QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS IN POLITICAL LAW AND PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW Atty.

EDWIN REY SANDOVAL

POLITICAL LAW
1. Distinguish sovereignty from dominion. Held: Sovereignty is the right to e er!i"e the #$n!tion" o# % St%te to the e !l$"ion o# %ny other St%te. It is often referred to as the &o'er o# imperium, whi h is defined as the !o"ern#ent a$thority %ossessed &y the State. On the other hand, do(inion, or do(ini$(, is the !%&%!ity o# the St%te to o'n or %!)$ire &ro&erty s$ h as 'ands and nat$ra' reso$r es. (Se%arate O%inion, )a%$nan, *., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR, +.R. No. ,-.-/., De . 0, 1222, En 3an , See 4ootnote /05 2. What was the basis for the early Spanish decrees embracing the theory of jura regalia? Is this also the basis of the declaration in Section 2 !rticle "II of the 1#$% &onstitution that all lands of the public domain are owned by the State? &onse'uently did Spain ac'uire title over all lands in the (hilippines in the 1)th century? Held: Dominium was the &asis for the ear'y S%anish de rees e#&ra in! the theory of jura regalia. The de 'aration in Se tion 1, Arti 'e 6II of the ,7/8 Constit$tion that a'' 'ands of the %$&'i do#ain are owned &y the State is 'i9ewise fo$nded on dominium. If dominium, not imperium, is the &asis of the theory of jura regalia, then the 'ands whi h S%ain a :$ired in the ,0th ent$ry were 'i#ited to non;%ri"ate 'ands, &e a$se it o$'d on'y a :$ire 'ands whi h were not yet %ri"ate'y;owned or o $%ied &y the 4i'i%inos. <en e, S%ain a :$ired tit'e on'y o"er 'ands whi h were $no $%ied and $n 'ai#ed, i.e., %$&'i 'ands. (Se%arate O%inion, )a%$nan, *., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR +.R. No. ,-.-/., De . 0, 1222, En 3an , See 4ootnote /05 *. What is the Doctrine of &onstitutional Supremacy? Held: =nder the doctrine of constitutional supremacy, i# % l%' or !ontr%!t viol%te" %ny nor( o# the Con"tit$tion, that 'aw or ontra t, whether %ro#$'!ated &y the 'e!is'ati"e or &y the e>e $ti"e &ran h or entered into &y %ri"ate %ersons for %ri"ate %$r%oses, i" n$ll %nd void %nd 'itho$t %ny #or!e %nd e##e!t* Th$"+ "in!e the Con"tit$tion i" the #$nd%(ent%l+ &%r%(o$nt %nd "$&re(e l%' o# the n%tion+ it i" dee(ed 'ritten in every "t%t$te %nd !ontr%!t. (Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS 108 SCRA ?2/ @,778A @3e''osi''oA5 +. What are self,e-ecuting and non,self e-ecuting provisions of the &onstitution? Held: Pro"isions whi h l%y do'n % gener%l &rin!i&le, s$ h as those fo$nd in Arti 'e II of the ,7/8 Constit$tion, are $s$a''y not "el#,e e!$ting. 3$t a %ro"ision whi h is !o(&lete in it"el# %nd -e!o(e" o&er%tive 'itho$t the %id o# "$&&le(ent%ry or en%-ling legi"l%tion, or that whi h "$&&lie" "$##i!ient r$le -y (e%n" o# 'hi!h the right it gr%nt" (%y -e en.oyed or &rote!ted, is "el#,e e!$ting. Th$s a onstit$tiona' %ro"ision is se'f;e>e $tin! if the nat$re and e>tent of the ri!ht onferred and the 'ia&i'ity i#%osed are fi>ed &y the Constit$tion itse'f, so that they an &e deter#ined &y an e>a#ination and onstr$ tion of its ter#s, and there is no 'an!$a!e indi atin! that the s$&Be t is referred to the 'e!is'at$re for a tion . (Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS 108 SCRA ?2/ @,778A @3e''osi''oA5

.. !re provisions e-ecuting? Why?

of

the

&onstitution

self,e-ecuting

or

non,self

Held: Unle"" it i" e &re""ly &rovided th%t+ % legi"l%tive %!t i" ne!e""%ry to en#or!e % !on"tit$tion%l (%nd%te , the %res$#%tion now is, that %ll &rovi"ion" %re "el#,e e!$ting. If the onstit$tiona' %ro"isions are treated as re:$irin! 'e!is'ation instead of se'f; e>e $tin!, the 'e!is'at$re wo$'d ha"e the %ower to i!nore and %ra ti a''y n$''ify the #andate of the f$nda#enta' 'aw. This an &e ata 'ys#i . (Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS 108 SCRA ?2/ @,778A @3e''osi''oA5 ). Is the /0ilipino 0irst1 (olicy e-pressed in Section 12 of the &onstitution a self,e-ecuting provision? !rticle "II

Held: Yes. It is a (%nd%tory+ &o"itive !o((%nd 'hi!h i" !o(&lete in it"el# %nd 'hi!h need" no #$rther g$ideline" or i(&le(enting l%'" or r$le" #or it" en#or!e(ent. 4ro# its "ery words the %ro"ision does not re:$ire any 'e!is'ation to %$t it in o%eration. It is per se .$di!i%lly en#or!e%-le. When o$r Constit$tion #andates that 3i4n the grant of rights privileges and concessions covering the national economy and patrimony the State shall give preference to 'ualified 0ilipinos it #eans B$st that C :$a'ified 4i'i%inos #$st &e %referred. (Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS +.R. No. ,,/17., Day 1, ,778, 108 SCRA ?2/ @3e''osi''oA5 %. 5ive e-amples of non,self e-ecuting provisions of the &onstitution. Held: 3y its "ery nat$re, !rticle II of the Constitution is a Ede 'aration of %rin i%'es and state %o'i ies.F These %rin i%'es in Arti 'e II are not intended to &e se'f;e>e $tin! %rin i%'es ready for enfor e#ent thro$!h the o$rts. They are $sed &y the B$di iary as %id" or %" g$ide" in the e er!i"e o# it" &o'er o# .$di!i%l revie'+ %nd -y the legi"l%t$re in it" en%!t(ent o# l%'" . As he'd in the 'eadin! ase of "ilos#ayan Incorporate$ v. Morato (1?0 SCRA .?2, .0?, *$'y ,8, ,77.5, the %rin i%'es and state %o'i ies en$#erated in Arti 'e II and so#e se tions of !rticle %II are not Ese'f;e>e $tin! %ro"isions, the disre!ard of whi h an !i"e rise to a a$se of a tion in o$rts. They do not e#&ody B$di ia''y enfor ea&'e onstit$tiona' ri!hts &$t !$ide'ines for 'e!is'ation.F (&ana$a v. !ngara 181 SCRA ,/ @,778A, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 $. When are acts of persons considered /State action1 covered by the &onstitution? Held: In onstit$tiona' B$ris%r$den e, the a ts of %ersons distin t fro# the !o"ern#ent are onsidered Estate a tionF o"ered &y the Constit$tion /01 when the %!tivity it eng%ge" in i" % 2&$-li! #$n!tion34 /51 when the !o"ern#ent is so "igni#i!%ntly involved 'ith the &riv%te %!tor %" to (%6e the govern(ent re"&on"i-le #or hi" %!tionG and /71 when the !o"ern#ent has %&&roved or %$thori8ed the %!tion. (Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS 108 SCRA ?2/ @,778A @3e''osi''oA5 THE DOCTRINE O9 STATE I::UNIT; 9RO: SUIT #. Discuss the basis of the doctrine of State immunity from suit. Held: The &asi %ost$'ate enshrined in the Constit$tion that E<t=he St%te (%y not -e "$ed 'itho$t it" !on"ent,F ref'e ts nothin! 'ess than a re!ognition o# the "overeign !h%r%!ter o# the St%te %nd %n e &re"" %##ir(%tion o# the $n'ritten r$le e##e!tively in"$l%ting it #ro( the .$ri"di!tion o# !o$rt"* It i" -%"ed on the very e""en!e o# "overeignty. As has &een a%t'y o&ser"ed &y *$sti e <o'#es, a so"erei!n is e>e#%t fro# s$it, not &e a$se of any for#a' on e%tion or o&so'ete theory, &$t on the 'o!i a' and %ra ti a' !ro$nd that there !%n -e no

leg%l right %" %g%in"t the %$thority th%t (%6e" the l%' on 'hi!h the right de&end". Tr$e, the do trine, not too infre:$ent'y, is derisi"e'y a''ed Ethe roya' %rero!ati"e of dishonestyF &e a$se it !rants the state the %rero!ati"e to defeat any 'e!iti#ate 'ai# a!ainst it &y si#%'y in"o9in! its non;s$a&i'ity. We ha"e had o asion to e>%'ain in its defense, howe"er, th%t % !ontin$ed %dheren!e to the do!trine o# non,"$%-ility !%nnot -e de&lored+ #or the lo"" o# govern(ent%l e##i!ien!y %nd the o-"t%!le to the &er#or(%n!e o# it" ($lti#%rio$" #$n!tion" 'o$ld -e #%r gre%ter in "everity th%n the in!onvenien!e th%t (%y -e !%$"ed &riv%te &%rtie", if s$ h f$nda#enta' %rin i%'e is to &e a&andoned and the a"ai'a&i'ity of B$di ia' re#edy is not to &e a ordin!'y restri ted. (Department of !griculture v. N'RC 118 SCRA 07-, No". ,,, ,77- @Vit$!A5 12. all? Is the rule absolute i.e. that the State may not be sued at 6ow may consent of the State to be sued given?

Held: The r$'e, in any ase, is not rea''y a&so'$te for it does not say that the state #ay not &e s$ed $nder any ir $#stan es. On the ontrary, as orre t'y %hrased, the do trine on'y on"eys, Ethe state #ay not &e s$ed witho$t its onsentGF its 'ear i#%ort then is that the State #ay at ti#es &e s$ed. The StateHs onsent #ay &e !i"en either e &re""ly or i(&liedly. 7"(87SS &9:S7:; #ay &e #ade thro$!h a gener%l l%' <i.e. Common(ealt) !ct No. *+, as amended by (residential Decree :o. 1++. 3Sections +#,.24 which re'uires that all money claims against the government must first be filed with the &ommission on !udit which must act upon it within si-ty days. 8ejection of the claim will authori=e the claimant to elevate the matter to the Supreme &ourt on certiorari and in effect sue the State thereby> or a "&e!i%l l%'. In this B$risdi tion, the !enera' 'aw wai"in! the i##$nity of the state fro# s$it is fo$nd in !ct No. *-.*, where the Phili&&ine govern(ent 2!on"ent" %nd "$-(it" to -e "$ed $&on %ny (oney !l%i( involving li%-ility %ri"ing #ro( !ontr%!t+ e &re"" or i(&lied+ 'hi!h !o$ld "erve %" % -%"i" o# !ivil %!tion -et'een the &riv%te &%rtie" .F I?(@I7D &9:S7:;, on the other hand, is on eded when the St%te it"el# !o((en!e" litig%tion+ th$" o&ening it"el# to % !o$nter!l%i( or 'hen it enter" into % !ontr%!t. In this sit$ation, the !o"ern#ent is dee#ed to ha"e des ended to the 'e"e' of the other ontra tin! %arty and to ha"e di"ested itse'f of its so"erei!n i##$nity. This r$'e > > > is not, howe"er, witho$t :$a'ifi ation. Not a'' ontra ts entered into &y the !o"ern#ent o%erate as a wai"er of its non;s$a&i'ityG distin tion #$st sti'' &e #ade &etween one whi h is e>e $ted in the e>er ise of its "overeign #$n!tion and another whi h is done in its &ro&riet%ry !%&%!ity. In /nite$ States of !merica v. Ruiz (,-0 SCRA ?/85, where the :$estioned transa tion dea't with the i#%ro"e#ents on the whar"es in the na"a' insta''ation at S$&i 3ay, we he'dI EThe traditiona' r$'e of i##$nity e>e#%ts a State fro# &ein! s$ed in the o$rts of another State witho$t its onsent or wai"er. This r$'e is a ne essary onse:$en e of the %rin i%'e of inde%enden e and e:$a'ity of States. <owe"er, the r$'es of Internationa' Law are not %etrifiedG they are onstant'y de"e'o%in! and e"o'"in!. And &e a$se the a ti"ities of states ha"e #$'ti%'ied, it has &een ne essary to distin!$ish the# ; &etween so"erei!n and !o"ern#enta' a ts <jure imperii> and %ri"ate, o##er ia' and %ro%rietary a ts <jure gestionis>. The res$'t is that St%te i(($nity no' e tend" only to %!t" 0ure imperii. The restri ti"e a%%'i ation of State i##$nity is now the r$'e in the =nited States, the =nited )in!do# and other states in Western E$ro%e. 6 > > The restri ti"e a%%'i ation of State i##$nity is %ro%er on'y when the %ro eedin!s arise o$t of !o((er!i%l tr%n"%!tion" of the forei!n so"erei!n, it" !o((er!i%l %!tivitie" or e!ono(i!

%##%ir". Stated different'y, % St%te (%y -e "%id to h%ve de"!ended to the level o# %n individ$%l %nd !%n th$" -e dee(ed to h%ve t%!itly given it" !on"ent to -e "$ed only 'hen it enter" into -$"ine"" !ontr%!t"* It doe" not %&&ly 'here the !ontr%!t" rel%te to the e er!i"e o# it" "overeign #$n!tion" . In this ase the %roBe ts are an inte!ra' %art of the na"a' &ase whi h is de"oted to the defense of &oth the =nited States and the Phi'i%%ines, indis%$ta&'y a f$n tion of the !o"ern#ent of the hi!hest orderG they are not $ti'iJed for nor dedi ated to o##er ia' or &$siness %$r%oses.F (Department of !griculture v. N'RC 118 SCRA 07-, No". ,,, ,77- @Vit$!A5 11. When is a suit against a public official deemed to be a suit against the State? Discuss. Held: ,. The do trine of state i##$nity fro# s$it a%%'ies to o#%'aints fi'ed a!ainst %$&'i offi ia's for %!t" done in the &er#or(%n!e o# their d$tie". The r$'e is that the s$it #$st &e re!arded as one a!ainst the State where the "%ti"#%!tion o# the .$dg(ent %g%in"t the &$-li! o##i!i%l !on!erned 'ill re)$ire the St%te it"el# to &er#or( % &o"itive %!t+ "$!h %" %&&ro&ri%tion o# the %(o$nt ne!e""%ry to &%y the d%(%ge" %'%rded to the &l%inti##. The r$le doe" not %&&ly 'here hi" o##i!i%l !%&%!ity #or %!t" th%t right" o# other". P$&'i offi ia's a%a ity, fro# 'ia&i'ity arisin! fro# the &$-li! o##i!i%l i" !h%rged in %re $nl%'#$l %nd in.$rio$" to the are not e>e#%t, in their %ersona' %!t" !o((itted in -%d #%ith.

Neither does it a%%'y where the %$&'i offi ia' is 'ear'y &ein! "$ed not in hi" o##i!i%l !%&%!ity -$t in hi" &er"on%l !%&%!ity , a'tho$!h the a ts o#%'ained of #ay ha"e &een o##itted whi'e he o $%ied a %$&'i %osition. (!ma$o 1. 'ansang v. C! 5.8. :o. 122))% 0eb. 2* 2222 2nd Div. 3Auisumbing45 1. As ear'y as ,7.?, this Co$rt has %rono$n ed that an offi er annot she'ter hi#se'f &y the %'ea that he is a %$&'i a!ent a tin! $nder the o'or of his offi e when his a ts are who''y witho$t a$thority. =nti' re ent'y in ,77, (&have= v. Sandiganbayan, ,7- SCRA 1/1 @,77,A5 this do trine sti'' fo$nd a%%'i ation, this Co$rt sayin! that i##$nity fro# s$it annot instit$tiona'iJe irres%onsi&i'ity and non;a o$nta&i'ity nor !rant a %ri"i'e!ed stat$s not 'ai#ed &y any other offi ia' of the Re%$&'i . (Repu#lic v. San$oval 112 SCRA ,1?, Dar h ,7, ,77-, En 3an @Ca#%os, *r.A5 12. State instances when a suit against the State is proper. Held: So#e instan es when a s$it a!ainst the State is %ro%er areI

,5 When the Re&$-li! i" "$ed -y n%(eG 15 When the s$it is %g%in"t %n $nin!or&or%ted govern(ent %gen!yG -5 When the s$it is on its fa e a!ainst a !o"ern#ent offi er &$t the ase is s$ h that $lti(%te li%-ility 'ill -elong not to the o##i!er -$t to the govern(ent. (Repu#lic v. San$oval, 112 SCRA ,1?, Dar h ,7, ,77-, En 3an @Ca#%os, *r.A5 1*. 6as the government waived its immunity from suit in the ?endiola massacre and therefore should indemnify the heirs and victims of the ?endiola incident? &onse'uently is the suit filed against the 8epublic by petitioners in said case really a suit against the State? Held: Petitioners > > > ad"an e the ar!$#ent that the State has i#%'ied'y wai"ed its so"erei!n i##$nity fro# s$it. It is their onsidered "iew that &y the re o##endation #ade &y the Co##ission for the !o"ern#ent to inde#nify the heirs and "i ti#s of the Dendio'a

in ident and &y the %$&'i addresses #ade &y then President A:$ino in the after#ath of the 9i''in!s, the State has onsented to &e s$ed. 6 > > Thi" i" not % "$it %g%in"t the St%te 'ith it" !on"ent. 4irst'y, the re!o((end%tion #ade &y the Co##ission re!ardin! inde#nifi ation of the heirs of the de eased and the "i ti#s of the in ident &y the !o"ern#ent doe" not in %ny '%y (e%n th%t li%-ility %$to(%ti!%lly %tt%!he" to the St%te. It is i#%ortant to note that A.O. ,, e>%ress'y states that the %$r%ose of reatin! the Co##ission was to ha"e a &ody that wi'' ond$ t an Ein"esti!ation of the disorder, deaths and as$a'ties that too9 %'a e.F In the e>er ise of its f$n tions, A.O. ,, %ro"ides !$ide'ines, and what is re'e"ant to O$r dis $ssion readsI E,. Its on '$sions re!ardin! the e>isten e of %ro&a&'e a$se for the o##ission of any offense and of the %ersons %ro&a&'y !$i'ty of the sa#e sha'' &e s$ffi ient o#%'ian e with the r$'es on %re'i#inary in"esti!ation and the har!es arisin! therefro# #ay &e fi'ed dire t'y with the %ro%er o$rt.F In effe t, 'h%tever (%y -e the #inding" o# the Co((i""ion+ the "%(e "h%ll only "erve %" the !%$"e o# %!tion, in the e"ent that any %arty de ides to 'iti!ate hisKher 'ai#. Therefore, the Co##ission is #ere'y a &reli(in%ry ven$e. The Co##ission is not the end in itse'f. Wh%tever re!o((end%tion it (%6e" !%nnot in %ny '%y -ind the St%te i((edi%tely+ "$!h re!o((end%tion not h%ving -e!o(e #in%l %nd e e!$tory* Thi" i" &re!i"ely the e""en!e o# it -eing % 9ACT,9INDIN> BOD;. Se ond'y, whate"er a ts or $tteran es that then President A:$ino #ay ha"e done or said, the sa#e are not tanta#o$nt to the State ha"in! wai"ed its i##$nity fro# s$it. The PresidentLs a t of Boinin! the #ar hers, days after the in ident, does not #ean that there was an ad#ission &y the State of any 'ia&i'ity. In fa t to &orrow the words of %etitioner > > >, Eit was an %!t o# "olid%rity -y the govern(ent 'ith the &eo&le.F Doreo"er, %etitioners re'y on President A:$inoLs s%ee h %ro#isin! that the !o"ern#ent wo$'d address the !rie"an es of the ra''yists. 3y this a'one, it annot &e inferred that the State has ad#itted any 'ia&i'ity, #$ h 'ess an it &e inferred that it has onsented to the s$it. A'tho$!h onsent to &e s$ed #ay &e !i"en i#%'ied'y, sti'' it annot &e #aintained that s$ h onsent was !i"en onsiderin! the ir $#stan es o&tainin! in the instant ase. Third'y, the 6 > > Whi'e the Re%$&'i in this ase is s$ed &y na#e, the $lti(%te li%-ility doe" not &ert%in to the govern(ent. A'tho$!h the #i'itary offi ers and %ersonne', then %arty defendants, were dis har!in! their offi ia' f$n tions when the in ident o $rred, their #$n!tion" !e%"ed to -e o##i!i%l the (o(ent they E?CEEDED THEIR AUTHORIT;. 3ased on the Co##ission findin!s, there '%" l%!6 o# .$"ti#i!%tion -y the govern(ent #or!e" in the $"e o# #ire%r(". Doreo"er, the #e#&ers of the %o'i e and #i'itary rowd dis%ersa' $nits o##itted a %rohi&ited a t $nder 3.P. 3'!. //2 as there was $nne essary firin! &y the# in dis%ersin! the #ar hers. As ear'y as ,7.?, this Co$rt has %rono$n ed that %n o##i!er !%nnot "helter hi("el# -y the &le% th%t he i" % &$-li! %gent %!ting $nder the !olor o# hi" o##i!e 'hen hi" %!t" %re 'holly 'itho$t %$thority* =nti' re ent'y in ,77, (C)avez v. San$igan#ayan, ,7- SCRA 1/1 @,77,A5, this do trine sti'' fo$nd a%%'i ation, this Co$rt sayin! that i(($nity #ro( "$it !%nnot in"tit$tion%li8e irre"&on"i-ility %nd non,%!!o$nt%-ility nor gr%nt % &rivileged "t%t$" not !l%i(ed -y %ny ase does not :$a'ify as a s$it a!ainst the State.

other o##i!i%l o# the Re&$-li!. The #i'itary and %o'i e for es were de%'oyed to ens$re that the ra''y wo$'d &e %ea ef$' and order'y as we'' as to !$arantee the safety of the "ery %eo%'e that they are d$ty;&o$nd to %rote t. <owe"er, the fa ts as fo$nd &y the tria' o$rt showed that they fired at the $nr$'y rowd to dis%erse the 'atter. Whi'e it is tr$e that nothin! is &etter sett'ed than the !enera' r$'e that a so"erei!n state and its %o'iti a' s$&di"isions annot &e s$ed in the o$rts e> e%t when it has !i"en its onsent, it annot &e in"o9ed &y &oth the #i'itary offi ers to re'ease the# fro# any 'ia&i'ity, and &y the heirs and "i ti#s to de#and inde#nifi ation fro# the !o"ern#ent. The %rin i%'e of state i##$nity fro# s$it does not a%%'y, as in this ase, when the re'ief de#anded &y the s$it re:$ires no affir#ati"e offi ia' a tion on the %art of the State nor the affir#ati"e dis har!e of any o&'i!ation whi h &e'on!s to the State in its %o'iti a' a%a ity, even though the officers or agents who are made defendants claim to hold or act only by virtue of a title of the state and as its agents and servants. This Co$rt has #ade it :$ite 'ear that e"en a Ehigh position in the government does not confer a license to persecute or recBlessly injure another.F The ine"!%&%-le !on!l$"ion i" th%t the St%te !%nnot -e held !ivilly li%-le #or the de%th" th%t #ollo'ed the in!ident* In"te%d+ the li%-ility "ho$ld #%ll on the n%(ed de#end%nt" in the lo'er !o$rt. In 'ine with the r$'in! of this Co$rt in Shauf v. &ourt of !ppeals (,7, SCRA 8,- @,772A5, herein &$-li! o##i!i%l"+ h%ving -een #o$nd to h%ve %!ted -eyond the "!o&e o# their %$thority+ (%y -e held li%-le #or d%(%ge". (Repu#lic v. San$oval, 112 SCRA ,1?, Dar h ,7, ,77-, En 3an @Ca#%os, *r.A5 CITI@ENSHIP 1+. ;o what citi=enship principle does the (hilippines adhere to? 7-plain and give illustrative case. Held: The Phi'i%%ine 'aw on itiJenshi% adheres to the %rin i%'e of 0us sanguinis. There$nder, % !hild #ollo'" the n%tion%lity or !iti8en"hi& o# the &%rent" reg%rdle"" o# the &l%!e o# hi"Aher -irth, as o%%osed to the do trine of 0us soli whi h deter#ines nationa'ity or itiJenshi% on the &asis of &l%!e o# -irth. Pri"ate res%ondent Rosa'ind Y&as o Lo%eJ was &orn on Day ,0, ,7-? in Na%ier Terra e, 3roo#e, Western A$stra'ia, to the s%o$ses, Te'esforo Y&as o, a 4i'i%ino itiJen and nati"e of Daet, Ca#arines Norte, and Theresa Dar:$eJ, an A$stra'ian. <istori a''y, this was a year &efore the ,7-. Constit$tion too9 into effe t and at that ti#e, what ser"ed as the Constit$tion of the Phi'i%%ines were the %rin i%a' or!ani a ts &y whi h the =nited States !o"erned the o$ntry. These were the Phi'i%%ine 3i'' of *$'y ,, ,721 and the Phi'i%%ine A$tono#y A t of A$!$st 17, ,7,0, a'so 9nown as the *ones Law. A#on! others, these 'aws defined who were dee#ed to &e of the Phi'i%%ine Is'ands. > > > itiJens

Under -oth org%ni! %!t"+ %ll inh%-it%nt" o# the Phili&&ine" 'ho 'ere S&%ni"h "$-.e!t" on A&ril 00+ 0BCC %nd re"ided therein in!l$ding their !hildren %re dee(ed to -e Phili&&ine !iti8en" . Pri"ate res%ondentLs father, Te'esforo Y&as o, was &orn on *an$ary ., ,/87 in Daet, Ca#arines Norte, a fa t d$'y e"iden ed &y a ertified tr$e o%y of an entry in the Re!istry of 3irths. Th$s, $nder the Phi'i%%ine 3i'' of ,721 and the *ones Law, Te'esforo Y&as o was dee#ed to &e a Phi'i%%ine itiJen. By virt$e o# the "%(e l%'"+ 'hi!h 'ere the l%'" in #or!e %t the ti(e o# her -irth+ Tele"#oroD" d%$ghter+ herein &riv%te re"&ondent Ro"%lind ;-%"!o Lo&e8+ i" li6e'i"e % !iti8en o# the Phili&&ine". The si!nin! into 'aw of the ,7-. Phi'i%%ine Constit$tion has esta&'ished the %rin i%'e of jus sanguinis as &asis for the a :$isition

of Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi% > > >. So a'so, the %rin i%'e of jus sanguinis whi h onfers itiJenshi% &y "irt$e of &'ood re'ationshi%, was s$&se:$ent'y retained $nder the ,78- and ,7/8 Constit$tions. Th$"+ the herein &riv%te re"&ondent+ Ro"%lind ;-%"!o Lo&e8+ i" % 9ili&ino !iti8en+ h%ving -een -orn to % 9ili&ino #%ther* The #%!t o# her -eing -orn in A$"tr%li% i" not t%nt%(o$nt to her lo"ing her Phili&&ine !iti8en"hi&* I# A$"tr%li% #ollo'" the &rin!i&le o# .$" "oli+ then %t (o"t+ &riv%te re"&ondent !%n %l"o !l%i( A$"tr%li%n !iti8en"hi& re"$lting to her &o""e""ion o# d$%l !iti8en"hi&. (2alles v. C3ME'EC, --8 SCRA .?-, A$!. 7, 1222, En 3an @P$risi#aA5 1.. What are the ways of ac'uiring citi=enship? Discuss.

Held: There are two ways of a :$irin! itiJenshi%I (,5 -y -irth, and (15 &y n%t$r%li8%tion. These ways of a :$irin! itiJenshi% orres%ond to the two 9inds of itiJensI the nat$ra';&orn itiJen, and the nat$ra'iJed itiJen. A %erson, who at the ti#e of his &irth is a itiJen of a %arti $'ar o$ntry, is a nat$ra';&orn itiJen thereof. As defined in the > > > Constit$tion, nat$ra';&orn itiJens Eare those itiJens of the Phi'i%%ines fro# &irth witho$t ha"in! to %erfor# any a t to a :$ire or %erfe t his Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%.F On the other hand, nat$ra'iJed itiJens are those who ha"e &e o#e 4i'i%ino itiJens thro$!h nat$ra'iJation, !enera''y $nder Common(ealt) !ct No. 4,*, otherwise 9nown as the Revise$ Naturalization 'a(, whi h re%ea'ed the for#er Nat$ra'iJation Law (A t No. 17185, and &y Repu#lic !ct No. 5*-. (!ntonio 6engson III v. HRE&, +.R. No. ,?1/?2, Day 8, 122,, En 3an @)a%$nanA5 1). ;o be naturali=ed what must an applicant prove? When and what are the conditions before the decision granting (hilippine citi=enship becomes e-ecutory? Held: To &e nat$ra'iJed, an a%%'i ant has to %ro"e that he &o""e""e" %ll the )$%li#i!%tion" %nd none o# the di")$%li#i!%tion" %ro"ided &y 'aw to &e o#e a 4i'i%ino itiJen. The de ision !rantin! Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi% &e o#es e>e $tory on'y after two (15 years fro# its %ro#$'!ation when the o$rt is satisfied that d$rin! the inter"enin! %eriod, the a%%'i ant has /01 not le#t the Phili&&ine"G /51 has dedi!%ted hi("el# to % l%'#$l !%lling or &ro#e""ion G /71 has not -een !onvi!ted o# %ny o##en"e or viol%tion o# govern(ent &ro($lg%ted r$le"G or /E1 !o((itted %ny %!t &re.$di!i%l to the intere"t o# the n%tion or !ontr%ry to %ny govern(ent %nno$n!ed &oli!ie" <Section 1 8.!. .*2>. (!ntonio 6engson III v. HRE&, +.R. No. ,?1/?2, Day 8, 122,, En 3an @)a%$nanA5 1%. What AC!@I0I&!;I9:S naturali=ation? Held: must be possessed by an applicant for

Section +, !ct 4,* %ro"ides the fo''owin! AC!@I0I&!;I9:SI

(a5 <e #$st &e not le"" th%n 50 ye%r" o# %ge on the d%y o# the he%ring of the %etitionG (&5 <e #$st ha"e re"ided in the Phili&&ine" #or % !ontin$o$" &eriod o# not le"" th%n ten ye%r"G ( 5 <e #$st &e of good (or%l !h%r%!ter %nd -elieve" in the &rin!i&le" $nderlying the Phili&&ine Con"tit$tion, and #$st ha"e !ond$!ted hi("el# in % &ro&er %nd irre&ro%!h%-le (%nner d$ring the entire &eriod o# hi" re"iden!e in the Phi'i%%ines in his re'ation with the onstit$ted !o"ern#ent as we'' as with the o##$nity in whi h he is 'i"in!G (d5 <e #$st o'n re%l e"t%te in the Phili&&ine" 'orth not le"" th%n #ive tho$"%nd &e"o", Phi'i%%ine $rren y, or #$st ha"e so#e 6no'n l$!r%tive tr%de, &ro#e""ion, or l%'#$l o!!$&%tionG

(e5 <e #$st &e %-le to "&e%6 %nd 'rite Engli"h or S&%ni"h %nd %ny o# the &rin!i&%l l%ng$%ge"G and (f5 <e #$st ha"e enrolled hi" (inor !hildren o# "!hool %ge+ in %ny o# the &$-li! "!hool" or &riv%te "!hool" re!ogni8ed -y the B$re%$ o# Priv%te S!hool" o# the Phili&&ine" 'here Phili&&ine hi"tory+ govern(ent %nd !ivi! %re t%$ght or &re"!ri-ed %" &%rt o# the "!hool !$rri!$l$(+ d$ring the entire &eriod o# the re"iden!e in the Phili&&ine" re)$ired o# hi( &rior to the he%ring of his %etition for nat$ra'iJation as Phi'i%%ine itiJen. (!ntonio 6engson III v. HRE&, +.R. No. ,?1/?2, Day 8, 122,, En 3an @)a%$nanA5 1$. What are the DISAC!@I0I&!;I9:S under Section + application for naturali=ation? Held: Section DISAC!@I0I&!;I9:SI 4 !ct 4,*, %ro"ides !ct +%* the in an

fo''owin!

(a5 <e #$st not -e o&&o"ed to org%ni8ed govern(ent or %##ili%ted 'ith %ny %""o!i%tion or gro$& o# &er"on" 'ho $&hold %nd te%!h do!trine" o%%osin! a'' or!aniJed !o"ern#entsG (&5 <e #$st not -e de#ending or te%!hing the ne!e""ity or &ro&riety o# violen!e+ &er"on%l %""%$lt+ or %""%""in%tion #or the "$!!e"" %nd &redo(in%n!e o# their ide%"G ( 5 <e #$st not -e % &olyg%(i"t or -eliever in the &r%!ti!e of %o'y!a#yG (d5 <e #$st not h%ve -een !onvi!ted o# %ny !ri(e involving (or%l t$r&it$deG (e5 <e #$st not -e "$##ering #ro( (ent%l %lien%tion or in!$r%-le !ont%gio$" di"e%"e"G (f5 <e #$st ha"e, d$rin! the %eriod of his residen e in the Phi'i%%ines (or not le"" th%n "i (onth" -e#ore #iling hi" %&&li!%tion5, (ingled "o!i%lly 'ith the 9ili&ino"+ or 'ho h%ve not evin!ed % "in!ere de"ire to le%rn %nd e(-r%!e the !$"to("+ tr%dition" %nd ide%l" of the 4i'i%inosG (!5 <e #$st not -e % !iti8en or "$-.e!t o# % n%tion 'ith 'ho( the Phili&&ine" i" %t '%r+ d$ring the &eriod o# "$!h '%rG (h5 <e #$st not -e % !iti8en or "$-.e!t o# % #oreign !o$ntry 'ho"e l%'" do not gr%nt 9ili&ino" the right to -e!o(e n%t$r%li8ed !iti8en" or "$-.e!t" thereo#. (!ntonio 6engson III v. HRE&, +.R. No. ,?1/?2, Day 8, 122,, En 3an @)a%$nanA5 1#. &an a legitimate child born under the 1#*. &onstitution of a 0ilipino mother and an alien father validly elect (hilippine citi=enship fourteen <1+> years after he has reached the age of majority? Held: =nder !rticle I2 Section 78*9 of the 7:*5 Constitution, the itiJenshi% of a 'e!iti#ate hi'd, &orn of a 4i'i%ino #other and an a'ien father, fo''owed the itiJenshi% of the father $n'ess, $%on rea hin! the a!e of #aBority, the hi'd e'e ted Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%. C.!. No. ;+5 whi h was ena ted %$rs$ant to Se tion ,(-5, Arti 'e IV of the ,7-. Constit$tion, %res ri&es the %ro ed$re that sho$'d &e fo''owed in order to #a9e a "a'id e'e tion of Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%. <owe"er, the ,7-. Constit$tion and C.A. No. 01. did not %res ri&e a ti#e %eriod within whi h the e'e tion of Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi% sho$'d &e #ade. The ,7-. Charter on'y %ro"ides that the e'e tion sho$'d &e #ade E $&on re%!hing the %ge o# (%.ority.F The a!e of #aBority then o##en ed $%on rea hin! twenty;one (1,5 years. In the o%inions of the Se retary of *$sti e on ases in"o'"in! the "a'idity of e'e tion of Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%, this di'e##a was reso'"ed &y &asin! the ti#e %eriod on the de isions of this Co$rt %rior to the effe ti"ity of the ,7-. Constit$tion. In these de isions, the %ro%er %eriod for e'e tin! Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi% was, in t$rn, &ased on the %rono$n e#ents of the De%art#ent of State of the =nited States +o"ern#ent to the effe t that

the e'e tion sho$'d &e #ade within a Ere%"on%-le ti(eF after attainin! the a!e of #aBority. The %hrase Ereasona&'e ti#eF has &een inter%reted to #ean that the ele!tion "ho$ld -e (%de 'ithin three /71 ye%r" #ro( re%!hing the %ge o# (%.ority. The "&%n o# #o$rteen /0E1 ye%r" that 'a%sed fro# the ti#e that %erson rea hed the a!e of #aBority $nti' he fina''y e>%ressed his intention to e'e t Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi% is clearly way beyond the contemplation of the re'uirement of electing /upon reaching the age of majority.1 Phili&&ine !iti8en"hi& !%n never -e tre%ted li6e % !o((odity th%t !%n -e !l%i(ed 'hen needed %nd "$&&re""ed 'hen !onvenient* One 'ho i" &rivileged to ele!t Phili&&ine !iti8en"hi& h%" only %n in!ho%te right to "$!h !iti8en"hi&* A" "$!h+ he "ho$ld %v%il o# the right 'ith #ervor+ enth$"i%"( %nd &ro(&tit$de. (Re< !pplication for !$mission to t)e P)ilippine 6ar 2icente D. C)ing , 3ar Datter No. 7,?, O t. ,, ,777, En 3an @)a%$nanA5 22. 6ow may (hilippine citi=enship be renounced? Is the application for an alien certificate of registration and the possession of foreign passport tantamount to acts of renunciation of (hilippine citi=enship? Held: Petitioner a'so ontends that e"en on the ass$#%tion that the %ri"ate res%ondent is a 4i'i%ino itiJen, she has nonethe'ess reno$n ed her Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%. To &$ttress this ontention, %etitioner ited %ri"ate res%ondentLs a%%'i ation for an a'ien Certifi ate of Re!istration (ACR5 and I##i!rant Certifi ate of Residen e (ICR5, on Se%te#&er ,7, ,7//, and the iss$an e to her of an A$stra'ian %ass%ort on Dar h -, ,7//. 6 > > In order that itiJenshi% #ay &e 'ost &y ren$n iation, s$ h ren$n!i%tion ($"t -e E?PRESS. PetitionerLs ontention, that the a%%'i ation of %ri"ate res%ondent for an a'ien ertifi ate of re!istration, and her A$stra'ian %ass%ort, is &ereft of #erit. This iss$e was %$t to rest in the ase of !znar v. C3ME'EC (,/. SCRA 82@,772A5 and in the #ore re ent ase of Merca$o v. Manzano an$ C3ME'EC (+.R. No. ,-.2/-, -28 SCRA 0-2, Day 10, ,7775. In the ase of !=nar, the Co$rt r$'ed that the (ere #%!t th%t he i" %n A(eri!%n did not (e%n th%t he i" no longer % 9ili&ino , and that an %&&li!%tion #or %n %lien !erti#i!%te o# regi"tr%tion '%" not t%nt%(o$nt to ren$n!i%tion o# hi" Phili&&ine !iti8en"hi&. And, in Merca$o v. Manzano an$ C3ME'EC it was he'd that the fa t that res%ondent DanJano was re!istered as an A#eri an itiJen in the 3$rea$ of I##i!ration and De%ortation and was ho'din! an A#eri an %ass%ort on A%ri' 11, ,778, on'y a year &efore he fi'ed a ertifi ate of andida y for "i e;#ayor of Da9ati, 'ere .$"t %""ertion" o# hi" A(eri!%n n%tion%lity &efore the ter#ination of his A#eri an itiJenshi%. Th$s, the #ere fa t that %ri"ate res%ondent Rosa'ind Y&as o Lo%eJ was a ho'der of an A$stra'ian %ass%ort and had an a'ien ertifi ate of re!istration are not a ts onstit$tin! an effe ti"e ren$n iation of itiJenshi% and do not #i'itate a!ainst her 'ai# of 4i'i%ino itiJenshi%. 9or ren$n!i%tion to e##e!tively re"$lt in the lo"" o# !iti8en"hi&+ the "%(e ($"t -e e &re"". As he'd &y this Co$rt in the afore ited ase of !=nar, an a%%'i ation for an a'ien ertifi ate of re!istration does not a#o$nt to an e>%ress ren$n iation or re%$diation of oneLs itiJenshi%. The a%%'i ation of the herein %ri"ate res%ondent for an a'ien ertifi ate of re!istration, and her ho'din! of an A$stra'ian %ass%ort, as in the ase of ?ercado v. ?an=ano were (ere %!t" o# %""ertion o# her A$"tr%li%n !iti8en"hi& -e#ore "he e##e!tively reno$n!ed the "%(e. Th$s, at the #ost, %ri"ate res%ondent had d$a' itiJenshi% C she was an A$stra'ian and a 4i'i%ino, as we''.

Doreo"er, $nder Common(ealt) !ct ;*, the #%!t th%t % !hild o# 9ili&ino &%rentA" '%" -orn in %nother !o$ntry h%" not -een in!l$ded %" % gro$nd #or lo"ing oneD" Phili&&ine !iti8en"hi& . Sin e %ri"ate res%ondent did not 'ose or reno$n e her Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%, %etitionerLs 'ai# that res%ondent #$st !o thro$!h the %ro ess of re%atriation does not ho'd water. (2alles v. C3ME'EC, --8 SCRA .?-, A$!. 7, 1222, En 3an @P$risi#aA5 21. 6ow may 0ilipino citi=ens who lost their citi=enship 87!&ACI87 the same? An"'er: 4i'i%ino itiJens who ha"e 'ost their itiJenshi% #ay > > > rea :$ire the sa#e in the #anner %ro"ided &y 'aw. Common(ealt) !ct No. ;* en$#erates the three #odes &y whi h Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi% #ay &e rea :$ired &y a for#er itiJenI /01 &y n%t$r%li8%tion, /51 &y re&%tri%tion, and /71 &y dire!t %!t o# Congre"". (=rival$o v. C3ME'EC, 1.8 SCRA 818, *$ne 1/, ,770, En 3an @Pan!ani&anAG !ntonio 6engson III v. HRE&, +.R. No. ,?1/?2, Day 8, 122,, En 3an @)a%$nanA5 22. Distinguish naturali=ation from repatriation.

