Instructions ALL short & long questions you need to prep for final will be here except the

mini-essay question (a single one but I will provide options too). Basic memory (short-answer). Preparing now, ready by last class. Integration & problem solving (medium-long, exact same as test). CH14 Compare and contrast competition and facilitation. Please discuss evolutionary, population, and community-level implications. Define and explain the following terms: positive interactions, facilitation, commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism. Explain how they relate to one another and how evolution can act on them. How do you best test for net interactions? How do you test whether an interaction is facultative or obligative? How does a species avoid cheaters? Or how are cheaters prevented over evolutionary time? CH15 Sort out different environments by regulation and limitation. Explain the relationship to environment stress and how these gradients of interactions most likely impact species diversity. Explain the difference between a food web and an interaction web. Provide an example of each and list the strengths and limitations of each approach to understanding community dynamics.

Compare rank abundance plots, species accumulation curves, and rarefaction curves. To complete this answer, define each in only one sentence, draw a sample plot, then in a second sentence for each, explain why you do them. Explain the difference between foundation species, keystone species, and ecosystem engineer. How would loss of these types of species relate to trophic cascades. How do indirect interactions relate to trophic cascades. CH16 & reading
What is a natural experiment? Provide 3 examples. What do they allow us to test that we would otherwise be unable to do?

A table will be provided listing agents of change. You will be responsible for classifying them as disturbance or stressors. (as discussed in class) What is the term for the situation when a community reaches a new stable point and cannot return to its former state? Draw the ball-valley figure to illustrate this process, label an example of a disturbance that could cause this, and label the delta values that are needed to estimate the new stable state. Explain the interdependence continuum for communities. To answer this question, draw the continuum, label the extremes, the researchers that proposed each, and then explain in a few sentences how it resolves the debate. Compare and contrast the effects of disturbance and stress on succession. To do so, define each and also define the modern use of succession in ecology. Provide an example of how an animal can change plant community succession dynamics. Please describe both the impact and how it was demonstrated experimentally. Please draw a table with flowcharts showing/explaining the three models of succession.

What is a space for time substitution experiment? Provide an example and also explain how they must be effectively executed. Explain a perfect net interaction experiment to test for succession effects of competition. What is mass ratio theory? Define and explain the relative importance of the three types of species proposed. What is the difference between a filter and founder effect? Grime paper. There are 3 models for succession. Chose a hypothetical community and describe the different circumstances that would be required to support each of the models. List 2 abiotic and 2 biotic agents of change. Describe the intensities and frequencies which they are likely to impose on a community.

CH17 & readings

Explain the three lines on this plot (17.6). Why is there not a fourth line above the top line?

What is vicariance and how does it relate to land mass separation in terms of speciation rates? What are the hypotheses proposed for latitudinal variation in species richness? Please explain each in only 1-2 sentences and provide a plot for each. Explain the theory of island biogeography. Does it apply to mainland areas too explain your answer. Finally, how does it relate to conservation biology? Define the various spatial scales that are important to biogeography and describe how they are related to one another.

Explain the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning. It has been proposed that ecologists do no use deduction. Provide the arguments for why this is true and untrue for community ecology. Explain the difference between ISAR planar, ISAR surface, and choros. Explain what these models test and how they were used to further develop what major theory in ecology?

CH18 & reading Prepping now.