuit currents of the stator and the rotor will increase, and vice versa. IV. CONCLUSION Based on theoretical analysis of double-fed wind turbine working principle, this paper builds a double-fed induction generator model on the RTDS software and a distribution network simulation model based on t a wind farm in Shanxi Province. Also the fault characteristics of distribution network connected with DFIG wind turbine generators were studied when simulated with different fault location, different wind speed and different reactive state. The results show that the greater the wind speed is, the greater short-circuit current DFIG provides. By adjusting and controlling converter, the DFIG output or absorb reactive power according to the network needs, and the short-circuit current is large when

Fig.7voltage and current waveform at bus 6 when the wind speed is 9m/s

When the wind speed is 15m/s, the voltage drops seriously during the fault and the wind farm can only provide instantaneous short-circuit current. When the wind speed is 9m/s, the voltage during the fault is larger, but the current is smaller. The reason is that the stator and rotors flux linkage will increase as wind speed increases.
C. At different reactive state As all the wind generators are DFIGs, we can use converters to control the size and frequency of the excitation current added in the rotor windings, so as to achieve the purpose of power control. Thus the reactive power of the wind

5 DFIG output reactive power. The wind power station will provide short-circuit current to the point of failure after the wind power is merged into the grid, Therefore, the protection system designing need to consider the characteristics of the wind turbine, and regarding its short-circuit characteristics as a protection device configuration reference. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Thanks to the support of Datong Electric Company ,China. REFERENCE
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BIOGRAPHY
YANG Bei-ge is now a senior engineer engaged in Power Supply Company of Datong. He recently is focused on the application of the power grid operation mode intelligent core platform and research on the intelligent communication devices monitoring system of stand accused of layer and software design of infrared thermal imaging wireless video surveillance system client. Xue Hui is now a professional Engineer in Branch Marsh Center of Power Supply Company in Datong . His interest is the power system. HE Jing-han received her master degree from the Tianjing University in 1994 and got the PHD degree in Beijing Jiaotong University in China. She is now a professor in Beijing Jiaotong University. Her interests include online power system monitoring protection and control, power quality and rail electrification. Bai Dan-dan received her BSc degree from the Beijing Jiaotong University in 2011. She is currently working toward the MSc degree in the School of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China. Her research interest is power system protection and control. Hu Wei received his BSc degree from the Henan University of Technology in 2009. He received the MSc degree in the School of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China. His research interest is power system protection and control.

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