Held: :!;C8!@ID!;I9: is a (ode #or -oth %!)$i"ition %nd re%!)$i"ition of Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%. As a mode of initially ac'uiring Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%, nat$ra'iJation is !o"erned &y Common(ealt) !ct No. 4,* as amended. On the other hand, nat$ra'iJation as a mode for reac'uiring Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi% is !o"erned &y Common(ealt) !ct No. ;* (!n !ct (roviding for the Ways in Which (hilippine &iti=enship ?ay Ee @ost or 8eac'uired @,7-0A5. =nder this 'aw, % #or(er 9ili&ino !iti8en 'ho 'i"he" to re%!)$ire Phili&&ine !iti8en"hi& ($"t &o""e"" !ert%in )$%li#i!%tion" %nd none o# the di")$%li#i!%tion" (entioned in Se!tion E o# C*A* EF7. 87(!;8I!;I9:, on the other hand, #ay &e had $nder "ario$s stat$tes &y those who 'ost their itiJenshi% d$e toI /01 de"ertion of the ar#ed for es (Section + &.!. :o. )*5G /51 "ervi!e in the %r(ed #or!e" o# the %llied #or!e" in Wor'd War II (Section 1 8epublic !ct :o. #). 31#.*45G /71 "ervi!e in the Ar(ed 9or!e" o# the United St%te" at any other ti#e (Sec. 1 8epublic !ct :o. 2)*2 31#)245G /E1 (%rri%ge o# % 9ili&ino 'o(%n to %n %lien (Sec. 1 8epublic !ct :o. $1%1 31##.45G and /G1 &oliti!%l %nd e!ono(i! ne!e""ity <Ibid>. As distin!$ished fro# the 'en!thy %ro ess of nat$ra'iJation, 87(!;8I!;I9: si#%'y onsists of the t%6ing o# %n o%th o# %llegi%n!e to the Re&$-li! o# the Phili&&ine" %nd regi"tering "%id o%th in the Lo!%l Civil Regi"try o# the &l%!e 'here the &er"on !on!erned re"ide" or l%"t re"ided* In !ngat v. Repu#lic (-,? SCRA ?-/ @,777A5, we he'dI @PAarentheti a''y, $nder these stat$tes (referrin! to RA Nos. 70. and 10-25, the %erson desirin! to rea :$ire Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi% wo$'d not e"en &e re:$ired to fi'e a %etition in o$rt, and a'' that he had to do was to t%6e %n o%th o# %llegi%n!e to the Re%$&'i of the Phi'i%%ines and to regi"ter th%t #%!t 'ith the !ivil regi"try in the %'a e of his residen e or where he had 'ast resided in the Phi'i%%ines. Doreo"er, re%atriation res$'ts in the re!overy o# the origin%l n%tion%lity. This #eans that a nat$ra'iJed 4i'i%ino who 'ost his itiJenshi% wi'' &e restored to his %rior stat$s as a nat$ra'iJed 4i'i%ino itiJen. On the other hand, if he was ori!ina''y a nat$ra'; &orn itiJen &efore he 'ost his Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%, he wi'' &e restored to his for#er stat$s as a nat$ra';&orn 4i'i%ino. (!ntonio 6engson III v. HRE&, +.R. No. ,?1/?2, Day 8, 122,, En 3an @)a%$nanA5

10

2*.

Who may validly avail of repatriation under 8.!. :o. $1%1?

Held: R.!. No. .7,7, whi h has 'a%sed into 'aw on O to&er 1-, ,77., is an a t %ro"idin! for the re%atriation /%1 of 9ili&ino 'o(en 'ho h%ve lo"t their Phili&&ine !iti8en"hi& -y (%rri%ge to %lien" and /-1 of n%t$r%l,-orn 9ili&ino" 'ho h%ve lo"t their Phili&&ine !iti8en"hi& on %!!o$nt o# &oliti!%l or e!ono(i! ne!e""ity. (Gerar$o !ngat v. Repu#lic, +.R. No. ,-11??, Se%t. ,?, ,777 @Vit$!A5 2+. Eefore what agency should application for repatriation under 8.! $1%1 be filed? Held: =nder Section 7 of P.D. No. ,+5, dated *$ne ., ,78., a#endin! C.A. No. 0-, an a%%'i ation for re%atriation o$'d &e fi'ed with the S&e!i%l Co((ittee on N%t$r%li8%tion haired &y the Soli!itor >ener%l with the Under"e!ret%ry o# 9oreign A##%ir" and the Dire!tor o# the N%tion%l Intelligen!e Coordin%ting Agen!y as the other #e#&ers. A'tho$!h the a!en y was dea ti"ated &y "irt$e of President CoraJon C. A:$inoLs De#orand$# of Dar h 18, ,7/8, it was not, howe"er, a&ro!ated. The Co##ittee was rea ti"ated on *$ne /, ,77. . <en e, the %&&li!%tion "ho$ld -e #iled 'ith "%id Agen!y+ not 'ith the Region%l Tri%l Co$rt . (Gerar$o !ngat v. Repu#lic, +.R. No. ,-11??, Se%t. ,?, ,777 @Vit$!A5 2.. ?ay a natural,born 0ilipino who became an !merican citi=en still be considered a natural,born 0ilipino upon his reac'uisition of (hilippine citi=enship and therefore 'ualified to run for &ongressman? Held: 87(!;8I!;I9: res$'ts in the re!overy o# the origin%l n%tion%lity. This #eans that a nat$ra'iJed 4i'i%ino who 'ost his itiJenshi% wi'' &e re"tored to hi" &rior "t%t$" as a nat$ra'iJed 4i'i%ino itiJen. On the other hand, if he was ori!ina''y a nat$ra'; &orn itiJen &efore he 'ost his Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%, he wi'' &e restored to his for#er stat$s as a nat$ra';&orn 4i'i%ino. In res%ondent Cr$JLs ase, he 'ost his 4i'i%ino itiJenshi% when he rendered ser"i e in the Ar#ed 4or es of the =nited States. <owe"er, he s$&se:$ent'y rea :$ired Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi% $nder R.!. No. +;*-, whi h %ro"idesI Se!tion 0. Any %erson who had 'ost his Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi% &y renderin! ser"i e to, or a e%tin! o##ission in, the Ar#ed 4or es of the =nited States, or after se%aration fro# the Ar#ed 4or es of the =nited States, a :$ired =nited States itiJenshi%, (%y re%!)$ire Phili&&ine !iti8en"hi& -y t%6ing %n o%th o# %llegi%n!e to the Re&$-li! o# the Phili&&ine" %nd regi"tering the "%(e 'ith Lo!%l Civil Regi"try in the &l%!e 'here he re"ide" or l%"t re"ided in the Phili&&ine"* The "%id o%th o# %llegi%n!e "h%ll !ont%in % ren$n!i%tion o# %ny other !iti8en"hi&* <a"in! th$s ta9en the re:$ired oath of a''e!ian e to the Re%$&'i and ha"in! re!istered the sa#e in the Ci"i' Re!istry of Dan!atare#, Pan!asinan in a ordan e with the afore ited %ro"ision, res%ondent Cr$J is dee#ed to ha"e re o"ered his ori!ina' stat$s as a nat$ra';&orn itiJen, a stat$s whi h he a :$ired at &irth as the son of a 4i'i%ino father. It &ears stressin! that the a t of re%atriation a''ows hi# to re!over+ or ret$rn to+ hi" origin%l "t%t$" -e#ore he lo"t hi" Phili&&ine !iti8en"hi&* PetitionerLs ontention that res%ondent Cr$J is no 'on!er a nat$ra';&orn itiJen sin e he had to %erfor# an a t to re!ain his itiJenshi% is $ntena&'e. @TAhe ter# Enat$ra';&orn itiJenF was first defined in Arti 'e III, Se tion ? of the ,78- Constit$tion as fo''owsI

11

Se tion ?. A nat$ra';&orn itiJen is one who is a itiJen of the Phi'i%%ines fro# &irth witho$t ha"in! to %erfor# any a t to a :$ire or %erfe t his Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%. Two re:$isites #$st on $r for a %erson to &e onsidered as s$ hI /01 a %erson #$st &e a =ilipino citizen from #irt) and /51 he doe" not h%ve to &er#or( %ny %!t to o-t%in or &er#e!t hi" Phili&&ine !iti8en"hi&. =nder the ,78- Constit$tion definition, there were two ate!ories of 4i'i%ino itiJens whi h were not onsidered nat$ra';&ornI (,5 those who were nat$ra'iJed and (15 those &orn &efore *an$ary ,8, ,78- <the date of effectivity of the 1#%* &onstitution>, of 4i'i%ino #others who, $%on rea hin! the a!e of #aBority, e'e ted Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%. Those Enat$ra'iJed itiJensF were not onsidered nat$ra';&orn o&"io$s'y &e a$se they were not 4i'i%inos at &irth and had to %erfor# an a t to a :$ire Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%. Those &orn of 4i'i%ino #others &efore the effe ti"ity of the ,78- Constit$tion were 'i9ewise not onsidered nat$ra';&orn &e a$se they a'so had to %erfor# an a t to %erfe t their Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%. The %resent Constit$tion, howe"er, now onsiders those &orn of 4i'i%ino #others &efore the effe ti"ity of the ,78- Constit$tion and who e'e ted Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi% $%on rea hin! the #aBority a!e as nat$ra';&orn. A#ter de#ining 'ho %re n%t$r%l,-orn !iti8en"+ Se!tion 5 o# Arti!le IH %dd" % "enten!e: 2Tho"e 'ho ele!t Phili&&ine !iti8en"hi& in %!!ord%n!e 'ith &%r%gr%&h /71+ Se!tion 0 hereo# "h%ll -e dee(ed n%t$r%l,-orn !iti8en"*3 Con"e)$ently+ only n%t$r%li8ed 9ili&ino" %re !on"idered not n%t$r%l,-orn !iti8en". It is a%%arent fro# the en$#eration of who are itiJens $nder the %resent Constit$tion that there are on'y two 'asses of itiJensI (,5 those who are natural,born and (15 those who are naturali=ed in a ordan e with 'aw. A !iti8en 'ho i" not % n%t$r%li8ed 9ili&ino+ i*e*+ did not h%ve to $ndergo the &ro!e"" o# n%t$r%li8%tion to o-t%in Phili&&ine !iti8en"hi&+ ne!e""%rily i" % n%t$r%l,-orn 9ili&ino. Noteworthy is the a&sen e in the said en$#eration of a se%arate ate!ory for %ersons who, after 'osin! Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%, s$&se:$ent'y rea :$ire it. The reason therefore is 'earI %" to "$!h &er"on"+ they 'o$ld either -e n%t$r%l, -orn or n%t$r%li8ed de&ending on the re%"on" #or the lo"" o# their !iti8en"hi& %nd the (ode &re"!ri-ed -y the %&&li!%-le l%' #or the re%!)$i"ition thereo#. As res%ondent Cr$J was not re:$ired &y 'aw to !o thro$!h nat$ra'iJation %ro eedin!s in order to rea :$ire his itiJenshi%, he is %erfor e a nat$ra';&orn 4i'i%ino. As s$ h, he %ossessed a'' the ne essary :$a'ifi ations to &e e'e ted as #e#&er of the <o$se of Re%resentati"es. (!ntonio 6engson III v. HRE&, +.R. No. ,?1/?2, Day 8, 122,, En 3an @)a%$nanA5 2). Distinguish dual citi=enship from dual allegiance.

Held: DC!@ &I;ID7:S6I( arises when, %" % re"$lt o# the !on!$rrent %&&li!%tion o# the di##erent l%'" o# t'o or (ore "t%te"+ % &er"on i" "i($lt%neo$"ly !on"idered % n%tion%l -y the "%id "t%te". 4or instan e, s$ h a sit$ation #ay arise when a %erson whose %arents are itiJens of a state whi h adheres to the %rin i%'e of jus sanguinis is &orn in a state whi h fo''ows the do trine of jus soli. S$ h a %erson, ipso facto and witho$t any "o'$ntary a t on his %art, is on $rrent'y onsidered a itiJen of &oth states. DC!@ !@@75I!:&7, on the other hand, refers to a sit$ation in whi h % &er"on "i($lt%neo$"ly o'e"+ -y "o(e &o"itive %!t+ loy%lty to t'o or (ore "t%te"* While d$%l !iti8en"hi& i" invol$nt%ry+ d$%l %llegi%n!e i" the re"$lt o# %n individ$%lD" volition. (Merca$o v. Manzano, -28 SCRA 0-2, Day 10, ,777, En 3an @DendoJaA5 2%. What is the main concern of Section . !rticle IF 1#$% &onstitution on citi=enship? &onse'uently are persons with mere dual citi=enship dis'ualified to run for elective local positions under Section +2<d> of the @ocal 5overnment &ode?

12

Held: In in '$din! Section 5 in !rticle I2 on itiJenshi%, the !on!ern o# the Con"tit$tion%l Co((i""ion '%" not 'ith d$%l !iti8en" &er "e -$t 'ith n%t$r%li8ed !iti8en" 'ho (%int%in their %llegi%n!e to their !o$ntrie" o# origin even %#ter their n%t$r%li8%tion. <en e, the %hrase Ed$%l !iti8en"hi&3 in R*A* No* F0IJ+ Se!tion EJ/d1 /Lo!%l >overn(ent Code1 ($"t -e $nder"tood %" re#erring to 2d$%l %llegi%n!e.F Conse:$ent'y, %ersons with #ere d$a' itiJenshi% do not fa'' $nder this dis:$a'ifi ation. CnliBe those with dual allegiance who must - - be subject to strict process with respect to the termination of their status for candidates with dual citi=enship it should suffice if upon the filing of their certificate of candidacy they elect (hilippine citi=enship to terminate their status as persons with dual citi=enship considering that their condition is the unavoidable conse'uence of conflicting laws of different states. By ele!ting Phili&&ine !iti8en"hi&+ "$!h !%ndid%te" %t the "%(e ti(e #or"'e%r %llegi%n!e to the other !o$ntry o# 'hi!h they %re %l"o !iti8en" %nd there-y ter(in%te their "t%t$" %" d$%l !iti8en" . It #ay &e that, fro# the %oint of "iew of the forei!n state and of its 'aws, s$ h an indi"id$a' has not effe ti"e'y reno$n ed his forei!n itiJenshi%. That is of no #o#ent. (Merca$o v. Manzano, +.R. No. ,-.2/-, -28 SCRA 0-2, Day 10, ,777 @DendoJaA5 2$. &ite instances when a citi=en of the (hilippines may possess dual citi=enship considering the citi=enship clause <!rticle IF> of the &onstitution. Held: ,5 Those -orn o# 9ili&ino #%ther" %ndAor (other" in #oreign !o$ntrie" 'hi!h #ollo' the &rin!i&le o# 0us soliG 15 Those -orn in the Phili&&ine" o# 9ili&ino (other" %nd %lien #%ther" i# -y the l%'" o# their #%therD" !o$ntry "$!h !hildren %re !iti8en" o# th%t !o$ntryG -5 Those who marry aliens if #y t)e la(s of t)e latter>s country t)e former are consi$ere$ citizens unless #y t)eir act or omission t)ey are $eeme$ to )ave renounce$ P)ilippine citizens)ip. (Merca$o v. Manzano, +.R. No. ,-.2/-, -28 SCRA 0-2, Day 10, ,777 @DendoJaA5 2#. Does res citi=enship? judicata apply in cases hinging on the issue of

Held: Petitioner #aintains f$rther that when itiJenshi% is raised as an iss$e in B$di ia' or ad#inistrati"e %ro eedin!s, the reso'$tion or de ision thereon is !enera''y not onsidered res B$di ata in any s$&se:$ent %ro eedin! ha''en!in! the sa#eG itin! the ase of Moy ?a 'im ?ao v. Commissioner of Immigration (?, SCRA 171 @,78,A5. <e insists that the sa#e iss$e of itiJenshi% #ay &e threshed o$t anew. Petitioner is orre t insofar as the !enera' r$'e is on erned, i.e. the %rin i%'e of res judicata !enera''y does not a%%'y in ases hin!in! on the iss$e of itiJenshi%. <owe"er, in the ase of 6urca v. Repu#lic (., SCRA 1?/ @,78-A5, an e !e&tion to this !enera' r$'e was re o!niJed. The Co$rt r$'ed in that ase that in order that the do trine of res judicata #ay &e a%%'ied in ases of itiJenshi%, the fo''owin! #$st &e %resentI ,5 a %ersonLs !iti8en"hi& -e r%i"ed %" % (%teri%l i""$e in % !ontrover"y 'here "%id &er"on i" % &%rtyG 15 the Soli!itor >ener%l or hi" %$thori8ed re&re"ent%tive too6 %!tive &%rt in the re"ol$tion thereof, and -5 the #inding on !iti8en"hi& i" %##ir(ed -y thi" Co$rt.

13

A'tho$!h the !enera' r$'e was set forth in the ase of ?oy Ga @im Gao the ase did not fore 'ose the wei!ht of %rior r$'in!s on itiJenshi%. It e'$ idated that re'ian e #ay so#ehow &e %'a ed on these ante edent offi ia' findin!s, tho$!h not rea''y &indin!, to #a9e the effort easier or si#%'er. (2alles v. C3ME'EC, --8 SCRA .?-, A$!. 7, 1222, En 3an @P$risi#aA5 CIHILIAN SUPRE:AC; CLAUSE *2. ;he (resident issued @etter of Instruction <@9I> ordering the deployment of members of the (hilippine ?arines in the metropolis to conduct joint visibility patrols with members of the (hilippine :ational (olice in various shopping malls. Will this not violate the civilian supremacy clause under Section * !rticle II of the &onstitution? Does this not amount to an Hinsidious incursionH of the military in the tasB of law enforcement in violation of Section .<+> !rticle "FI of the &onstitution? Held: The de%'oy#ent of the Darines does not onstit$te a &rea h of the i"i'ian s$%re#a y 'a$se. The a''in! of the #arines in this ase onstit$tes &er(i""i-le $"e o# (ilit%ry %""et" #or !ivili%n l%' en#or!e(ent. > > > The li(ited &%rti!i&%tion o# the :%rine" is e"ident in the %ro"isions of the LOI itse'f, whi h "$##i!iently &rovide" the (ete" %nd -o$nd" o# the :%rine"K %$thority. It is noteworthy that the lo!%l &oli!e #or!e" %re the one" in !h%rge o# the vi"i-ility &%trol" %t %ll ti(e"+ the re%l %$thority -elonging to the PNP. In fa t, the :etro :%nil% Poli!e Chie# i" the over%ll le%der o# the PNP,Phili&&ine :%rine" .oint vi"i-ility &%trol". =nder the LOI, the %o'i e for es are tas9ed to &rief or orient the so'diers on %o'i e %atro' %ro ed$res. It is their res%onsi&i'ity to dire t and #ana!e the de%'oy#ent of the Darines. It is, 'i9ewise, their d$ty to %ro"ide the ne essary e:$i%#ent to the Darines and render 'o!isti a' s$%%ort to these so'diers. In vie' o# the #oregoing+ it !%nnot -e &ro&erly %rg$ed th%t (ilit%ry %$thority i" "$&re(e over !ivili%n %$thority* Doreo"er, the de%'oy#ent of the Darines to assist the PNP does not $n#a9e the i"i'ian hara ter of the %o'i e for e. Neither does it a#o$nt to an Einsidio$s in $rsionF of the #i'itary in the tas9 of 'aw enfor e#ent in "io'ation of Se tion .@?A, Arti 'e 6VI of the Constit$tion. In this re!ard, it is not orre t to say that +enera' An!e'o Reyes, Chief of Staff of the A4P, &y his a''e!ed in"o'"e#ent in i"i'ian 'aw enfor e#ent, has &een "irt$a''y a%%ointed to a i"i'ian %ost in dero!ation of the afore ited %ro"ision. The re%l %$thority in the"e o&er%tion"+ %" "t%ted in the LOI+ i" lodged 'ith the he%d o# % !ivili%n in"tit$tion+ the PNP+ %nd not 'ith the (ilit%ry* S$!h -eing the !%"e+ it doe" not (%tter 'hether the A9P Chie# %!t$%lly &%rti!i&%te" in the T%"6 9or!e T$l$ng%n "in!e he doe" not e er!i"e %ny %$thority or !ontrol over the "%(e* Sin!e none o# the :%rine" '%" in!or&or%ted or enli"ted %" (e(-er" o# the PNP+ there !%n -e no %&&oint(ent to % !ivili%n &o"ition to "&e%6 o# . <en e, the de%'oy#ent of the Darines in the Boint "isi&i'ity %atro's does not destroy the i"i'ian hara ter of the PNP. Considerin! the a&o"e ir $#stan es, the :%rine" render nothing (ore th%n %""i"t%n!e re)$ired in !ond$!ting the &%trol". As s$ h, there an &e no Einsidio$s in $rsionF of the #i'itary in i"i'ian affairs nor an there &e a "io'ation of the i"i'ian s$%re#a y 'a$se in the Constit$tion. It is worth #entionin! that military assistance to civilian authorities in various forms persists in (hilippine jurisdiction . The Phi'i%%ine e>%erien e re"ea's that it is not a"erse to re:$estin! the assistan e of the #i'itary in the i#%'e#entation and e>e $tion of ertain traditiona''y E i"i'F f$n tions. > > > @SAo#e of the multifarious activities wherein military aid has been rendered,

14

e>e#%'ifyin! the a ti"ities that &rin! &oth the i"i'ian #i'itary to!ether in a re'ationshi% of oo%eration, areI

and

the

,. E'e tionsG 1. Ad#inistration of the Phi'i%%ine Nationa' Red CrossG -. Re'ief and res $e o%erations d$rin! a'a#ities and disastersG ?. A#ate$r s%orts %ro#otion and de"e'o%#entG .. De"e'o%#ent of the $'t$re and the artsG 0. Conser"ation of nat$ra' reso$r esG 8. I#%'e#entation of the a!rarian refor# %ro!ra#G /. Enfor e#ent of $sto#s 'awsG 7. Co#%osite i"i'ian;#i'itary 'aw enfor e#ent a ti"itiesG ,2. Cond$ t of 'i ens$re e>a#inationsG ,,. Cond$ t of nationwide tests for e'e#entary and hi!h s hoo' st$dentsG ,1. Anti;dr$! enfor e#ent a ti"itiesG ,-. Sanitary ins%e tionsG ,?. Cond$ t of ens$s wor9G ,.. Ad#inistration of the Ci"i' Aerona$ti s 3oardG ,0. Assistan e in insta''ation of weather fore astin! de"i esG ,8. Pea e and order %o'i y for#$'ation in 'o a' !o"ern#ent $nits. This $n:$estiona&'y onstit$tes a !'oss on e>e $ti"e %ower res$'tin! fro# a syste#ati , $n&ro9en, e>e $ti"e %ra ti e, 'on! %$rs$ed to the 9now'ed!e of Con!ress and, yet, ne"er &efore :$estioned. What we ha"e here is #$t$a' s$%%ort and oo%eration &etween the #i'itary and i"i'ian a$thorities, not dero!ation of i"i'ian s$%re#a y. In the =nited States, where a 'on! tradition of s$s%i ion and hosti'ity towards the $se of #i'itary for e for do#esti %$r%oses has %ersisted and whose Constit$tion, $n'i9e o$rs, does not e>%ress'y %ro"ide for the %ower to a'', the use of military personnel by civilian law enforcement officers is allowed under circumstances similar to those surrounding the present deployment of the (hilippine ?arines. (I6P v. Hon. Ronal$o 6. @amora, +.R. No. ,?,1/?, A$!. ,., 1222, En 3an @)a%$nanA5 THE RI>HT TO A BALANCED AND HEALTH9UL ECOLO>; *1. Is the right to a balanced and healthful ecology any less important than any of the civil and political rights enumerated in the Eill of 8ights? 7-plain. Held: Whi'e the ri!ht to a &a'an ed and hea'thf$' e o'o!y is to &e fo$nd $nder the De 'aration of Prin i%'es and State Po'i ies and not $nder the 3i'' of Ri!hts, it doe" not #ollo' th%t it i" le"" i(&ort%nt th%n %ny o# the !ivil %nd &oliti!%l right" en$(er%ted in the l%tter* S$!h % right -elong" to % di##erent !%tegory o# right" %ltogether #or it !on!ern" nothing le"" th%n "el#,&re"erv%tion %nd "el#,&er&et$%tion+ the %dv%n!e(ent o# 'hi!h (%y even -e "%id to &red%te %ll govern(ent" %nd !on"tit$tion"* A" % (%tter o# #%!t+ the"e -%"i! right" need not even -e 'ritten in the Con"tit$tion #or they %re %""$(ed to e i"t #ro( the in!e&tion o# h$(%n6ind. If they are now e>%'i it'y #entioned in the f$nda#enta' harter, it is &e a$se of the we'';fo$nded fear of its fra#ers that $n'ess the ri!hts to a &a'an ed and hea'thf$' e o'o!y and to hea'th are #andated as state %o'i ies &y the Constit$tion itse'f, there&y hi!h'i!htin! their ontin$in! i#%ortan e and i#%osin! $%on the state a so'e#n o&'i!ation to %reser"e the first and %rote t and ad"an e the se ond, the day wo$'d not &e too far when a'' e'se wo$'d &e 'ost not on'y for the %resent !eneration, &$t a'so for those to o#e C !enerations whi h stand to inherit nothin! &$t %ar hed earth in a%a&'e of s$stainin! 'ife. (3posa v. =actoran 1r., 11? SCRA 871 @,77-A @Da"ideA5

15

*2. ;he (rovince of (alawan and the &ity of (uerto (rincesa enacted ordinances prohibiting the catching andIor e-portation of live tropical fishes and imposing penalties for violations thereof in order to stop the illegal practice of cyanide fishing which destroys the corals and other marine resources. Several fishermen apprehended for violating the ordinances in 'uestion challenged their constitutionality contending that the ordinances violated their preferential right as subsistence and marginal fishermen to the use of our communal marine resources guaranteed by the &onstitution under Section % !rticle "III. Will you sustain the challenge? Held: The 2&re#erenti%l right3 o# "$-"i"ten!e or (%rgin%l #i"her(en to the $"e o# (%rine re"o$r!e" i" not %-"ol$te* In %!!ord%n!e 'ith the RE>ALIAN DOCTRINE+ (%rine re"o$r!e" -elong to the St%te+ %nd+ &$r"$%nt to the #ir"t &%r%gr%&h o# Se!tion 5+ Arti!le ?II o# the Con"tit$tion+ their 2e &lor%tion+ develo&(ent %nd $tili8%tion "h%ll -e $nder the #$ll !ontrol %nd "$&ervi"ion o# the St%te*3 :oreover+ their (%nd%ted &rote!tion+ develo&(ent %nd !on"erv%tion i(&ly !ert%in re"tri!tion" on 'h%tever right o# en.oy(ent there (%y -e in #%vor o# %nyone* Wh%t ($"t -e -orne in (ind i" the St%te &oli!y en"hrined in the Con"tit$tion reg%rding the d$ty o# the St%te to &rote!t %nd %dv%n!e the right o# the &eo&le to % -%l%n!ed %nd he%lth#$l e!ology in %!!ord 'ith the rhyth( %nd h%r(ony o# n%t$re /Se!tion 0I+ Arti!le II5. The ordinan es in :$estion are #eant %re ise'y to %rote t and onser"e o$r #arine reso$r es to the end that their enBoy#ent #ay &e !$aranteed not on'y for the %resent !eneration, &$t a'so for the !enerations to o#e. The ri!ht to a &a'an ed and hea'thf$' e o'o!y arries with it a orre'ati"e d$ty to refrain fro# i#%airin! the en"iron#ent. (&ano v. Gov. Salva$or P. Socrates, +.R. No. ,,21?7, A$!. 1,, ,7785 ACADE:IC 9REEDO: **. ?ay a university validly revoBe a degree or honor it has conferred to a student after the graduation of the latter after finding that such degree or honor was obtained through fraud? Held: In 5arcia v. 0aculty !dmission &ommittee @oyola School of ;heology <)$ S&8! 2%% 31#%.4> the SC %ointed o$t that %!%de(i! #reedo( o# in"tit$tion" o# higher le%rning i" % #reedo( gr%nted to 2in"tit$tion" o# higher le%rning3 'hi!h i" th$" given % 2'ide "&here o# %$thority !ert%inly e tending to the !hoi!e o# "t$dent"*3 I# "$!h in"tit$tion o# higher le%rning !%n de!ide 'ho !%n %nd 'ho !%nnot "t$dy in it+ it !ert%inly !%n %l"o deter(ine on 'ho( it !%n !on#er the honor %nd di"tin!tion o# -eing it" gr%d$%te". Where it i" "ho'n th%t the !on#er(ent o# %n honor or di"tin!tion '%" o-t%ined thro$gh #r%$d+ % $niver"ity h%" the right to revo6e or 'ithdr%' the honor or di"tin!tion it h%" th$" !on#erred* Thi" #reedo( o# % $niver"ity doe" not ter(in%te $&on the 2gr%d$%tion3 o# % "t$dent+ #or it i" &re!i"ely the 2gr%d$%tion3 o# "$!h % "t$dent th%t i" in )$e"tion. (/P 6oar$ of Regents v. Hon. Court of !ppeals an$ !roAias(amy Billiam Margaret Celine, +.R. No. ,-?01., A$!. -,, ,777, 1nd Di". @DendoJaA5 *+. What are the essential freedoms subsumed in the term /academic freedom1? Held: In !teneo $e Manila /niversity v. Capulong (+.R. No. 77-18, 18 Day ,77-5, this Co$rt ited with a%%ro"a' the for#$'ation #ade &y *$sti e 4e'i> 4ran9f$rter of the essentia' freedo#s s$&s$#ed in the ter# Ea ade#i freedo#F en o#%assin! not only 2the #reedo( to deter(ine on %!%de(i! gro$nd" 'ho (%y te%!h+ 'h%t (%y -e t%$ght /%nd1 ho' it "h%ll -e t%$ght+3 -$t li6e'i"e 2'ho (%y -e %d(itted to "t$dy*3 We h%ve th$" "%n!tioned it" invo!%tion -y % "!hool in re.e!ting "t$dent" 'ho %re %!%de(i!%lly delin)$ent (&angonan v. Pano ,-8 SCRA 1?. @,7/.A5, or % l%y'o(%n "ee6ing %d(i""ion to % "e(in%ry

16

(Garcia v. 'oyola Sc)ool of &)eology, 0/ SCRA 188 @,78.A5, or stu$ents violating CSc)ool Rules on Discipline.F (!teneo $e Manila /niversity v. Capulong supra.5 (Isa#elo 1r. v. Perpetual Help College of Rizal Inc. , 118 SCRA .7.; .78, No". /, ,77-, En 3an @Vit$!A5 ECONO:IC POLIC; *.. Does the &onstitutional policy of a /self,reliant and independent national economy1 rule out foreign competition? Held: The onstit$tiona' %o'i y of a Ese'f;re'iant and inde%endent nationa' e ono#yF doe" not ne!e""%rily r$le o$t the entry o# #oreign inve"t(ent"+ good" %nd "ervi!e"* It !onte(&l%te" neither 2e!ono(i! "e!l$"ion3 nor 2(endi!%n!y in the intern%tion%l !o(($nity.F Aside fro# en"isionin! a tr%de &oli!y -%"ed on 2e)$%lity %nd re!i&ro!ity+3 the #$nd%(ent%l l%' en!o$r%ge" ind$"trie" th%t %re 2!o(&etitive in -oth do(e"ti! %nd #oreign (%r6et"+3 there-y de(on"tr%ting % !le%r &oli!y %g%in"t % "heltered do(e"ti! tr%de environ(ent+ -$t one in #%vor o# the gr%d$%l develo&(ent o# ro-$"t ind$"trie" th%t !%n !o(&ete 'ith the -e"t in the #oreign (%r6et". (&ana$a v. !ngara, 181 SCRA ,/ @,778A5 THE RI>HTS O9 INDI>ENOUS CULTURAL CO::UNITIESAINDI>ENOUS PEOPLES *). 7numerate the &onstitutional provisions recogni=ing protecting the rights and interests of the indigenous peoples. and

Held: The fra#ers of the ,7/8 Constit$tion, 'oo9in! &a 9 to the 'on! destit$tion of o$r 'ess fort$nate &rothers, fittin!'y saw the histori o%%ort$nity to a t$a'iJe the idea's of %eo%'e e#%ower#ent and so ia' B$sti e, and to rea h o$t %arti $'ar'y to the #ar!ina'iJed se tors of so iety, in '$din! the indi!eno$s %eo%'es. They in or%orated in the f$nda#enta' 'aw se"era' %ro"isions re o!niJin! and %rote tin! the ri!hts and interests of the indi!eno$s %eo%'es, to witI Section ++. The State re o!niJes and %ro#otes the ri!hts of indi!eno$s %eo%'es within the fra#ewor9 of nationa' $nity and de"e'o%#ent. <!rticle II of the &onstitution entitled State (rinciples and (olicies> Section 5. The State, s$&Be t to the %ro"isions of the Constit$tion and nationa' de"e'o%#ent %o'i ies and %ro!ra#s, sha'' %rote t the ri!hts of indi!eno$s $'t$ra' o##$nities to their an estra' 'ands to ens$re their e ono#i , so ia', and $'t$ra' we'';&ein!. The Con!ress #ay %ro"ide for the a%%'i a&i'ity of $sto#ary 'aws !o"ernin! %ro%erty ri!hts and re'ations in deter#inin! the ownershi% and e>tent of an estra' do#ains. <!rticle %II of the &onstitution entitled :ational 7conomy and (atrimony> Section 7. The Con!ress sha'' !i"e the hi!hest %riority to the ena t#ent of #eas$res that %rote t and enhan e the ri!ht of a'' the %eo%'e to h$#an di!nity, red$ e so ia', e ono#i and %o'iti a' ine:$a'ities, and re#o"e $'t$ra' ine:$a'ities &y e:$ita&'y diff$sin! wea'th and %o'iti a' %ower for the o##on !ood. To this end, the State sha'' re!$'ate the a :$isition, ownershi%, $se and dis%osition of %ro%erty and its in re#ents. <!rticle %III of the &onstitution entitled Social Justice and 6uman 8ights> refor# Section ;. The State sha'' a%%'y the %rin i%'es of a!rarian or stewardshi%, whene"er a%%'i a&'e in a ordan e with

17

'aw, in the dis%osition and $ti'iJation of other nat$ra' reso$r es, in '$din! 'ands of the %$&'i do#ain $nder 'ease or on ession, s$&Be t to %rior ri!hts, ho#estead ri!hts of s#a'' sett'ers, and the ri!hts of indi!eno$s o##$nities to their an estra' 'ands. <I#i$.> Section 7,. The State sha'' re o!niJe, res%e t, and %rote t the ri!hts of $'t$ra' o##$nities to %reser"e and de"e'o% their $'t$res, traditions, and instit$tions. It sha'' onsider these ri!hts in the for#$'ation of nationa' %'ans and %o'i ies. <!rticle %I2 of the &onstitution entitled 7ducation Science ;echnology !rts &ulture and Sports> Section 7+. The Con!ress #ay reate a ons$'tati"e &ody to ad"ise the President on %o'i ies affe tin! indi!eno$s $'t$ra' o##$nities, the #aBority of the #e#&ers of whi h sha'' o#e fro# s$ h o##$nities. <!rticle %2I of the &onstitution entitled 5eneral (rovisions> (Se%arate O%inion, )a%$nan, *., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of Environment an$ Natural Resources, et a'., +.R. No. ,-.-/., De . 0, 1222, En 3an 5 *%. Discuss the Indigenous (eoples 8ights !ct <R.!. No. .*,7>.

Held: Repu#lic !ct No. .*,7 is entit'ed MAn A t to Re o!niJe, Prote t and Pro#ote the Ri!hts of Indi!eno$s C$'t$ra' Co##$nitiesKIndi!eno$s Peo%'es, Creatin! a Nationa' Co##ission on Indi!eno$s Peo%'es, Esta&'ishin! I#%'e#entin! De hanis#s, A%%ro%riatin! 4$nds Therefor, and for Other P$r%oses.M It is si#%'y 9nown as M &)e In$igenous Peoples Rig)ts !ct of 7::,M or the IPRA. The IPRA re!ogni8e" the e i"ten!e o# the indigeno$" !$lt$r%l !o(($nitie" or indigeno$" &eo&le" /ICC"AIP"1 %" % di"tin!t "e!tor in Phili&&ine "o!iety* It gr%nt" the"e &eo&le the o'ner"hi& %nd &o""e""ion o# their %n!e"tr%l do(%in" %nd %n!e"tr%l l%nd"+ %nd de#ine" the e tent o# the"e l%nd" %nd do(%in"* The o'ner"hi& given i" the indigeno$" !on!e&t o# o'ner"hi& $nder !$"to(%ry l%' 'hi!h tr%!e" it" origin to n%tive title. 6 > > Within their %n!e"tr%l do(%in" %nd %n!e"tr%l l%nd"+ the ICC"AIP" %re given the right to "el#,govern%n!e %nd e(&o'er(ent (Se tions ,- to 125, social justice and human rights (Se tions 1, to 1/5, the right to &re"erve %nd &rote!t their !$lt$re+ tr%dition"+ in"tit$tion" %nd !o(($nity intelle!t$%l right"+ %nd the right to develo& their o'n "!ien!e" %nd te!hnologie" (Se tions 17 to -85. (Se%arate O%inion, P$no, *., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR, et a'., +.R. No. ,-.-/., De . 0, 1222, En 3an 5 *$. Define Hindigenous peoplesIindigenous cultural communities.H

Held: ,. Drawin! ins%iration fro# &oth o$r f$nda#enta' 'aw and internationa' 'aw, IPRA now e#%'oys the %o'iti a''y; orre t onB$n ti"e ter# Mindi!eno$s %eo%'esKindi!eno$s $'t$ra' o##$nitiesM as fo''owsI Se!tion 7. Definition of ;erms. ; 4or %$r%oses of this A t, the fo''owin! ter#s sha'' #eanI (i5 Indigeno$" &eo&le"AIndigeno$" !$lt$r%l !o(($nitie". ; refer to % gro$& o# &eo&le or ho(ogeno$" "o!ietie" identi#ied -y "el#, %"!ri&tion %nd %"!ri&tion -y other"+ 'ho h%ve !ontin$o$"ly lived %" org%ni8ed !o(($nity on !o(($n%lly -o$nded %nd de#ined territory+ %nd 'ho h%ve+ $nder !l%i(" o# o'ner"hi& "in!e ti(e i((e(ori%l+ o!!$&ied+ &o""e""ed %nd $tili8ed "$!h territorie"+ "h%ring !o((on -ond" o# l%ng$%ge+ !$"to("+ tr%dition"+ %nd other di"tin!tive !$lt$r%l tr%it"+ or 'ho h%ve+ thro$gh

18

re"i"t%n!e to &oliti!%l+ "o!i%l %nd !$lt$r%l inro%d" o# !oloni8%tion+ non,indigeno$" religion" %nd !$lt$re"+ -e!%(e hi"tori!%lly di##erenti%ted #ro( the (%.ority o# 9ili&ino". Indi!eno$s %eo%'es sha'' 'i9ewise in '$de %eo%'es who are reg%rded %" indigeno$" on %!!o$nt o# their de"!ent #ro( the &o&$l%tion" 'hi!h inh%-ited the !o$ntry %t the ti(e o# !on)$e"t or !oloni8%tion+ or %t the ti(e o# inro%d" o# non, indigeno$" religion" %nd !$lt$re"+ or the e"t%-li"h(ent o# &re"ent St%te -o$nd%rie"+ 'ho ret%in "o(e or %ll o# their o'n "o!i%l+ e!ono(i!+ !$lt$r%l %nd &oliti!%l in"tit$tion"+ -$t 'ho (%y h%ve -een di"&l%!ed #ro( their tr%dition%l do(%in" or 'ho (%y h%ve re"ettled o$t"ide their %n!e"tr%l do(%in" > > >. (Separate 9pinion Kapunan J. in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of Environment an$ Natural Resources et al., +.R. No. ,-.-/., De . 0, 1222, En 3an 5 1. The IPRA is a 'aw dea'in! with a s%e ifi !ro$% of %eo%'e, i.e., the Indi!eno$s C$'t$ra' Co##$nities (ICCs5 or the Indi!eno$s Peo%'es (IPs5. The ter# MICCsM is $sed in the ,7/8 Constit$tion whi'e that of MIPsM is the onte#%orary internationa' 'an!$a!e in the Internationa' La&or Or!aniJation (ILO5 Con"ention ,07 <&onvention &oncerning Indigenous and ;ribal (eoples in Independent &ountries June 2% 1#$#> and the =nited Nations (=N5 Draft De 'aration on the Ri!hts of Indi!eno$s Peo%'es <5uide to 8.!. $*%1 published by the &oalition for I(s 8ights and !ncestral Domains in cooperation with the I@9 and Eilance,!sia Department p. + 31###4 , hereinafter referred to as 5uide to 8.!. $*%1>. Indigeno$" C$lt$r%l Co(($nitie" or Indigeno$" Peo&le" re#er to % gro$& o# &eo&le or ho(ogeneo$" "o!ietie" 'ho h%ve !ontin$o$"ly lived %" %n org%ni8ed !o(($nity on !o(($n%lly -o$nded %nd de#ined territory. These !ro$%s of %eo%'e ha"e a t$a''y o $%ied, %ossessed and $ti'iJed their territories $nder 'ai# of ownershi% sin e ti#e i##e#oria'. They share o##on &onds of 'an!$a!e, $sto#s, traditions and other distin ti"e $'t$ra' traits, or, they, &y their resistan e to %o'iti a', so ia' and $'t$ra' inroads of o'oniJation, non;indi!eno$s re'i!ions and $'t$res, &e a#e histori a''y differentiated fro# the 4i'i%ino #aBority. ICCsKIPs a'so in '$de des endants of ICCsKIPs who inha&ited the o$ntry at the ti#e of on:$est or o'oniJation, who retain so#e or a'' of their own so ia', e ono#i , $'t$ra' and %o'iti a' instit$tions &$t who #ay ha"e &een dis%'a ed fro# their traditiona' territories or who #ay ha"e resett'ed o$tside their an estra' do#ains. (Separate 9pinion (uno J. in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR et al., +.R. No. ,-.-/., De . 0, 1222, En 3an 5 *#. Define Hancestral domainsH and Hancestral constitute part of the land of the public domain? lands.H Do they

Held: An estra' do#ains and an estra' 'ands are the &riv%te &ro&erty o# indigeno$" &eo&le" %nd do not !on"tit$te &%rt o# the l%nd o# the &$-li! do(%in. The IPRA !rants to ICCsKIPs a distin t 9ind of ownershi% o"er an estra' do#ains and an estra' 'ands. An estra' 'ands are not the sa#e as an estra' do#ains. These are defined in Se tion -(a5 and (&5 of the Indi!eno$s Peo%'es Ri!hts A t > > >. An!e"tr%l do(%in" are %ll %re%" -elonging to ICC"AIP" held $nder % !l%i( o# o'ner"hi&+ o!!$&ied or &o""e""ed -y ICC"AIP" -y the("elve" or thro$gh their %n!e"tor"+ !o(($n%lly or individ$%lly "in!e ti(e i((e(ori%l+ !ontin$o$"ly $ntil the &re"ent+ e !e&t 'hen interr$&ted -y '%r+ #or!e (%.e$re or di"&l%!e(ent -y #or!e+ de!eit+ "te%lth or %" % !on"e)$en!e o# govern(ent &ro.e!t" or %ny other vol$nt%ry de%ling" 'ith govern(ent %ndAor &riv%te individ$%l" or !or&or%tion". An estra' do#ains o#%rise 'ands, in'and waters, oasta' areas, and nat$ra' reso$r es therein and in '$des an estra' 'ands, forests, %ast$re, residentia', a!ri $'t$ra', and other 'ands indi"id$a''y owned whether a'iena&'e or not, h$ntin! !ro$nds, &$ria' !ro$nds, worshi% areas,

19

&odies of water, #inera' and other nat$ra' reso$r es. They a'so in '$de 'ands whi h #ay no 'on!er &e e> '$si"e'y o $%ied &y ICCsKIPs &$t fro# whi h they traditiona''y had a ess to for their s$&sisten e and traditiona' a ti"ities, %arti $'ar'y the ho#e ran!es of ICCsKIPs who are sti'' no#adi andKor shiftin! $'ti"ators (Section *DaE IPR!5. An!e"tr%l l%nd" are l%nd" held -y the ICC"AIP" $nder the "%(e !ondition" %" %n!e"tr%l do(%in" e !e&t th%t the"e %re li(ited to l%nd" %nd th%t the"e l%nd" %re not (erely o!!$&ied %nd &o""e""ed -$t %re %l"o $tili8ed -y the ICC"AIP" $nder !l%i(" o# individ$%l or tr%dition%l gro$& o'ner"hi&. These 'ands in '$de &$t are not 'i#ited to residentia' 'ots, ri e terra es or %addies, %ri"ate forests, swidden far#s and tree 'ots <Section *3b4 I(8!>. (Separate 9pinion (uno J. in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR et al. , +.R. No. ,-.-/., De . 0, 1222, En 3an 5 +2. 6ow may I&&sII(s ac'uire rights to their ancestral domains and ancestral lands? Held: The ri!hts of the ICCsKIPs to their an estra' do#ains and an estra' 'ands #ay &e a :$ired in two #odesI (,5 &y n%tive title o"er &oth an estra' 'ands and do#ainsG or (15 &y torren" title $nder the P$&'i Land A t and the Land Re!istration A t with res%e t to an estra' 'ands on'y. (Separate 9pinion (uno J. in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR et al., +.R. No. ,-.-/., De . 0, 1222, En 3an 5 +1. What is the concept of Hnative titleH? !ncestral Domain ;itle <&!D;>? What is a &ertificate of

Held: :!;IF7 ;I;@7 refers to ICC"AIP" &re!on)$e"t right" to l%nd" %nd do(%in" held $nder % !l%i( o# &riv%te o'ner"hi& %" #%r -%!6 %" (e(ory re%!he". These 'ands are dee(ed never to h%ve -een &$-li! l%nd" %nd %re indi"&$t%-ly &re"$(ed to h%ve -een held th%t '%y "in!e -e#ore the S&%ni"h Con)$e"t. The ri!hts of ICCsKIPs to their an estra' domains (whi h a'so in '$de an estra' lands5 &y "irt$e of nati"e tit'e sha'' &e re o!niJed and res%e ted <Section 11 I(8!>. 9or(%l re!ognition+ 'hen "oli!ited -y ICC"AIP" !on!erned+ "h%ll -e e(-odied in % Certi#i!%te o# An!e"tr%l Do(%in Title (CADT5, 'hi!h "h%ll re!ogni8e the title o# the !on!erned ICC"AIP" over the territorie" identi#ied %nd deline%ted. Li6e % torren" title+ % CADT i" eviden!e o# &riv%te o'ner"hi& o# l%nd -y n%tive title. :!;IF7 ;I;@7 howe"er, is a ri!ht of %ri"ate ownershi% %e $'iar'y !ranted to ICCsKIPs o"er their an estra' 'ands and do#ains. The IPRA ate!ori a''y de 'ares %n!e"tr%l l%nd" %nd do(%in" held -y n%tive title %" NEHER TO HAHE BEEN &$-li! l%nd. Do#ains and 'ands he'd $nder nati"e tit'e are, therefore, indis%$ta&'y %res$#ed to ha"e ne"er &een %$&'i 'ands and are %ri"ate. The on e%t of nati"e tit'e in the IPRA was ta9en fro# the ,727 ase of Carino v. Insular Government (?, Phi'. 7-. @,727A, 1,1 =.S. ??7, .- L. Ed. .7?5. &arino fir#'y esta&'ished a on e%t of %ri"ate 'and tit'e that e>isted irres%e ti"e of any roya' !rant fro# the State. (Separate 9pinion (uno J. in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR et al., +.R. No. ,-.-/., De . 0, 1222, En 3an 5 +2. Discuss the concept of Hjura regaliaH and how it evolved in the (hilippines. Does it negate native title to lands held in private ownership since time immemorial? Held: +enera''y, $nder the on e%t of 0ura regalia, &riv%te title to l%nd ($"t -e tr%!ed to "o(e gr%nt+ e &re"" or i(&lied+ #ro( the S&%ni"h Cro'n or it" "$!!e""or"+ the A(eri!%n Coloni%l govern(ent+ %nd there%#ter+ the Phili&&ine Re&$-li!. The &e'ief that the S%anish Crown is the ori!in of a'' 'and tit'es in the Phi'i%%ines has %ersisted

20

&e a$se tit'e to 'and #$st e#anate fro# so#e so$r e for it forth fro# nowhere.

annot iss$e

In its &road sense, the ter# H0ura regaliaH refers to roy%l gr%nt"+ or tho"e right" 'hi!h the Ling h%" -y virt$e o# hi" &rerog%tive". In S%anish 'aw, it refers to % right 'hi!h the "overeign h%" over %nything in 'hi!h % "$-.e!t h%" % right o# &ro&erty or propriedad. These were ri!hts enBoyed d$rin! fe$da' ti#es &y the 9in! as the so"erei!n. The theory of the fe$da' syste# was that tit'e to a'' 'ands was ori!ina''y he'd &y the )in!, and whi'e the $se of 'ands was !ranted o$t to others who were %er#itted to ho'd the# $nder ertain onditions, the )in! theoreti a''y retained the tit'e. 3y fi tion of 'aw, the )in! was re!arded as the ori!ina' %ro%rietor of a'' 'ands, and the tr$e and on'y so$r e of tit'e, and fro# hi# a'' 'ands were he'd . The theory of jura regalia was therefore nothin! #ore than a nat$ra' fr$it of on:$est. The Reg%li%n theory+ ho'ever+ doe" not neg%te n%tive title to l%nd" held in &riv%te o'ner"hi& "in!e ti(e i((e(ori%l. In the 'and#ar9 ase of &arino v. Insular 5overnment (?, Phi'. 7-., 1,1 =.S. ??7, .- L. Ed. .7? @,727A5, the =nited States S$%re#e Co$rt, re"ersin! the de ision of the %re;war Phi'i%%ine S$%re#e Co$rt, #ade the fo''owin! %rono$n e#entI > > > E"ery %res$#%tion is and o$!ht to &e ta9en a!ainst the +o"ern#ent in a ase 'i9e the %resent. It #i!ht, %erha%s, &e %ro%er and s$ffi ient to say that 'hen+ %" #%r -%!6 %" te"ti(ony or (e(ory goe"+ the l%nd h%" -een held -y individ$%l" $nder % !l%i( o# &riv%te o'ner"hi&+ it 'ill -e &re"$(ed to h%ve -een held in the "%(e '%y #ro( -e#ore the S&%ni"h !on)$e"t+ %nd never to h%ve -een &$-li! l%nd. - - - (Carino v. Insular Government, s$%ra note 8., at 7?,5 The a&o"e r$'in! instit$tiona'iJed the re o!nition of the e>isten e of nati"e tit'e to 'and, or ownershi% of 'and &y 4i'i%inos &y "irt$e of %ossession $nder a 'ai# of ownershi% sin e ti#e i##e#oria' and inde%endent of any !rant fro# the S%anish Crown, as an e !e&tion to the theory o# 0ura regalia. 6 > > &arino was de ided &y the =.S. S$%re#e Co$rt in ,727, at a ti#e when de isions of the =.S. Co$rt were &indin! as %re edent in o$r B$risdi tion <Section 12 (hilippine Eill of 1#22>. We a%%'ied the &arino do trine in the ,7?0 ase of 9h &ho v. Director of @ands (8. Phi'. /72 @,7?0A5, where we stated that M<%=ll l%nd" th%t 'ere not %!)$ired #ro( the >overn(ent either -y &$r!h%"e or -y gr%nt+ -elong to the &$-li! do(%in+ -$t <%=n e !e&tion to the r$le 'o$ld -e %ny l%nd th%t "ho$ld h%ve -een in the &o""e""ion o# %n o!!$&%nt %nd o# hi" &rede!e""or" in intere"t "in!e ti(e i((e(ori%l+ #or "$!h &o""e""ion 'o$ld .$"ti#y the &re"$(&tion th%t the l%nd h%d never -een &%rt o# the &$-li! do(%in or th%t it h%d -een &riv%te &ro&erty even -e#ore the S&%ni"h !on)$e"t. (Separate 9pinion Kapunan J. in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR, +.R. No. ,-.-/., De . 0, 1222, En 3an 5 +*. Distinguish ownership of land under native title and ownership by ac'uisitive prescription against the State. Held: Ownershi% &y "irt$e of :!;IF7 ;I;@7 &re"$&&o"e" th%t the l%nd h%" -een held -y it" &o""e""or %nd hi" &rede!e""or,in,intere"t in the !on!e&t o# %n o'ner "in!e ti(e i((e(ori%l. The 'and is not %!)$ired #ro( the St%te, that is, S%ain or its s$ essor;in;interest, the =nited States and the Phi'i%%ine +o"ern#ent. There has &een no tr%n"#er o# title #ro( the St%te %" the l%nd h%" -een reg%rded %" &riv%te in !h%r%!ter %" #%r -%!6 %" (e(ory goe". In ontrast, ownershi% of 'and &y !&ACISI;IF7 (87S&8I(;I9: a!ainst the State involve" % !onver"ion o# the !h%r%!ter o# the &ro&erty #ro( %lien%-le

21

&$-li! l%nd to &riv%te l%nd+ 'hi!h &re"$&&o"e" % tr%n"#er o# title #ro( the St%te to % &riv%te &er"on. (Separate 9pinion Kapunan J. in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR, +.R. No. ,-.-/., De . 0, 1222, En 3an 5 THE RI>HT O9 THE STATE TO RECOHER PROPERTIES UNLAW9ULL; ACQUIRED B; PUBLIC O99ICIALS OR E:PLO;EES ++. Does the right of the State to recover properties ac'uired by public officials or employees which may not be prescription laches or estoppel under Section 1. !rticle &onstitution apply to criminal cases for the recovery of wealth? unlawfully barred by "I of the ill,gotten

Held: Section 75, !rticle %I, ,7/8 Constit$tion %ro"ides that E3;4he right of the State to recover properties unlawfully ac'uired by public officials or employees from them or from their nominees as transferees shall not be barred by prescription laches or estoppel.F 4ro# the &ro!eeding" o# the Con"tit$tion%l Co((i""ion o# 0CBI+ ho'ever+ it '%" !le%r th%t thi" &rovi"ion %&&lie" only to !ivil %!tion" #or re!overy o# ill,gotten 'e%lth+ %nd not to !ri(in%l !%"e"* Th$"+ the &ro"e!$tion o# o##en"e" %ri"ing #ro(+ rel%ting or in!ident to+ or involving ill,gotten 'e%lth !onte(&l%ted in Se!tion 0G+ Arti!le ?I o# the Con"tit$tion (%y -e -%rred -y &re"!ri&tion. (Presi$ential !$ Hoc =actF=in$ing Committee on 6e)est 'oans et al. v. Hon. !niano !. Desierto et al., +.R. No. ,-2,?2, O t. 1., ,777, En 3an @Da"ide, C.*.A5

STR=CT=RE O4 +OVERNDENT
THE DOCTRINE O9 SEPARATION O9 POWERS +.. ?ay the 5overnment through the (&55 validly bind itself to cause the dismissal of all cases against the ?arcos heirs pending before the Sandiganbayan and other courts in a &ompromise !greement entered into between the former and the latter? Held: This is a dire!t en!ro%!h(ent on .$di!i%l &o'er+ &%rti!$l%rly in reg%rd to !ri(in%l .$ri"di!tion. We'';sett'ed is the do trine that on!e % !%"e h%" -een #iled -e#ore % !o$rt o# !o(&etent .$ri"di!tion+ the (%tter o# it" di"(i""%l or &$r"$%n!e lie" 'ithin the #$ll di"!retion %nd !ontrol o# the .$dge. In a ri#ina' ase, the (%nner in 'hi!h the &ro"e!$tion i" h%ndled+ in!l$ding the (%tter o# 'ho( to &re"ent %" 'itne""e"+ (%y lie 'ithin the "o$nd di"!retion o# the govern(ent &ro"e!$tor4 -$t the !o$rt de!ide"+ -%"ed on the eviden!e &ro##ered+ in 'h%t (%nner it 'ill di"&o"e o# the !%"e* M$ri"di!tion+ on!e %!)$ired -y the tri%l !o$rt+ i" not lo"t de"&ite % re"ol$tion+ even -y the .$"ti!e "e!ret%ry+ to 'ithdr%' the in#or(%tion or to di"(i"" the !o(&l%int* The &ro"e!$tionD" (otion to 'ithdr%' or to di"(i"" i" not the le%"t -inding $&on the !o$rt. On the ontrary, de isiona' r$'es re:$ire the tria' o$rt to #a9e its own e"a'$ation of the #erits of the ase, &e a$se !rantin! s$ h #otion is e:$i"a'ent to effe tin! a dis%osition of the ase itse'f. Th$s, the PC++, as the !o"ern#ent %rose $tor of i'';!otten wea'th ases, annot !$arantee the dis#issa' of a'' s$ h ri#ina' ases a!ainst the Dar oses %endin! in the o$rts, for said dis#issa' is not within its so'e %ower and dis retion. (C)avez v. PCGG, 177 SCRA 8??, De . 7, ,77/ @Pan!ani&anA5 DELE>ATION O9 POWERS +). What are the tests of a valid delegation of power?

Held: E#%owerin! the CODELEC, an ad#inistrati"e &ody e>er isin! :$asi;B$di ia' f$n tions, to %ro#$'!ate r$'es and re!$'ations is a for#

22

of de'e!ation of 'e!is'ati"e a$thority > > >. <owe"er, in every !%"e o# &er(i""i-le deleg%tion+ there ($"t -e % "ho'ing th%t the deleg%tion it"el# i" v%lid. It is "a'id on'y if the 'aw /%1 is !o(&lete in it"el#, setting forth therein the policy to be e-ecuted carried out or implemented by the delegateG and /-1 #i e" % "t%nd%rd C the limits of which are sufficiently determinate and determinable C to 'hi!h the deleg%te ($"t !on#or( in the &er#or(%n!e o# hi" #$n!tion". A SC00I&I7:; S;!:D!8D is one whi h de#ine" legi"l%tive &oli!y+ (%r6" it" li(it"+ (%&" o$t it" -o$nd%rie" %nd "&e!i#ie" the &$-li! %gen!y to %&&ly it* It indi!%te" the !ir!$("t%n!e" $nder 'hi!h the legi"l%tive !o((%nd i" to -e e##e!ted. (Santiago v. C3ME'EC, 182 SCRA ,20, Dar h ,7, ,7785 THE LE>ISLATIHE DEPART:ENT +%. Discuss the nature of the (arty,@ist system. 'ualification open to all? Is it without any

Held: ,. The %arty;'ist syste# is a "o!i%l .$"ti!e tool de"igned not only to give (ore l%' to the gre%t (%""e" o# o$r &eo&le 'ho h%ve le"" in li#e+ -$t %l"o to en%-le the( to -e!o(e verit%-le l%'(%6er" the("elve"+ e(&o'ered to &%rti!i&%te dire!tly in the en%!t(ent o# l%'" de"igned to -ene#it the(* It intend" to (%6e the (%rgin%li8ed %nd the $nderre&re"ented not (erely &%""ive re!i&ient" o# the St%teD" -enevolen!e+ -$t %!tive &%rti!i&%nt" in the (%in"tre%( o# re&re"ent%tive de(o!r%!y. Th$s, a''owin! a'' indi"id$a's and !ro$%s, in '$din! those whi h now do#inate distri t e'e tions, to ha"e the sa#e o%%ort$nity to %arti i%ate in %arty;'ist e'e tions wo$'d dese rate this 'ofty o&Be ti"e and #on!re'iJe the so ia' B$sti e #e hanis# into an atro io$s "eneer for traditiona' %o'iti s. (!ng 6agong 6ayani G 3=B 'a#or Party v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,?8./7, *$ne 10, 122,, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 1. Cr$ ia' to the reso'$tion of this ase is the f$nda#enta' so ia' B$sti e %rin i%'e that those who ha"e 'ess in 'ife sho$'d ha"e #ore in 'aw. The &%rty,li"t "y"te( i" one "$!h tool intended to -ene#it tho"e 'ho h%ve le"" in li#e* It give" the gre%t (%""e" o# o$r &eo&le gen$ine ho&e %nd gen$ine &o'er* It i" % (e""%ge to the de"tit$te %nd the &re.$di!ed+ %nd even to tho"e in the $ndergro$nd+ th%t !h%nge i" &o""i-le* It i" %n invit%tion #or the( to !o(e o$t o# their li(-o %nd "ei8e the o&&ort$nity. Cle%rly+ there#ore+ the Co$rt !%nnot %!!e&t the "$-(i""ion" th%t the &%rty,li"t "y"te( i"+ 'itho$t %ny )$%li#i!%tion+ o&en to %ll . S$ h %osition does not on'y wea9en the e'e tora' han es of the #ar!ina'iJed and $nderre%resentedG it a'so %reB$di es the#. It wo$'d !$t the s$&stan e of the %arty;'ist syste#. Instead of !eneratin! ho%e, it wo$'d reate a #ira!e. Instead of ena&'in! the #ar!ina'iJed, it wo$'d f$rther wea9en the# and a!!ra"ate their #ar!ina'iJation. (!ng 6agong 6ayani G 3=B 'a#or Party v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,?8./7, *$ne 10, 122,, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 +$. !re political parties L even the major ones L prohibited from participating in the party,list elections? Held: =nder the Constitution and R! ,:47, %ri"ate re"&ondent" !%nnot -e di")$%li#ied #ro( the &%rty,li"t ele!tion"+ (erely on the gro$nd th%t they %re &oliti!%l &%rtie". Section 5, !rticle 2I of the Constit$tion, %ro"ides that #e#&ers of the <o$se of Re%resentati"es #ay E&e e'e ted thro$!h a %arty;'ist syste# of re!istered national regional and se tora' parties or or!aniJations. 4$rther#ore, $nder Sections , and ., !rticle I% DCE of the Constit$tion, political parties may be registered under the party,list system. 6 > >

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D$rin! the de'i&erations in the Constit$tiona' Co##ission, Co##. Christian S. Donsod %ointed o$t that the %arti i%ants in the %arty;'ist syste# #ay E&e a re!iona' %arty, a se tora' %arty, a nationa' %arty, =NIDO, Da!sasa9a, or a re!iona' %arty in Dindanao.F > > >. Indeed, Co##issioner Donsod stated that the %$r%ose of the %arty; 'ist %ro"ision was to o&en $& the "y"te(, in order to !i"e a han e to %arties that onsistent'y %'a e third or fo$rth in on!ressiona' distri t e'e tions to win a seat in Con!ress . <e e>%'ainedI EThe &$r&o"e o# thi" i" to o&en the "y"te(* In the &%"t ele!tion"+ 'e #o$nd o$t th%t there 'ere !ert%in gro$&" or &%rtie" th%t+ i# 'e !o$nt their vote" n%tion'ide+ h%ve %-o$t 0+JJJ+JJJ or 0+GJJ+JJJ vote"* B$t they 'ere %l'%y" third or #o$rth &l%!e in e%!h o# the di"tri!t"* So+ they h%ve no voi!e in the A""e(-ly* B$t thi" '%y+ they 'o$ld h%ve #ive or "i re&re"ent%tive" in the %""e(-ly even i# they 'o$ld not 'in individ$%lly in legi"l%tive di"tri!t"* So+ th%t i" e""enti%lly the (e!h%ni!"+ the &$r&o"e %nd o-.e!tive o# the &%rty,li"t "y"te(.F 4or its %art, Section + of R! ,:47 a'so %ro"ides for Ea %arty; 'ist syste# of re!istered nationa', re!iona' and se tora' parties or or!aniJations or oa'itions thereof, > > >.F Se tion - e>%ress'y states that a E%artyF is Eeither a %o'iti a' %arty or a se tora' %arty or a oa'ition of %arties.F Dore to the %oint, the 'aw defines E%o'iti a' %artyF as Ean or!aniJed !ro$% of itiJens ad"o atin! an ideo'o!y or %'atfor#, %rin i%'es and %o'i ies for the !enera' ond$ t of !o"ern#ent and whi h, as the #ost i##ediate #eans of se $rin! their ado%tion, re!$'ar'y no#inates and s$%%orts ertain of its 'eaders and #e#&ers as andidates for %$&'i offi e.F 4$rther#ore, Section 77 of R! ,:47 'ea"es no do$&t as to the %arti i%ation of %o'iti a' %arties in the %arty;'ist syste#. 6 > > Ind$&ita&'y, therefore, %o'iti a' %arties C e"en the #aBor ones C #ay %arti i%ate in the %arty;'ist e'e tions. That %o'iti a' %arties #ay %arti i%ate in the %arty;'ist e'e tions does not #ean, howe"er, that any %o'iti a' %arty C or any or!aniJation or !ro$% for that #atter C #ay do so. The re)$i"ite !h%r%!ter o# the"e &%rtie" or org%ni8%tion" ($"t -e !on"i"tent 'ith the &$r&o"e o# the &%rty,li"t "y"te(+ %" l%id do'n in the Con"tit$tion %nd RA FCE0. 6 > > (!ng 6agong 6ayani G 3=B 'a#or Party v. C3ME'EC , +.R. No. ,?8./7, *$ne 10, 122,, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 +#. Who are the marginali=ed and underrepresented represented under the party,list system? sectors to be

Held: The #ar!ina'iJed and $nderre%resented se tors to &e re%resented $nder the %arty;'ist syste# are en$#erated in Section 5 of R! ,:47 > > >. Whi'e the en$#eration of #ar!ina'iJed and $nderre%resented se tors is not e !l$"ive, it de#onstrates the !le%r intent o# the l%' th%t not %ll "e!tor" !%n -e re&re"ented $nder the &%rty,li"t "y"te(. 6 > > @WAe stress that the %arty;'ist syste# see9s to ena&'e ertain 4i'i%ino itiJens C s%e ifi a''y those &e'on!in! to (%rgin%li8ed %nd $nderre&re"ented "e!tor"+ org%ni8%tion" %nd &%rtie" C to &e e'e ted to the <o$se of Re%resentati"es. The assertion > > > that the %arty;'ist syste# is not e> '$si"e to the #ar!ina'iJed and $nderre%resented disre!ards the 'ear stat$tory %o'i y. Its 'ai# that e"en the s$%er; ri h and o"erre%resented an %arti i%ate dese rates the s%irit of the %arty;'ist syste#. Indeed+ the l%' !r%#ted to %ddre"" the &e!$li%r di"%dv%nt%ge o# P%y%t%" hovel d'eller" !%nnot -e %&&ro&ri%ted -y the (%n"ion o'ner" o# 9or-e" P%r6* The intere"t" o# the"e t'o "e!tor" %re (%ni#e"tly

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di"&%r%te4 hen!e+ the re%"on %nd !o((on "en"e.

&o"ition to tre%t the( "i(il%rly de#ie" 6 > >

While the -$"ine"" (og$l" %nd the (eg%,ri!h %re+ n$(eri!%lly "&e%6ing+ % tiny (inority+ they %re neither (%rgin%li8ed nor $nderre&re"ented+ #or the "t%r6 re%lity i" th%t their e!ono(i! !lo$t engender" &oliti!%l &o'er (ore %'e"o(e th%n their n$(eri!%l li(it%tion* Tr%dition%lly+ &oliti!%l &o'er doe" not ne!e""%rily e(%n%te #ro( the "i8e o# oneD" !on"tit$en!y4 indeed+ it i" li6ely to %ri"e (ore dire!tly #ro( the n$(-er %nd %(o$nt o# oneD" -%n6 %!!o$nt". It i" ironi!+ there#ore+ th%t the (%rgin%li8ed %nd $nderre&re"ented in o$r (id"t %re the (%.ority 'ho '%llo' in &overty+ de"tit$tion %nd in#ir(ity* It '%" #or the( th%t the &%rty,li"t "y"te( '%" en%!ted N to give the( not only gen$ine ho&e+ -$t gen$ine &o'er4 to give the( o&&ort$nity to -e ele!ted %nd to re&re"ent the "&e!i#i! !on!ern" o# their !on"tit$en!ie"4 %nd "i(&ly to give the( % dire!t vote in Congre"" %nd in the l%rger %##%ir" o# the St%te. In its no&'est sense, the %arty;'ist syste# tr$'y e#%owers the #asses and $shers a new ho%e for !en$ine han!e. Veri'y, it in"ites those #ar!ina'iJed and $nderre%resented in the %ast C the far# hands, the fisher fo'9, the $r&an %oor, e"en those in the $nder!ro$nd #o"e#ent C to o#e o$t and %arti i%ate, as indeed #any of the# a#e o$t and %arti i%ated d$rin! the 'ast e'e tions. The State annot now disa%%oint and fr$strate the# &y disa&'in! the dese ratin! this so ia' B$sti e "ehi 'e. 3e a$se the #ar!ina'iJed and $nderre%resented had not &een a&'e to win in the on!ressiona' distri t e'e tions nor#a''y do#inated &y traditiona' %o'iti ians and "ested !ro$%s, 12 %er ent of the seats in the <o$se of Re%resentati"es were set aside for the %arty;'ist syste#. In ar!$in! that e"en those se tors who nor#a''y ontro''ed /2 %er ent of the seats in the <o$se o$'d %arti i%ate in the %arty;'ist e'e tions for the re#ainin! 12 %er ent, the OS+ and the Co#e'e disre!ard the f$nda#enta' differen e &etween the on!ressiona' distri t e'e tions and the %arty;'ist e'e tions. As ear'ier noted, the &$r&o"e o# the &%rty,li"t &rovi"ion '%" to o&en $& the "y"te(+ in order to enh%n!e the !h%n!e o# "e!tor%l gro$&" %nd org%ni8%tion" to g%in re&re"ent%tion in the Ho$"e o# Re&re"ent%tive" thro$gh the "i(&le"t "!he(e &o""i-le. Lo!i shows that the syste# has &een o%ened to those who ha"e ne"er !otten a footho'd within it C those who annot otherwise win in re!$'ar e'e tions and who therefore need the Esi#%'est s he#e %ossi&'eF to do so. Con"erse'y, it wo$'d &e i''o!i a' to o%en the syste# to those who ha"e 'on! &een within it C those %ri"i'e!ed se tors that ha"e 'on! do#inated the on!ressiona' distri t e'e tions. 6 > > Herily+ %llo'ing the non,(%rgin%li8ed %nd overre&re"ented to vie #or the re(%ining "e%t" $nder the &%rty,li"t "y"te( 'o$ld not only DILUTE+ -$t %l"o PREMUDICE the !h%n!e o# the (%rgin%li8ed %nd $nderre&re"ented+ !ontr%ry to the intention o# the l%' to enh%n!e it* The &%rty,li"t "y"te( i" % tool #or the -ene#it o# the $nder&rivileged4 the l%' !o$ld not h%ve given the "%(e tool to other"+ to the &re.$di!e o# the intended -ene#i!i%rie". (!ng 6agong 6ayani G 3=B 'a#or Party v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,?8./7, *$ne 10, 122,, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 .2. Section .<2> !rticle FI of the &onstitution provides that H3t4he party,list representatives shall constitute twenty per centum of the total number of representatives including those under the party,list.H Does the &onstitution re'uire all such allocated seats to be filled up all the time and under all circumstances? Held: The Constit$tion si#%'y states that M@tAhe %arty;'ist re%resentati"es sha'' onstit$te twenty per centum of the tota' n$#&er of re%resentati"es in '$din! those $nder the %arty;'ist.M

25

6 > > We r$'e that a si#%'e readin! of Se tion ., Arti 'e VI of the Constit$tion, easi'y on"eys the e:$a''y si#%'e #essa!e that Congre"" '%" ve"ted 'ith the -ro%d &o'er to de#ine %nd &re"!ri-e the (e!h%ni!" o# the &%rty,li"t "y"te( o# re&re"ent%tion* The Con"tit$tion e &li!itly "et" do'n only the &er!ent%ge o# the tot%l (e(-er"hi& in the Ho$"e o# Re&re"ent%tive" re"erved #or &%rty,li"t re&re"ent%tive". In the e er!i"e o# it" !on"tit$tion%l &rerog%tive+ Congre"" en%!ted R! ,:47. As said ear'ier, Con!ress de 'ared therein a %o'i y to %ro#ote M%ro%ortiona' re%resentationM in the e'e tion of %arty;'ist re%resentati"es in order to ena&'e 4i'i%inos &e'on!in! to the #ar!ina'iJed and $nderre%resented se tors to ontri&$te 'e!is'ation that wo$'d &enefit the#. It ho'ever dee(ed it ne!e""%ry to re)$ire &%rtie"+ org%ni8%tion" %nd !o%lition" &%rti!i&%ting in the "y"te( to o-t%in %t le%"t t'o &er!ent o# the tot%l vote" !%"t #or the &%rty,li"t "y"te( in order to -e entitled to % &%rty,li"t "e%t* Tho"e g%rnering (ore th%n thi" &er!ent%ge !o$ld h%ve O%ddition%l "e%t" in &ro&ortion to their tot%l n$(-er o# vote"*O 9$rther(ore+ no 'inning &%rty+ org%ni8%tion or !o%lition !%n h%ve (ore th%n three "e%t" in the Ho$"e o# Re&re"ent%tive". 6 > > Considerin! the fore!oin! stat$tory re:$ire#ents, it wi'' &e shown > > > that Se!tion G/51+ Arti!le HI o# the Con"tit$tion i" not (%nd%tory* It (erely &rovide" % CEI'ING #or &%rty,li"t "e%t" in Congre"". (2eterans =e$eration Party v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,-08/,, O t. 0, 1222, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 .1. What are the I:FI9@!E@7 (!8!?7;78S to determine the winners in a (hilippine,style party,list election? Held: To deter#ine the winners in a Phi'i%%ine;sty'e %arty;'ist e'e tion, the Constit$tion and Re%$&'i A t No. 87?, #andate at 'east fo$r in"io'a&'e %ara#eters. These areI 0irst T<E TWENTY PERCENT ALLOCATION ; the !o(-ined n$(-er o# ALL &%rty,li"t !ongre""(en "h%ll not e !eed t'enty &er!ent o# the tot%l (e(-er"hi& o# the Ho$"e o# Re&re"ent%tive"+ in!l$ding tho"e ele!ted $nder the &%rty li"t. Second, T<E TWO PERCENT T<RES<OLD ; only tho"e g%rnering % (ini($( o# t'o &er!ent o# the tot%l v%lid vote" !%"t #or the &%rty,li"t "y"te( %re O)$%li#iedO to h%ve % "e%t in the Ho$"e o# Re&re"ent%tive". ;hird T<E T<REE SEAT LIDIT ; eac) Hualifie$ party regar$less of t)e num#er of votes it actually o#taine$ is entitle$ to a maIimum of t)ree seatsJ t)at is one KHualifyingK an$ t(o a$$itional seats. 0ourth PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION ; the %ddition%l "e%t" 'hi!h % )$%li#ied &%rty i" entitled to "h%ll -e !o(&$ted Oin &ro&ortion to their tot%l n$(-er o# vote".M (2eterans =e$eration Party v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,-08/, and Co#%anion Cases, O t. 0, 1222, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 .2. State the guidelines for screening (arty,@ist (articipants.

Held: In this 'i!ht, the Co$rt finds it a%%ro%riate to 'ay down the fo''owin! !$ide'ines, $''ed fro# the 'aw and the Constit$tion, to assist the Co#e'e in its wor9. 4IRST the &oliti!%l &%rty+ "e!tor+ org%ni8%tion or !o%lition ($"t re&re"ent the (%rgin%li8ed %nd $nderre&re"ented gro$&" identi#ied in Se!tion G o# RA FCE0* In other 'ord"+ it ($"t "ho' N thro$gh it" !on"tit$tion+ %rti!le" o# in!or&or%tion+ -yl%'"+ hi"tory+ &l%t#or( o# govern(ent %nd tr%!6 re!ord N th%t it re&re"ent" %nd "ee6" to $&li#t (%rgin%li8ed %nd $nderre&re"ented "e!tor"* Herily+ (%.ority o# it"

26

(e(-er"hi& "ho$ld -elong to the (%rgin%li8ed %nd $nderre&re"ented* And it ($"t de(on"tr%te th%t in % !on#li!t o# intere"t+ it h%" !ho"en or i" li6ely to !hoo"e the intere"t o# "$!h "e!tor". SECOND whi'e e"en #aBor %o'iti a' %arties are e>%ress'y a''owed &y RA 87?, and the Constit$tion to %arti i%ate in the %arty;'ist syste#, they #$st o#%'y with the de 'ared stat$tory %o'i y of ena&'in! E4i'i%ino itiJens &e'on!in! to #ar!ina'iJed and $nderre%resented se tors > > > to &e e'e ted to the <o$se of Re%resentati"es.F In other 'ord"+ 'hile they %re not di")$%li#ied (erely on the gro$nd th%t they %re &oliti!%l &%rtie"+ they ($"t "ho'+ ho'ever+ th%t they re&re"ent the intere"t" o# the (%rgin%li8ed %nd $nderre&re"ented. 6 > >. T<IRD in "iew of the o&Be tions dire ted a!ainst the re!istration of An! 3$hay <ayaan! Y$#a&on!, whi h is a''e!ed'y a re'i!io$s !ro$%, the Co$rt note" the e &re"" !on"tit$tion%l &rovi"ion th%t the religio$" "e!tor (%y not -e re&re"ented in the &%rty,li"t "y"te(. > > > 4$rther#ore, the Constit$tion %ro"ides that Ereligio$" deno(in%tion" %nd "e!t" "h%ll not -e regi"tered.F <Sec. 2 3.4 !rticle I" 3&4> The %rohi&ition was e>%'ained &y a #e#&er of the Constit$tiona' Co##ission in this wiseI E<T=he &rohi-ition i" on %ny religio$" org%ni8%tion regi"tering %" % &oliti!%l &%rty* I do not "ee %ny &rohi-ition here %g%in"t % &rie"t r$nning %" % !%ndid%te* Th%t i" not &rohi-ited here4 it i" the regi"tr%tion o# % religio$" "e!t %" % &oliti!%l &%rty.F 4O=RT< % &%rty or %n org%ni8%tion ($"t not -e di")$%li#ied $nder Se!tion I o# RA FCE0+ 'hi!h en$(er%te" the gro$nd" #or di")$%li#i!%tion %" #ollo'"I ,5 It is a religio$" "e!t or deno(in%tion+ org%ni8%tion or %""o!i%tion org%ni8ed #or religio$" &$r&o"e"G 15 It %dvo!%te" violen!e or $nl%'#$l (e%n" to see9 its !oa'G -5 It is a #oreign &%rty or org%ni8%tionG ?5 It is re!eiving "$&&ort #ro( %ny #oreign govern(ent+ #oreign &oliti!%l &%rty+ #o$nd%tion+ org%ni8%tion+ 'hether dire!tly or thro$gh %ny o# it" o##i!er" or (e(-er" or indire!tly thro$gh third &%rtie" #or &%rti"%n ele!tion &$r&o"e"G .5 It viol%te" or #%il" to !o(&ly 'ith l%'"+ r$le" or reg$l%tion" rel%ting to ele!tion"G 05 It de!l%re" $ntr$th#$l "t%te(ent" in it" &etitionG 85 It has !e%"ed to e i"t #or %t le%"t one /01 ye%rG or /5 It #%il" to &%rti!i&%te in the l%"t t'o /51 &re!eding ele!tion" or #%il" to o-t%in %t le%"t t'o &er !ent$( /5P1 o# the vote" !%"t $nder the &%rty,li"t "y"te( in the t'o /51 &re!eding ele!tion" #or the !on"tit$en!y in 'hi!h it h%d regi"tered.F Note sho$'d &e ta9en of %ara!ra%h ., whi h dis:$a'ifies a %arty or !ro$% for "io'ation of or fai'$re to o#%'y with e'e tion 'aws and re!$'ations. These 'aws in '$de Section + of R! ,:47, whi h states that the %arty;'ist syste# see9s to Eena&'e 4i'i%ino itiJens &e'on!in! to #ar!ina'iJed and $nderre%resented se tors, or!aniJations and %arties > > > to &e o#e #e#&ers of the <o$se of Re%resentati"es.F A %arty or or!aniJation, therefore, that does not o#%'y with this %o'i y #$st &e dis:$a'ified. 4I4T< the &%rty or org%ni8%tion ($"t not -e %n %d.$n!t o#+ or % &ro.e!t org%ni8ed or %n entity #$nded or %""i"ted -y+ the govern(ent . 3y the "ery nat$re of the %arty;'ist syste#, the %arty or or!aniJation #$st &e a !ro$% of itiJens, or!aniJed &y itiJens and o%erated &y itiJens. It ($"t -e inde&endent o# the govern(ent. The %arti i%ation of the !o"ern#ent or its offi ia's in the affairs of a %arty;'ist andidate is not on'y illeg%l %nd $n#%ir to other %arties, &$t a'so deleterio$" to the o-.e!tive o# the l%'I to ena&'e itiJens &e'on!in! to #ar!ina'iJed and $nderre%resented se tors and or!aniJation to &e e'e ted to the <o$se of Re%resentati"es.

27

SI6T<, the &%rty ($"t not only !o(&ly 'ith the re)$ire(ent" o# the l%'4 it" no(inee" ($"t li6e'i"e do "o. > > > SEVENT<, not only the !%ndid%te &%rty or org%ni8%tion ($"t re&re"ent (%rgin%li8ed %nd $nderre&re"ented "e!tor"4 "o %l"o ($"t it" no(inee". To re%eat, $nder Se tion 1 of RA 87?,, the no#inees #$st &e 4i'i%ino itiJens Ewho &e'on! to #ar!ina'iJed and $nderre%resented se tors, or!aniJations and %arties.F S$rely+ the intere"t" o# the yo$th !%nnot -e #$lly re&re"ented -y % retiree4 neither !%n tho"e o# the $r-%n &oor or the 'or6ing !l%""+ -y %n ind$"tri%li"t* To %llo' other'i"e i" to -etr%y the St%te &oli!y to give gen$ine re&re"ent%tion to the (%rgin%li8ed %nd $nderre&re"ented. EI+<T<, > > > whi'e 'a 9in! a we'';defined %o'iti a' onstit$en y, the no(inee ($"t li6e'i"e -e %-le to !ontri-$te to the #or($l%tion %nd en%!t(ent o# %&&ro&ri%te legi"l%tion th%t 'ill -ene#it the n%tion %" % 'hole. > > > (!ng 6agong 6ayani G 3=B 'a#or Party v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,?8./7, *$ne 10, 122,, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 .*. !ccused,appellant &ongressman 8omeo 5. Jalosjos filed a motion before the &ourt asBing that he be allowed to fully discharge the duties of a &ongressman including attendance at legislative sessions and committee meetings despite his having been convicted in the first instance of a non,bailable offense. 6e contended that his reelection being an e-pression of popular will cannot be rendered inutile by any ruling giving priority to any right or interest L not even the police power of the State. 8esolve. Held: The i(($nity #ro( %rre"t or detention o# Sen%tor" %nd (e(-er" o# the Ho$"e o# Re&re"ent%tive" %ri"e" #ro( % &rovi"ion o# the Con"tit$tion. The history of the %ro"ision shows that the %ri"i'e!e has a'ways &een !ranted in a restri ti"e sense. The %ro"ision !rantin! an e>e#%tion as a s%e ia' %ri"i'e!e annot &e e>tended &eyond the ordinary #eanin! of its ter#s. It #ay not &e e>tended &y intend#ent, i#%'i ation or e:$ita&'e onsiderations. The ,7-. Constit$tion Le!is'ati"e De%art#entI %ro"ided in its Arti 'e VI on the

Se . ,.. The Senators and De#&ers of the <o$se of Re%resentati"es sha'' in a'' ases e> e%t treason, fe'ony, and &rea h of the %ea e, &e %ri"i'e!ed fro# arrest d$rin! their attendan e at the sessions of Con!ress, and in !oin! to and ret$rnin! fro# the sa#eG > > >. 3e a$se of the &road o"era!e of fe'ony and &rea h of the %ea e, the e>e#%tion a%%'ied on'y to i"i' arrests. A on!ress#an 'i9e the a $sed;a%%e''ant, on"i ted $nder Tit'e E'e"en of the Re"ised Pena' Code o$'d not 'ai# %ar'ia#entary i##$nity fro# arrest. <e was s$&Be t to the sa#e !enera' 'aws !o"ernin! a'' %ersons sti'' to &e tried or whose on"i tions were %endin! a%%ea'. The ,78fo''owsI Constit$tion &roadened the %ri"i'e!e of i##$nity as

Arti 'e VIII, Se . 7. A De#&er of the 3atasan! Pa#&ansa sha'', in a'' offenses %$nisha&'e &y not #ore than si> years i#%rison#ent, &e %ri"i'e!ed fro# arrest d$rin! his attendan e at its sessions and in !oin! to and ret$rnin! fro# the sa#e. 4or offenses %$nisha&'e &y #ore than si> years i#%rison#ent, there was no i##$nity fro# arrest. The restri ti"e inter%retation of i##$nity and the intent to onfine it within aref$''y defined %ara#eters is i''$strated &y the on '$din! %ortion of the %ro"ision, to witI

28

6 > > &$t the 3atasan! Pa#&ansa sha'' s$rrender the #e#&er in"o'"ed to the $stody of the 'aw within twenty fo$r ho$rs after its adBo$rn#ent for a re ess or for its ne>t session, otherwise s$ h %ri"i'e!e sha'' ease $%on its fai'$re to do so. The %resent Constit$tion adheres to the sa#e restri ti"e r$'e #in$s the o&'i!ation of Con!ress to s$rrender the s$&Be t Con!ress#an to the $stody of the 'aw. The re:$ire#ent that he sho$'d &e attendin! sessions or o##ittee #eetin!s has a'so &een re#o"ed. 4or re'ati"e'y #inor offenses, it is eno$!h that Con!ress is in session. The a $sed;a%%e''ant ar!$es that a #e#&er of Con!ressL f$n tion to attend sessions is $nders ored &y Se tion ,0(15, Arti 'e VI of the Constit$tion whi h states that C (15 A #aBority of ea h <o$se sha'' onstit$te a :$or$# to do &$siness, &$t a s#a''er n$#&er #ay adBo$rn fro# day to day and #ay o#%e' the attendan e of a&sent De#&ers in s$ h #anner, and $nder s$ h %ena'ties, as s$ h <o$se #ay %ro"ide. <owe"er, the a $sed;a%%e''ant has not !i"en any reason why he sho$'d &e e>e#%ted fro# the o%eration of Se tion ,,, Arti 'e VI of the Constit$tion. The (e(-er" o# Congre"" !%nnot !o(&el %-"ent (e(-er" to %ttend "e""ion" i# the re%"on #or the %-"en!e i" % legiti(%te one* The !on#ine(ent o# % Congre""(%n !h%rged 'ith % !ri(e &$ni"h%-le -y i(&ri"on(ent o# (ore th%n "i ye%r" i" not (erely %$thori8ed -y l%'+ it h%" !on"tit$tion%l #o$nd%tion". A $sed;a%%e''antLs re'ian e on the r$'in! in !guinal$o v. Santos (1,1 SCRA 80/, at 88- @,771A5, whi h states, inter alia that C The Co$rt sho$'d ne"er re#o"e a %$&'i offi er for a ts done %rior to his %resent ter# of offi e. To do otherwise wo$'d &e to de%ri"e the %eo%'e of their ri!ht to e'e t their offi ers. When the %eo%'e ha"e e'e ted a #an to offi e, it #$st &e ass$#ed that they did this with the 9now'ed!e of his 'ife and hara ter, and that they disre!arded or for!a"e his fa$'t or #is ond$ t, if he had &een !$i'ty of any. It is not for the Co$rt, &y reason of s$ h fa$'t or #is ond$ t, to %ra ti a''y o"err$'e the wi'' of the %eo%'e. wi'' not e>tri ate hi# fro# his %redi a#ent. It !%n -e re%dily "een th%t the Ag$in%ldo !%"e involve" the %d(ini"tr%tive re(ov%l o# % &$-li! o##i!er #or %!t" done PRIOR to hi" &re"ent ter( o# o##i!e* It doe" not %&&ly to i(&ri"on(ent %ri"ing #ro( the en#or!e(ent o# !ri(in%l l%'* :oreover+ in the "%(e '%y th%t &reventive "$"&en"ion i" not re(ov%l+ !on#ine(ent &ending %&&e%l i" not re(ov%l* He re(%in" % Congre""(%n $nle"" e &elled -y Congre"" or+ other'i"e+ di")$%li#ied. One r%tion%le -ehind !on#ine(ent+ 'hether &ending %&&e%l or %#ter #in%l !onvi!tion+ i" &$-li! "el#,de#en"e* So!iety ($"t &rote!t it"el#* It %l"o "erve" %" %n e %(&le %nd '%rning to other". A &er"on !h%rged 'ith !ri(e i" t%6en into !$"tody #or &$r&o"e" o# the %d(ini"tr%tion o# .$"ti!e. As stated in /nite$ States v. Gustilo (,7 Phi'. 12/, 1,15, it i" the in.$ry to the &$-li! 'hi!h St%te %!tion in !ri(in%l l%' "ee6" to redre""* It i" not the in.$ry to the !o(&l%in%nt* A#ter !onvi!tion in the Region%l Tri%l Co$rt+ the %!!$"ed (%y -e denied -%il %nd th$" "$-.e!ted to in!%r!er%tion i# there i" ri"6 o# hi" %-"!onding. The a $sed;a%%e''ant states that the %'ea of the e'e torate whi h "oted hi# into offi e annot &e s$%%'anted &y $nfo$nded fears that he #i!ht es a%e e"ent$a' %$nish#ent if %er#itted to %erfor# on!ressiona' d$ties o$tside his re!$'ar %'a e of onfine#ent. It wi'' &e re a''ed that when a warrant for a $sed;a%%e''antLs arrest was iss$ed, he f'ed and e"aded a%t$re des%ite a a'' fro# his o''ea!$es in the <o$se of Re%resentati"es for hi# to attend the

29

sessions and to s$rrender "o'$ntari'y to the a$thorities. Ironi a''y, it is now the sa#e &ody whose a'' he initia''y s%$rned whi h a $sed; a%%e''ant is in"o9in! to B$stify his %resent #otion. This an not &e o$ntenan ed &e a$se, > > > aside fro# its &ein! ontrary to we''; defined Constit$tiona' restrainsG it wo$'d &e a #o 9ery of the ai#s of the StateLs %ena' syste#. A $sed;a%%e''ant ar!$es that on se"era' o asions, the Re!iona' Tria' Co$rt of Da9ati !ranted se"era' #otions to te#%orari'y 'ea"e his e'' at the Da9ati City *ai', for offi ia' or #edi a' reasons > > >. <e a'so a''s attention to "ario$s instan es, after his transfer at the New 3i'i&id Prison in D$ntin'$%a City, when he was 'i9ewise a''owedK%er#itted to 'ea"e the %rison %re#ises > > >. There i" no "ho'ing th%t the %-ove &rivilege" %re &e!$li%r to hi( or to % (e(-er o# Congre""* E(ergen!y or !o(&elling te(&or%ry le%ve" #ro( i(&ri"on(ent %re %llo'ed to %ll &ri"oner"+ %t the di"!retion o# the %$thoritie" or $&on !o$rt order". Wh%t the %!!$"ed,%&&ell%nt "ee6" i" not o# %n e(ergen!y n%t$re* Allo'ing %!!$"ed,%&&ell%nt to %ttend !ongre""ion%l "e""ion" %nd !o((ittee (eeting" #or #ive /G1 d%y" or (ore in % 'ee6 'ill virt$%lly (%6e hi( % #ree (%n 'ith %ll the &rivilege" %&&$rten%nt to hi" &o"ition* S$!h %n %-err%nt "it$%tion not only elev%te" %!!$"ed, %&&ell%ntD" "t%t$" to th%t o# % "&e!i%l !l%""+ it %l"o 'o$ld -e % (o!6ery o# the &$r&o"e" o# the !orre!tion "y"te(. 6 > > The a $sed;a%%e''ant a"ers that his onstit$ents in the 4irst Distri t of Na#&oan!a de' Norte want their "oi es to &e heard and that sin e he is treated as bona fide #e#&er of the <o$se of Re%resentati"es, the 'atter $r!es a o;e:$a' &ran h of !o"ern#ent to res%e t his #andate. <e a'so 'ai#s that the on e%t of te#%orary detention does not ne essari'y $rtai' his d$ty to dis har!e his #andate and that he has a'ways o#%'ied with the onditionsKrestri tions when he is a''owed to 'ea"e Bai'. We re#ain $n%ers$aded. 6 > > When the voter" o# hi" di"tri!t ele!ted the %!!$"ed,%&&ell%nt to Congre""+ they did "o 'ith #$ll %'%rene"" o# the li(it%tion" on hi" #reedo( o# %!tion* They did "o 'ith the 6no'ledge th%t he !o$ld %!hieve only "$!h legi"l%tive re"$lt" 'hi!h he !o$ld %!!o(&li"h 'ithin the !on#ine" o# &ri"on* To give % (ore dr%"ti! ill$"tr%tion+ i# voter" ele!t % &er"on 'ith #$ll 6no'ledge th%t he i" "$##ering #ro( % ter(in%l illne""+ they do "o 6no'ing th%t %t %ny ti(e+ he (%y no longer "erve hi" #$ll ter( in o##i!e. (People v. 1alos0os, -1? SCRA 0/7, 4e&. -, 1222, En 3an @Ynares;Santia!oA5 .+. Discuss the objectives of Section 2)<1> !rticle FI of the 1#$% &onstitution that H3e4very bill passed by the &ongress shall embrace only one subject which shall be e-pressed in the title thereof.H Held: The o&Be ti"es of Section +;879, !rticle 2I of the 7:., Constitution areI ,5 To &revent hodge,&odge or log,rolling legi"l%tionG 15 To &revent "$r&ri"e or #r%$d $&on the legi"l%t$re &y #eans of %ro"isions in &i''s of whi h the tit'es !a"e no infor#ation, and whi h #i!ht therefore &e o"er'oo9ed and are'ess'y and $nintentiona''y ado%tedG and -5 To #%irly %&&ri"e the &eo&le+ thro$gh "$!h &$-li!%tion o# legi"l%tive &ro!eeding" %" i" $"$%lly (%de, of the s$&Be ts of 'e!is'ation that are &ein! onsidered, in order that they #ay ha"e o%%ort$nity of &ein! heard thereon &y %etition or otherwise if they sha'' so desire.

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Se tion 10(,5 of Arti 'e VI of the ,7/8 Constit$tion is s$ffi ient'y o#%'ied with where > > > the title i" CO:PREHENSIHE eno$gh to e(-r%!e the gener%l o-.e!tive it "ee6" to %!hieve+ %nd i# %ll the &%rt" o# the "t%t$te %re RELATED %nd >ER:ANE to the "$-.e!t (%tter e(-odied in the title or "o long %" the "%(e %re NOT INCONSISTENT 'ith or #oreign to the gener%l "$-.e!t %nd title. (!gripino !. De Guzman 1r. et al. v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,17,,/, *$'y ,7, 1222, en 3an @P$risi#aA5 ... Section ++ of 8.!. :o. $1$# <;he FoterMs 8egistration !ct of 1##)> which provides for automatic transfer to a new station of any 7lection 9fficer who has already served for more than four years in a particular city or municipality was assailed for being violative of Section 2)<1> of !rticle FI of the &onstitution allegedly because it has an isolated and different subject from that of 8! $1$# and that the same is not e-pressed in the title of the law. Should the challenge be sustained? Held: Section 44 of R! .7.: i" not i"ol%ted !on"idering th%t it i" rel%ted %nd ger(%ne to the "$-.e!t (%tter "t%ted in the title o# the l%'. The tit'e of RA /,/7 is MThe VoterHs Re!istration A t of ,770M with a s$&Be t #atter en$n iated in the e>%'anatory note as MAN ACT PROVIDIN+ 4OR A +ENERAL RE+ISTRATION O4 VOTERS, ADOPTIN+ A SYSTED O4 CONTIN=IN+ RE+ISTRATION, PRESCRI3IN+ T<E PROCED=RES T<EREO4 AND A=T<ORININ+ T<E APPROPRIATION O4 4=NDS T<ERE4OR.M Se!tion EE+ 'hi!h &rovide" #or the re%""ign(ent o# ele!tion o##i!er"+ i" relev%nt to the "$-.e!t (%tter o# regi"tr%tion %" it "ee6" to en"$re the integrity o# the regi"tr%tion &ro!e"" -y &roviding g$ideline #or the CO:ELEC to #ollo' in the re%""ign(ent o# ele!tion o##i!er"* It i" not %n %lien &rovi"ion -$t one 'hi!h i" rel%ted to the !ond$!t %nd &ro!ed$re o# !ontin$ing regi"tr%tion o# voter". In this re!ard, it &ears stressin! that the Con"tit$tion doe" not re)$ire Congre"" to e(&loy in the title o# %n en%!t(ent+ l%ng$%ge o# "$!h &re!i"ion %" to (irror+ #$lly inde or !%t%log$e+ %ll the !ontent" %nd the (in$te det%il" therein. (!gripino !. De Guzman 1r. et al. v. C3ME'EC , +.R. No. ,17,,/, *$'y ,7, 1222, En 3an @P$risi#aA5 .). Do courts have the power to in'uire into allegations that in enacting a law a 6ouse of &ongress failed to comply with its own rules? Held: The ases, &oth here and a&road, in "aryin! for#s of e>%ression, %ll deny to the !o$rt" the &o'er to in)$ire into %lleg%tion" th%t+ in en%!ting % l%'+ % Ho$"e o# Congre"" #%iled to !o(&ly 'ith it" o'n r$le"+ in the %-"en!e o# "ho'ing th%t there '%" % viol%tion o# % !on"tit$tion%l &rovi"ion or the right o# &riv%te individ$%l". In 3smena v. Pen$atun (,27 Phi'. At /82;/8,5, it was he'dI EAt any rate, o$rts ha"e de 'ared that O the r$le" %do&ted -y deli-er%tive -odie" %re "$-.e!t to revo!%tion+ (odi#i!%tion or '%iver %t the &le%"$re o# the -ody %do&ting the(*D And it h%" -een "%id th%t QP%rli%(ent%ry r$le" %re (erely &ro!ed$r%l+ %nd 'ith their o-"erv%n!e+ the !o$rt" h%ve no !on!ern* They (%y -e '%ived or di"reg%rded -y the legi"l%tive -ody*D Con"e)$ently+ Q(ere #%il$re to !on#or( to &%rli%(ent%ry $"%ge 'ill not inv%lid%te th%t %!tion /t%6en -y % deli-er%tive -ody1 'hen the re)$i"ite n$(-er o# (e(-er" h%ve %greed to % &%rti!$l%r (e%"$re.LF It ($"t -e re%li8ed th%t e%!h o# the three de&%rt(ent" o# o$r govern(ent h%" it" "e&%r%te "&here 'hi!h the other" (%y not inv%de 'itho$t $&"etting the deli!%te -%l%n!e on 'hi!h o$r !on"tit$tion%l order re"t". D$e re!ard for the wor9in! of o$r syste# of !o"ern#ent, #ore than #ere o#ity, o#%e's re'$ tan e on the %art of the o$rts to enter $%on an in:$iry into an a''e!ed "io'ation of the r$'es of the <o$se. Co$rts #$st a ordin!'y de 'ine the in"itation to e>er ise their %ower. (!rroyo v. De 2enecia, 188 SCRA 10/, A$!. ,?, ,778 @DendoJaA5

31

.%. What is the Eicameral &onference &ommittee? of its function and its jurisdiction.

Discuss the nature the the Its

Held: Whi'e it is tr$e that a onferen e o##ittee is (e!h%ni"( #or !o(&ro(i"ing di##eren!e" -et'een the Sen%te %nd Ho$"e, it is not li(ited in it" .$ri"di!tion to thi" )$e"tion. &roader f$n tion is des ri&ed th$sI

A !on#eren!e !o((ittee (%y de%l gener%lly 'ith the "$-.e!t (%tter or it (%y -e li(ited to re"olving the &re!i"e di##eren!e" -et'een the t'o ho$"e"* Even 'here the !on#eren!e !o((ittee i" not -y r$le li(ited in it" .$ri"di!tion+ legi"l%tive !$"to( "everely li(it" the #reedo( 'ith 'hi!h ne' "$-.e!t (%tter !%n -e in"erted into the !on#eren!e -ill. 3$t o asiona''y a onferen e o##ittee %rod$ es $ne>%e ted res$'ts, res$'ts &eyond its #andate. These e> $rsions o $r e"en where the r$'es i#%ose stri t 'i#itations on onferen e o##ittee B$risdi tion. This is sy#%to#ati of the a$thoritarian %ower of onferen e o##ittee. (P)ilippine 1u$ges !ssociation v. Pra$o, 118 SCRA 82-, No". ,,, ,77-, En 3an @Cr$JA5 .$. Discuss the 7nrolled Eill Doctrine.

Held: /n$er t)e enrolle$ #ill $octrine t)e signing of H. 6ill No. ,7.: #y t)e SpeaAer of t)e House an$ t)e Presi$ent of t)e Senate an$ t)e certification #y t)e secretaries of #ot) Houses of Congress t)at it (as passe$ on Novem#er +7 7::; are conclusive of its $ue enactment. - > > To &e s$re, there is no 'ai# either here or in the de ision in the EVAT ases (&olentino v. Secretary of =inance5 that the enrolled -ill e(-odie" % !on!l$"ive &re"$(&tion. In one ase (!storga v. 2illegas, .0 SCRA 8,? @,78?A5 'e 2'ent -ehind3 %n enrolled -ill %nd !on"$lted the Mo$rn%l to deter(ine 'hether !ert%in &rovi"ion" o# % "t%t$te h%d -een %&&roved -y the Sen%te. B$t+ 'here %" here there i" no eviden!e to the !ontr%ry+ thi" Co$rt 'ill re"&e!t the !erti#i!%tion o# the &re"iding o##i!er" o# -oth Ho$"e" th%t % -ill h%" -een d$ly &%""ed* Under thi" r$le+ thi" Co$rt h%" re#$"ed to deter(ine !l%i(" th%t the three,#o$rth" vote needed to &%"" % &ro&o"ed %(end(ent to the Con"tit$tion h%d not -een o-t%ined+ -e!%$"e 2% d$ly %$thenti!%ted -ill or re"ol$tion i(&ort" %-"ol$te verity %nd i" -inding on the !o$rt".F > > > This Co$rt has ref$sed to e"en 'oo9 into a''e!ations that the enro''ed &i'' sent to the President ontained %ro"isions whi h had &een Es$rre%titio$s'yF inserted in the onferen e o##ittee > > >. (&olentino v. Secretary of =inance5 It has ref$sed to 'oo9 into har!es that an a#end#ent was #ade $%on the 'ast readin! of a &i'' in "io'ation of Art. VI, Se . 10(15 of the Constit$tion that, E$%on the 'ast readin! of a &i'', no a#end#ent sha'' &e a''owed.F (P)ilippine 1u$ges !ss>n v. Pra$o, 118 SCRA 82-, 8,2 @,77-A5 In other ases, this Co$rt has denied 'ai#s that the tenor of a &i'' was otherwise than as ertified &y the %residin! offi ers of &oth <o$ses of Con!ress. The enro''ed &i'' do trine, as a r$'e of e"iden e, is we''; esta&'ished. It is ited with a%%ro"a' &y te>t writers here and a&road. The enro''ed &i'' r$'e rests on the fo''owin! onsiderationsI 6 > >. A" the Pre"ident h%" no %$thority to %&&rove % -ill not &%""ed -y Congre""+ %n enrolled A!t in the !$"tody o# the Se!ret%ry o# St%te+ %nd h%ving the o##i!i%l %tte"t%tion" o# the S&e%6er o# the Ho$"e o# Re&re"ent%tive"+ o# the Pre"ident o# the Sen%te+ %nd o# the Pre"ident o# the United St%te"+ !%rrie"+ on it" #%!e+ % "ole(n %""$r%n!e -y the legi"l%tive %nd e e!$tive

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de&%rt(ent" o# the govern(ent+ !h%rged+ re"&e!tively+ 'ith the d$ty o# en%!ting %nd e e!$ting the l%'"+ th%t it '%" &%""ed -y Congre""* The re"&e!t d$e to !oe)$%l %nd inde&endent de&%rt(ent" re)$ire" the .$di!i%l de&%rt(ent to %!t $&on th%t %""$r%n!e+ %nd to %!!e&t+ %" h%ving &%""ed Congre""+ %ll -ill" %$thenti!%ted in the (%nner "t%ted4 le%ving the !o$rt to deter(ine+ 'hen the )$e"tion &ro&erly %ri"e"+ 'hether the A!t+ "o %$thenti!%ted+ i" in !on#or(ity 'ith the Con"tit$tion. (Mars)all =iel$ L Co. v. ClarA, ,?- =.S. 0?7, 081, -0 L. Ed. 17?, -2- @,/7,A5 To o"err$'e the do trine now, > > > is to re%$diate the #assi"e tea hin! of o$r ases and o"erthrow an esta&'ished r$'e of e"iden e. (!rroyo v. De 2enecia, 188 SCRA 10/, A$!. ,?, ,778 @DendoJaA5 .#. When should the @egislative Journal be regarded as conclusive upon the courts and why? Held: The Mo$rn%l i" reg%rded %" !on!l$"ive 'ith re"&e!t to (%tter" th%t %re re)$ired -y the Con"tit$tion to -e re!orded therein* With re"&e!t to other (%tter"+ in the %-"en!e o# eviden!e to the !ontr%ry+ the Mo$rn%l" h%ve %l"o -een %!!orded !on!l$"ive e##e!t". Th$s, in /nite$ States v. Pons (-? Phi'. 817, 8-. @,7,0AA, 'uoting erel. 6erron v. Smith, ?? Ohio -?/ @,//0A5, this Co$rt s%o9e of the i(&er%tive" o# &$-li! &oli!y #or reg%rding the Mo$rn%l" %" 2&$-li! (e(ori%l" o# the (o"t &er(%nent !h%r%!ter+3 th$": 2They "ho$ld -e &$-li!+ -e!%$"e %ll %re re)$ired to !on#or( to the(4 they "ho$ld -e &er(%nent+ th%t right" %!)$ired tod%y $&on the #%ith o# 'h%t h%" -een de!l%red to -e l%' "h%ll not -e de"troyed to(orro'+ or %t "o(e re(ote &eriod o# ti(e+ -y #%!t" re"ting only in the (e(ory o# individ$%l" .F 6 > >. (!rroyo v. De 2enecia, 188 SCRA 10/, A$!. ,?, ,778 @DendoJaA5 )2. What matters are re'uired to be entered on the Journal? Held: ,5 The ye%" %nd n%y" on the third %nd #in%l re%ding of a &i'' (Art* HI+ Se!* 5I<5=5G 15 The ye%" %nd n%y" on %ny )$e"tion+ %t the re)$e"t o# one,#i#th o# the (e(-er" &re"ent (Id., Se!* 0I<E=5G -5 The ye%" %nd n%y" $&on re&%""ing % -ill over the Pre"identD" veto (Id., Se!* 5F<0=5G and ?5 The Pre"identD" o-.e!tion to % -ill he h%d vetoed (Id.5. (!rroyo v. De 2enecia, 188 SCRA 10/, A$!. ,?, ,778 @DendoJaA5 )1. ! dis'ualification case was filed against a candidate for &ongressman before the election with the &9?7@7&. ;he latter failed to resolve that dis'ualification case before the election and that candidate won although he was not yet proclaimed because of that pending dis'ualification case. Is the &9?7@7& now ousted of jurisdiction to resolve the pending dis'ualification case and therefore should dismiss the case considering that jurisdiction is now vested with the 6ouse of 8epresentatives 7lectoral ;ribunal <687;>? Held: ,. In his first assi!n#ents of error, %etitioner "i!oro$s'y ontends that after the Day /, ,77. e'e tions, the CODELEC 'ost its B$risdi tion o"er the :$estion of %etitionerLs :$a'ifi ations to r$n for #e#&er of the <o$se of Re%resentati"es. <e 'ai#s that B$risdi tion o"er the %etition for dis:$a'ifi ation is e> '$si"e'y 'od!ed with the <o$se of Re%resentati"es E'e tora' Tri&$na' (<RET5. +i"en the yet;$nreso'"ed :$estion of B$risdi tion, %etitioner a"ers that the CODELEC o##itted serio$s error and !ra"e a&$se of dis retion in dire tin! the s$s%ension of his %ro 'a#ation as the winnin! andidate in the Se ond Con!ressiona' Distri t of Da9ati City. We disa!ree.

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Petitioner !onveniently !on#$"e" the di"tin!tion -et'een %n $n&ro!l%i(ed !%ndid%te to the Ho$"e o# Re&re"ent%tive" %nd % (e(-er o# the "%(e* O-t%ining the highe"t n$(-er o# vote" in %n ele!tion doe" not %$to(%ti!%lly ve"t the &o"ition in the 'inning !%ndid%te. Section 7, of !rticle 2I of the 7:., Constitution readsI /;he Senate and the 6ouse of 8epresentatives shall have an 7lectoral ;ribunal which shall be the sole judge of all contests relating to the election returns and 'ualifications of their respective ?embers.F Under the %-ove,"t%ted &rovi"ion+ the ele!tor%l tri-$n%l !le%rly %""$(e" .$ri"di!tion over %ll !onte"t" rel%tive to the ele!tion+ ret$rn" %nd )$%li#i!%tion" o# !%ndid%te" #or either the Sen%te or the Ho$"e only 'hen the l%tter -e!o(e :E:BERS o# either the Sen%te or the Ho$"e o# Re&re"ent%tive"* A !%ndid%te 'ho h%" not -een &ro!l%i(ed %nd 'ho h%" not t%6en hi" o%th o# o##i!e !%nnot -e "%id to -e % (e(-er o# the Ho$"e o# Re&re"ent%tive" "$-.e!t to Se!tion 0F o# Arti!le HI o# the Con"tit$tion. Whi'e the %ro 'a#ation of a winnin! andidate in an e'e tion is #inisteria', E.(. Elg. $$1 in conjunction with Sec. ) of 8.!. ))+) allows suspension of proclamation under circumstances mentioned therein. Th$s, %etitionerLs ontention that Eafter the ond$ t of the e'e tion and (%etitioner5 has &een esta&'ished the winner of the e'e tora' e>er ise fro# the #o#ent of e'e tion, the CODELEC is a$to#ati a''y di"ested of a$thority to %ass $%on the :$estion of :$a'ifi ationF finds no &asis in 'aw, &e a$se even A9TER the ele!tion" the CO:ELEC i" e(&o'ered -y Se!tion I /in rel%tion to Se!tion F1 o# R*A* IIEI to !ontin$e to he%r %nd de!ide )$e"tion" rel%ting to )$%li#i!%tion" o# !%ndid%te". 6 > >. Under the %-ove,)$oted &rovi"ion+ not only i" % di")$%li#i!%tion !%"e %g%in"t % !%ndid%te %llo'ed to !ontin$e %#ter the ele!tion /%nd doe" not o$"t the CO:ELEC o# it" .$ri"di!tion1+ -$t hi" o-t%ining the highe"t n$(-er o# vote" 'ill not re"$lt in the "$"&en"ion or ter(in%tion o# the &ro!eeding" %g%in"t hi( 'hen the eviden!e o# g$ilt i" "trong* Whi'e the %hrase Ewhen the e"iden e of !$i't is stron!F see#s to s$!!est that the %ro"isions of Se tion 0 o$!ht to &e a%%'i a&'e on'y to dis:$a'ifi ation ases $nder Se tion 0/ of the O#ni&$s E'e tion Code, Se tion 8 of R.A. 00?0 a''ows the a%%'i ation of the %ro"isions of Se tion 0 to ases in"o'"in! dis:$a'ifi ation &ased on ine'i!i&i'ity $nder Se tion 8/ of 3P. 3'!. //,. 6 > >. (!Huino v. C3ME'EC, 1?/ SCRA ?22, Se%t. ,/, ,77., En 3an @)a%$nan, *.A5 1. As to the <o$se of Re%resentati"es E'e tora' Tri&$na'Ls s$%%osed ass$#%tion of B$risdi tion o"er the iss$e of %etitionerLs :$a'ifi ations after the Day /, ,77. e'e tions, s$ffi e it to say that HRETD" .$ri"di!tion %" the "ole .$dge o# %ll !onte"t" rel%ting to the ele!tion"+ ret$rn" %nd )$%li#i!%tion" o# (e(-er" o# Congre"" -egin" only %#ter % !%ndid%te h%" -e!o(e % (e(-er o# the Ho$"e o# Re&re"ent%tive" (!rt. FI Sec. 1% 1#$% &onstitution 5. Petitioner not -eing % (e(-er o# the Ho$"e o# Re&re"ent%tive"+ it i" o-vio$" th%t the HRET %t thi" &oint h%" no .$ri"di!tion over the )$e"tion. (Romual$ezFMarcos v. C3ME'EC, 1?/ SCRA -22, Se%t. ,/, ,77., En 3an @)a%$nan, *.A5 )2. Will the rule be the same if that candidate wins proclaimed winner and already assumed office as &ongressman? and was

Held: Whi'e the CODELEC is "ested with the %ower to de 'are "a'id or in"a'id a ertifi ate of andida y, its ref$sa' to e>er ise that %ower fo''owin! the %ro 'a#ation and ass$#%tion of the %osition &y 4arinas is a re o!nition of the B$risdi tiona' &o$ndaries se%aratin! the CODELEC and the E'e tora' Tri&$na' of the <o$se of Re%resentati"es (<RET5. =nder Arti 'e VI, Se tion ,8 of the Constit$tion, the <RET has so'e and e> '$si"e B$risdi tion o"er a'' ontests re'ati"e to the e'e tion, ret$rns, and :$a'ifi ations of #e#&ers of the <o$se of Re%resentati"es. Th$"+ on!e % 'inning !%ndid%te h%" -een &ro!l%i(ed+

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t%6en hi" o%th+ %nd %""$(ed o##i!e %" % (e(-er o# the Ho$"e o# Re&re"ent%tive"+ CO:ELECD" .$ri"di!tion over ele!tion !onte"t" rel%ting to hi" ele!tion+ ret$rn"+ %nd )$%li#i!%tion" end"+ %nd the HRETD" o'n .$ri"di!tion -egin"* Th$"+ the CO:ELECD" de!i"ion to di"!ontin$e e er!i"ing .$ri"di!tion over the !%"e i" .$"ti#i%-le+ in de#eren!e to the HRETD" o'n .$ri"di!tion %nd #$n!tion". 6 > > Petitioner f$rther ar!$es that the <RET ass$#es B$risdi tion on'y if there is a "a'id %ro 'a#ation of the winnin! andidate. <e ontends that if a andidate fai's to satisfy the stat$tory re:$ire#ents to :$a'ify hi# as a andidate, his s$&se:$ent %ro 'a#ation is "oid ab initio. Where the %ro 'a#ation is n$'' and "oid, there is no %ro 'a#ation at a'' and the #ere ass$#%tion of offi e &y the %ro 'ai#ed andidate does not de%ri"e the CODELEC at a'' of its %ower to de 'are s$ h n$''ity, a ordin! to %etitioner. B$t + in %n ele!tor%l !onte"t 'here the v%lidity o# the &ro!l%(%tion o# % 'inning !%ndid%te 'ho h%" t%6en hi" o%th o# o##i!e %nd %""$(ed hi" &o"t %" !ongre""(%n i" r%i"ed+ th%t i""$e i" -e"t %ddre""ed to the HRET* The re%"on #or thi" r$ling i" "el#,evident+ #or it %void" d$&li!ity o# &ro!eeding" %nd % !l%"h o# .$ri"di!tion -et'een !on"tit$tion%l -odie"+ 'ith d$e reg%rd to the &eo&leD" (%nd%te. (Guerrero v. C3ME'EC, --0 SCRA ?./, *$'y 10, 1222, En 3an @P$is$#&in!A5 )*. Is there an appeal from a decision of the Senate or 6ouse of 8epresentatives 7lectoral ;ribunal? What then is the remedy if any? Held: The Constit$tion #andates that the <o$se of Re%resentati"es E'e tora' Tri&$na' and the Senate E'e tora' Tri&$na' sha'' ea h, res%e ti"e'y, &e the sole B$d!e of a'' ontests re'atin! to the e'e tion, ret$rns and :$a'ifi ations of their res%e ti"e #e#&ers. The Co$rt has stressed that E> > > "o long %" the Con"tit$tion gr%nt" the HRET the &o'er to -e the "ole .$dge o# %ll !onte"t" rel%ting to the ele!tion+ ret$rn" %nd )$%li#i!%tion" o# (e(-er" o# the Ho$"e o# Re&re"ent%tive"+ %ny #in%l %!tion t%6en -y the HRET on % (%tter 'ithin it" .$ri"di!tion "h%ll+ %" % r$le+ not -e revie'ed -y thi" Co$rt* The &o'er gr%nted to the Ele!tor%l Tri-$n%l e !l$de" the e er!i"e o# %ny %$thority on the &%rt o# thi" Co$rt th%t 'o$ld in %ny 'i"e re"tri!t it or !$rt%il it or even %##e!t the "%(e.F The Co$rt did re o!niJe, of o$rse, its %ower of B$di ia' re"iew in e> e%tiona' ases. In 8obles v. 687; (,/, SCRA 8/25, the Co$rt has e>%'ained that 'hile the .$dg(ent" o# the Tri-$n%l %re -eyond .$di!i%l inter#eren!e+ the Co$rt (%y do "o+ ho'ever+ -$t only 2in the e er!i"e o# thi" Co$rtD" "o,!%lled e tr%ordin%ry .$ri"di!tion $&on % deter(in%tion th%t the Tri-$n%lD" de!i"ion or re"ol$tion '%" rendered 'itho$t or in e !e"" o# it" .$ri"di!tion+ or 'ith gr%ve %-$"e o# di"!retion or &%r%&hr%"ing ?orrero (Morrero v. 6ocar @00 Phi'. ?17A5, $&on % !le%r "ho'ing o# "$!h %r-itr%ry %nd i(&rovident $"e -y the Tri-$n%l o# it" &o'er %" !on"tit$te" % deni%l o# d$e &ro!e"" o# l%'+ or $&on % de(on"tr%tion o# % very !le%r $n(itig%ted error+ (%ni#e"tly !on"tit$ting "$!h gr%ve %-$"e o# di"!retion th%t there h%" to -e % re(edy #or "$!h %-$"e.F The Co$rt does not > > > "ent$re into the orre tin! %er ei"ed errors of inde%endent &ran hes it o#es in on'y when it has to "indi ate a denia' orre t an a&$se of dis retion so !ra"e or !'arin! the Constit$tion itse'f a''s for re#edia' a tion. 1/- SCRA .12, De . 11, ,778 @Vit$!A5 THE E?ECUTIHE DEPART:ENT %eri'o$s area of of the +o"ern#entG of d$e %ro ess or that no 'ess than ('i#anan v. HRE&,

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)+. Did former (resident 7strada resign as (resident or should be considered resigned as of January 22 2221 when (resident 5loria ?acapagal !rroyo tooB her oath as the 1+th (resident of the 8epublic? Held: 87SI5:!;I9: > > > is a fa t$a' :$estion and its 7@7?7:;S are &eyond :$i&&'eI there ($"t -e %n intent to re"ign %nd the intent ($"t -e !o$&led -y %!t" o# relin)$i"h(ent. ;he validity of a resignation is not governed by any formal re'uirement as to form. It can be oral. It can be written. It can be e-press. It can be implied. A" long %" the re"ign%tion i" !le%r+ it ($"t -e given leg%l e##e!t* In the ases at &ar, the fa ts show that %etitioner did not write any for#a' 'etter of resi!nation &efore he e"a $ated Da'a anan! Pa'a e in the afternoon of *an$ary 12, 122, after the oath;ta9in! of res%ondent Arroyo. Conse:$ent'y, 'hether or not &etitioner re"igned h%" to -e deter(ined #ro( hi" %!t" %nd o(i""ion" -e#ore+ d$ring %nd %#ter M%n$%ry 5J+ 5JJ0 or -y THE TOTALIT; O9 PRIOR+ CONTE:PORANEOUS AND POSTERIOR 9ACTS AND CIRCU:STANTIAL EHIDENCE BEARIN> A :ATERIAL RELEHANCE ON THE ISSUE. =sin! this ;9;!@I;G ;7S;, 'e hold th%t &etitioner re"igned %" Pre"ident. 6 > > In s$#, we ho'd that the resi!nation of the %etitioner annot &e do$&ted. It was onfir#ed &y his 'ea"in! Da'a anan!. In the %ress re'ease ontainin! his fina' state#ent, /01 he %!6no'ledged the o%th, t%6ing o# the re"&ondent %" Pre"ident of the Re%$&'i a'&eit with reser"ation a&o$t its 'e!a'ityG /51 he e(&h%"i8ed he '%" le%ving the P%l%!e, the seat of the %residen y, #or the "%6e o# &e%!e %nd in order to -egin the he%ling &ro!e"" o# o$r n%tion* He $i$ not say )e (as leaving t)e Palace $ue to any Ain$ of ina#ility an$ t)at )e (as going to reFassume t)e presi$ency as soon as t)e $isa#ility $isappearsG /71 he e &re""ed hi" gr%tit$de to the &eo&le #or the o&&ort$nity to "erve the(* Witho$t do$-t+ he '%" re#erring to the past opportunity given hi( to "erve the &eo&le %" Pre"ident G /E1 he %""$red th%t he 'ill not "hir6 #ro( %ny future c)allenge th%t (%y !o(e %he%d on the "%(e "ervi!e o# o$r !o$ntry* PetitionerD" re#eren!e i" to % future c)allenge after occupying t)e office of t)e presi$ent 'hi!h he h%" given $&G and /G1 he !%lled on hi" "$&&orter" to .oin hi( in the &ro(otion o# % !on"tr$!tive n%tion%l "&irit o# re!on!ili%tion %nd "olid%rity* Certainly t)e national spirit of reconciliation an$ soli$arity coul$ not #e attaine$ if )e $i$ not give up t)e presi$ency. The &re"" rele%"e '%" &etitionerD" v%ledi!tory+ hi" #in%l %!t o# #%re'ell* His presi$ency is no( in t)e past tense. (Estra$a v. Desierto, +.R. Nos. ,?08,2;,., Dar h 1, 122,, en 3an @P$noA5 ).. Discuss our legal history on e-ecutive immunity.

Held: The do trine of e>e $ti"e i##$nity in this B$risdi tion e#er!ed as a case law. In the ,7,2 ase of =or#es etc. v. C)uoco &iaco an$ Crossfiel$ (,0 Phi'. .-? @,7,2A5, the res%ondent Tia o, a Chinese itiJen, s$ed %etitioner W. Ca#eron 4or&es, +o"ernor;+enera' of the Phi'i%%ine Is'ands, *.E. <ardin! and C.R. Trow&rid!e, Chief of Po'i e and Chief of the Se ret Ser"i e of the City of Dani'a, res%e ti"e'y, for da#a!es for a''e!ed'y ons%irin! to de%ort hi# to China. In !rantin! a writ of %rohi&ition, this Co$rt, s%ea9in! thr$ Dr. *$sti e *ohnson, he'dI EThe &rin!i&le o# nonli%-ility doe" not (e%n th%t the .$di!i%ry h%" no %$thority to to$!h the %!t" o# the >overnor, >ener%l4 th%t he (%y+ $nder !over o# hi" o##i!e+ do 'h%t he 'ill+ $ni(&eded %nd $nre"tr%ined. S$ h a onstr$ tion wo$'d #ean that tyranny, $nder the !$ise of the e>e $tion of the 'aw, o$'d wa'9 defiant'y a&road, destroyin! ri!hts of %erson and of %ro%erty, who''y free fro# interferen e of o$rts or 'e!is'at$res. Thi"

36

doe" not (e%n+ either+ th%t % &er"on in.$red -y the e e!$tive %$thority -y %n %!t $n.$"ti#i%-le $nder the l%' h%" no re(edy+ -$t ($"t "$-(it in "ilen!e. On the ontrary, it #eans, si#%'y, that the >overnor,>ener%l+ li6e the .$dge" o# the !o$rt" %nd the (e(-er" o# the Legi"l%t$re+ (%y not -e &er"on%lly ($l!ted in !ivil d%(%ge" #or the !on"e)$en!e" o# %n %!t e e!$ted in the &er#or(%n!e o# hi" o##i!i%l d$tie". The .$di!i%ry h%" #$ll &o'er to+ %nd 'ill+ 'hen the (%tter i" &ro&erly &re"ented to it %nd the o!!%"ion .$"tly '%rr%nt" it+ de!l%re %n %!t o# the >overnor, >ener%l illeg%l %nd void %nd &l%!e %" ne%rly %" &o""i-le in "t%t$" )$o %ny &er"on 'ho h%" -een de&rived hi" li-erty or hi" &ro&erty -y "$!h %!t. This re#edy is ass$red to e"ery %erson, howe"er h$#&'e or of whate"er o$ntry, when his %ersona' or %ro%erty ri!hts ha"e &een in"aded, e"en &y the hi!hest a$thority of the state. The thing 'hi!h the .$di!i%ry !%n not do i" ($l!t the >overnor,>ener%l &er"on%lly in d%(%ge" 'hi!h re"$lt" #ro( the &er#or(%n!e o# hi" o##i!i%l d$ty any #ore than it an a #e#&er of the Phi'i%%ine Co##ission or the Phi'i%%ine Asse#&'y. P$&'i %o'i y for&ids it. Neither doe" thi" &rin!i&le o# nonli%-ility (e%n th%t the !hie# e e!$tive (%y not -e &er"on%lly "$ed %t %ll in rel%tion to %!t" 'hi!h he !l%i(" to &er#or( %" "$!h o##i!i%l* On the !ontr%ry+ it !le%rly %&&e%r" #ro( the di"!$""ion hereto#ore h%d, %arti $'ar'y that %ortion whi h to$ hed the 'ia&i'ity of B$d!es and drew an ana'o!y &etween s$ h 'ia&i'ity and that of the +o"ernor;+enera', th%t the l%tter i" li%-le 'hen he %!t" in % !%"e "o &l%inly o$t"ide o# hi" &o'er %nd %$thority th%t he !%n not -e "%id to h%ve e er!i"ed di"!retion in deter(ining 'hether or not he h%d the right to %!t* Wh%t i" held here i" th%t he 'ill -e &rote!ted #ro( &er"on%l li%-ility #or d%(%ge" not only 'hen he %!t" 'ithin hi" %$thority+ -$t %l"o 'hen he i" 'itho$t %$thority+ &rovided he %!t$%lly $"ed di"!retion %nd .$dg(ent+ th%t i"+ the .$di!i%l #%!$lty+ in deter(ining 'hether he h%d %$thority to %!t or not. In other words, he is entit'ed to %rote tion in deter(ining the )$e"tion o# hi" %$thority. If he de ides wron!'y, he is sti'' %rote ted %ro"ided the :$estion of his a$thority was one o"er whi h two #en, reasona&'y :$a'ified for that %osition, #i!ht honest'y differG &$t he is not %rote ted if the 'a 9 of a$thority to a t is so %'ain that two s$ h #en o$'d not honest'y differ o"er its deter#ination. In s$ h ase, he a ts, not as +o"ernor;+enera' &$t as a %ri"ate indi"id$a', and, as s$ h, #$st answer for the onse:$en es of his a t.F Dr. *$sti e *ohnson $nders ored the onse:$en es if the Chief E>e $ti"e was not !ranted i##$nity fro# s$it, vi=N E> > >. A!tion $&on i(&ort%nt (%tter" o# "t%te del%yed4 the ti(e %nd "$-"t%n!e o# the !hie# e e!$tive "&ent in 'r%ngling litig%tion4 di"re"&e!t engendered #or the &er"on o# one o# the highe"t o##i!i%l" o# the St%te %nd #or the o##i!e he o!!$&ie"4 % tenden!y to $nre"t %nd di"order4 re"$lting in % '%y+ in % di"tr$"t %" to the integrity o# govern(ent it"el#.F O$r 1#*. &onstitution too9 effe t &$t it did not contain any specific provision on e-ecutive immunity. Then a#e the t$#$'t of the #artia' 'aw years $nder the 'ate President 4erdinand E. Dar os and the ,78- Constit$tion was &orn. In ,7/,, it was a#ended and one of the amendments involved e-ecutive immunity. Se tion ,8, Arti 'e VII statedI EThe President sha'' &e i##$ne fro# s$it d$rin! his ten$re. Thereafter, no s$it whatsoe"er sha'' 'ie for offi ia' a ts done &y hi# or &y others %$rs$ant to his s%e ifi orders d$rin! his ten$re. The i##$nities herein %ro"ided sha'' a%%'y to the in $#&ent President referred to in Arti 'e 6VII of this Constit$tion.F In his se ond Vi ente +. Sin o Professoria' Chair Le t$re entit'ed, EPresidentia' I##$nity And A'' The )in!Ls DenI The Law Of Pri"i'e!e As A Defense To A tions 4or Da#a!es,F (01 Phi'. L.*. ,,- @,7/8A5

37

%etitionerLs 'earned o$nse', for#er Dean of the =P Co''e!e of Law, Atty. Pa ifi o A!a&in, &ri!htened the #odifi ations effe ted &y this onstit$tiona' a#end#ent on the e>istin! 'aw on e>e $ti"e %ri"i'e!e. To :$ote his dis:$isitionI EIn the Phi'i%%ines tho$!h, we so$!ht to do the A#eri an one &etter &y en'ar!in! and fortifyin! the a&so'$te i##$nity on e%t. 4irst, we e>tended it to shie'd the President not on'y fro# i"i' 'ai#s &$t a'so fro# ri#ina' ases and other 'ai#s. Se ond, we en'ar!ed its s o%e so that it wo$'d o"er e"en a ts of the President o$tside the s o%e of offi ia' d$ties. And third, we &roadened its o"era!e so as to in '$de not on'y the President &$t a'so other %ersons, &e they !o"ern#ent offi ia's or %ri"ate indi"id$a's, who a ted $%on orders of the President. It an &e said that at that %oint #ost of $s were s$fferin! fro# AIDS (or a&so'$te i##$nity defense syndro#e5.F ;he 9pposition in the then Eatasang (ambansa sought the repeal of this ?arcosian concept of e-ecutive immunity in the 1#%* &onstitution. The #o"e was 'ed &y then De#&er of Par'ia#ent, now Se retary of 4inan e, A'&erto Ro#$'o, who ar!$ed that the after incumbency immunity !ranted to President Dar os "io'ated the %rin i%'e that a %$&'i offi e is a %$&'i tr$st. <e deno$n ed the i##$nity as a ret$rn to the ana hronis# Ethe 9in! an do no wron!.F The effort fai'ed. The ,78- Constit$tion eased to e>ist when President Dar os was o$sted fro# offi e &y the Peo%'e Power re"o'$tion in ,7/0. When the 1#$% &onstitution was rafted, its framers did not reenact the e>e $ti"e i##$nity %ro"ision of the ,78- Constit$tion. 6 > > ( Estra$a v. Desierto, +.R. Nos. ,?08,2;,., Dar h 1, 122,, en 3an @P$noA5 )). &an former (resident 7strada still be prosecuted criminally considering that he was not convicted in the impeachment proceedings against him? Held: We re.e!t hi" %rg$(ent th%t he !%nnot -e &ro"e!$ted #or the re%"on th%t he ($"t #ir"t -e !onvi!ted in the i(&e%!h(ent &ro!eeding". The i#%ea h#ent tria' of %etitioner Estrada was a&orted &y the wa'9o$t of the %rose $tors and &y the e"ents that 'ed to his 'oss of the %residen y. Indeed, on 4e&r$ary 8, 122,, the Senate %assed Senate Reso'$tion No. /- ERe o!niJin! that the I#%ea h#ent Co$rt is 0unctus 9fficio.1 Sin!e the I(&e%!h(ent Co$rt i" no' #$n!t$" o##i!io+ it i" $nten%-le #or &etitioner to de(%nd th%t he "ho$ld #ir"t -e i(&e%!hed %nd then !onvi!ted -e#ore he !%n -e &ro"e!$ted* The &le% i# gr%nted+ 'o$ld &$t % &er&et$%l -%r %g%in"t hi" &ro"e!$tion* S$!h % "$-(i""ion h%" nothing to !o((end it"el# #or it 'ill &l%!e hi( in % -etter "it$%tion th%n % non,"itting Pre"ident 'ho h%" not -een "$-.e!ted to i(&e%!h(ent &ro!eeding" %nd yet !%n -e the o-.e!t o# % !ri(in%l &ro"e!$tion* To -e "$re+ the de-%te" in the Con"tit$tion%l Co((i""ion (%6e it !le%r th%t 'hen i(&e%!h(ent &ro!eeding" h%ve -e!o(e (oot d$e to the re"ign%tion o# the Pre"ident+ the &ro&er !ri(in%l %nd !ivil !%"e" (%y %lre%dy -e #iled %g%in"t hi( > > >. This is in a ord with o$r r$'in! in In 8eN Saturnino Eermude= (,?. SCRA ,02 @,7/0A5 that Ein!$(-ent Pre"ident" %re i(($ne #ro( "$it or #ro( -eing -ro$ght to !o$rt d$ring the &eriod o# their in!$(-en!y %nd ten$re3 BUT NOT BE;OND* Con"idering the &e!$li%r !ir!$("t%n!e th%t the i(&e%!h(ent &ro!e"" %g%in"t the &etitioner h%" -een %-orted %nd there%#ter he lo"t the &re"iden!y+ &etitioner E"tr%d% !%nnot de(%nd %" % !ondition "ine )$% non to hi" !ri(in%l &ro"e!$tion -e#ore the O(-$d"(%n th%t he -e !onvi!ted in the i(&e%!h(ent &ro!eeding". (Estra$a v. Desierto, +.R. Nos. ,?08,2;,., Dar. 1, 122,, en 3an @P$noA5 )%. State the reason why not all appointments made by the (resident under the 1#$% &onstitution will no longer re'uire confirmation by the &ommission on !ppointments.

38

Held: The afore ited %ro"ision <Section 1) !rticle FII> of the Constit$tion has &een the s$&Be t of se"era' ases on the iss$e of the restri ti"e f$n tion of the Co##ission on A%%oint#ents with res%e t to the a%%ointin! %ower of the President. This Co$rt to$ hed $%on the histori a' ante edent of the said %ro"ision in the ase of Sarmiento III v. ?ison (,.0 SCRA .?75 in whi h it was ratio inated $%on that Section 7; of !rticle 2II of the 7:., Constitution re:$irin! onfir#ation &y the Co##ission on A%%oint#ents of ertain a%%oint#ents iss$ed &y the President !onte(&l%te" % "y"te( o# !he!6" %nd -%l%n!e" -et'een the e e!$tive %nd legi"l%tive -r%n!he" o# govern(ent . E &erien!e "ho'ed th%t 'hen %l(o"t %ll &re"identi%l %&&oint(ent" re)$ired the !on"ent o# the Co((i""ion on A&&oint(ent"+ %" '%" the !%"e $nder the 0C7G Con"tit$tion+ the !o((i""ion -e!%(e % ven$e o# Ohor"e tr%dingO %nd "i(il%r (%l&r%!ti!e"* On the other h%nd+ &l%!ing %-"ol$te &o'er to (%6e %&&oint(ent" in the Pre"ident 'ith h%rdly %ny !he!6 -y the legi"l%t$re+ %" 'h%t h%&&ened $nder the 0CF7 Con"tit$tion+ le%d" to %-$"e o# "$!h &o'er. Th$s was %er ei"ed the need to esta&'ish a M#idd'e !ro$ndM &etween the ,7-. and ,78- Constit$tions. The fra#ers of the ,7/8 Constit$tion dee#ed it i#%erati"e to s$&Be t ertain hi!h %ositions in the !o"ern#ent to the %ower of onfir#ation of the Co##ission on A%%oint#ents and to a''ow other %ositions within the e> '$si"e a%%ointin! %ower of the President. (Manalo v. Sistoza, -,1 SCRA 1-7, A$!. ,,, ,777, En 3an @P$risi#aA5

)$. 7numerate the groups of officers who are to be appointed by the (resident under Section 1) !rticle FII of the 1#$% &onstitution and identify those officers whose appointments shall re'uire confirmation by the &ommission on !ppointments. Held: Confor#a&'y, as onsistent'y inter%reted and r$'ed in the 'eadin! ase of Sar#iento III v. ?ison <Ibid.> and in the s$&se:$ent ases of Eautista v. Salonga (,81 SCRA ,025, Auintos,Deles v. &onstitutional &ommission (,88 SCRA 1.75, and &alderon v. &arale (12/ SCRA 1.?5, $nder Se tion ,0, Arti 'e VII, of the Constit$tion, there are fo$r !ro$%s of offi ers of the !o"ern#ent to &e a%%ointed &y the PresidentI 4IRST, the he%d" o# the e e!$tive de&%rt(ent"+ %(-%""%dor"+ other &$-li! (ini"ter" %nd !on"$l"+ o##i!er" o# the %r(ed #or!e" #ro( the r%n6 o# !olonel or n%v%l !%&t%in+ %nd other o##i!er" 'ho"e %&&oint(ent" %re ve"ted in hi( in thi" Con"tit$tionG SECOND, %ll other o##i!er" o# the >overn(ent %&&oint(ent" %re not other'i"e &rovided #or -y l%'G 'ho"e

T<IRD, tho"e 'ho( the Pre"ident (%y -e AUTHORI@ED B; LAW to %&&ointG 4O=RT<, o##i!er" lo'er in r%n6 'ho"e %&&oint(ent" Congre"" (%y -y l%' ve"t in the Pre"ident %lone. the

It i" 'ell,"ettled th%t only &re"identi%l %&&ointee" -elonging to the #ir"t gro$& re)$ire the !on#ir(%tion -y the Co((i""ion on A&&oint(ent". (Manalo v. Sistoza, -,1 SCRA 1-7, A$!. ,,, ,777, En 3an @P$risi#aA5 )#. Cnder 8epublic !ct )#%. <the DI@5 !ct of 1##2> the Director 5eneral Deputy Director 5eneral and other top officials of the (hilippine :ational (olice <(:(> shall be appointed by the (resident and their appointments shall re'uire confirmation by the &ommission on !ppointments. 8espondent Sisto=a was appointed Director 5eneral of the (:( but he refused to submit his appointment papers to the &ommission on !ppointments for confirmation contending that his appointment shall no longer re'uire confirmation despite the e-press provision of the law re'uiring such confirmation. Should his contention be upheld?

39

Held: It i" 'ell,"ettled th%t only &re"identi%l %&&ointee" -elonging to the #ir"t gro$& /en$(er%ted $nder the #ir"t "enten!e o# Se!tion 0I+ Arti!le HII o# the 0CBF Con"tit$tion1 re)$ire the !on#ir(%tion -y the Co((i""ion on A&&oint(ent". The a%%oint#ents of res%ondent offi ers, who are not within the first ate!ory, need not &e onfir#ed &y the Co##ission on A%%oint#ents. As he'd in the ase of ;arrosa v. Singson (1-1 SCRA ..-5, Congre"" !%nnot -y l%' e &%nd the &o'er o# !on#ir(%tion o# the Co((i""ion on A&&oint(ent" %nd re)$ire !on#ir(%tion o# %&&oint(ent" o# other govern(ent o##i!i%l" not (entioned in the #ir"t "enten!e o# Se!tion 0I o# Arti!le HII o# the 0CBF Con"tit$tion. &onse'uently unconstitutional are Sections 2) and *1 of 8epublic !ct )#%. which empower the &ommission on !ppointments to confirm the appointments of public officials whose appointments are not re'uired by the &onstitution to be confirmed. > > >. ( Manalo v. Sistoza, -,1 SCRA 1-7, A$!. ,,, ,777, En 3an @P$risi#aA5 %2. Will it be correct to argue that since the (hilippine :ational (olice is aBin to the !rmed 0orces of the (hilippines therefore the appointments of police officers whose ranB is e'ual to that of colonel or naval captain will re'uire confirmation by the &ommission on !ppointments? Held: This ontention is > > > $ntena&'e. The Phili&&ine N%tion%l Poli!e i" "e&%r%te %nd di"tin!t #ro( the Ar(ed 9or!e" o# the Phili&&ine"* The Con"tit$tion+ no le""+ "et" #orth the di"tin!tion. =nder Section 4 of !rticle %2I of the 7:., Constitution, M;he !rmed 0orces of the (hilippines shall be composed of a citi=en armed force which shall undergo military training and service as may be provided by law. It shall Beep a regular force necessary for the security of the State.M On the other hand, Constit$tion ordains thatI Section ; of the sa#e Arti 'e of the

M;he State shall establish and maintain one police force which shall be national in scope and civilian in character to be administered and controlled by a national police commission. ;he authority of local e-ecutives over the police units in their jurisdiction shall be provided by law.M To so distin!$ish the %o'i e for e Con!ress ena ted Repu#lic !ct ;:,5 > > >. fro# the ar#ed for es,

There$nder+ the &oli!e #or!e i" di##erent #ro( %nd inde&endent o# the %r(ed #or!e" %nd the r%n6" in the (ilit%ry %re not "i(il%r to tho"e in the Phili&&ine N%tion%l Poli!e* Th$"+ dire!tor" %nd !hie# "$&erintendent" o# the PNP do not #%ll $nder the #ir"t !%tegory o# &re"identi%l %&&ointee" re)$iring !on#ir(%tion -y the Co((i""ion on A&&oint(ent". (Manalo v. Sistoza, -,1 SCRA 1-7, A$!. ,,, ,777, En 3an @P$risi#aA5 %1. ;o what types of appointments is Section 1. !rticle FII of the 1#$% &onstitution <prohibiting the (resident from maBing appointments two months before the ne-t presidential elections and up to the end of his term> directed against? Held: Section 75, !rticle 2II is dire ted a!ainst two ty%es of a%%oint#entsI /01 tho"e (%de #or -$ying vote" and /51 tho"e (%de #or &%rti"%n !on"ider%tion". ;he first refers to those appointments made within two months preceding the (residential election and are similar to those which are declared election offenses in the 9mnibus 7lection &odeO while the second consists of the so,called /midnight1 appointments. The SC in In Re< Hon. Mateo !. 2alenzuela an$ Hon.

40

Placi$o 6. 2allarta, (17/ SCRA ?2/, No". 7, ,77/, En 3an C.*.A5 'arified this when it he'dI

@Nar"asa

ESe!tion 0G+ Arti!le HII h%" % -ro%der "!o&e th%n the Ayton% r$ling* It (%y not $nre%"on%-ly -e dee(ed to !onte(&l%te not only 2(idnight3 %&&oint(ent" N tho"e (%de o-vio$"ly #or &%rti"%n re%"on" %" "ho'n -y their n$(-er %nd the ti(e o# their (%6ing N -$t %l"o %&&oint(ent" &re"$(ed (%de #or the &$r&o"e o# in#l$en!ing the o$t!o(e o# the Pre"identi%l ele!tion.F %2. Distinguish the (residentPs power to call out the armed forces as their &ommander,in,&hief in order to prevent or suppress lawless violence invasion or rebellion from his power to proclaim martial and suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus. 7-plain why the former is not subject to judicial review while the latter two are. Held: There is a 'ear te>t$a' o##it#ent $nder the Constit$tion to &estow on the President f$'' dis retionary %ower to a'' o$t the ar#ed for es and to deter#ine the ne essity for the e>er ise of s$ h %ower. Section 7., !rticle 2II of the Constitution, whi h e#&odies the %owers of the President as Co##ander;in;Chief, %ro"ides in %artI EThe Pre"ident "h%ll -e the Co((%nder,in,Chie# o# %ll %r(ed #or!e" o# the Phili&&ine" %nd 'henever it -e!o(e" ne!e""%ry+ he (%y !%ll o$t "$!h %r(ed #or!e" to &revent or "$&&re"" l%'le"" violen!e+ inv%"ion or re-ellion* In !%"e o# inv%"ion or re-ellion+ 'hen the &$-li! "%#ety re)$ire" it+ he (%y+ #or % &eriod not e !eeding "i ty d%y"+ "$"&end the &rivilege o# the 'rit o# h%-e%" !or&$"+ or &l%!e the Phili&&ine" or %ny &%rt thereo# $nder (%rti%l l%'.F (:9;7N 8ead complete provision.5 The f$'' dis retionary %ower of the President to deter#ine the fa t$a' &asis for the e>er ise of the a''in! o$t %ower is a'so i#%'ied and f$rther reinfor ed in the rest of Se tion ,/, Arti 'e VII > > >. Under the #oregoing &rovi"ion"+ Congre"" (%y revo6e "$!h &ro!l%(%tion" /o# (%rti%l l%'1 or "$"&en"ion /o# the &rivilege o# the 'rit o# h%-e%" !or&$"1 %nd the Co$rt (%y revie' the "$##i!ien!y o# the #%!t$%l -%"i" thereo#* Ho'ever+ there i" no "$!h e)$iv%lent &rovi"ion de%ling 'ith the revo!%tion or revie' o# the Pre"identK" %!tion to !%ll o$t the %r(ed #or!e"* The di"tin!tion &l%!e" the !%lling o$t &o'er in % di##erent !%tegory #ro( the &o'er to de!l%re (%rti%l l%' %nd the &o'er to "$"&end the &rivilege o# the 'rit o# h%-e%" !or&$"+ other'i"e+ the #r%(er" o# the Con"tit$tion 'o$ld h%ve "i(&ly l$(&ed together the three &o'er" %nd &rovided #or their revo!%tion %nd revie' 'itho$t %ny )$%li#i!%tion. 7-pressio unios est e-clusio alterius. 6 > >. That the intent of the Constit$tion is e>a t'y what its 'etter says, i.e., that the %ower to a'' is f$''y dis retionary to the President, is e>tant in the de'i&eration of the Constit$tiona' Co##ission > > >. The reason for the differen e in the treat#ent of the afore#entioned %owers hi!h'i!hts the intent to !rant the President the widest 'eeway and &roadest dis retion in $sin! the %ower to a'' o$t -e!%$"e it i" !on"idered %" the le""er %nd (ore -enign &o'er !o(&%red to the &o'er to "$"&end the &rivilege o# the 'rit o# h%-e%" !or&$" %nd the &o'er to i(&o"e (%rti%l l%'+ -oth o# 'hi!h involve the !$rt%il(ent %nd "$&&re""ion o# !ert%in -%"i! !ivil right" %nd individ$%l #reedo("+ %nd th$" ne!e""it%ting "%#eg$%rd" -y Congre"" %nd revie' -y thi" Co$rt. Doreo"er, $nder Section 7., !rticle 2II of the Constitution, in the e>er ise of the %ower to s$s%end the %ri"i'e!e of the writ of habeas corpus or to i#%ose #artia' 'aw, two onditions #$st on $rI /01 there #$st &e an %!t$%l inv%"ion or re-ellion and, /51 &$-li! "%#ety ($"t re)$ire it* ;hese conditions are not re'uired in the case of the power to call out the armed forces. ;he only criterion is that M()enever it #ecomes necessary,M the (resident may call the armed forces Mto prevent or suppress la(less violence invasion or

41

re#ellion.M The i#%'i ation is that the President is !i"en f$'' dis retion and wide 'atit$de in the e>er ise of the %ower to a'' as o#%ared to the two other %owers. I# the &etitioner #%il"+ -y '%y o# &roo#+ to "$&&ort the %""ertion th%t the Pre"ident %!ted 'itho$t #%!t$%l -%"i"+ then thi" Co$rt !%nnot $ndert%6e %n inde&endent inve"tig%tion -eyond the &le%ding"* The #%!t$%l ne!e""ity o# !%lling o$t the %r(ed #or!e" i" not e%"ily )$%nti#i%-le %nd !%nnot -e o-.e!tively e"t%-li"hed "in!e (%tter" !on"idered #or "%ti"#ying the "%(e i" % !o(-in%tion o# "ever%l #%!tor" 'hi!h %re not %l'%y" %!!e""i-le to the !o$rt" . 3esides the a&sen e of te>t$a' standards that the o$rt #ay $se to B$d!e ne essity, infor#ation ne essary to arri"e at s$ h B$d!#ent #i!ht a'so %ro"e $n#ana!ea&'e for the o$rts. Certain %ertinent infor#ation #i!ht &e diffi $'t to "erify, or who''y $na"ai'a&'e to the o$rts. In #any instan es, the e"iden e $%on whi h the President #i!ht de ide that there is a need to a'' o$t the ar#ed for es #ay &e of a nat$re not onstit$tin! te hni a' %roof. On the other h%nd+ the Pre"ident %" Co((%nder,in,Chie# h%" % v%"t intelligen!e net'or6 to g%ther in#or(%tion+ "o(e o# 'hi!h (%y -e !l%""i#ied %" highly !on#identi%l or %##e!ting the "e!$rity o# the "t%te* In the e er!i"e o# the &o'er to !%ll+ on,the,"&ot de!i"ion" (%y -e i(&er%tively ne!e""%ry in e(ergen!y "it$%tion" to %vert gre%t lo"" o# h$(%n live" %nd (%"" de"tr$!tion o# &ro&erty . Indeed, the de ision to a'' o$t the #i'itary to %re"ent or s$%%ress 'aw'ess "io'en e #$st &e done swift'y and de isi"e'y if it were to ha"e any effe t at a''. S$ h a s enario is not farfet hed when we onsider the %resent sit$ation in Dindanao, where the ins$r!en y %ro&'e# o$'d s%i'' o"er the other %arts of the o$ntry. The deter#ination of the ne essity for the a''in! o$t %ower if s$&Be ted to $nfettered B$di ia' s r$tiny o$'d &e a "erita&'e %res ri%tion for disaster, as s$ h %ower #ay &e $nd$'y straitBa 9eted &y an inB$n tion or a te#%orary restrainin! order e"ery ti#e it is e>er ised. Th$"+ it i" the $n!lo$ded intent o# the Con"tit$tion to ve"t $&on the Pre"ident+ %" Co((%nder,in,Chie# o# the Ar(ed 9or!e"+ #$ll di"!retion to !%ll #orth the (ilit%ry 'hen in hi" .$dg(ent it i" ne!e""%ry to do "o in order to &revent or "$&&re"" l%'le"" violen!e+ inv%"ion or re-ellion* Unle"" the &etitioner !%n "ho' th%t the e er!i"e o# "$!h di"!retion '%" gr%vely %-$"ed+ the Pre"identK" e er!i"e o# .$dg(ent de"erve" to -e %!!orded re"&e!t #ro( thi" Co$rt. (Integrate$ 6ar of t)e P)ilippines v. Hon. Ronal$o 6. @amora , +.R. No. ,?,1/?, A$!. ,., 1222, En 3an @)a%$nanA5 %*. Ey issuing a ;89 on the date convicted rapist @eo 7chegaray is to be e-ecuted by lethal injection the Supreme &ourt was critici=ed on the ground among others that it encroached on the power of the (resident to grant reprieve under Section 1# !rticle FII 1#$% &onstitution. Justify the S&Ms act. Held: Section 7:, !rticle 2II of the 7:., Constitution is "i(&ly the "o$r!e o# &o'er of the President to !rant re%rie"es, o##$tations, and %ardons and re#it fines and forfeit$res after on"i tion &y fina' B$d!#ent. Thi" &rovi"ion+ ho'ever+ !%nnot -e inter&reted %" denying the &o'er o# !o$rt" to !ontrol the en#or!e(ent o# their de!i"ion" %#ter the #in%lity* In tr$th+ %n %!!$"ed 'ho h%" -een !onvi!ted -y #in%l .$dg(ent "till &o""e""e" !oll%ter%l right" %nd the"e right" !%n -e !l%i(ed in the %&&ro&ri%te !o$rt". 4or instan e, a death on"i t who &e o#es insane after his fina' on"i tion annot &e e>e $ted whi'e in a state of insanity <See !rticle %# of the 8evised (enal &ode>. The "$"&en"ion o# "$!h % de%th "enten!e i" $ndi"&$t%-ly %n e er!i"e o# .$di!i%l &o'er* It i" not $"$r&%tion o# the &re"identi%l &o'er o# re&rieve tho$gh it" e##e!t i" the "%(e N the te(&or%ry "$"&en"ion o# the e e!$tion o# the de%th !onvi!t* In the "%(e vein+ it !%nnot -e denied th%t Congre"" !%n %t %ny ti(e %(end R*A* No* FIGC -y red$!ing the &en%lty o# de%th to li#e i(&ri"on(ent* The e##e!t o# "$!h %n %(end(ent i" li6e th%t o# !o(($t%tion o# "enten!e* B$t -y no "tret!h

42

o# the i(%gin%tion !%n the e er!i"e -y Congre"" o# it" &len%ry &o'er to %(end l%'" -e !on"idered %" % viol%tion o# the Pre"identD" &o'er to !o(($te #in%l "enten!e" o# !onvi!tion. ;he powers of the 7-ecutive the @egislative and the Judiciary to save the life of a death convict do not e-clude each other for the simple reason that there is no higher right than the right to life. (Ec)egaray v. Secretary of 1ustice, -2, SCRA 70, *an. ,7, ,777, En 3an @P$noA5 %+. Discuss the nature of a conditional pardon. Is its grant or revocation by the (resident subject to judicial review? Held: A !ondition%l &%rdon i" in the n%t$re o# % !ontr%!t -et'een the "overeign &o'er or the Chie# E e!$tive %nd the !onvi!ted !ri(in%l to the e##e!t th%t the #or(er 'ill rele%"e the l%tter "$-.e!t to the !ondition th%t i# he doe" not !o(&ly 'ith the ter(" o# the &%rdon+ he 'ill -e re!o((itted to &ri"on to "erve the $ne &ired &ortion o# the "enten!e or %n %ddition%l one (!lvarez v. Director of Prisons, /2 Phi'. .25. By the &%rdoneeD" !on"ent to the ter(" "ti&$l%ted in thi" !ontr%!t+ the &%rdonee h%" there-y &l%!ed hi("el# $nder the "$&ervi"ion o# the Chie# E e!$tive or hi" deleg%te 'ho i" d$ty,-o$nd to "ee to it th%t the &%rdonee !o(&lie" 'ith the ter(" %nd !ondition" o# the &%rdon. =nder Section ;48i9 of the Revise$ !$ministrative Co$e, the Chief E>e $ti"e is a$thoriJed to order Ethe arrest and re; in ar eration of any s$ h %erson who, in his B$d!#ent, sha'' fai' to o#%'y with the ondition, or onditions of his %ardon, %aro'e, or s$s%ension of senten e.F It is now a we'';entren hed r$'e in this B$risdi tion that thi" e er!i"e o# &re"identi%l .$dg(ent i" -eyond .$di!i%l "!r$tiny* The deter(in%tion o# the viol%tion o# the !ondition%l &%rdon re"t" e !l$"ively in the "o$nd .$dg(ent o# the Chie# E e!$tive+ %nd the &%rdonee+ h%ving !on"ented to &l%!e hi" li-erty on !ondition%l &%rdon $&on the .$dg(ent o# the &o'er th%t h%" gr%nted it+ !%nnot invo6e the %id o# the !o$rt"+ ho'ever erroneo$" the #inding" (%y -e $&on 'hi!h hi" re!o((it(ent '%" ordered. It #atters not that the %ardonee has a''e!ed'y &een a :$itted in two of the three ri#ina' ases fi'ed a!ainst hi# s$&se:$ent to his onditiona' %ardon, and that the third re#ains %endin! for thirteen (,-5 years in a%%arent "io'ation of his ri!ht to a s%eedy tria'. Ulti(%tely+ "olely ve"ted in the Chie# E e!$tive+ 'ho in the #ir"t &l%!e '%" the e !l$"ive %$thor o# the !ondition%l &%rdon %nd o# it" revo!%tion+ i" the !oroll%ry &rerog%tive to rein"t%te the &%rdon i# in hi" o'n .$dg(ent+ the %!)$itt%l o# the &%rdonee #ro( the "$-"e)$ent !h%rge" #iled %g%in"t hi(+ '%rr%nt" the "%(e* Co$rt" h%ve no %$thority to inter#ere 'ith the gr%nt -y the Pre"ident o# % &%rdon to % !onvi!ted !ri(in%l* It h%" -een o$r #orti#ied r$ling th%t % #in%l .$di!i%l &rono$n!e(ent %" to the g$ilt o# % &%rdonee i" not % re)$ire(ent #or the Pre"ident to deter(ine 'hether or not there h%" -een % -re%!h o# the ter(" o# % !ondition%l &%rdon. There is 'i9ewise ni' a &asis for the o$rts to effe t$ate the reinstate#ent of a onditiona' %ardon re"o9ed &y the President in the e>er ise of %owers $ndis%$ta&'y so'e'y and a&so'$te'y in his offi e. ( In Re< Bilfre$o Sumulong &orres, 1., SCRA 827, De . 17, ,77. @<er#osisi#aA5 %.. Who has the power to ratify a treaty?

Held: In o$r B$risdi tion, the &o'er to r%ti#y i" ve"ted in the Pre"ident and NOT, as o##on'y &e'ie"ed, in the legi"l%t$re. The role o# the Sen%te i" li(ited only to giving or 'ithholding it" !on"ent+ or !on!$rren!e+ to the r%ti#i!%tion. (6!?!N 3Eagong !lyansang ?aBabayan4 v. EIecutive Secretary Ronal$o @amora, +.R. No. ,-/.82, O t. ,2, 1222, En 3an @3$enaA5 %). What is the power of impoundment of the (resident? principal sources? What are its

43

Held: IDPO=NDDENT refers to the re#$"%l o# the Pre"ident+ #or 'h%tever re%"on+ to "&end #$nd" (%de %v%il%-le -y Congre""* It i" the #%il$re to "&end or o-lig%te -$dget %$thority o# %ny ty&e. Pro%onents of i#%o$nd#ent ha"e in"o9ed at 'east three %rin i%a' so$r es of the a$thority of the President. 4ore#ost is the %$thority to i(&o$nd given to hi( either e &re""ly or i(&liedly -y Congre"". Se ond is the e e!$tive &o'er dr%'n #ro( the Pre"identD" role %" Co((%nder,in,Chie#. Third is the 9%ith#$l E e!$tion Cl%$"e. The &ro&onent" in"i"t th%t % #%ith#$l e e!$tion o# the l%'" re)$ire" th%t the Pre"ident de"i"t #ro( i(&le(enting the l%' i# doing "o 'o$ld &re.$di!e &$-li! intere"t. An e>a#%'e !i"en is when thro$!h effi ient and %r$dent #ana!e#ent of a %roBe t, s$&stantia' sa"in!s are #ade. In s$ h a ase, it is sheer fo''y to e>%e t the President to s%end the entire a#o$nt &$d!eted in the 'aw. (PHI'C3NS! v. EnriHuez, 1-. SCRA .20, A$!. 7, ,77? @P$iasonA5 THE MUDICIAL DEPART:ENT %%. What are the re'uisites before the &ourt can e-ercise the power of judicial review? Held: ,. The ti#e;tested standards for the e>er ise of B$di ia' re"iew areI /01 the eIistence of an appropriate caseG /51 an intere"t &er"on%l %nd "$-"t%nti%l -y the &%rty r%i"ing the !on"tit$tion%l )$e"tionG /71 the &le% th%t the #$n!tion -e e er!i"ed %t the e%rlie"t o&&ort$nityG and /E1 the ne!e""ity th%t the !on"tit$tion%l )$e"tion -e &%""ed $&on in order to de!ide the !%"e. (Separate 9pinion Kapunan J. in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of Environment an$ Natural Resources et al., +.R. No. ,-.-/., De . 0, 1222, En 3an 5 1. When :$estions of onstit$tiona' si!nifi an e are raised, the Co$rt an e>er ise its %ower of B$di ia' re"iew on'y if the fo''owin! re:$isites are o#%'ied with, na#e'yI /01 the e>isten e of an %!t$%l %nd %&&ro&ri%te !%"eG /51 a &er"on%l %nd "$-"t%nti%l intere"t o# the &%rty r%i"ing the !on"tit$tion%l )$e"tionG /71 the e er!i"e o# .$di!i%l revie' i" &le%ded %t the e%rlie"t o&&ort$nity G and /E1 the !on"tit$tion%l )$e"tion i" the li" (ot% o# the !%"e. (Integrate$ 6ar of t)e P)ilippines v. Hon. Ronal$o 6. @amora, +.R. No. ,?,1/?, A$!. ,., 1222, En 3an @)a%$nanA5 %$. What is an Hactual case or controversyH?

Held: An M!&;C!@ &!S7 98 &9:;89F78SGM #eans %n e i"ting !%"e or !ontrover"y 'hi!h i" -oth ri&e #or re"ol$tion %nd "$"!e&ti-le o# .$di!i%l deter(in%tion+ %nd th%t 'hi!h i" not !on.e!t$r%l or %nti!i&%tory+ or th%t 'hi!h "ee6" to re"olve hy&otheti!%l or #eigned !on"tit$tion%l &ro-le(". A %etition raisin! a onstit$tiona' :$estion does not %resent an Ma t$a' ontro"ersy,M $n'ess it %llege" % leg%l right or &o'er. Doreo"er, it ($"t "ho' th%t % !on#li!t o# right" e i"t"+ #or inherent in the ter( O!ontrover"yO i" the &re"en!e o# o&&o"ing vie'" or !ontention". Otherwise, the Co$rt wi'' &e for ed to reso'"e iss$es whi h re#ain $nfo $sed &e a$se they 'a 9 s$ h on reteness %ro"ided when a :$estion e#er!es %re ise'y fra#ed fro# a 'ash of ad"ersary ar!$#ents e>%'orin! e"ery as%e t of a #$'ti;fa eted sit$ation e#&ra in! onf'i tin! and de#andin! interests. The !ontrover"y ($"t %l"o -e .$"ti!i%-le4 th%t i"+ it ($"t -e "$"!e&ti-le o# .$di!i%l deter(in%tion. (Integrate$ 6ar of t)e P)ilippines v. Hon. Ronal$o 6. @amora, +.R. No. ,?,1/?, A$!. ,., 1222, En 3an @)a%$nanA5 %#. (etitioners Isagani &ru= and &esar 7uropa brought a suit for prohibition and mandamus as citi=ens and ta-payers assailing the constitutionality of certain provisions of 8epublic !ct :o. $*%1 otherwise Bnown as the Indigenous (eoples 8ights !ct of 1##% <I(8!> and its Implementing 8ules and 8egulations. ! preliminary issue

44

resolved by controversy.

the

S&

was

whether

the

petition

presents

an

actual

Held: Co$rt" !%n only de!ide %!t$%l !ontrover"ie"+ not hy&otheti!%l )$e"tion" or !%"e". The thresho'd iss$e, therefore, is whether an Ma%%ro%riate aseM e>ists for the e>er ise of B$di ia' re"iew in the %resent ase. 6 > > In the ase at &ar, there e>ists a 'i"e ontro"ersy in"o'"in! a 'ash of 'e!a' ri!hts. A 'aw has &een ena ted, and the I#%'e#entin! R$'es and Re!$'ations a%%ro"ed. Doney has &een a%%ro%riated and the !o"ern#ent a!en ies on erned ha"e &een dire ted to i#%'e#ent the stat$te. It annot &e s$ essf$''y #aintained that we sho$'d await the ad"erse onse:$en es of the 'aw in order to onsider the ontro"ersy a t$a' and ri%e for B$di ia' reso'$tion. It is %re ise'y the ontention of the %etitioners that the 'aw, on its fa e, onstit$tes an $n onstit$tiona' a&di ation of State ownershi% o"er 'ands of the %$&'i do#ain and other nat$ra' reso$r es. :oreover+ 'hen the St%te (%!hinery i" "et into (otion to i(&le(ent %n %lleged $n!on"tit$tion%l "t%t$te+ thi" Co$rt &o""e""e" "$##i!ient %$thority to re"olve %nd &revent i((inent in.$ry %nd viol%tion o# the !on"tit$tion%l &ro!e"". (Separate 9pinion Kapunan J. in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of Environment an$ Natural Resources et al., +.R. No. ,-.-/., De . 0, 1222, En 3an 5 $2. What is the meaning of Hlegal standingH or locus standi?

Held: M@75!@ S;!:DI:5M or @9&CS S;!:DI has &een defined as % &er"on%l %nd "$-"t%nti%l intere"t in the !%"e "$!h th%t the &%rty h%" "$"t%ined or 'ill "$"t%in dire!t in.$ry %" % re"$lt o# the govern(ent%l %!t th%t i" -eing !h%llenged. The ter# MI:;787S;M #eans a (%teri%l intere"t+ %n intere"t in i""$e %##e!ted -y the de!ree+ %" di"ting$i"hed #ro( (ere intere"t in the )$e"tion involved+ or % (ere in!ident%l intere"t. The !ist of the :$estion of standin! is whether a %arty a''e!es M"$!h &er"on%l "t%6e in the o$t!o(e o# the !ontrover"y %" to %""$re th%t !on!rete %dver"ene"" 'hi!h "h%r&en" the &re"ent%tion o# i""$e" $&on 'hi!h the !o$rt de&end" #or ill$(in%tion o# di##i!$lt !on"tit$tion%l )$e"tion".M (Integrate$ 6ar of t)e P)ilippines v. Hon. Ronal$o 6. @amora, +.R. No. ,?,1/?, A$!. ,., 12225 In addition to the e>isten e of an a t$a' ase or ontro"ersy, a %erson who assai's the "a'idity of a stat$te #$st ha"e a &er"on%l %nd "$-"t%nti%l intere"t in the !%"e+ "$!h th%t+ he h%" "$"t%ined+ or 'ill "$"t%in+ % dire!t in.$ry %" % re"$lt o# it" en#or!e(ent . E"ident'y, the ri!hts asserted &y %etitioners as itiJens and ta>%ayers are he'd in o##on &y a'' the itiJens, the "io'ation of whi h #ay res$'t on'y in a M!enera'iJed !rie"an eM. Yet, in a sense, a'' itiJenHs and ta>%ayerHs s$its are efforts to air !enera'iJed !rie"an es a&o$t the ond$ t of !o"ern#ent and the a''o ation of %ower. (Separate 9pinion Kapunan J. in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of Environment an$ Natural Resources et al., +.R. No. ,-.-/., De . 0, 1222, En 3an 5 $1. !sserting itself as the official organi=ation of 0ilipino lawyers tasBed with the bounden duty to uphold the rule of law and the &onstitution the Integrated Ear of the (hilippines <IE(> filed a petition before the S& 'uestioning the validity of the order of the (resident commanding the deployment and utili=ation of the (hilippine ?arines to assist the (hilippine :ational (olice <(:(> in law enforcement by joining the latter in visibility patrols around the metropolis. ;he Solicitor 5eneral 'uestioned the legal standing of the IE( to file the petition? 8esolve. Held: In the ase at &ar, the I3P %ri#ari'y an hors its standin! on its a''e!ed res%onsi&i'ity to $%ho'd the r$'e of 'aw and the Constit$tion. A%art fro# this de 'aration, howe"er, the I3P asserts no

45

other &asis in s$%%ort of its locus standi. The (ere invo!%tion -y the IBP o# it" d$ty to &re"erve the r$le o# l%' %nd nothing (ore+ 'hile $ndo$-tedly tr$e+ i" not "$##i!ient to !lothe it 'ith "t%nding in thi" !%"e* Thi" i" too gener%l %n intere"t 'hi!h i" "h%red -y other gro$&" %nd the 'hole !iti8enry* B%"ed on the "t%nd%rd" %-ove,"t%ted+ the IBP h%" #%iled to &re"ent % "&e!i#i! %nd "$-"t%nti%l intere"t in the re"ol$tion o# the !%"e* It" #$nd%(ent%l &$r&o"e 'hi!h+ $nder Se!tion 5+ R$le 07C,A o# the R$le" o# Co$rt+ i" to elev%te the "t%nd%rd" o# the l%' &ro#e""ion %nd to i(&rove the %d(ini"tr%tion o# .$"ti!e i" %lien to+ %nd !%nnot -e %##e!ted -y the de&loy(ent o# the :%rine" . > > > :oreover+ the IBP h%" not "ho'n %ny "&e!i#i! in.$ry 'hi!h it h%" "$##ered or (%y "$##er -y virt$e o# the )$e"tioned govern(ent%l %!t* Indeed+ none o# it" (e(-er"+ 'ho( the IBP &$r&ortedly re&re"ent"+ h%" "$"t%ined %ny #or( o# in.$ry %" % re"$lt o# the o&er%tion o# the .oint vi"i-ility &%trol". Neither is it a''e!ed that any of its #e#&ers has &een arrested or that their i"i' 'i&erties ha"e &een "io'ated &y the de%'oy#ent of the Darines. What the I3P %roBe ts as inB$rio$s is the s$%%osed M#i'itariJationM of 'aw enfor e#ent whi h #i!ht threaten Phi'i%%ine de#o rati instit$tions and #ay a$se #ore har# than !ood in the 'on! r$n. Not on'y is the %res$#ed MinB$ryM not %ersona' in hara ter, it is 'i9ewise too "a!$e, hi!h'y s%e $'ati"e and $n ertain to satisfy the re:$ire#ent of standin!. Sin!e &etitioner h%" not "$!!e""#$lly e"t%-li"hed % dire!t %nd &er"on%l in.$ry %" % !on"e)$en!e o# the )$e"tioned %!t+ it doe" not &o""e"" the &er"on%lity to %""%il the v%lidity o# the de&loy(ent o# the :%rine"* Thi" Co$rt+ ho'ever+ doe" not !%tegori!%lly r$le th%t the IBP h%" %-"ol$tely no "t%nding to r%i"e !on"tit$tion%l i""$e" no' or in the #$t$re* The IBP ($"t+ -y '%y o# %lleg%tion" %nd &roo#+ "%ti"#y thi" Co$rt th%t it h%" "$##i!ient "t%6e to o-t%in .$di!i%l re"ol$tion o# the !ontrover"y. (Integrate$ 6ar of t)e P)ilippines v. Hon. Ronal$o 6. @amora , +.R. No. ,?,1/?, A$!. ,., 1222, En 3an @)a%$nanA5 $2. &onsidering the lacB of re'uisite standing of the IE( to file the petition 'uestioning the validity of the order of the (resident to deploy and utili=e the (hilippine ?arines to assist the (:( in law enforcement may the &ourt still properly taBe cogni=ance of the case? Held: H%ving "t%ted the #oregoing+ it ($"t -e e(&h%"i8ed th%t thi" Co$rt h%" the di"!retion to t%6e !ogni8%n!e o# % "$it 'hi!h doe" not "%ti"#y the re)$ire(ent o# leg%l "t%nding 'hen &%r%(o$nt intere"t i" involved* In not % #e' !%"e"+ the Co$rt h%" %do&ted % li-er%l %ttit$de on the lo!$" "t%ndi o# % &etitioner 'here the &etitioner i" %-le to !r%#t %n i""$e o# tr%n"!endent%l "igni#i!%n!e to the &eo&le* Th$"+ 'hen the i""$e" r%i"ed %re o# &%r%(o$nt i(&ort%n!e to the &$-li!+ the Co$rt (%y -r$"h %"ide te!hni!%litie" o# &ro!ed$re. In this ase, a readin! of the %etition shows that the I3P has ad"an ed onstit$tiona' iss$es whi h deser"e the attention of this Co$rt in "iew of their serio$sness, no"e'ty and wei!ht as %re edents. Doreo"er, &e a$se %ea e and order are $nder onstant threat and 'aw'ess "io'en e o $rs in in reasin! te#%o, $ndo$&ted'y a!!ra"ated &y the Dindanao ins$r!en y %ro&'e#, the 'e!a' ontro"ersy raised in the %etition a'#ost ertain'y wi'' not !o away. It wi'' stare $s in the fa e a!ain. It, therefore, &ehoo"es the Co$rt to re'a> the r$'es on standin! and to reso'"e the iss$e now, rather than 'ater. (Integrate$ 6ar of t)e P)ilippines v. Hon. Ronal$o 6. @amora, +.R. No. ,?,1/?, A$!. ,., 12225 /-. When is an action considered /moot1? ?ay the court still resolve the case once it has become moot and academic? Held: ,. It is a''e!ed &y res%ondent that, with res%e t to the PCCR @Pre%aratory Co##ission on Constit$tiona' Refor#A, this ase has &e o#e #oot and a ade#i . We a!ree. An a tion is onsidered E?99;F 'hen it no longer &re"ent" % .$"ti!i%-le !ontrover"y -e!%$"e the i""$e" involved h%ve -e!o(e %!%de(i! or de%d. Cnder 7.9. :o. +* the (&&8 was instructed to complete its tasB on or before June *2 1###. 6owever on 0ebruary 1#

46

1### the (resident issued 7-ecutive 9rder :o. %2 <7.9. :o. %2> which e-tended the time frame for the completion of the commissionPs worB - -. ;he (&&8 submitted its recommendations to the (resident on December 22 1### and was dissolved by the (resident on the same day. It had liBewise spent the funds allocated to it. ;hus the (&&8 has ceased to e-ist having lost its raison dPQtre. Subse'uent events have overtaBen the petition and the &ourt has nothing left to resolve. The "t%lene"" o# the i""$e -e#ore $" i" (%de (ore (%ni#e"t -y the i(&o""i-ility o# gr%nting the relie# &r%yed #or -y &etitioner* B%"i!%lly+ &etitioner %"6" thi" Co$rt to en.oin the PCCR #ro( %!ting %" "$!h* Cle%rly+ &rohi-ition i" %n in%&&ro&ri%te re(edy "in!e the -ody "o$ght to -e en.oined no longer e i"t"* It i" 'ell,e"t%-li"hed th%t &rohi-ition i" % &reventive re(edy %nd doe" not lie to re"tr%in %n %!t th%t i" %lre%dy 9AIT ACCO:PLI* At thi" &oint+ %ny r$ling reg%rding the PCCR 'o$ld "i(&ly -e in the n%t$re o# %n %dvi"ory o&inion+ 'hi!h i" de#initely -eyond the &er(i""i-le "!o&e o# .$di!i%l &o'er. (Gonzales v. Narvasa, --8 SCRA 8--, A$!. ,?, 1222, En 3an @+onJa!a;ReyesA5 1. The %etition whi h was fi'ed &y %ri"ate res%ondents &efore the tria' o$rt so$!ht the iss$an e of a writ of #anda#$s, to o##and %etitioners to ad#it the# for enro'#ent. T%6ing into %!!o$nt the %d(i""ion o# &riv%te re"&ondent" th%t they h%ve #ini"hed their N$r"ing !o$r"e %t the L%nting College o# N$r"ing even -e#ore the &ro($lg%tion o# the )$e"tioned de!i"ion+ thi" !%"e h%" !le%rly -een overt%6en -y event" %nd "ho$ld there#ore -e di"(i""ed. <owe"er, the ase of Eastern 6roa$casting Corporation 8D?RE9 v. Dans etc. et al. 5.8. :o. .#*2# July 1# 1#$. 1*% S&8! )2$ is the a$thority for the "iew that M even i# % !%"e 'ere (oot %nd %!%de(i!+ % "t%te(ent o# the governing &rin!i&le i" %&&ro&ri%te in the re"ol$tion o# di"(i""%l #or the g$id%n!e not only o# the &%rtie" -$t o# other" "i(il%rly "it$%ted.F We sha'' adhere to this "iew and %ro eed to dwe'' on the #erits of this %etition. (/niversity of San !gustin Inc. v. Court of !ppeals , 1-2 SCRA 80,, 882, Dar h 8, ,77? @No onA5 $+. In connection with the ?ay 11 1##$ elections the &9?7@7& issued a resolution prohibiting the conduct of e-it polls on the ground among others that it might cause disorder and confusion considering the randomness of selecting interviewees which further maBes the e-it polls unreliable. ;he constitutionality of this resolution was challenged by !ES,&E: Eroadcasting &orporation as violative of freedom of e-pression. ;he Solicitor 5eneral contends that the petition has been rendered moot and academic because the ?ay 11 1##$ election has already been held and done with and therefore there is no longer any actual controversy to be resolved. 8esolve. Held: While the %""%iled Re"ol$tion re#erred "&e!i#i!%lly to the :%y 00+ 0CCB ele!tion+ it" i(&li!%tion" on the &eo&leD" #$nd%(ent%l #reedo( o# e &re""ion tr%n"!end the &%"t ele!tion* The holding o# &eriodi! ele!tion" i" % -%"i! #e%t$re o# o$r de(o!r%ti! govern(ent* By it" very n%t$re+ e it &olling i" tied $& 'ith ele!tion"* To "et %"ide the re"ol$tion o# the i""$e no' 'ill only &o"t&one % t%"6 th%t !o$ld 'ell !ro& $& %g%in in #$t$re ele!tion". In any e"ent, in Salonga v. Cruz Pano (,-? SCRA ?-/, ?0-, 4e&. ,/, ,7/.5, the Co$rt had o asion to reiterate that it Ea'so has the d$ty to #or($l%te g$iding %nd !ontrolling !on"tit$tion%l &rin!i&le"+ &re!e&t"+ do!trine"+ or r$le"* It h%" the "y(-oli! #$n!tion o# ed$!%ting -en!h %nd -%r on the e tent o# &rote!tion given -y !on"tit$tion%l g$%r%ntee".F Sin e the f$nda#enta' freedo#s of s%ee h and of the %ress are &ein! in"o9ed here, we ha"e reso'"ed to sett'e, for the !$idan e of %osterity, whether they 'i9ewise %rote t the ho'din! of e>it %o''s and the disse#ination of data deri"ed therefro#. (!6SFC6N 6roa$casting Corporation v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,--?/0, *an. 1/, 1222, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 $.. Discuss the nature of a ta-payerPs suit. When may it be allowed?

47

Held: ,. Petitioner and res%ondents a!ree that to !on"tit$te % t% &%yerK" "$it+ t'o re)$i"ite" ($"t -e (et+ n%(ely+ th%t &$-li! #$nd" %re di"-$r"ed -y % &oliti!%l "$-divi"ion or in"tr$(ent%lity %nd in doing "o+ % l%' i" viol%ted or "o(e irreg$l%rity i" !o((itted+ %nd th%t the &etitioner i" dire!tly %##e!ted -y the %lleged $ltr% vire" %!t. The sa#e %rono$n e#ent was #ade in "ilos#ayan Inc. v. Guingona 1r., (1-1 SCRA ,,2 @,77?A, where the Co$rt a'so reiterated its 'i&era' stan e in entertainin! so; a''ed ta>%ayerHs s$its, es%e ia''y when i#%ortant iss$es are in"o'"ed. A 'oser e>a#ination of the fa ts of this ase wo$'d readi'y de#onstrate that %etitionerHs standin! sho$'d not e"en &e #ade an iss$e here, Msin e standin! is a on e%t in onstit$tiona' 'aw and here no onstit$tiona' :$estion is a t$a''y in"o'"ed.M In the ase at &ar, dis&$rse#ent of %$&'i f$nds was on'y #ade in ,78. when the Pro"in e &o$!ht the 'ands fro# Orti!as at P,,2.22 %er s:$are #eter in 'ine with the o&Be ti"es of P.D. 08?. Petitioner ne"er referred to s$ h %$r hase as an i''e!a' dis&$rse#ent of %$&'i f$nds &$t fo $sed on the a''e!ed fra$d$'ent re on"eyan e of said %ro%erty to Orti!as &e a$se the %ri e %aid was 'ower than the %re"ai'in! #ar9et "a'$e of nei!h&orin! 'ots. The first re:$ire#ent, therefore, whi h wo$'d #a9e this %etition a ta>%ayerHs s$it is a&sent. The on'y re#ainin! B$stifi ation for %etitioner to &e a''owed to %$rs$e this a tion is whether it is, or wo$'d &e, dire t'y affe ted &y the a t o#%'ained of. As we stated in "ilos#ayan Inc. v. Morato <supra.>
MStandin! is a s%e ia' on ern in onstit$tiona' 'aw &e a$se in so#e ases s$its are &ro$!ht not &y %arties who ha"e &een %ersona''y inB$red &y the o%eration of a 'aw or &y offi ia' a tion ta9en, &$t &y on erned itiJens, ta>%ayers or "oters who a t$a''y s$e in the %$&'i interest. Hen!e the )$e"tion in "t%nding i" 'hether "$!h &%rtie" h%ve K%lleged "$!h % &er"on%l "t%6e in the o$t!o(e o# the !ontrover"y %" to %""$re th%t !on!rete %dver"ene"" 'hi!h "h%r&en" the &re"ent%tion o# i""$e" $&on 'hi!h the !o$rt "o l%rgely de&end" #or ill$(in%tion o# di##i!$lt !on"tit$tion%l )$e"tion".H (Citin! 6aAer v. Carr -07 =.S. ,/0, 8'. Ed. 1d 0-- @,701A5M

Undeni%-ly+ %" % t% &%yer+ &etitioner 'o$ld "o(eho' -e %dver"ely %##e!ted -y %n illeg%l $"e o# &$-li! (oney* When+ ho'ever+ no "$!h $nl%'#$l "&ending h%" -een "ho'n+ %" in the !%"e %t -%r+ &etitioner+ even %" % t% &%yer+ !%nnot )$e"tion the tr%n"%!tion v%lidly e e!$ted -y %nd -et'een the Provin!e %nd Ortig%" #or the "i(&le re%"on th%t it i" not &rivy to "%id !ontr%!t. In other words, %etitioner has a&so'$te'y no a$se of a tion, and onse:$ent'y no 'o $s standi, in the instant ase. (&)e !ntiFGraft 'eague of t)e P)ilippines Inc. v. San 1uan, 102 SCRA 1.2, 1.-;1.., A$!. ,, ,770, En 3an @Ro#eroA5 1. A t% &%yer i" dee(ed to h%ve the "t%nding to r%i"e % !on"tit$tion%l i""$e 'hen it i" e"t%-li"hed th%t &$-li! #$nd" h%ve -een di"-$r"ed in %lleged !ontr%vention o# the l%' or the Con"tit$tion* Th$"+ % t% &%yerD" %!tion i" &ro&erly -ro$ght only 'hen there i" %n e er!i"e -y Congre"" o# it" t% ing or "&ending &o'er <0last v. &ohen *#2 CS $* 22 @ 7d 2d #+% $$ S &t 1#+2>. This was o$r r$'in! in a re ent ase wherein %etitioners Te'e o##$ni ations and 3road ast Attorneys of the Phi'i%%ines (TELE3AP5 and +DA Networ9, In . :$estioned the "a'idity of Se tion 71 of 3.P. 3'!. //, (otherwise 9nown as the EO#ni&$s E'e tion CodeF5 re:$irin! radio and te'e"ision stations to !i"e free air ti#e to the Co##ission on E'e tions d$rin! the a#%ai!n %eriod <;elecommunications and Eroadcast !ttorneys of the (hilippines Inc. v. &ommission on 7lections 2$# S&8! **% 31##$4>. The Co$rt held th%t &etitioner TELEBAP did not h%ve %ny intere"t %" % t% &%yer "in!e the %""%iled l%' did not involve the t% ing or "&ending &o'er o# Congre"". Dany other r$'in!s ha"e %re#ised the !rant or denia' of standin! to ta>%ayers $%on whether or not the ase in"o'"ed a dis&$rse#ent of %$&'i f$nds &y the 'e!is'at$re. In Sani$a$ v. Commission on Elections (8- SCRA --- @,780A5, the %etitioners therein were a''owed to &rin! a ta>%ayerLs s$it to :$estion se"era' %residentia' de rees %ro#$'!ated &y

48

then President Dar os in his 'e!is'ati"e a%a ity nationa' referend$#, with the Co$rt e>%'ainin! that C

a''in!

for

6 > > @iAt is now an an ient r$'e that the "a'id so$r e of a stat$te C Presidentia' De rees are of s$ h nat$re C #ay &e ontested &y one who wi'' s$stain a dire t inB$ry as a res$'t of its enfor e#ent. At the in"t%n!e o# t% &%yer"+ l%'" &roviding #or the di"-$r"e(ent o# &$-li! #$nd" (%y -e en.oined+ $&on the theory th%t the e &endit$re o# &$-li! #$nd" -y %n o##i!er o# the St%te #or the &$r&o"e o# e e!$ting %n $n!on"tit$tion%l %!t !on"tit$te" % (i"%&&li!%tion o# "$!h #$nd". The &readth of Presidentia' De ree No. 77, arries an a%%ro%riation of 4i"e Di''ion Pesos for the effe ti"e i#%'e#entation of its %$r%oses. Presidentia' De ree No. ,2-, a%%ro%riates the s$# of Ei!ht Di''ion Pesos to arry o$t its %ro"isions. The intere"t o# the %#oren%(ed &etitioner" %" t% &%yer" in the l%'#$l e &endit$re o# the"e %(o$nt" o# &$-li! (oney "$##i!iently !lothe" the( 'ith th%t &er"on%lity to litig%te the v%lidity o# the De!ree" %&&ro&ri%ting "%id #$nd" > > >.

In sti'' another ase, the Co$rt he'd that %etitioners C the Phi'i%%ine Constit$tion Asso iation, In ., a non;%rofit i"i or!aniJation C had standin! as ta>%ayers to :$estion the onstit$tiona'ity of Re%$&'i A t No. -/-0 insofar as it %ro"ides for retire#ent !rat$ity and o##$tation of "a ation and si 9 'ea"es to Senators and Re%resentati"es and to the e'e ti"e offi ia's of &oth ho$ses of Con!ress ( (hilippine &onstitution !ssociation Inc. v. 5imene=, ,. SCRA ?87 @,70.A5. And in (ascual v. Secretary of (ublic WorBs (,,2 Phi'. --, @,702A5, the Co$rt a''owed %etitioner to #aintain a ta>%ayerLs s$it assai'in! the onstit$tiona' so$ndness of Re%$&'i A t No. 712 a%%ro%riatin! P/.,222 for the onstr$ tion, re%air and i#%ro"e#ent of feeder roads within %ri"ate %ro%erty. A'' these ases in"o'"ed the dis&$rse#ent of %$&'i f$nds &y #eans of a 'aw. Deanwhi'e, in 6ugnay Construction an$ Development Corporation v. 'aron (,80 SCRA 1., @,7/7A5, the Co$rt de 'ared that the tria' o$rt was wron! in a''owin! res%ondent Ra"anJo to &rin! an a tion for inB$n tion in his a%a ity as a ta>%ayer in order to :$estion the 'e!a'ity of the ontra t of 'ease o"erin! the %$&'i #ar9et entered into &etween the City of Da!$%an and %etitioner. The Co$rt de 'ared that Ra"anJo did not %ossess the re:$isite standin! to &rin! s$ h ta>%ayerLs s$it sin e E<o=n it" #%!e+ %nd there i" no eviden!e to the !ontr%ry+ the le%"e !ontr%!t entered into -et'een &etitioner %nd the City "ho'" th%t no &$-li! #$nd" h%ve -een or 'ill -e $"ed in the !on"tr$!tion o# the (%r6et -$ilding.F Co#in! now to the instant ase, it i" re%dily %&&%rent th%t there i" no e er!i"e -y Congre"" o# it" t% ing or "&ending &o'er* The PCCR '%" !re%ted -y the Pre"ident -y virt$e o# E*O* No* E7+ %" %(ended -y E*O* No* FJ* Under Se!tion F o# E*O* No* E7+ the %(o$nt o# P7 (illion i" O%&&ro&ri%tedO #or it" o&er%tion%l e &en"e" Oto -e "o$r!ed #ro( the #$nd" o# the O##i!e o# the Pre"ident.F > > >. The %&&ro&ri%tion" #or the PCCR 'ere %$thori8ed -y the Pre"ident+ not -y Congre""* In #%!t+ there '%" no %&&ro&ri%tion %t %ll. EIn a stri t sense, !((89(8I!;I9: has &een defied O%" nothing (ore th%n the legi"l%tive %$thori8%tion &re"!ri-ed -y the Con"tit$tion th%t (oney (%y -e &%id o$t o# the Tre%"$ry,L whi'e !((89(8I!;I9: ?!D7 EG @!W refers to Rt)e act of t)e legislature setting apart or assigning to a particular use a certain sum to #e use$ in t)e payment of $e#t or $ues from t)e State to its cre$itors.PF The f$nds $sed for the PCCR were ta9en fro# f$nds intended for the Offi e of the President, in the e>er ise of the Chief E>e $ti"eLs %ower to transfer f$nds %$rs$ant to Section +5 859 of !rticle 2I of the Constit$tion. In the fina' ana'ysis, it ($"t -e "tre""ed th%t the Co$rt ret%in" the &o'er to de!ide 'hether or not it 'ill entert%in % t% &%yerD" "$it . In the ase at &ar, there &ein! no e>er ise &y Con!ress of its ta>in! or s%endin! %ower, %etitioner annot &e a''owed to :$estion the reation of the PCCR in his a%a ity as a ta>%ayer, &$t rather, he #$st esta&'ish that he has a E%ersona' and s$&stantia' interest in the ase and that he has s$stained or wi'' s$stain dire t inB$ry as a res$'t of its enfor e#ent.F In other words, %etitioner #$st show that he is a rea' %arty in interest C that he wi'' stand to &e &enefited or inB$red

49

&y the B$d!#ent or that he wi'' &e entit'ed to the a"ai's of the s$it. Nowhere in his %'eadin!s does %etitioner %res$#e to #a9e s$ h a re%resentation. (Gonzales v. Narvasa, --8 SCRA 8--, A$!. ,?, 1222, En 3an @+onJa!a;ReyesA5 $). What is a justiciable controversy? What are political 'uestions?

Held: As a !enera' %ro%osition, a ontro"ersy is B$sti ia&'e if it re#er" to % (%tter 'hi!h i" %&&ro&ri%te #or !o$rt revie'* It &ert%in" to i""$e" 'hi!h %re inherently "$"!e&ti-le o# -eing de!ided on gro$nd" re!ogni8ed -y l%'. Ne"erthe'ess, the Co$rt does not a$to#ati a''y ass$#e B$risdi tion o"er a t$a' onstit$tiona' ases &ro$!ht &efore it e"en in instan es that are ri%e for reso'$tion. One 'ass of ases wherein the Co$rt hesitates to r$'e on are M(9@I;I&!@ AC7S;I9:S.M The re%"on i" th%t &oliti!%l )$e"tion" %re !on!erned 'ith i""$e" de&endent $&on the WISDO:+ NOT THE LE>ALIT;+ o# % &%rti!$l%r %!t or (e%"$re -eing %""%iled* :oreover+ the &oliti!%l )$e"tion -eing % #$n!tion o# the "e&%r%tion o# &o'er"+ the !o$rt" 'ill not nor(%lly inter#ere 'ith the 'or6ing" o# %nother !o,e)$%l -r%n!h $nle"" the !%"e "ho'" % !le%r need #or the !o$rt" to "te& in to $&hold the l%' %nd the Con"tit$tion. As &ana$a v. !ngara (,2- Phi'. ,2., @,7.8A5 %$ts it, %o'iti a' :$estions refer Mto tho"e )$e"tion" 'hi!h+ $nder the Con"tit$tion+ %re to -e DECIDED B; THE PEOPLE IN THEIR SOHEREI>N CAPACIT;+ or in reg%rd to 'hi!h 9ULL DISCRETIONAR; AUTHORIT; HAS BEEN DELE>ATED to the legi"l%tive or e e!$tive -r%n!h o# govern(ent .M Th$s, if an iss$e is 'ear'y identified &y the te>t of the Constit$tion as #atters for dis retionary a tion &y a %arti $'ar &ran h of !o"ern#ent or to the %eo%'e the#se'"es then it is he'd to &e a %o'iti a' :$estion. In the 'assi for#$'ation of *$sti e 3rennan in 6aAer v. Carr (-07 =.S. ,/0, /1 S Ct. 07,, 8 L. Ed. 00-, 08/ @,701A5, M@%Aro#inent on the s$rfa e of any ase he'd to in"o'"e a %o'iti a' :$estion is fo$nd a te>t$a''y de#onstra&'e onstit$tiona' o##it#ent of the iss$e to a oordinate %o'iti a' de%art#entG or a 'a 9 of B$di ia''y dis o"era&'e and #ana!ea&'e standards for reso'"in! itG or the i#%ossi&i'ity of de idin! witho$t an initia' %o'i y deter#ination of a 9ind 'ear'y for nonB$di ia' dis retionG or the i#%ossi&i'ity of a o$rtHs $nderta9in! inde%endent reso'$tion witho$t e>%ressin! 'a 9 of the res%e t d$e oordinate &ran hes of !o"ern#entG or an $n$s$a' need for $n:$estionin! adheren e to a %o'iti a' de ision a'ready #adeG or the %otentia'ity of e#&arrass#ent fro# #$'tifario$s %rono$n e#ents &y "ario$s de%art#ents on the one :$estion.M The ,7/8 Constit$tion e>%ands the on e%t of B$di ia' re"iew &y %ro"idin! that M/T1he M$di!i%l &o'er "h%ll -e ve"ted in one S$&re(e Co$rt %nd in "$!h lo'er !o$rt" %" (%y -e e"t%-li"hed -y l%'* M$di!i%l &o'er in!l$de" the d$ty o# the !o$rt" o# .$"ti!e to "ettle %!t$%l !ontrover"ie" involving right" 'hi!h %re leg%lly de(%nd%-le %nd en#or!e%-le+ %nd to deter(ine 'hether or not there h%" -een % gr%ve %-$"e o# di"!retion %(o$nting to l%!6 or e !e"" o# .$ri"di!tion on the &%rt o# %ny -r%n!h or in"tr$(ent%lity o# the >overn(ent.M (!rticle 2III Sec. 7 of the ,7/8 Constit$tion5 =nder this definition, the Co$rt annot a!ree > > > that the iss$e in"o'"ed is a %o'iti a' :$estion &eyond the B$risdi tion of this Co$rt to re"iew. When the gr%nt o# &o'er i" )$%li#ied+ !ondition%l or "$-.e!t to li(it%tion"+ the i""$e o# 'hether the &re"!ri-ed )$%li#i!%tion" or !ondition" h%ve -een (et or the li(it%tion" re"&e!ted+ i" .$"ti!i%-le , the &ro-le( -eing one o# leg%lity or v%lidity+ not it" 'i"do(* :oreover+ the .$ri"di!tion to deli(it !on"tit$tion%l -o$nd%rie" h%" -een given to thi" Co$rt. When political 'uestions are involved the &onstitution limits the determination as to whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lacB or e-cess of jurisdiction on the part of the official whose action is being 'uestioned. 3y 58!F7 !ECS7 90 DIS&87;I9: is #eant si#%'y !%&ri!io$" or 'hi("i!%l e er!i"e o# .$dg(ent th%t i" &%tent %nd gro"" %" to %(o$nt to %n ev%"ion o# &o"itive d$ty or % virt$%l re#$"%l to &er#or( % d$ty

50

en.oined -y l%'+ or to %!t %t %ll in !onte(&l%tion o# l%'+ %" 'here the &o'er i" e er!i"ed in %n %r-itr%ry %nd de"&oti! (%nner -y re%"on o# &%""ion or ho"tility. =nder this definition, a court is without power to directly decide matters over which full discretionary authority has been delegated. Eut while this &ourt has no power to substitute its judgment for that of &ongress or of the (resident it may looB into the 'uestion of whether such e-ercise has been made in grave abuse of discretion. A showin! that %'enary %ower is !ranted either de%art#ent of !o"ern#ent #ay not &e an o&sta 'e to B$di ia' in:$iry, for the i#%ro"ident e>er ise or a&$se thereof #ay !i"e rise to B$sti ia&'e ontro"ersy. (Integrate$ 6ar of t)e P)ilippines v. Hon. Ronal$o 6. @amora, +.R. No. ,?,1/?, A$!. ,., 1222, En 3an @)a%$nanA5 $%. Is the legitimacy of the assumption to the (residency of (resident 5loria ?acapagal !rroyo a political 'uestion and therefore not subject to judicial review? Distinguish 7DS! (eople (ower I from 7DS! (eople (ower II. Held: Res%ondents re'y on the ase of @awyers @eague for a Eetter (hilippines andIor 9liver !. @o=ano v. (resident &ora=on &. !'uino et al. and re'ated ases to s$%%ort their thesis that sin e the ases at &ar in"o'"e the 'e!iti#a y of the !o"ern#ent of res%ondent Arroyo, er!o, they %resent a %o'iti a' :$estion. A #ore ere&ra' readin! of the ited ases wi'' show that they are ina%%'i a&'e. In the ited ases, 'e held th%t the govern(ent o# #or(er Pre"ident A)$ino '%" the re"$lt o# % "$!!e""#$l revol$tion -y the "overeign &eo&le+ %l-eit % &e%!e#$l one* No le"" th%n the 9reedo( Con"tit$tion de!l%red th%t the A)$ino govern(ent '%" in"t%lled thro$gh % dire!t e er!i"e o# the &o'er o# the 9ili&ino &eo&le 2in de#i%n!e o# the &rovi"ion" o# the 0CF7 Con"tit$tion+ %" %(ended*3 It i" #%(ili%r le%rning th%t the legiti(%!y o# % govern(ent "ired -y % "$!!e""#$l revol$tion -y &eo&le &o'er i" -eyond .$di!i%l "!r$tiny #or th%t govern(ent %$to(%ti!%lly or-it" o$t o# the !on"tit$tion%l loo&* In !he!6ered !ontr%"t+ the govern(ent o# re"&ondent Arroyo i" not revol$tion%ry in !h%r%!ter* The o%th th%t "he too6 %t the EDSA Shrine i" the o%th $nder the 0CBF Con"tit$tion* In her o%th+ "he !%tegori!%lly "'ore to &re"erve %nd de#end the 0CBF Con"tit$tion* Indeed+ "he h%" "tre""ed th%t "he i" di"!h%rging the &o'er" o# the &re"iden!y $nder the %$thority o# the 0CBF Con"tit$tion. In fine, the 'e!a' distin tion &etween EDSA Peo%'e Power I and EDSA Peo%'e Power II is 'ear. ,.5 7DS! I involve" the e er!i"e o# the &eo&le &o'er o# revol$tion 'hi!h overthro'" the 'hole govern(ent. 7DS! II is an e er!i"e o# &eo&le &o'er o# #reedo( o# "&ee!h %nd #reedo( o# %""e(-ly to &etition the govern(ent #or redre"" o# griev%n!e" 'hi!h only %##e!ted the o##i!e o# the Pre"ident. 2.> 7DS! I is e tr% !on"tit$tion%l %nd the legiti(%!y o# the ne' govern(ent th%t re"$lted #ro( it !%nnot -e the "$-.e!t o# .$di!i%l revie', &$t 7DS! II is intr% !on"tit$tion%l %nd the re"ign%tion o# the "itting Pre"ident th%t it !%$"ed %nd the "$!!e""ion o# the Hi!e Pre"ident %" Pre"ident %re "$-.e!t to .$di!i%l revie'. -.5 7DS! I &re"ented % &oliti!%l )$e"tionG 7DS! II involve" leg%l )$e"tion". Need'ess to state, the ases at &ar %ose 'e!a' and not %o'iti a' :$estions. The %rin i%a' iss$es for reso'$tion re:$ire the %ro%er inter%retation of ertain %ro"isions in the ,7/8 Constit$tion, nota&'y Se tion , of Arti 'e II, and Se tion / of Arti 'e VII, and the a''o ation of !o"ern#enta' %owers $nder Se tion ,, of Arti 'e VII. The iss$es 'i9ewise a'' for a r$'in! on the s o%e of %residentia' i##$nity fro# s$it. They a'so in"o'"e the orre t a'i&ration of the ri!ht of %etitioner a!ainst %reB$di ia' %$&'i ity. As ear'y as the ,/2- ase of ?arbury v. ?adison (, Cran h @. =SA ,-8, L Ed 02 @,/2-A5, the do trine has &een 'aid down that /it is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is - - -.1 Th$s, res%ondentLs in"o ation of the do trine of %o'iti a' :$estion is &$t a

51

foray in the dar9. (1osep) E. Estra$a v. !niano Desierto, +.R. Nos. ,?08,2;,., Dar h 1, 122,, En 3an @P$noA5 $$. Is the (residentPs power to call out the armed forces as their &ommander,in,&hief in order to prevent or suppress lawless violence invasion or rebellion subject to judicial review or is it a political 'uestion? &larify. Held: When the Pre"ident !%ll" the %r(ed #or!e" to &revent or "$&&re"" l%'le"" violen!e+ inv%"ion or re-ellion+ he ne!e""%rily e er!i"e" % di"!retion%ry &o'er "olely ve"ted in hi" 'i"do(* Thi" i" !le%r #ro( the intent o# the #r%(er" %nd #ro( the te t o# the Con"tit$tion it"el#* The Co$rt+ th$"+ !%nnot -e !%lled $&on to overr$le the Pre"identD" 'i"do( or "$-"tit$te it" o'n* Ho'ever+ thi" doe" not &revent %n e %(in%tion o# 'hether "$!h &o'er '%" e er!i"ed 'ithin &er(i""i-le !on"tit$tion%l li(it" or 'hether it '%" e er!i"ed in % (%nner !on"tit$ting gr%ve %-$"e o# di"!retion* In vie' o# the !on"tit$tion%l intent to give the Pre"ident #$ll di"!retion%ry &o'er to deter(ine the ne!e""ity o# !%lling o$t the %r(ed #or!e"+ it i" in!$(-ent $&on the &etitioner to "ho' th%t the Pre"identD" de!i"ion i" tot%lly -ere#t o# #%!t$%l -%"i". The %resent %etition fai's to dis har!e s$ h hea"y &$rden as there is no e"iden e to s$%%ort the assertion that there e>ists no B$stifi ation for a''in! o$t the ar#ed for es. There is, 'i9ewise, no e"iden e to s$%%ort the %ro%osition that !ra"e a&$se was o##itted &e a$se the %ower to a'' was e>er ised in s$ h a #anner as to "io'ate the onstit$tiona' %ro"ision on i"i'ian s$%re#a y o"er the #i'itary. In the %erfor#an e of this Co$rtLs d$ty of E%$r%osef$' hesitationF &efore de 'arin! an a t of another &ran h as $n onstit$tiona', on'y where s$ h !ra"e a&$se of dis retion is 'ear'y shown sha'' the Co$rt interfere with the PresidentLs B$d!#ent. To do$&t is to s$stain. (Integrate$ 6ar of t)e P)ilippines v. Hon. Ronal$o 6. @amora, +.R. No. ,?,1/?, A$!. ,., 1222, En 3an @)a%$nanA5 $#. Do lower courts constitutionality of a law? of this jurisdiction? have If so jurisdiction to consider the how should they act in the e-ercise

Held: We "tre"" %t the o$t"et th%t the lo'er !o$rt h%d .$ri"di!tion to !on"ider the !on"tit$tion%lity o# Se!tion 0BF+ thi" %$thority -eing e(-r%!ed in the gener%l de#inition o# the .$di!i%l &o'er to deter(ine 'h%t %re the v%lid %nd -inding l%'" -y the !riterion o# their !on#or(ity to the #$nd%(ent%l l%'. S%e ifi a''y, 6P 7+: "ests in the re!iona' tria' o$rts B$risdi tion o"er a'' i"i' ases in whi h the s$&Be t of the 'iti!ation is in a%a&'e of %e $niary esti#ation <Sec. 1#314>, e"en as the a $sed in a ri#ina' a tion has the ri!ht to :$estion in his defense the onstit$tiona'ity of a 'aw he is har!ed with "io'atin! and of the %ro eedin!s ta9en a!ainst hi#, %arti $'ar'y as they ontra"ene the 3i'' of Ri!hts. Doreo"er, !rticle 2III, Section 58+9, of the Constit$tion ve"t" in the S$&re(e Co$rt %&&ell%te .$ri"di!tion over #in%l .$dg(ent" %nd order" o# lo'er !o$rt" in %ll !%"e" in 'hi!h the !on"tit$tion%lity or v%lidity o# %ny tre%ty+ intern%tion%l or e e!$tive %gree(ent+ l%'+ &re"identi%l de!ree+ &ro!l%(%tion+ order+ in"tr$!tion+ ordin%n!e+ or reg$l%tion i" in )$e"tion. In the e>er ise of this B$risdi tion, 'ower o$rts are ad"ised to a t with the $t#ost ir $#s%e tion, &earin! in #ind the onse:$en es of a de 'aration of $n onstit$tiona'ity $%on the sta&i'ity of 'aws, no 'ess than on the do trine of se%aration of %owers. A" the )$e"tioned %!t i" $"$%lly the h%ndi'or6 o# the legi"l%tive or the e e!$tive de&%rt(ent"+ or -oth+ it 'ill -e &r$dent #or "$!h !o$rt"+ i# only o$t o# % -e!o(ing (ode"ty+ to de#er to the higher .$dg(ent o# thi" Co$rt in the !on"ider%tion o# it" v%lidity+ 'hi!h i" -etter deter(ined %#ter % thoro$gh deli-er%tion -y % !ollegi%te -ody %nd 'ith the !on!$rren!e o# the (%.ority o# tho"e 'ho &%rti!i&%ted in it" di"!$""ion. (!rt. FIII Sec. +324 &onstitution5 8Drilon v. 'im +*5 SCR! 7*5 7*:F74!ug. 4 7::4 En 6anc DCruzE9

52

#2.

What cases are to be heard by the Supreme &ourt en banc?

Held: =nder S$%re#e Co$rt Cir $'ar No. 1;/7, dated 4e&r$ary 8, ,7/7, as a#ended &y the Reso'$tion of No"e#&er ,/, ,77-I 6 > >, the fo''owin! are onsidered en &an asesI

,5 Cases in whi h the !on"tit$tion%lity or v%lidity o# %ny tre%ty+ intern%tion%l or e e!$tive %gree(ent+ l%'+ e e!$tive order+ or &re"identi%l de!ree+ &ro!l%(%tion+ order+ in"tr$!tion+ ordin%n!e+ or reg$l%tion i" in )$e"tionG 15 Cri(in%l !%"e" in whi h the %&&e%led de!i"ion i(&o"e" the de%th &en%ltyG -5 Cases raisin! novel )$e"tion" o# l%'G ?5 Cases affe tin! %(-%""%dor"+ other &$-li! (ini"ter" %nd !on"$l"G .5 Cases in"o'"in! de!i"ion"+ re"ol$tion" or order" o# the Civil Servi!e Co((i""ion+ Co((i""ion on Ele!tion"+ %nd Co((i""ion on A$ditG 05 Cases where the &en%lty to -e i(&o"ed i" the di"(i""%l o# % .$dge+ o##i!er or e(&loyee o# the .$di!i%ry+ di"-%r(ent o# % l%'yer+ or either the "$"&en"ion o# %ny o# the( #or % &eriod o# (ore th%n one /01 ye%r or % #ine e !eeding P0J+JJJ*JJ or -othG 85 Cases where a do!trine or &rin!i&le l%id do'n -y the !o$rt en -%n! or in divi"ion (%y -e (odi#ied or rever"edG /5 Cases %""igned to % divi"ion 'hi!h in the o&inion o# %t le%"t three /71 (e(-er" thereo# (erit the %ttention o# the !o$rt en -%n! %nd %re %!!e&t%-le to % (%.ority o# the %!t$%l (e(-er"hi& o# the !o$rt en -%n!G and 75 A'' other ases %" the !o$rt en -%n! -y % (%.ority o# it" %!t$%l (e(-er"hi& (%y dee( o# "$##i!ient i(&ort%n!e to (erit it" %ttention. (=irestone Ceramics Inc. v. Court of !ppeals, --? SCRA ?0., ?8,;?81, *$ne 1/, 1222, En 3an @P$risi#aA5 #1. What is fiscal autonomy? What is the fiscal autonomy clause?

Held: As en"isioned in the Constit$tion, the fis a' a$tono#y enBoyed &y the *$di iary, the Ci"i' Ser"i e Co##ission, the Co##ission on A$dit, the Co##ission on E'e tions, and the Offi e of the O#&$ds#an onte#%'ates a g$%r%ntee o# #$ll #le i-ility to %llo!%te %nd $tili8e their re"o$r!e" 'ith the 'i"do( %nd di"&%t!h th%t their need" re)$ire . It re o!niJes the &o'er %nd %$thority to levy+ %""e"" %nd !olle!t #ee"+ #i r%te" o# !o(&en"%tion not e !eeding the highe"t r%te" %$thori8ed -y l%' #or !o(&en"%tion %nd &%y &l%n" o# the govern(ent and %llo!%te %nd di"-$r"e "$!h "$(" %" (%y -e &rovided -y l%' or %res ri&ed &y the# in the o$rse of the dis har!e of their f$n tions. 0IS&!@ !C;9:9?G #eans #reedo( #ro( o$t"ide !ontrol. The *$di iary, the Constit$tiona' Co##issions, and the O#&$ds#an #$st ha"e the inde%enden e and f'e>i&i'ity needed in the dis har!e of their onstit$tiona' d$ties. The i#%osition of restri tions and onstraints on the #anner the inde%endent onstit$tiona' offi es a''o ate and $ti'iJe the f$nds a%%ro%riated for their o%erations is %n%the(% to #i"!%l %$tono(y and "io'ati"e not on'y of the e>%ress #andate of the Constit$tion &$t es%e ia''y as re!ards the S$%re#e Co$rt, of the inde&enden!e %nd "e&%r%tion o# &o'er" $%on whi h the entire fa&ri of o$r onstit$tiona' syste# is &ased. ( 6engzon v. Drilon, 12/ SCRA ,--, A%ri' ,., ,771, En 3an @+$tierreJA5 #2. ?ay the 9mbudsman validly entertain criminal charges against a judge of the regional trial court in connection with his handling of cases before the court.

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Held: Petitioner riti iJes the B$ris%r$den e ( ?aceda v. Fas'ue=, 11, SCRA ?0? @,77-A and Dolalas v. 9ffice of the 9mbudsman, ?indanao, 10. SCRA /,/ @,770A5 ited &y the Offi e of the O#&$ds#an as erroneo$s and not a%%'i a&'e to his o#%'aint. <e insists that sin e his o#%'aint in"o'"ed a ri#ina' har!e a!ainst a B$d!e, it was within the a$thority of the O#&$ds#an not the S$%re#e Co$rt to reso'"e whether a ri#e was o##itted and the B$d!e %rose $ted .?herefore. The %etition 6 > > We a!ree with the So'i itor +enera' that the O#&$ds#an o##itted no !ra"e a&$se of dis retion warrantin! the writs %rayed for. The iss$es ha"e &een sett'ed in the ase of In 8eN Joa'uin Eorromeo (1?, SCRA ?2/, ?02 @,77.A5. There, we 'aid down the r$'e that -e#ore % !ivil or !ri(in%l %!tion %g%in"t % .$dge #or % viol%tion o# Art"* 5JE %nd 5JG /6no'ingly rendering %n $n.$"t .$dg(ent or order1 !%n -e entert%ined+ there ($"t #ir"t -e 2% #in%l %nd %$thorit%tive .$di!i%l de!l%r%tion3 th%t the de!i"ion or order in )$e"tion i" indeed 2$n.$"t*3 The &rono$n!e(ent (%y re"$lt #ro( either: /%1 %n %!tion o# !ertior%ri or &rohi-ition in % higher !o$rt i(&$gning the v%lidity o# the .$dg(ent4 or /-1 %n %d(ini"tr%tive &ro!eeding in the S$&re(e Co$rt %g%in"t the .$dge &re!i"ely #or &ro($lg%ting %n $n.$"t .$dg(ent or order* Li6e'i"e+ the deter(in%tion o# 'hether % .$dge h%" (%li!io$"ly del%yed the di"&o"ition o# the !%"e i" %l"o %n e !l$"ive .$di!i%l #$n!tion (In Re< 6orromeo, s$%ra, at ?0,5. ETo re&e%t+ no other entity or o##i!i%l o# the govern(ent+ NOT THE PROSECUTION OR INHESTI>ATION SERHICE O9 AN; OTHER BRANCH+ not %ny #$n!tion%ry thereo#+ h%" !o(&eten!e to revie' % .$di!i%l order or de!i"ion N 'hether #in%l %nd e e!$tory or not N %nd &rono$n!e it erroneo$" "o %" to l%y the -%"i" #or % !ri(in%l or %d(ini"tr%tive !o(&l%int #or rendering %n $n.$"t .$dg(ent or order* Th%t &rerog%tive BELON>S TO THE COURTS ALONE. This ha"in! &een said, we find that the O#&$ds#an a ted in a ordan e with 'aw and B$ris%r$den e when he referred the ases a!ainst *$d!e Pe'ayo to the S$%re#e Co$rt for a%%ro%riate a tion. (De 2era v. Pelayo, --. SCRA 1/,, *$'y 0, 1222, ,st Di". @PardoA5 #*. Discuss the validity of /?emorandum Decisions.1 an not s$ eed.

Held: ,. The !on"tit$tion%l (%nd%te th%t no de!i"ion "h%ll -e rendered -y %ny !o$rt 'itho$t e &re""ing therein !le%rly %nd di"tin!tly the #%!t" %nd the l%' on 'hi!h it i" -%"ed doe" not &re!l$de the v%lidity o# 2(e(or%nd$( de!i"ion"3 'hi!h %do&t -y re#eren!e the #inding" o# #%!t %nd !on!l$"ion" o# l%' !ont%ined in the de!i"ion" o# in#erior tri-$n%l". 6 > > 6ence even in this jurisdiction incorporation by reference is allowed if only to avoid the cumbersome reproduction of the decision of the lower courts or portions thereof in the decisions of the higher court (=rancisco v. PermsAul ,8- SCRA -1?, ---5. This is %arti $'ar'y tr$e when the de ision so$!ht to &e in or%orated is a 'en!thy and thoro$!h dis $ssion of the fa ts and on '$sions arri"ed at > > >. (3il an$ Natural Gas Commission v. Court of !ppeals, 17- SCRA 10, *$'y 1-, ,77/ @DartineJA5 2. We ha"e s$stained de isions of 'ower o$rts as ha"in! s$&stantia''y or s$ffi ient'y o#%'ied with the onstit$tiona' inB$n tion notwithstandin! the 'a oni and terse #anner in whi h they were written and e"en if Ethere @was 'eftA #$ h to &e desired in ter#s of @theirA 'arity, oheren e and o#%rehensi&i'ityF %ro"ided that they e"ent$a''y set o$t the fa ts and the 'aw on whi h they were &ased, as

54

when they stated the 'e!a' :$a'ifi ations of the offense onstit$ted &y the fa ts %ro"ed, the #odifyin! ir $#stan es, the %arti i%ation of the a $sed, the %ena'ty i#%osed and the i"i' 'ia&i'ityG or dis $ssed the fa ts o#%risin! the e'e#ents of the offense that was har!ed in the infor#ation, and a ordin!'y rendered a "erdi t and i#%osed the orres%ondin! %ena'tyG or :$oted the fa ts narrated in the %rose $tionLs #e#orand$# &$t #ade their own findin!s and assess#ent of e"iden e, &efore fina''y a!reein! with the %rose $tionLs e"a'$ation of the ase. We ha"e a'so san tioned the $se of #e#orand$# de isions (In =rancisco v. PermsAul ,8- SCRA -1?, --- @,7/7A, the Co$rt des ri&ed E@tAhe distin ti"e feat$res of a #e#orand$# de ision are, 4IRST, it is rendered -y %n %&&ell%te !o$rt, SECOND, it in!or&or%te" -y re#eren!e the #inding" o# #%!t or the !on!l$"ion" o# l%' !ont%ined in the de!i"ion+ order+ or r$ling $nder revie' . Dost 'i9e'y, the %$r%ose is to affir# the de ision, a'tho$!h it is not i#%ossi&'e that the a%%ro"a' of the findin!s of fa ts &y the 'ower o$rt #ay 'ead to a different on '$sion of 'aw &y the hi!her o$rt. At any rate, the re%"on #or %llo'ing the in!or&or%tion -y re#eren!e i" evidently to %void the !$(-er"o(e re&rod$!tion o# the de!i"ion o# the lo'er !o$rt+ or &ortion" thereo#+ in the de!i"ion o# the higher !o$rt* The ide% i" to %void h%ving to re&e%t in the -ody o# the l%tter de!i"ion the #inding" or !on!l$"ion" o# the lo'er !o$rt "in!e they %re -eing %&&roved or %do&ted %ny'%y.5, a s%e ie of s$ in t'y written de isions &y a%%e''ate o$rts in a ordan e with the %ro"isions of Se tion ?2, 3.P. 3'!. ,17 on the !ro$nds of e>%edien y, %ra ti a'ity, on"enien e and do 9et stat$s of o$r o$rts. We ha"e a'so de 'ared that #e#orand$# de isions o#%'y with the onstit$tiona' #andate. In =rancisco v. PermsAul howe"er, we 'aid the "a'idity of #e#orand$# de isions, th$sI onditions for the

EThe #e#orand$# de ision, to &e "a'id, !%nnot in!or&or%te the #inding" o# #%!t %nd the !on!l$"ion" o# l%' o# the lo'er !o$rt only -y re(ote re#eren!e, whi h is to say that the ha''en!ed de ision is not easi'y and i##ediate'y a"ai'a&'e to the %erson readin! the #e#orand$# de ision. 9or the in!or&or%tion -y re#eren!e to -e %llo'ed+ it ($"t &rovide #or dire!t %!!e"" to the #%!t" %nd the l%' -eing %do&ted+ 'hi!h ($"t -e !ont%ined in % "t%te(ent ATTACHED to the "%id de!i"ion* In other 'ord"+ the (e(or%nd$( de!i"ion %$thori8ed $nder Se!tion EJ o# B*P* Blg* 05C "ho$ld %!t$%lly e(-ody the #inding" o# #%!t %nd !on!l$"ion" o# l%' o# the lo'er !o$rt in %n %nne %tt%!hed to %nd (%de %n indi"&en"%-le &%rt o# the de!i"ion. EIt is e>%e ted that this re:$ire#ent wi'' a''ay the s$s%i ion that no st$dy was #ade of the de ision of the 'ower o$rt and that its de ision was #ere'y affir#ed witho$t a %rior e>a#ination of the fa ts and the 'aw on whi h it is &ased. The pro-imity at 'east of the anne>ed state#ent sho$'d s$!!est that s$ h e>a#ination has &een $nderta9en. It is, of o$rse, a'so $nderstood that the de ision &ein! ado%ted sho$'d, to &e!in with, o#%'y with Arti 'e VIII, Se tion ,? as no a#o$nt of in or%oration or ado%tion wi'' re tify its "io'ation. EThe Co$rt #ind" ne!e""%ry to e(&h%"i8e th%t the (e(or%nd$( de!i"ion "ho$ld -e "&%ringly $"ed le"t it -e!o(e %n %dditive e !$"e #or .$di!i%l "loth* It i" %n %ddition%l !ondition #or the v%lidity o# thi" 6ind o# de!i"ion (%y -e re"orted to only in !%"e" 'here the #%!t" %re in the (%in %!!e&ted -y -oth &%rtie" %nd e%"ily deter(in%-le -y the .$dge %nd there %re no do!trin%l !o(&li!%tion" involved th%t 'ill re)$ire %n e tended di"!$""ion o# the l%'" involved* The (e(or%nd$( de!i"ion (%y -e e(&loyed in "i(&le litig%tion" only+ "$!h %" ordin%ry !olle!tion !%"e"+ 'here the %&&e%l i" o-vio$"ly gro$ndle"" %nd de"erve" no (ore th%n the ti(e needed to di"(i"" it. 6 > > EHen!e#orth+ %ll (e(or%nd$( de!i"ion" "h%ll !o(&ly 'ith the re)$ire(ent" herein "et #orth %" to the #or( &re"!ri-ed %nd the o!!%"ion" 'hen they (%y -e rendered* Any devi%tion 'ill "$((on the "tri!t en#or!e(ent o# Arti!le HIII+ Se!tion 0E o# the Con"tit$tion %nd "tri6e do'n the #l%'ed .$dg(ent %" % l%'le"" di"o-edien!e.

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Tested a!ainst these standards, we find that the RTC de ision at &ar #isera&'y fai'ed to #eet the# and, therefore, fe'' short of the onstit$tiona' inB$n tion. The RTC de ision is &rief indeed, &$t it is star9'y ha''ow, otiose'y written, "a $o$s in its ontent and trite in its for#. It a hie"ed nothin! and atte#%ted at nothin!, not e"en at a si#%'e s$##ation of fa ts whi h o$'d easi'y &e done. Its inade:$a y s%ea9s for itse'f. We annot e"en onsider or affir# said RTC de ision as a #e#orand$# de ision &e a$se it fai'ed to o#%'y with the #eas$res of "a'idity 'aid down in 0rancisco v. (ermsBul. It #ere'y affir#ed in toto the DeTC de ision witho$t sayin! #ore. A de!i"ion or re"ol$tion+ e"&e!i%lly one re"olving %n %&&e%l+ "ho$ld dire!tly (eet the i""$e" #or re"ol$tion4 other'i"e+ the %&&e%l 'o$ld -e &ointle"" (See !6D 3verseas Manpo(er Corporation v. N'RC, 1/0 SCRA ?.?, ?0? @,77/A5. We therefore reiterate o$r ad#onition in Nicos In$ustrial Corporation v. Court of !ppeals (120 SCRA ,18, ,-? @,771A5, in that whi'e we on eded that &re"ity in the writin! of de isions is an ad#ira&'e trait, it sho$'d not and annot &e s$&stit$ted for s$&stan eG and a!ain in 0rancisco v. (ermsBul where we a$tioned that e>%edien y a'one, no #atter how o#%e''in!, annot e> $se non; o#%'ian e with the onstit$tiona' re:$ire#ents. This is not to dis o$ra!e the 'ower o$rts to write a&&re"iated and on ise de isions, &$t ne"er at the e>%ense of s ho'ar'y ana'ysis, and #ore si!nifi ant'y, of B$sti e and fair %'ay, 'est the fears e>%ressed &y *$sti e 4eria as the ponente in Romero v. Court of !ppeals o#e tr$e, i.e. i# %n %&&ell%te !o$rt #%iled to &rovide the %&&e%l the %ttention it right#$lly de"erved+ "%id !o$rt de&rived the %&&ell%nt o# d$e &ro!e"" "in!e he '%" %!!orded % #%ir o&&ort$nity to -e he%rd -y % #%ir %nd re"&on"i-le (%gi"tr%te* Thi" "it$%tion -e!o(e" (ore o(ino$" in !ri(in%l !%"e"+ %" in thi" !%"e+ 'here not only &ro&erty right" %re %t "t%6e -$t %l"o the li-erty i# not the li#e o# % h$(%n -eing. 4aithf$' adheren e to the re:$ire#ents of Section 74, !rticle 2III of the Constit$tion is indis%$ta&'y a %ara#o$nt o#%onent of d$e %ro ess and fair %'ay. It is 'i9ewise de#anded &y the d$e %ro ess 'a$se of the Constit$tion. The &%rtie" to % litig%tion "ho$ld -e in#or(ed o# ho' it '%" de!ided+ 'ith %n e &l%n%tion o# the #%!t$%l %nd leg%l re%"on" th%t led to the !on!l$"ion" o# the !o$rt* The !o$rt !%nnot "i(&ly "%y th%t .$dg(ent i" rendered in #%vor o# ? %nd %g%in"t ; %nd .$"t le%ve it %t th%t 'itho$t %ny .$"ti#i!%tion 'h%t"oever #or it" %!tion* The lo"ing &%rty i" entitled to 6no' 'hy he lo"t+ "o he (%y %&&e%l to the higher !o$rt+ i# &er(itted+ "ho$ld he -elieve th%t the de!i"ion "ho$ld -e rever"ed* A de!i"ion th%t doe" not !le%rly %nd di"tin!tly "t%te the #%!t" %nd the l%' on 'hi!h it i" -%"ed le%ve" the &%rtie" in the d%r6 %" to ho' it '%" re%!hed %nd i" &re!i"ely &re.$di!i%l to the lo"ing &%rty+ 'ho i" $n%-le to &in&oint the &o""i-le error" o# the !o$rt #or revie' -y % higher tri-$n%l* :ore th%n th%t+ the re)$ire(ent i" %n %""$r%n!e to the &%rtie" th%t+ in re%!hing .$dg(ent+ the .$dge did "o thro$gh the &ro!e""e" o# leg%l re%"oning . It is, th$s, a safe!$ard a!ainst the i#%et$osity of the B$d!e, %re"entin! hi# fro# de idin! ipse di-it. Vo$ hsafed neither the sword nor the %$rse &y the Constit$tion &$t nonethe'ess "ested with the so"erei!n %rero!ati"e of %assin! B$d!#ent on the 'ife, 'i&erty or %ro%erty of his fe''ow#en, the B$d!e #$st $'ti#ate'y de%end on the %ower of reason for s$stained %$&'i onfiden e in the B$stness of his de ision. Th$s the Co$rt has str$ 9 down as "oid, de isions of 'ower o$rts and e"en of the Co$rt of A%%ea's whose are'ess disre!ard of the onstit$tiona' &ehest e>%osed their so#eti#es a"a'ier attit$de not on'y to their #a!isteria' res%onsi&i'ities &$t 'i9ewise to their a"owed fea'ty to the Constit$tion. Th$s, we n$''ified or dee#ed to ha"e fai'ed to o#%'y with Se tion ,?, Arti 'e VIII of the Constit$tion, a de ision, reso'$tion or order whi hI ontained no ana'ysis of the e"iden e of the %arties nor

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referen e to any 'e!a' &asis in rea hin! its on '$sionsG ontained nothin! #ore than a s$##ary of the testi#onies of the witnesses of &oth %artiesG on"i ted the a $sed of 'i&e' &$t fai'ed to ite any 'e!a' a$thority or %rin i%'e to s$%%ort on '$sions that the 'etter in :$estion was 'i&e'o$sG onsisted #ere'y of one (,5 %ara!ra%h with #ost'y swee%in! !enera'iJations and fai'ed to s$%%ort its on '$sion of %arri ideG onsisted of fi"e (.5 %a!es, three (-5 %a!es of whi h were :$otations fro# the 'a&or ar&iterLs de ision in '$din! the dis%ositi"e %ortion and &are'y a %a!e (two @1A short %ara!ra%hs of two @1A senten es ea h5 of its own dis $ssion or reasonin!sG was #ere'y &ased on the findin!s of another o$rt sans trans ri%t of steno!ra%hi notes, or fai'ed to e>%'ain the fa t$a' and 'e!a' &ases for the award of #ora' da#a!es. In the sa#e "ein do we stri9e down as a n$''ity the RTC de ision in :$estion. (?ao v. Court of !ppeals, -?? SCRA 121, O t. 1?, 1222, ,st Di". @Da"ideA5 #+. FIII Does the period for decision maBing under Section 1. 1#$% &onstitution apply to the Sandiganbayan? 7-plain. !rticle

Held: The %-ove &rovi"ion doe" not %&&ly to the S%ndig%n-%y%n* The &rovi"ion re#er" to RE>ULAR COURTS o# lo'er !ollegi%te level that in the %resent hierar hy a%%'ies on'y to the Co$rt of A%%ea's. The S%ndig%n-%y%n i" % SPECIAL COURT o# the "%(e level %" the Co$rt o# A&&e%l" %nd &o""e""ing %ll the inherent &o'er" o# % !o$rt o# .$"ti!e+ 'ith #$n!tion" o# % tri%l !o$rt. Th$"+ the S%ndig%n-%y%n i" not % reg$l%r !o$rt -$t % "&e!i%l one . The Sandi!an&ayan was ori!ina''y e#%owered to %ro#$'!ate its own r$'es of %ro ed$re. <owe"er, on Dar h -2, ,77., Con!ress re%ea'ed the Sandi!an&ayanLs %ower to %ro#$'!ate its own r$'es of %ro ed$re and instead %res ri&ed that the R$'es of Co$rt %ro#$'!ated &y the S$%re#e Co$rt sha'' a%%'y to a'' ases and %ro eedin!s fi'ed with the Sandi!an&ayan. ES%e ia' o$rts are B$di ia' tri&$na's e>er isin! 'i#ited B$risdi tion o"er %arti $'ar or s%e ia'iJed ate!ories of a tions. They are the Co$rt of Ta> A%%ea's, the Sandi!an&ayan, and the ShariLa Co$rts.F <Supra :ote 2* at p. $> =nder Arti 'e VIII, Se tion .@.A of the Constit$tion ER$'es of %ro ed$re of special courts and :$asi;B$di ia' &odies sha'' re#ain effe ti"e $n'ess disa%%ro"ed &y the S$%re#e Co$rt.F In his re%ort, the Co$rt Ad#inistrator wo$'d distin!$ish &etween ases whi h the Sandi!an&ayan has o!niJan e of in its ori!ina' B$risdi tion, and ases whi h fa'' within the a%%e''ate B$risdi tion of the Sandi!an&ayan. The Co$rt Ad#inistrator %osits that sin e in the first 'ass of ases, the Sandi!an&ayan a ts #ore as a tria' o$rt, then for that 'assifi ation of ases, the three @-A #onth re!'e#entary %eriod a%%'ies. 4or the se ond 'ass of ases, the Sandi!an&ayan has the twe'"e;#onth re!'e#entary %eriod for o''e!iate o$rts. We do not a!ree. The 'aw reatin! the Sandi!an&ayan, P.D. No. 7;-; is this iss$e. It %ro"idesI 'ear on

ESe!. I. ?a-imum period for termination of cases C As far as %ra ti a&'e, the tria' of ases &efore the Sandi!an&ayan on e o##en ed sha'' &e continuous until terminated and t)e 0u$gment s)all #e ren$ere$ (it)in t)ree D*E mont)s from t)e $ate t)e case (as su#mitte$ for $ecision.F On Se%te#&er r$'es, th$sI ,/, ,7/?, the Sandi!an&ayan %ro#$'!ated its own

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ESe!. 7. ?a-imum (eriod to Decide &ases L The B$d!#ent or fina' order of a di"ision of the Sandi!an&ayan sha'' &e rendered (it)in t)ree D*E mont)s from t)e $ate t)e case (as su#mitte$ for $ecision.1 >iven the !l%rity o# the r$le th%t doe" not di"ting$i"h+ 'e hold th%t the three <7= (onth &eriod+ not the t'elve <05= (onth &eriod+ to de!ide !%"e" %&&lie" to the S%ndig%n-%y%n. 9$rther(ore+ the S%ndig%n-%y%n &re"ently "itting in #ive <G= divi"ion"+ #$n!tion" %" % tri%l !o$rt* The ter( 2tri%l3 i" $"ed in it" -ro%d "en"e+ (e%ning+ it %llo'" introd$!tion o# eviden!e -y the &%rtie" in the !%"e" -e#ore it . The Sandi!an&ayan, in ori!ina' ases within its B$risdi tion, ond$ ts tria's, has the dis retion to wei!h the e"iden e of the %arties, ad#it the e"iden e it re!ards as redi&'e and reBe t that whi h they onsider %erB$rio$s or fa&ri ated. (Re< Pro#lem of Delays in Cases 6efore t)e San$igan#ayan, A.D. No. 22;/;2.;SC, No". 1/, 122,, En 3an @PardoA5

CONSTIT=TIONAL LAW
A. T<E IN<ERENT POWERS O4 T<E STATE
POLICE POWER #.. Define (9@I&7 (9W78 and clarify its scope.

Held: ,. (9@I&7 (9W78 is an inherent %ttri-$te o# "overeignty. It has &een defined as the &o'er ve"ted -y the Con"tit$tion in the legi"l%t$re to :ALE+ ORDAIN+ %nd ESTABLISH %ll (%nner o# 'hole"o(e %nd re%"on%-le l%'"+ "t%t$te" %nd ordin%n!e"+ either 'ith &en%ltie" or 'itho$t+ not re&$gn%nt to the Con"tit$tion+ %" they "h%ll .$dge to -e 9OR THE >OOD AND WEL9ARE O9 THE CO::ONWEALTH+ %nd #or the "$-.e!t" o# the "%(e. The %ower is PLENAR; and its SCOPE is HAST and PERHASIHE, rea hin! and B$stifyin! #eas$res for &$-li! he%lth+ &$-li! "%#ety+ &$-li! (or%l"+ %nd the gener%l 'el#%re. It &ears stressin! that &oli!e &o'er i" lodged &ri(%rily in the N%tion%l Legi"l%t$re* It !%nnot -e e er!i"ed -y %ny gro$& or -ody o# individ$%l" not &o""e""ing legi"l%tive &o'er. The Nationa' Le!is'at$re, howe"er, (%y deleg%te thi" &o'er to the Pre"ident %nd %d(ini"tr%tive -o%rd" %" 'ell %" the l%'(%6ing -odie" o# ($ni!i&%l !or&or%tion" or lo!%l govern(ent $nit". On e de'e!ated, the a!ents an e>er ise on'y s$ h 'e!is'ati"e %owers as are onferred on the# &y the nationa' 'aw#a9in! &ody. (Metropolitan Manila Development !ut)ority v. 6elF!ir 2illage !ssociation Inc., -1/ SCRA /-0, /?-;/??, Dar h 18, 1222, ,st Di". @P$noA5 1. The SCOPE of %o'i e %ower has &een he'd to &e "o !o(&rehen"ive %" to en!o(&%"" %l(o"t %ll (%tter" %##e!ting the he%lth+ "%#ety+ &e%!e+ order+ (or%l"+ !o(#ort %nd !onvenien!e o# the !o(($nity. Po'i e %ower is e""enti%lly RE>ULATOR; in n%t$re %nd the &o'er to i""$e li!en"e" or gr%nt -$"ine"" &er(it"+ i# e er!i"ed #or % reg$l%tory %nd not reven$e,r%i"ing &$r&o"e+ i" 'ithin the %(-it o# thi" &o'er. 6 > > @TAhe iss$an e of &$siness 'i enses and %er#its &y a #$ni i%a'ity or ity is essentia''y re!$'atory in nat$re. The a$thority, whi h de"o'"ed $%on 'o a' !o"ern#ent $nits, to iss$e or !rant s$ h 'i enses or %er#its, is essentia''y in the e>er ise of the %o'i e %ower of the State within the onte#%'ation of the !enera' we'fare 'a$se of the Lo a' +o"ern#ent Code. (!ce#e$o 3ptical Company Inc. v. Court of !ppeals, -17 SCRA -,?, Dar h -,, 1222, En 3an @P$risi#aA5 #). Does !rticle 2)*<g> of the @abor &ode <vesting upon the Secretary of @abor the discretion to determine what industries are indispensable to the national interest and thereafter assume jurisdiction over

58

disputes in said industries> violate the worBersP constitutional right to striBe? Held: S%id %rti!le doe" not inter#ere 'ith the 'or6er"D right to "tri6e -$t (erely reg$l%te" it+ 'hen in the e er!i"e o# "$!h right+ n%tion%l intere"t" 'ill -e %##e!ted. The ri!hts !ranted &y the Constit$tion are not a&so'$te. They are sti'' s$&Be t to ontro' and 'i#itation to ens$re that they are not e>er ised ar&itrari'y. The interests of &oth the e#%'oyers and the e#%'oyees are intended to &e %rote ted and not one of the# is !i"en $nd$e %referen e. The La&or Code "ests $%on the Se retary of La&or the dis retion to deter#ine what ind$stries are indis%ensa&'e to nationa' interest. Th$s, $%on the deter#ination of the Se retary of La&or that s$ h ind$stry is indis%ensa&'e to the nationa' interest, it wi'' ass$#e B$risdi tion o"er the 'a&or dis%$te of said ind$stry. The %""$(&tion o# .$ri"di!tion i" in the n%t$re o# &oli!e &o'er (e%"$re* Thi" i" done #or the &ro(otion o# the !o((on good !on"idering th%t % &rolonged "tri6e or lo!6o$t !%n -e ini(i!%l to the n%tion%l e!ono(y* The Se!ret%ry o# L%-or %!t" to (%int%in ind$"tri%l &e%!e* Th$"+ hi" !erti#i!%tion #or !o(&$l"ory %r-itr%tion i" not intended to i(&ede the 'or6er"D right to "tri6e -$t to o-t%in % "&eedy "ettle(ent o# the di"&$te. (P)iltrea$ BorAers /nion DP&B/E v. Confesor, 107 SCRA -7-, Dar h ,1, ,7785 #%. ?ay solicitation for religious purposes be subject regulation by the State in the e-ercise of police power? to proper

Held: The onstit$tiona' inhi&ition of 'e!is'ation on the s$&Be t of re'i!ion has a do$&'e as%e t. On the one hand, it foresta''s o#%$'sion &y 'aw of the a e%tan e of any reed or the %ra ti e of any for# of worshi%. 4reedo# of ons ien e and freedo# to adhere to s$ h re'i!io$s or!aniJation or for# of worshi% as the indi"id$a' #ay hoose annot &e restri ted &y 'aw. On the other hand, it safe!$ards the free e>er ise of the hosen for# of re'i!ion. Th$"+ the Con"tit$tion e(-r%!e" t'o !on!e&t"+ th%t i"+ #reedo( to -elieve %nd #reedo( to %!t* The #ir"t i" %-"ol$te -$t+ in the n%t$re o# thing"+ the "e!ond !%nnot -e* Cond$!t re(%in" "$-.e!t to reg$l%tion #or the &rote!tion o# "o!iety* The #reedo( to %!t ($"t h%ve %&&ro&ri%te de#inition" to &re"erve the en#or!e(ent o# th%t &rote!tion. In e"ery ase, the %ower to re!$'ate #$st &e so e>er ised, in attainin! a %er#issi&'e end, as not to $nd$'y infrin!e on the %rote ted freedo#. When!e+ even the e er!i"e o# religion (%y -e reg$l%ted+ %t "o(e "light in!onvenien!e+ in order th%t the St%te (%y &rote!t it" !iti8en" #ro( in.$ry* Witho$t do$-t+ % St%te (%y &rote!t it" !iti8en" #ro( #r%$d$lent "oli!it%tion -y re)$iring % "tr%nger in the !o(($nity+ -e#ore &er(itting hi( &$-li!ly to "oli!it #$nd" #or %ny &$r&o"e+ to e"t%-li"h hi" identity %nd hi" %$thority to %!t #or the !%$"e 'hi!h he &$r&ort" to re&re"ent* The St%te i" li6e'i"e #ree to reg$l%te the ti(e %nd (%nner o# "oli!it%tion gener%lly+ in the intere"t o# &$-li! "%#ety+ &e%!e+ !o(#ort+ or !onvenien!e. It does not fo''ow, therefore, fro# the onstit$tiona' !$arantees of the free e>er ise of re'i!ion that e"erythin! whi h #ay &e so a''ed an &e to'erated. It has &een said that % l%' %dv%n!ing % legiti(%te govern(ent%l intere"t i" not ne!e""%rily inv%lid %" one inter#ering 'ith the 2#ree e er!i"e3 o# religion (erely -e!%$"e it %l"o in!ident%lly h%" % detri(ent%l e##e!t on the %dherent" o# one or (ore religion* Th$"+ the gener%l reg$l%tion+ in the &$-li! intere"t+ o# "oli!it%tion+ 'hi!h doe" not involve %ny religio$" te"t %nd doe" not $nre%"on%-ly o-"tr$!t or del%y the !olle!tion o# #$nd"+ i" not o&en to %ny !on"tit$tion%l o-.e!tion+ even tho$gh the !olle!tion -e #or % religio$" &$r&o"e* S$!h reg$l%tion 'o$ld not !on"tit$te % &rohi-ited &revio$" re"tr%int on the #ree e er!i"e o# religion or inter&o"e %n in%d(i""i-le o-"t%!le to it" e er!i"e. E"en with n$#ero$s re!$'ati"e 'aws in e>isten e, it is s$r%risin! how #any o%erations are arried on &y %ersons and asso iations who,

59

se retin! their a ti"ities $nder the !$ise of &ene"o'ent %$r%oses, s$ eed in heatin! and defra$din! a !enero$s %$&'i . It is in fa t a#aJin! how %rofita&'e the fra$d$'ent s he#es and %ra ti es are to %eo%'e who #ani%$'ate the#. The State has a$thority $nder the e>er ise of its %o'i e %ower to deter#ine whether or not there sha'' &e restri tions on so'i itin! &y $ns r$%$'o$s %ersons or for $nworthy a$ses or for fra$d$'ent %$r%oses. That so'i itation of ontri&$tions $nder the !$ise of harita&'e and &ene"o'ent %$r%oses is !ross'y a&$sed is a #atter of o##on 9now'ed!e. Certain'y the so'i itation of ontri&$tions in !ood faith for worthy %$r%oses sho$'d not &e denied, &$t so#ewhere sho$'d &e 'od!ed the %ower to deter#ine within reasona&'e 'i#its the worthy fro# the $nworthy. The o&Be tiona&'e %ra ti es of $ns r$%$'o$s %ersons are %reB$di ia' to worthy and %ro%er harities whi h nat$ra''y s$ffer when the onfiden e of the %$&'i in a#%ai!ns for the raisin! of #oney for harity is 'essened or destroyed. So(e reg$l%tion o# &$-li! "oli!it%tion i"+ there#ore+ in the &$-li! intere"t. To !on!l$de+ "oli!it%tion #or religio$" &$r&o"e" (%y -e "$-.e!t to &ro&er reg$l%tion -y the St%te in the e er!i"e o# &oli!e &o'er. (Centeno v. 2illalonFPornillos, 1-0 SCRA ,78, Se%t. ,, ,77? @Re!a'adoA5 THE POWER O9 E:INENT DO:AIN #$. What is 7?I:7:; D9?!I:?

Held: ,. 7?I:7:; D9?!I: is the right or &o'er o# % "overeign "t%te to APPROPRIATE PRIHATE PROPERT; to &%rti!$l%r $"e" to PRO:OTE PUBLIC WEL9ARE. It is an indi"&en"%-le %ttri-$te o# "overeigntyG a %ower gro$nded in the &ri(%ry d$ty o# govern(ent to "erve the !o((on need %nd %dv%n!e the gener%l 'el#%re. Th$s, the ri!ht of e#inent do#ain %&&ert%in" to every inde&endent govern(ent 'itho$t the ne!e""ity #or !on"tit$tion%l re!ognition* The &rovi"ion" #o$nd in (odern !on"tit$tion" o# !ivili8ed !o$ntrie" rel%ting to the t%6ing o# &ro&erty #or the &$-li! $"e do not -y i(&li!%tion gr%nt the &o'er to the govern(ent+ -$t li(it % &o'er 'hi!h 'o$ld other'i"e -e 'itho$t li(it . Th$s, o$r own Constit$tion %ro"ides that E <&=riv%te &ro&erty "h%ll not -e t%6en #or &$-li! $"e 'itho$t .$"t !o(&en"%tion.F (!rt. III Sec. :5. 4$rther#ore, the d$e %ro ess and e:$a' %rote tion 'a$ses ( 1#$% &onstitution !rt. III Sec. 15, a t as additiona' safe!$ards a!ainst the ar&itrary e>er ise of this !o"ern#enta' %ower. Sin e the e>er ise of the %ower of e#inent do#ain affe ts an indi"id$a'Ls ri!ht to %ri"ate %ro%erty, a onstit$tiona''y;%rote ted ri!ht ne essary for the %reser"ation and enhan e#ent of %ersona' di!nity and inti#ate'y onne ted with the ri!hts to 'ife and 'i&erty the need for its ir $#s%e t o%eration annot &e o"ere#%hasiJed. In City of Manila v. C)inese Community of Manila we said (?2 Phi'. -?7 @,7,75I The e er!i"e o# the right o# e(inent do(%in+ 'hether dire!tly -y the St%te+ or -y it" %$thori8ed %gent"+ i" ne!e""%rily in derog%tion o# &riv%te right"+ %nd the r$le in th%t !%"e i" th%t THE AUTHORIT; :UST BE STRICTL; CONSTRUED* No "&e!ie" o# &ro&erty i" held -y individ$%l" 'ith gre%ter ten%!ity+ %nd none i" g$%rded -y the Con"tit$tion %nd the l%'" (ore "ed$lo$"ly+ th%n the right to the #reehold o# inh%-it%nt"* When the legi"l%t$re inter#ere" 'ith th%t right+ %nd+ #or gre%ter &$-li! &$r&o"e"+ %&&ro&ri%te" the l%nd o# %n individ$%l 'itho$t hi" !on"ent+ the &l%in (e%ning o# the l%' "ho$ld not -e enl%rged -y do$-t<#$l= inter&ret%tion. <6ensley v. MountainlaAe Bater Co. 1* &al. *2) and cases cited 3%* !m. Dec. .%)4> The stat$tory %ower of ta9in! %ro%erty fro# the owner witho$t his onsent is one of the #ost de'i ate e>er ises of !o"ern#enta' a$thority. It is to &e wat hed with Bea'o$s s r$tiny. I#%ortant as the %ower #ay &e to the !o"ern#ent, the in"io'a&'e san tity whi h a''

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free onstit$tions atta h to the ri!ht of %ro%erty of the itiJens, onstrains the stri t o&ser"an e of the s$&stantia' %ro"isions of the 'aw whi h are prescribed as #odes of the e>er ise of the %ower, and to %rote t it fro# a&$se > > >. The &o'er o# e(inent do(%in i" e""enti%lly LE>ISLATIHE in n%t$re. It is fir#'y sett'ed, howe"er, that "$!h &o'er (%y -e v%lidly deleg%ted to lo!%l govern(ent $nit"+ other &$-li! entitie" %nd &$-li! $tilitie"+ %ltho$gh the "!o&e o# thi" deleg%ted legi"l%tive &o'er i" ne!e""%rily n%rro'er th%n th%t o# the deleg%ting %$thority %nd (%y only -e e er!i"ed in "tri!t !o(&li%n!e 'ith the ter(" o# the deleg%ting l%' . (Heirs of !l#erto Suguitan v. City of Man$aluyong , -1/ SCRA ,-8, ,??;,?0, Dar h ,?, 1222, -rd Di". @+onJa!a;ReyesA5 1. 7?I:7:; D9?!I: is a f$nda#enta' State %ower that is in"e&%r%-le #ro( "overeignty* It i" govern(entD" right to %&&ro&ri%te+ in the n%t$re o# % !o(&$l"ory "%le to the St%te+ &riv%te &ro&erty #or &$-li! $"e or &$r&o"e. Inherent'y %ossessed &y the nationa' 'e!is'at$re, the %ower of e#inent do#ain #ay &e "a'id'y de'e!ated to 'o a' !o"ern#ents, other %$&'i entities and %$&'i $ti'ities. 9or the t%6ing o# &riv%te &ro&erty -y the govern(ent to -e v%lid+ the t%6ing ($"t -e #or PUBLIC PURPOSE %nd there ($"t -e MUST CO:PENSATION. (Mo$ay v. Court of !ppeals, 10/ SCRA ./0, 4e&r$ary 12, ,7785 ##. State some limitations on the e-ercise of the power of 7minent Domain. Held: The @I?I;!;I9:S on the %ower of e#inent do#ain are that the USE ($"t -e PUBLIC+ CO:PENSATION ($"t -e (%de %nd DUE PROCESS O9 LAW ($"t -e o-"erved. The S$%re#e Co$rt, ta9in! o!niJan e of s$ h iss$es as the ade:$a y of o#%ensation, ne essity of the ta9in! and the %$&'i $se hara ter or the %$r%ose of the ta9in!, has r$'ed that the ne essity of e>er isin! e#inent do#ain #$st &e !en$ine and of a %$&'i hara ter. +o"ern#ent #ay not a%ri io$s'y hoose what %ri"ate %ro%erty sho$'d &e ta9en. (Mo$ay v. Court of !ppeals, 10/ SCRA ./0, 4e&r$ary 12, ,7785 122. Discuss proceedings. the 7"(!:D7D :9;I9: 90 (CE@I& CS7 in eminent domain

Held: The City of Dani'a, a tin! thro$!h its 'e!is'ati"e &ran h, has the e>%ress %ower to a :$ire %ri"ate 'ands in the ity and s$&di"ide these 'ands into ho#e 'ots for sa'e to bona fide tenants or o $%ants thereof, and to 'a&orers and 'ow;sa'aried e#%'oyees of the ity. Th%t only % #e' !o$ld %!t$%lly -ene#it #ro( the e &ro&ri%tion o# the &ro&erty doe" not di(ini"h it" &$-li! !h%r%!ter* It i" "i(&ly not &o""i-le to &rovide %ll %t on!e l%nd %nd "helter #or %ll 'ho need the(. Coro''ary to the e>%anded notion of %$&'i $se, e &ro&ri%tion i" not %ny(ore !on#ined to v%"t tr%!t" o# l%nd %nd l%nded e"t%te"* It i" there#ore o# no (o(ent th%t the l%nd "o$ght to -e e &ro&ri%ted in thi" !%"e i" le"" th%n h%l# % he!t%re only. Thro$!h the years, the &$-li! $"e re)$ire(ent in e(inent do(%in h%" evolved into % #le i-le !on!e&t+ in#l$en!ed -y !h%nging !ondition"* P$-li! $"e no' in!l$de" the -ro%der notion o# indire!t &$-li! -ene#it or %dv%nt%ge+ in!l$ding in &%rti!$l%r+ $r-%n l%nd re#or( %nd ho$"ing. (=ilstream International Incorporate$ v. C!, 1/? SCRA 8,0, *an. 1-, ,77/ @4ran is oA5 121. ;he constitutionality of Sec. #2 of E.(. Elg. $$1 <re'uiring radio and television station owners and operators to give to the &omelec radio and television time free of charge> was challenged on the ground among others that it violated the due process clause and the

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eminent domain provision of the &onstitution by taBing airtime from radio and television broadcasting stations without payment of just compensation. (etitioners claim that the primary source of revenue of radio and television stations is the sale of airtime to advertisers and that to re'uire these stations to provide free airtime is to authori=e a taBing which is not /a de minimis temporary limitation or restraint upon the use of private property.1 Will you sustain the challenge? Held: All -ro%d!%"ting+ 'hether -y r%dio or -y televi"ion "t%tion"+ i" li!en"ed -y the govern(ent* Air'%ve #re)$en!ie" h%ve to -e %llo!%ted %" there %re (ore individ$%l" 'ho '%nt to -ro%d!%"t th%n there %re #re)$en!ie" to %""ign* A #r%n!hi"e i" th$" % PRIHILE>E "$-.e!t+ %(ong other thing"+ to %(end(ent -y Congre"" in %!!ord%n!e 'ith the !on"tit$tion%l &rovi"ion th%t 2%ny "$!h #r%n!hi"e or right gr%nted "h%ll -e "$-.e!t to %(end(ent+ %lter%tion or re&e%l -y the Congre"" 'hen the !o((on good "o re)$ire".F <!rt. "II Sec. 11> Indeed+ &rovi"ion" #or Co(ele! Ti(e h%ve -een (%de -y %(end(ent o# the #r%n!hi"e" o# r%dio %nd televi"ion -ro%d!%"t "t%tion" %nd "$!h &rovi"ion" h%ve not -een tho$ght o# %" t%6ing &ro&erty 'itho$t .$"t !o(&en"%tion. Art. 6II, Se . ,, of the Constit$tion a$thoriJes the a#end#ent of fran hises for Ethe o##on !ood.F What better measure can be conceived for the common good than one for free airtime for the benefit not only of candidates but even more of the public particularly the voters so that they will be fully informed of the issues in an election? E<I=t i" the right o# the vie'er" %nd li"tener"+ not the right o# the -ro%d!%"ter"+ 'hi!h i" &%r%(o$nt.F Nor indeed an there &e any onstit$tiona' o&Be tion to the re:$ire#ent that &road ast stations !i"e free airti#e. E"en in the =nited States, there are res%onsi&'e s ho'ars who &e'ie"e that !o"ern#ent ontro's on &road ast #edia an onstit$tiona''y &e instit$ted to ens$re di"ersity of "iews and attention to %$&'i affairs to f$rther the syste# of free e>%ression. 4or this %$r%ose, &road ast stations #ay &e re:$ired to !i"e free airti#e to andidates in an e'e tion. In tr$th+ r%dio %nd televi"ion -ro%d!%"ting !o(&%nie"+ 'hi!h %re given #r%n!hi"e"+ do not o'n the %ir'%ve" %nd #re)$en!ie" thro$gh 'hi!h they tr%n"(it -ro%d!%"t "ign%l" %nd i(%ge"* They %re (erely given the TE:PORAR; PRIHILE>E o# $"ing the(. Sin e a fran hise is a #ere %ri"i'e!e, the e er!i"e o# the &rivilege (%y re%"on%-ly -e -$rdened 'ith the &er#or(%n!e -y the gr%ntee o# "o(e #or( o# &$-li! "ervi!e. In the gr%nting o# the &rivilege to o&er%te -ro%d!%"t "t%tion" %nd there%#ter "$&ervi"ing r%dio %nd televi"ion "t%tion"+ the St%te "&end" !on"ider%-le &$-li! #$nd" in li!en"ing %nd "$&ervi"ing "$!h "t%tion"* It 'o$ld -e "tr%nge i# it !%nnot even re)$ire the li!en"ee" to render &$-li! "ervi!e -y giving #ree %irti(e. The !l%i( th%t &etitioner 'o$ld -e lo"ing PG5+7BJ+JJJ*JJ in $nre%li8ed reven$e #ro( %dverti"ing i" -%"ed on the %""$(&tion th%t %irti(e i" 2#ini"hed &rod$!t3 'hi!h+ it i" "%id+ -e!o(e the &ro&erty o# the !o(&%ny+ li6e oil &rod$!ed #ro( re#ining or "i(il%r n%t$r%l re"o$r!e" %#ter $ndergoing % &ro!e"" #or their &rod$!tion . As he'd in 8ed @ion Eroadcasting &o. v. 0.&.&. (-7. =.S. at -7?, 1- L. Ed. 1d at -7,, :$otin! ?8 =.S.C. Se . -2,5, whi h $%he'd the ri!ht of a %arty %ersona''y atta 9ed to re%'y, Eli!en"e" to -ro%d!%"t do not !on#er o'ner"hi& o# de"ign%ted #re)$en!ie"+ -$t only the te(&or%ry &rivilege o# $"ing the(.F Conse:$ent'y, E% li!en"e &er(it" -ro%d!%"ting+ -$t the li!en"ee h%" no !on"tit$tion%l right to -e the one 'ho hold" the li!en"e or to (ono&oli8e % r%dio #re)$en!y to the e !l$"ion o# hi" #ello' !iti8en". There is nothin! in the 4irst A#end#ent whi h %re"ents the !o"ern#ent fro# re:$irin! a 'i ensee to share his fre:$en y with others and to ond$ t hi#se'f as a %ro>y or fid$ iary with o&'i!ations to %resent those "iews and "oi es whi h are re%resentati"e of his o##$nity and whi h wo$'d otherwise, &y ne essity, &e &arred fro# the airwa"es.F A" r%dio %nd televi"ion -ro%d!%"t "t%tion" do not o'n the %ir'%ve"+ no &riv%te &ro&erty i"

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t%6en -y the re)$ire(ent th%t they &rovide %irti(e to the Co(ele!. (&E'E6!P Inc. v. C3ME'EC, 1/7 SCRA --8, A%ri' 1,, ,77/ @DendoJaA5 122. ?ay eminent domain be barred by Hres judicataH or Hlaw of the caseH? Held: The %rin i%'e of 87S JCDI&!;! whi h finds a%%'i ation in !enera''y a'' ases and %ro eedin!s, !%nnot -%r the RI>HT o# the St%te or it" %gent" to e &ro&ri%te &riv%te &ro&erty* The very n%t$re o# e(inent do(%in+ %" %n INHERENT &o'er o# the St%te+ di!t%te" th%t the RI>HT to e er!i"e the &o'er -e ABSOLUTE %nd UN9ETTERED even -y % &rior .$dg(ent or RES MUDICATA. The S&9(7 of e#inent do#ain is &len%ry and, 'i9e %o'i e %ower, an Erea h e"ery for# of %ro%erty whi h the State #i!ht need for %$&'i $se.F All "e&%r%te intere"t" o# individ$%l" in &ro&erty %re held o# the govern(ent $nder thi" t%!it %gree(ent or I:PLIED RESERHATION. Notwithstandin! the !rant to indi"id$a's, the 7?I:7:; D9?!I: the hi!hest and #ost e>a t idea of %ro%erty, re(%in" in the govern(ent+ or in the %ggreg%te -ody o# the &eo&le in their "overeign !%&%!ity4 %nd they h%ve the right to re"$(e the &o""e""ion o# the &ro&erty 'henever the &$-li! intere"t re)$ire" it .F Th$s, the State or its a$thoriJed a!ent annot &e fore"er &arred fro# e>er isin! said right &y reason a'one of %re"io$s non; o#%'ian e with any 'e!a' re:$ire#ent. While the &rin!i&le o# re" .$di!%t% doe" not denigr%te the right o# the St%te to e er!i"e e(inent do(%in+ it doe" %&&ly to "&e!i#i! i""$e" de!ided in % &revio$" !%"e* 9or e %(&le+ % #in%l .$dg(ent di"(i""ing %n e &ro&ri%tion "$it on the gro$nd th%t there '%" no &rior o##er &re!l$de" %nother "$it r%i"ing the "%(e i""$e4 it !%nnot+ ho'ever+ -%r the St%te or it" %gent #ro( there%#ter !o(&lying 'ith thi" re)$ire(ent+ %" &re"!ri-ed -y l%'+ %nd "$-"e)$ently e er!i"ing it" &o'er o# e(inent do(%in over the "%(e &ro&erty. (Municipality of ParanaHue v. 2.M. Realty Corporation, 171 SCRA 08/, *$'y 12, ,77/ @Pan!ani&anA5 12*. Discuss how e-propriation may be initiated e-propriation. and the two stages in

Held: E>%ro%riation #ay &e initiated &y !o$rt %!tion or -y legi"l%tion. In -oth in"t%n!e"+ .$"t !o(&en"%tion i" deter(ined -y the !o$rt" (EP@! v. Dulay, ,?7 SCRA -2. @,7/8A5. The e>%ro%riation of 'ands onsists of ;W9 S;!57S. As e>%'ained in Municipality of 6inan v. Garcia (,/2 SCRA .80, ./-;./? @,7/7A, reiterated in National Po(er Corp. v. 1ocson, 120 SCRA .12 @,771A5I The 0I8S; is on erned with the deter(in%tion o# the %$thority o# the &l%inti## to e er!i"e the &o'er o# e(inent do(%in %nd the &ro&riety o# it" e er!i"e in the !onte t o# the #%!t" involved in the "$it. It ends with an order, if not dis#issa' of the a tion, Mof onde#nation de 'arin! that the %'aintiff has a 'awf$' ri!ht to ta9e the %ro%erty so$!ht to &e onde#ned, for the %$&'i $se or %$r%ose de 'ared in the o#%'aint, $%on the %ay#ent of B$st o#%ensation to &e deter#ined as of the date of the fi'in! of the o#%'aintM > > >. The S7&9:D %hase of the e#inent do#ain a tion is on erned with the deter(in%tion -y the !o$rt o# Othe .$"t !o(&en"%tion #or the &ro&erty "o$ght to -e t%6en.M This is done &y the o$rt with the assistan e of not #ore than three (-5 o##issioners > > >. It i" only $&on the !o(&letion o# the"e t'o "t%ge" th%t e &ro&ri%tion i" "%id to h%ve -een !o(&leted* :oreover+ it i" ONL; UPON PA;:ENT O9 MUST CO:PENSATION th%t title over the &ro&erty &%""e" to the govern(ent* There#ore+ $ntil the %!tion #or e &ro&ri%tion h%" -een !o(&leted %nd ter(in%ted+ o'ner"hi& over the &ro&erty -eing e &ro&ri%ted re(%in" 'ith the regi"tered o'ner. Conse:$ent'y, the

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'atter an e>er ise a'' ri!hts %ertainin! to an owner, in '$din! the ri!ht to dis%ose of his %ro%erty, s$&Be t to the %ower of the State $'ti#ate'y to a :$ire it thro$!h e>%ro%riation. (Repu#lic v. Salem Investment Corporation et. al., +.R. No. ,-8.07, *$ne 1-, 1222, 1nd Di". @DendoJaA5 12+. Do the two <2> stages in e-propriation apply only to judicial and not to legislative e-propriation? Held: The De l% R%(%" %re (i"t%6en in %rg$ing th%t the t'o "t%ge" o# e &ro&ri%tion only %&&ly to .$di!i%l+ %nd not to legi"l%tive+ e &ro&ri%tion. A'tho$!h Con!ress has the %ower to deter#ine what 'and to ta9e, it an not do so ar&itrari'y. M$di!i%l deter(in%tion o# the &ro&riety o# the e er!i"e o# the &o'er+ #or in"t%n!e+ in vie' o# %lleg%tion" o# &%rti%lity %nd &re.$di!e -y tho"e %dver"ely %##e!ted+ %nd the .$"t !o(&en"%tion #or the "$-.e!t &ro&erty i" &rovided in o$r !on"tit$tion%l "y"te(. We see no %oint in distin!$ishin! &etween B$di ia' and 'e!is'ati"e e>%ro%riation as far as the two sta!es #entioned a&o"e are on erned. Both involve the"e "t%ge" %nd in -oth+ the &ro!e"" i" not !o(&leted $ntil &%y(ent o# .$"t !o(&en"%tion i" (%de. The Co$rt of A%%ea's was orre t in sayin! that B*P* Blg* 7EJ did not e##e!tively e &ro&ri%te the l%nd o# the De l% R%(%"* A" % (%tter o# #%!t+ it (erely !o((en!ed the e &ro&ri%tion o# the "$-.e!t &ro&erty. 6 > > The De 'a Ra#as #a9e #$ h of the fa t that ownershi% of the 'and was transferred to the !o"ern#ent &e a$se the e:$ita&'e and &enefi ia' tit'e was a'ready a :$ired &y it in ,7/-, 'ea"in! the# with on'y the na9ed tit'e. <owe"er, as this Co$rt he'd in !ssociation of Small 'an$o(ners in t)e P)il. Inc. v. Secretary of !grarian Reform (,8. SCRA -?-, -/7 @,7/7A5I The re o!niJed r$'e, indeed, is that title to the &ro&erty e &ro&ri%ted "h%ll &%"" #ro( the o'ner to the e &ro&ri%tor only $&on #$ll &%y(ent o# the .$"t !o(&en"%tion . *$ris%r$den e on this sett'ed %rin i%'e is onsistent &oth here and in other de#o rati B$risdi tions. 6 > > (Repu#lic v. Salem Investment Corporation et. al., +.R. No. ,-8.07, *$ne 1-, 1222, 1nd Di". @DendoJaA5 12.. Is (8I98 C:SC&&7SS0C@ :759;I!;I9: a condition precedent for the e-ercise of eminent domain? Held: Citin! Iron an$ Steel !ut)ority v. Court of !ppeals (1?7 SCRA .-/, O to&er 1., ,77.5, %etitioner insists that &efore e#inent do#ain #ay &e e>er ised &y the state, there #$st &e a showin! of %rior $ns$ essf$' ne!otiation with the owner of the %ro%erty to &e e>%ro%riated. Thi" !ontention i" not !orre!t* As %ointed o$t &y the So'i itor +enera' the !$rrent e##e!tive l%' on deleg%ted %$thority to e er!i"e the &o'er o# e(inent do(%in i" #o$nd in Se!tion 05+ Boo6 III of the Revise$ !$ministrative Co$e, whi h %ro"idesI ESEC* 05* (ower of 7minent Domain C The Pre"ident "h%ll deter(ine 'hen it i" ne!e""%ry or %dv%nt%geo$" to e er!i"e the &o'er o# e(inent do(%in in -eh%l# o# the N%tion%l >overn(ent+ %nd dire!t the Soli!itor >ener%l+ 'henever he dee(" the %!tion %dvi"%-le+ to in"tit$te e &ro&ri%tion &ro!eeding" in the &ro&er !o$rt.F The #oregoing &rovi"ion doe" not re)$ire &rior $n"$!!e""#$l negoti%tion %" % !ondition &re!edent #or the e er!i"e o# e(inent do(%in. In Iron and Steel !uthority v. &ourt of !ppeals the President

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hose to %res ri&e this ondition as an additiona' re:$ire#ent instead. In the instant ase, howe"er, no s$ h "o'$ntary restri tion was i#%osed. (SMI Development Corporation v. Repu#lic, -1- SCRA /01, *an. 1/, 1222, -rd Di". @Pan!ani&anA5 THE POWER O9 TA?ATION 12). &an ta-es be subject to off,setting or compensation?

Held: T% e" !%nnot -e "$-.e!t to !o(&en"%tion #or the "i(&le re%"on th%t the govern(ent %nd the t% &%yer %re not !reditor" %nd de-tor" o# e%!h other. There is a (%teri%l di"tin!tion -et'een % t% %nd de-t. DE6&S are d$e to the >overn(ent in it" !or&or%te !%&%!ity, whi'e &!%ES are d$e to the >overn(ent in it" "overeign !%&%!ity. It #$st &e noted that a di"ting$i"hing #e%t$re o# % t% i" th%t it i" CO:PULSOR; r%ther th%n % (%tter o# -%rg%in. <en e, a ta> doe" not de&end $&on the !on"ent o# the t% &%yer. If any ta>%ayer an defer the %ay#ent of ta>es &y raisin! the defense that it sti'' has a %endin! 'ai# for ref$nd or redit, this wo$'d ad"erse'y affe t the !o"ern#ent re"en$e syste#. A t% &%yer !%nnot re#$"e to &%y hi" t% e" 'hen they #%ll d$e "i(&ly -e!%$"e he h%" % !l%i( %g%in"t the govern(ent or th%t the !olle!tion o# % t% i" !ontingent on the re"$lt o# the l%'"$it it #iled %g%in"t the govern(ent. (P)ileI Mining Corporation v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 17? SCRA 0/8, A$!. 1/, ,77/ @Ro#eroA5 12%. Cnder !rticle FI Section 2$ paragraph * of the 1#$% &onstitution H3&4haritable institutions churches and parsonages or convents appurtenant thereto mos'ues non,profit cemeteries and all lands buildings and improvements actually directly and e-clusively used for religious charitable or educational purposes shall be e-empt from ta-ation.H G?&! claims that the income earned by its building leased to private entities and that of its parBing space is liBewise covered by said e-emption. 8esolve. Held: The de&ates, inter%e''ations and e>%ressions of o%inion of the fra#ers of the Constit$tion re"ea' their intent that whi h, in t$rn, #ay ha"e !$ided the %eo%'e in ratifyin! the Charter. S$ h intent #$st &e effe t$ated. A ordin!'y, *$sti e <i'ario +. Da"ide, *r., a for#er onstit$tiona' o##issioner, who is now a #e#&er of this Co$rt, stressed d$rin! the Con o# de&ates that M> > > 'h%t i" e e(&ted i" not the in"tit$tion it"el# > > >G tho"e e e(&ted #ro( re%l e"t%te t% e" %re l%nd"+ -$ilding" %nd i(&rove(ent" %!t$%lly+ dire!tly %nd e !l$"ively $"ed #or religio$"+ !h%rit%-le or ed$!%tion%l &$r&o"e". 4ather *oa:$in +. 3ernas, an e#inent a$thority on the Constit$tion and a'so a #e#&er of the Con o#, adhered to the sa#e "iew that the e e(&tion !re%ted -y "%id &rovi"ion &ert%ined only to PROPERT; TA?ES. In his treatise on ta>ation, Dr. *$sti e *ose C. Vit$! on $rs, statin! that M@tAhe ta> e>e#%tion o"ers property ta>es on'y.M (Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. C!, 17/ SCRA /-, O t. ,?, ,77/ @Pan!ani&anA5 12$. Cnder !rticle "IF Section + paragraph * of the 1#$% &onstitution H3!4ll revenues and assets of non,stocB non,profit educational institutions used actually directly and e-clusively for educational purposes shall be e-empt from ta-es and duties.H G?&! alleged that it His a non,profit educational institution whose revenues and assets are used actually directly and e-clusively for educational purposes so it is e-empt from ta-es on its properties and income.H Held: We reiter%te th%t &riv%te re"&ondent i" e e(&t #ro( the &%y(ent o# &ro&erty t% + BUT NOT INCO:E TA? ON THE RENTALS 9RO: ITS PROPERT;* The -%re %lleg%tion %lone th%t it i" % non,"to!6+ non,&ro#it

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ed$!%tion%l in"tit$tion i" in"$##i!ient to .$"ti#y it" e e(&tion #ro( the &%y(ent o# in!o(e t% . DL=%'" %llo'ing t% e e(&tion %re !on"tr$ed STRICTISSI:I MURIS. <en e, for the YDCA to &e !ranted the e>e#%tion it 'ai#s $nder the a&o"e ited %ro"ision, it #$st %ro"e with s$&stantia' e"iden e that /01 it #%ll" $nder the !l%""i#i!%tion nonFstocA nonFprofit e$ucational institutionO and /51 the in!o(e it "ee6" to -e e e(&ted #ro( t% %tion i" use$ actually $irectly an$ eIclusively for e$ucational purposes . <owe"er, the Co$rt notes that not a s inti''a of e"iden e was s$&#itted &y %ri"ate res%ondent to %ro"e that it #et the said re:$isites. (Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. C! , 17/ SCRA /-, O t. ,?, ,77/ @Pan!ani&anA5 12#. Is the G?&! an educational institution within the purview of !rticle "IF Section + par. * of the &onstitution? Held: We r$le th%t it i" NOT. The ter# M7DC&!;I9:!@ I:S;I;C;I9:M or MI:S;I;C;I9: 90 @7!8:I:5M has a :$ired a we'';9nown te hni a' #eanin!, of whi h the #e#&ers of the Constit$tiona' Co##ission are dee#ed o!niJant. =nder the Ed$ ation A t of ,7/1, "$!h ter( re#er" to "!hool". The s hoo' syste# is "ynony(o$" 'ith #or(%l ed$!%tion, whi h Mre#er" to the hier%r!hi!%lly "tr$!t$red %nd !hronologi!%lly gr%ded le%rning" org%ni8ed %nd &rovided -y the #or(%l "!hool "y"te( %nd #or 'hi!h !erti#i!%tion i" re)$ired in order #or the le%rner to &rogre"" thro$gh the gr%de" or (ove to the higher level" .M The Co$rt has e>a#ined the MA#ended Arti 'es of In or%orationM and M3y; LawsM of the YDCA, &$t fo$nd nothin! in the# that e"en hints that it is a s hoo' or an ed$ ationa' instit$tion. 4$rther#ore, $nder the Ed$ ation A t of ,7/1, e"en non;for#a' ed$ ation is $nderstood to &e s hoo';&ased and M%ri"ate a$s%i es s$ h as fo$ndations and i"i ;s%irited or!aniJationsM are r$'ed o$t. It is sett'ed that the ter# Med$ ationa' instit$tion,M when $sed in 'aws !rantin! ta> e>e#%tions, re#er" to % O "!hool "e(in%ry+ !ollege or ed$!%tion%l e"t%-li"h(ent .M <$+ &JS .))> Therefore, the %ri"ate res%ondent annot &e dee#ed one of the ed$ ationa' instit$tions o"ered &y the onstit$tiona' %ro"ision $nder onsideration. ( Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. C!, 17/ SCRA /-, O t. ,?, ,77/ @Pan!ani&anA5 112. ?ay the (&55 validly commit to e-empt from all forms of ta-es the properties to be retained by the ?arcos heirs in a &ompromise !greement between the former and the latter? Held: The &o'er to t% %nd to gr%nt e e(&tion" i" ve"ted in the Congre"" %nd+ to % !ert%in e tent+ in the lo!%l legi"l%tive -odie". Se tion 1/(?5, Arti 'e VI of the Constit$tion, s%e ifi a''y %ro"idesI ENo l%' gr%nting %ny t% e e(&tion "h%ll -e &%""ed 'itho$t the !on!$rren!e o# % (%.ority o# %ll the (e(-er" o# the Congre"".F The PC>> h%" %-"ol$tely no &o'er to gr%nt t% e e(&tion"+ even $nder the !over o# it" %$thority to !o(&ro(i"e ill,gotten 'e%lth !%"e". Even gr%nting th%t Congre"" en%!t" % l%' e e(&ting the :%r!o"e" #ro( &%ying t% e" on their &ro&ertie"+ "$!h l%' 'ill de#initely not &%"" the te"t o# the e)$%l &rote!tion !l%$"e $nder the Bill o# Right"* Any "&e!i%l gr%nt o# t% e e(&tion in #%vor only o# the :%r!o" heir" 'ill !on"tit$te !l%"" legi"l%tion. It wi'' a'so "io'ate the onstit$tiona' r$'e that Eta>ation sha'' &e $nifor# and e:$ita&'e .M (C)avez v. PCGG, 177 SCRA 8??, De . 7, ,77/ @Pan!ani&anA5 111. Discuss the purpose of ta- treaties?

Held: The RP;=S Ta> Treaty is B$st one of a n$#&er of &i'atera' treaties whi h the Phi'i%%ines has entered into for the a"oidan e of do$&'e ta>ation. The %$r%ose of these internationa' a!ree#ents is to re!on!ile the n%tion%l #i"!%l legi"l%tion" o# the !ontr%!ting &%rtie"

66

in order to hel& the t% &%yer %void "i($lt%neo$" t% %tion in t'o di##erent .$ri"di!tion". Dore %re ise'y, the ta> on"entions are drafted with a "iew towards the e'i#ination of international juridical double ta-ation > > >. (Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. S.C. 1o)nson an$ Son Inc., -27 SCRA /8, ,2,;,21, *$ne 1., ,777, - rd Di". @+onJa!a;ReyesA5 112. What is Hinternational juridical double ta-ationH?

Held: It is defined as the i(&o"ition o# !o(&%r%-le t% e" in t'o or (ore "t%te" on the "%(e t% &%yer in re"&e!t o# the "%(e "$-.e!t (%tter %nd #or identi!%l &eriod". (Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. S.C. 1o)nson an$ Son Inc., -27 SCRA /8, ,21, *$ne 1., ,7775 11*. What is the rationale for doing away with international juridical double ta-ation? What are the methods resorted to by ta- treaties to eliminate double ta-ation? Held: The a%%arent rationa'e for doin! away with do$&'e ta>ation is to en!o$r%ge the #ree #lo' o# good" %nd "ervi!e" %nd the (ove(ent o# !%&it%l+ te!hnology %nd &er"on" -et'een !o$ntrie"+ !ondition" dee(ed vit%l in !re%ting ro-$"t %nd dyn%(i! e!ono(ie". 4orei!n in"est#ents wi'' on'y thri"e in a fair'y %redi ta&'e and reasona&'e internationa' in"est#ent 'i#ate and the %rote tion a!ainst do$&'e ta>ation is r$ ia' in reatin! s$ h a 'i#ate. Do$&'e ta>ation $s$a''y ta9es %'a e when % &er"on i" re"ident o# % !ontr%!ting "t%te %nd derive" in!o(e #ro(+ or o'n" !%&it%l in the other !ontr%!ting "t%te %nd -oth "t%te" i(&o"e t% on th%t in!o(e or !%&it%l. In order to e'i#inate do$&'e ta>ation, a ta> treaty resorts to se"era' #ethods. 4irst, it "et" o$t the re"&e!tive right" to t% o# the "t%te o# "o$r!e or "it$" %nd o# the "t%te o# re"iden!e 'ith reg%rd to !ert%in !l%""e" o# in!o(e or !%&it%l. In so#e ases, an e> '$si"e ri!ht to ta> is onferred on one of the ontra tin! statesG howe"er, for other ite#s of in o#e or a%ita', &oth states are !i"en the ri!ht to ta>, a'tho$!h the a#o$nt of ta> that #ay &e i#%osed &y the state of so$r e is 'i#ited. The se ond #ethod for the e'i#ination of do$&'e ta>ation a%%'ies whene"er the "t%te o# "o$r!e i" given % #$ll or li(ited right to t% together 'ith the "t%te o# re"iden!e. In this ase, the tre%tie" (%6e it in!$(-ent $&on the "t%te o# re"iden!e to %llo' relie# in order to %void do$-le t% %tion. There are t'o (ethod" o# relie# ; the E?E:PTION :ETHOD and the CREDIT :ETHOD. In the e>e#%tion #ethod, the in!o(e or !%&it%l 'hi!h i" t% %-le in the "t%te o# "o$r!e or "it$" i" e e(&ted in the "t%te o# re"iden!e+ %ltho$gh in "o(e in"t%n!e" it (%y -e t%6en into %!!o$nt in deter(ining the r%te o# t% %&&li!%-le to the t% &%yerK" re(%ining in!o(e or !%&it%l. On the other hand, in the redit #ethod, %ltho$gh the in!o(e or !%&it%l 'hi!h i" t% ed in the "t%te o# "o$r!e i" "till t% %-le in the "t%te o# re"iden!e+ the t% &%id in the #or(er i" !redited %g%in"t the t% levied in the l%tter . The &asi differen e &etween the two #ethods is that in the e>e#%tion #ethod, the fo $s is on the in o#e or a%ita' itse'f, whereas the redit #ethod fo $ses $%on the ta>. (Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. S.C. 1o)nson an$ Son Inc., -27 SCRA /8, ,21;,2-, *$ne 1., ,7775 11+. What is the rationale for reducing the ta- rate in negotiating ta- treaties? Held: In ne!otiatin! ta> treaties, the $nder'yin! rationa'e for red$ in! the ta> rate is that the Phili&&ine" 'ill give $& % &%rt o# the t% in the e &e!t%tion th%t the t% given $& #or thi" &%rti!$l%r inve"t(ent i" not t% ed -y the other !o$ntry. (Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. S.C. 1o)nson an$ Son Inc., -27 SCRA /8, ,2-, *$ne 1., ,7775

67

3.

T<E 3ILL O4 RI+<TS

THE DUE PROCESS CLAUSE 11.. Discuss the Due (rocess &lause. process from procedural due process. Distinguish substantive due

Held: Se tion , of the 3i'' of Ri!hts 'ays down what is 9nown as the Md$e %ro ess 'a$seM of the Constit$tion. In order to fa'' within the ae!is of this %ro"ision, two conditions must concur, na#e'y, that there i" % de&riv%tion and that "$!h de&riv%tion i" done 'itho$t &ro&er o-"erv%n!e o# d$e &ro!e"". When one s%ea9s of d$e %ro ess of 'aw, howe"er, a distin tion #$st &e #ade &etween #atters of %ro ed$re and #atters of s$&stan e. In essen e, (89&7DC8!@ DC7 (89&7SS Mre#er" to the :ETHOD or :ANNER -y 'hi!h the l%' i" en#or!ed,M whi'e SCES;!:;IF7 DC7 (89&7SS Mre)$ire" th%t the LAW it"el#+ not (erely the &ro!ed$re" -y 'hi!h the l%' 'o$ld -e en#or!ed+ i" 9AIR+ REASONABLE+ %nd MUST.M (Corona v. /nite$ Har#or Pilots !ssociation of t)e P)ils. , 1/- SCRA -,, De . ,1, ,778 @Ro#eroA5 11). 8espondents Cnited 6arbor (ilots !ssociation of the (hilippines argue that due process was not observed in the adoption of ((!,!9 :o. 2+,#2 which provides thatN /<a>ll e-isting regular appointments which have been previously issued by the Eureau of &ustoms or the ((! shall remain valid up to *1 December 1##2 only 1 and /<a>ll appointments to harbor pilot positions in all pilotage districts shall henceforth be only for a term of one <1> year from date of effectivity subject to renewal or cancellation by the (hilippine (orts !uthority after conduct of a rigid evaluation of performance 1 allegedly because no hearing was conducted whereby /relevant government agencies1 and the harbor pilots themselves could ventilate their views. ;hey also contended that the sole and e-clusive right to the e-ercise of harbor pilotage by pilots has become vested and can only be /withdrawn or shortened1 by observing the constitutional mandate of due process of law. Held: They are o&"io$s'y referrin! to the (89&7DC8!@ !S(7&; of the ena t#ent. 4ort$nate'y, the Co$rt has #aintained a 'ear %osition in this re!ard, a stan e it has stressed in the re ent ase of 'umiHue$ v. Hon. EIevea (+.R. No. ,,8.0., No"e#&er ,/, ,7785, where it de 'ared that E/%1" long %" % &%rty '%" given the o&&ort$nity to de#end hi" intere"t" in d$e !o$r"e+ he !%nnot -e "%id to h%ve -een denied d$e &ro!e"" o# l%'+ #or thi" OPPORTUNIT; TO BE HEARD i" the very ESSENCE o# d$e &ro!e""* :oreover+ thi" !on"tit$tion%l (%nd%te i" dee(ed "%ti"#ied i# % &er"on i" gr%nted %n o&&ort$nity to "ee6 re!on"ider%tion o# the %!tion or r$ling !o(&l%ined o#.F In the ase at &ar, res%ondents :$estioned PPA;AO No. 2?;71 no 'ess than fo$r ti#es &efore the #atter was fina''y e'e"ated to this Tri&$na'. Their ar!$#ents on this s ore, howe"er, fai'ed to %ers$ade. 6 > > Neither does the fa t that the %i'ots the#se'"es were not ons$'ted in any way taint the "a'idity of the ad#inistrati"e order. A" % gener%l r$le+ noti!e %nd he%ring+ %" the #$nd%(ent%l re)$ire(ent" o# &ro!ed$r%l d$e &ro!e""+ %re e""enti%l only 'hen %n %d(ini"tr%tive -ody e er!i"e" it" QUASI,MUDICIAL 9UNCTION* In the &er#or(%n!e o# it" e e!$tive or legi"l%tive #$n!tion"+ "$!h %" i""$ing r$le" %nd reg$l%tion"+ %n %d(ini"tr%tive -ody need not !o(&ly 'ith the re)$ire(ent" o# noti!e %nd he%ring. =%on the other hand, it is a'so ontended that the so'e and e> '$si"e ri!ht to the e>er ise of har&or %i'ota!e &y %i'ots is a sett'ed iss$e. Res%ondents a"er that said ri!ht has &e o#e "ested and an on'y &e Ewithdrawn or shortenedF &y o&ser"in! the onstit$tiona' #andate of d$e %ro ess of 'aw. Their ar!$#ent has th$s shifted fro#

68

the %ro ed$ra' to one of S=3STANCE. It is here where PPA;AO No. 2?;71 fai's to #eet the ondition set &y the or!ani 'aw. Pi'ota!e, B$st 'i9e other %rofessions, #ay &e %ra ti ed on'y &y d$'y 'i ensed indi"id$a's. Li ens$re is Ethe !rantin! of 'i ense es%e ia''y to %ra ti e a %rofession.F It is a'so Ethe syste# of !rantin! 'i enses (as for %rofessiona' %ra ti e5 in a ordan e with esta&'ished standards.F A 'i ense is a ri!ht or %er#ission !ranted &y so#e o#%etent a$thority to arry on a &$siness or do an a t whi h, witho$t s$ h 'i ense, wo$'d &e i''e!a'. 3efore har&or %i'ots an earn a 'i ense to %ra ti e their %rofession, they 'itera''y ha"e to %ass thro$!h the %ro"er&ia' eye of a need'e &y ta9in!, not one &$t five e>a#inations, ea h fo''owed &y a t$a' trainin! and %ra ti e. 6 > > Their 'i ense is !ranted in the for# of an a%%oint#ent whi h a''ows the# to en!a!e in %i'ota!e $nti' they retire at the a!e of 82 years. This is a "ested ri!ht. =nder the ter#s of PPA;AO No. 2?;71, E@aA'' e>istin! re!$'ar a%%oint#ents whi h ha"e &een %re"io$s'y iss$ed &y the 3$rea$ of C$sto#s or the PPA sha'' re#ain "a'id $% to -, De e#&er ,771 on'y,F and E(a5'' a%%oint#ents to har&or %i'ot %ositions in a'' %i'ota!e distri ts sha'', hen eforth, &e on'y for a ter# of one (,5 year fro# date of effe ti"ity s$&Be t to renewa' or an e''ation &y the A$thority after ond$ t of a ri!id e"a'$ation of %erfor#an e.F It i" re%dily %&&%rent th%t PPA,AO No* JE,C5 $nd$ly re"tri!t" the right o# h%r-or &ilot" to en.oy their &ro#e""ion -e#ore their !o(&$l"ory retire(ent. In the %ast, they enBoyed a #eas$re of se $rity 9nowin! that after %assin! fi"e e>a#inations and $nder!oin! years of on;the;Bo& trainin!, they wo$'d ha"e a 'i ense whi h they o$'d $se $nti' their retire#ent, $n'ess sooner re"o9ed &y the PPA for #enta' or %hysi a' $nfitness. =nder the new iss$an e, they ha"e to ontend with an ann$a' an e''ation of their 'i ense whi h an &e te#%orary or %er#anent de%endin! on the o$t o#e of their %erfor#an e e"a'$ation. Veteran %i'ots and neo%hytes a'i9e are s$dden'y onfronted with one; year ter#s whi h ipso facto e>%ire at the end of that %eriod. Renewa' of their 'i ense is now de%endent on a Eri!id e"a'$ation of %erfor#an eF whi h is ond$ ted on'y after the 'i ense has a'ready &een an e''ed. <en e, the $se of the ter# Erenewa'.F It i" thi" &re, ev%l$%tion !%n!ell%tion 'hi!h &ri(%rily (%6e" PPA,AO No* JE,C5 $nre%"on%-le %nd !on"tit$tion%lly in#ir(* In % re%l "en"e+ it i" % de&riv%tion o# &ro&erty 'itho$t d$e &ro!e"" o# l%'. (Corona v. /nite$ Har#or Pilots !ssociation of t)e P)ils., 1/- SCRA -,, De e#&er ,1, ,778 @Ro#eroA5 11%. Does the due process clause encompass the right to be assisted by counsel during an administrative in'uiry? Held: The right to !o$n"el+ 'hi!h !%nnot -e '%ived $nle"" the '%iver i" in 'riting %nd in the &re"en!e o# !o$n"el+ i" % right %##orded % "$"&e!t or %n %!!$"ed d$ring !$"todi%l inve"tig%tion* It i" not %n %-"ol$te right %nd (%y+ th$"+ -e invo6ed or re.e!ted in % !ri(in%l &ro!eeding %nd+ 'ith (ore re%"on+ in %n %d(ini"tr%tive in)$iry. In the case at bar petitioners invoBe the right of an accused in criminal proceedings to have competent and independent counsel of his own choice. @umi'ued however was not accused of any crime in the proceedings below. ;he investigation conducted by the committee - - was for the sole purpose of determining if he could be held !D?I:IS;8!;IF7@G @I!E@7 under the law for the complaints filed against him. - - !s such the hearing conducted by the investigating committee was not part of a criminal prosecution. 6 > > While inve"tig%tion" !ond$!ted -y %n %d(ini"tr%tive -ody (%y %t ti(e" -e %6in to % !ri(in%l &ro!eeding+ the #%!t re(%in" th%t $nder e i"ting l%'"+ % &%rty in %n %d(ini"tr%tive in)$iry :A; or :A; NOT BE ASSISTED B; COUNSEL+ irre"&e!tive o# the n%t$re o# the !h%rge" %nd o# the re"&ondentK" !%&%!ity to re&re"ent hi("el#+ %nd no d$ty re"t" on

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"$!h % -ody to #$rni"h the &er"on -eing inve"tig%ted 'ith !o$n"el. In an ad#inistrati"e %ro eedin! > > > a res%ondent > > > has the 9(;I9: of en!a!in! the ser"i es of o$nse' or not. > > > Th$"+ the right to !o$n"el i" not i(&er%tive in %d(ini"tr%tive inve"tig%tion" -e!%$"e "$!h in)$irie" %re !ond$!ted (erely to deter(ine 'hether there %re #%!t" th%t (erit di"!i&lin%ry (e%"$re" %g%in"t erring &$-li! o##i!er" %nd e(&loyee"+ 'ith the &$r&o"e o# (%int%ining the dignity o# govern(ent "ervi!e. The right to !o$n"el i" not indi"&en"%-le to d$e &ro!e"" $nle"" re)$ired -y the Con"tit$tion or the l%'. 6 > >. ('umiHue$ v. EIevea, 1/1 SCRA ,1., No". ,/, ,778 @Ro#eroA5 11$. Does an e-traditee have the right to notice and hearing during the evaluation stage of an e-tradition proceeding? Held: Con"idering th%t in the !%"e %t -%r+ the e tr%dition &ro!eeding i" only %t it" ev%l$%tion "t%ge+ the n%t$re o# the right -eing !l%i(ed -y the &riv%te re"&ondent i" ne-$lo$" %nd the degree o# &re.$di!e he 'ill %llegedly "$##er i" 'e%6+ 'e %!!ord gre%ter 'eight to the intere"t" e"&o$"ed -y the govern(ent thr$ the &etitioner Se!ret%ry o# M$"ti!e. 6 > > In tilting the -%l%n!e in #%vor o# the intere"t" o# the St%te+ the Co$rt "tre""e" th%t it i" not r$ling th%t the &riv%te re"&ondent h%" no right to d$e &ro!e"" %t %ll thro$gho$t the length %nd -re%dth o# the e tr%dition &ro!eeding". Pro ed$ra' d$e %ro ess re:$ires a deter#ination of what %ro ess is d$e, when it is d$e, and the de!ree of what is d$e. Stated otherwise, % &rior deter(in%tion "ho$ld -e (%de %" to 'hether &ro!ed$r%l &rote!tion" %re %t %ll d$e %nd 'hen they %re d$e+ 'hi!h in t$rn de&end" on the e tent to 'hi!h %n individ$%l 'ill -e O!onde(ned to "$##er grievo$" lo"".H We ha"e e>%'ained why an e>traditee has no ri!ht to noti e and hearin! d$rin! the e"a'$ation sta!e of the e>tradition %ro ess. As aforesaid, P*D* No* 0JIC whi h i#%'e#ents the RP;=S E>tradition Treaty %##ord" %n e tr%ditee sufficient opportunity to (eet the eviden!e %g%in"t hi( once t)e petition is file$ in court. The time #or the e tr%ditee to 6no' the -%"i" o# the re)$e"t #or hi" e tr%dition is merely move$ to the #iling in !o$rt o# the #or(%l &etition #or e tr%dition* The e tr%diteeK" right to 6no' i" momentarily (it))el$ $uring t)e evaluation stage o# the e tr%dition &ro!e"" to %!!o((od%te the (ore !o(&elling intere"t o# the St%te to &revent e"!%&e o# &otenti%l e tr%ditee" 'hi!h !%n -e &re!i&it%ted -y &re(%t$re in#or(%tion o# the -%"i" o# the re)$e"t #or hi" e tr%dition* No le"" !o(&elling at t)at stage o# the e tr%dition &ro!eeding" i" the need to -e (ore de#erenti%l to the .$dg(ent o# % !o, e)$%l -r%n!h o# the govern(ent+ the E e!$tive+ 'hi!h h%" -een endo'ed -y o$r Con"tit$tion 'ith gre%ter &o'er over (%tter" involving o$r #oreign rel%tion". Need'ess to state, this &a'an e of interests is not a static but a moving balance whi h an &e adB$sted as the e>tradition %ro ess #o"es fro# the ad#inistrati"e sta!e to the B$di ia' sta!e and to the e>e $tion sta!e de%endin! on fa tors that wi'' o#e into %'ay. In s$#, 'e r$le th%t the temporary )ol$ on &riv%te re"&ondentK" &rivilege o# noti!e %nd he%ring i" % soft restraint on hi" right to d$e &ro!e"" 'hi!h 'ill not de&rive hi( o# fun$amental fairness "ho$ld he de!ide to re"i"t the re)$e"t #or hi" e tr%dition to the United St%te"* &)ere is no $enial of $ue process as long as fun$amental fairness is assure$ a party. (Secretary of 1ustice v. Hon. Ralp) C. 'antion , +.R. No. ,-7?0., O t. ,8, 1222, En 3an @P$noA5 THE EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE 11#. 7-plain and discuss the e'ual protection of the law clause.

Held: ,. The e:$a' %rote tion of the 'aw is e#&ra ed in the on e%t of d$e %ro ess, as every $n#%ir di"!ri(in%tion o##end" the re)$ire(ent" o# .$"ti!e %nd #%ir &l%y. It has nonethe'ess &een e#&odied in a se%arate 'a$se in Arti!le III, Se!* 0, of the

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Constitution to &rovide #or % (ore "&e!i#i! g$%r%nty %g%in"t %ny #or( o# $nd$e #%voriti"( or ho"tility #ro( the govern(ent. ARBITRARINESS in gener%l #ay &e ha''en!ed on the &asis of the d$e &ro!e"" !l%$"e. 3$t if the %arti $'ar a t assai'ed %arta9es of an UNWARRANTED PARTIALIT; or PREMUDICE, the shar%er wea%on to $t it down is the e)$%l &rote!tion !l%$"e. A ordin! to a 'on! 'ine of de isions, 7AC!@ (89;7&;I9: "i(&ly re)$ire" th%t %ll &er"on" or thing" SI:ILARL; SITUATED "ho$ld -e tre%ted %li6e+ -oth %" to right" !on#erred %nd re"&on"i-ilitie" i(&o"ed. Si#i'ar s$&Be ts, in other words, sho$'d not &e treated different'y, so as to !i"e $nd$e fa"or to so#e and $nB$st'y dis ri#inate a!ainst others. The e:$a' %rote tion 'a$se does not re:$ire the $ni"ersa' a%%'i ation of the 'aws on a'' %ersons or thin!s witho$t distin tion. This #i!ht in fa t so#eti#es res$'t in $ne:$a' %rote tion, as where, for e>a#%'e, a 'aw %rohi&itin! #at$re &oo9s to a'' %ersons, re!ard'ess of a!e, wo$'d &enefit the #ora's of the yo$th &$t "io'ate the 'i&erty of ad$'ts. Wh%t the !l%$"e re)$ire" i" e)$%lity %(ong e)$%l" %" deter(ined %!!ording to % v%lid !l%""i#i!%tion* By !l%""i#i!%tion i" (e%nt the gro$&ing o# &er"on" or thing" "i(il%r to e%!h other in !ert%in &%rti!$l%r" %nd di##erent #ro( %ll other" in the"e "%(e &%rti!$l%r". (P)ilippine 1u$ges !ssociation v. Pra$o, 118 SCRA 82-, 8,,;8,1, No". ,,, ,77-, En 3an @Cr$JA5 1. The e:$a' %rote tion 'a$se e>ists to &revent $nd$e #%vor or &rivilege. It is intended to eli(in%te di"!ri(in%tion %nd o&&re""ion -%"ed on ine)$%lity. Re o!niJin! the e>isten e of rea' differen e a#on! #en, the e:$a' %rote tion 'a$se doe" not de(%nd %-"ol$te e)$%lity. It #ere'y re:$ires that %ll &er"on" "h%ll -e tre%ted %li6e+ $nder li6e !ir!$("t%n!e" %nd !ondition" -oth %" to the &rivilege" !on#erred %nd li%-ilitie" en#or!ed* Th$"+ the e)$%l &rote!tion !l%$"e doe" not %-"ol$tely #or-id !l%""i#i!%tion" * I# the !l%""i#i!%tion i" /01 -%"ed on REAL %nd SUBSTANTIAL DI99ERENCES4 /51 i" >ER:ANE TO THE PURPOSE O9 THE LAW4 /71 APPLIES TO ALL :E:BERS O9 THE SA:E CLASS4 %nd /E1 APPLIES TO CURRENT AS WELL AS 9UTURE CONDITIONS + the !l%""i#i!%tion (%y not -e i(&$gned %" viol%ting the Con"tit$tionK" e)$%l &rote!tion g$%r%ntee. A distin tion &ased on rea' and reasona&'e onsiderations re'ated to a %ro%er 'e!is'ati"e %$r%ose > > > is neither $nreasona&'e, a%ri io$s nor $nfo$nded. (Himagan v. People, 1-8 SCRA .-/, O t. 8, ,77?, En 3an @)a%$nanA5 122. &ongress enacted 8.!. :o. $1$# which provides in Section ++ thereof that H:o 7lection 9fficer shall hold office in a particular city or municipality for more than four <+> years. !ny election officer who either at the time of the approval of this !ct or subse'uent thereto has served for at least four <+> years in a particular city or municipality shall automatically be reassigned by the &ommission to a new station outside the original congressional district.H (etitioners who are &ity and ?unicipal 7lection 9fficers theori=e that Section ++ of 8! $1$# is violative of the He'ual protection clauseH of the 1#$% &onstitution because it singles out the &ity and ?unicipal 7lection 9fficers of the &9?7@7& as prohibited from holding office in the same city or municipality for more than four <+> years. ;hey maintain that there is no substantial distinction between them and other &9?7@7& officials and therefore there is no valid classification to justify the objective of the provision of law under attacB. 8esolve. Held: The Co$rt is not %ers$aded &y %etitionersH ar!$#ents. The M7AC!@ (89;7&;I9: &@!CS7M of the 7:., Constitution permits a vali$ classification $nder the fo''owin! onditionsI ,5 The 15 The 'assifi ation #$st rest on "$-"t%nti%l di"tin!tionG 'assifi ation #$st &e ger(%ne to the &$r&o"e o# the l%'G

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-5 The 'assifi ation #$st not -e li(ited to e i"ting !ondition" onlyG and ?5 The 'assifi ation #$st %&&ly e)$%lly to %ll (e(-er" o# the "%(e !l%"". After a aref$' st$dy, the ine'$ ta&'e on '$sion is that the 'assifi ation $nder Se tion ?? of RA /,/7 satisfies the aforestated re:$ire#ents. The "ingling o$t o# ele!tion o##i!er" in order to Oen"$re the i(&%rti%lity o# ele!tion o##i!i%l" -y &reventing the( #ro( develo&ing #%(ili%rity 'ith the &eo&le o# their &l%!e o# %""ign(entO doe" not viol%te the e)$%l &rote!tion !l%$"e o# the Con"tit$tion. In 'utz v. !raneta (7/ Phi'. ,?/, ,.- @,7..A5, it was he'd that Mthe legi"l%t$re i" not re)$ired -y the Con"tit$tion to %dhere to % &oli!y o# K%ll or noneKM. This is so for $nderin '$si"eness is not an ar!$#ent a!ainst a "a'id 'assifi ation. It #ay &e tr$e that a'' other offi ers of CODELEC referred to &y %etitioners are e>%osed to the sa#e e"i's so$!ht to &e addressed &y the stat$te. <owe"er, in this ase, it an &e dis erned that the 'e!is'at$re tho$!ht the no&'e %$r%ose of the 'aw wo$'d &e s$ffi ient'y ser"ed &y &rea9in! an i#%ortant 'in9 in the hain of orr$%tion than &y &rea9in! $% ea h and e"ery 'in9 thereof. Herily+ $nder Se!tion 7/n1 o# RA B0BC+ ele!tion o##i!er" %re the highe"t o##i!i%l" or %$thori8ed re&re"ent%tive" o# the CO:ELEC in % !ity or ($ni!i&%lity* It i" "%#e to "%y th%t 'itho$t the !o(&li!ity o# "$!h o##i!i%l"+ l%rge,"!%le %no(%lie" in the regi"tr%tion o# voter" !%n h%rdly -e !%rried o$t. (!gripino !. De Guzman 1r. et al. v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,17,,/, *$'y ,7, 1222, en 3an @P$risi#aA5 121. !re there substantial distinctions between print media and broadcast media to justify the re'uirement for the latter to give free airtime to be used by the &omelec to inform the public of 'ualifications and program of government of candidates and political parties during the campaign period? Discuss. Held: There are i#%ortant differen es in the hara teristi s of the two #edia whi h B$stify their differentia' treat#ent for free s%ee h %$r%oses. Be!%$"e o# the &hy"i!%l li(it%tion" o# the -ro%d!%"t "&e!tr$(+ the govern(ent ($"t+ o# ne!e""ity+ %llo!%te -ro%d!%"t #re)$en!ie" to tho"e 'i"hing to $"e the(* There i" no "i(il%r .$"ti#i!%tion #or govern(ent %llo!%tion %nd reg$l%tion o# the &rint (edi%. In the %llo!%tion o# li(ited re"o$r!e"+ relev%nt !ondition" (%y v%lidly -e i(&o"ed on the gr%ntee" or li!en"ee"* The re%"on #or thi" i" th%t the govern(ent "&end" &$-li! #$nd" #or the %llo!%tion %nd reg$l%tion o# the -ro%d!%"t ind$"try+ 'hi!h it doe" not do in the !%"e o# &rint (edi%* To re)$ire r%dio %nd televi"ion -ro%d!%"t ind$"try to &rovide #ree %irti(e #or the Co(ele! Ti(e i" % #%ir e !h%nge #or 'h%t the ind$"try get". 4ro# another %oint of "iew, the SC has a'so he'd that -e!%$"e o# the $ni)$e %nd &erv%"ive in#l$en!e o# the -ro%d!%"t (edi%+ 2<n=e!e""%rily the #reedo( o# televi"ion %nd r%dio -ro%d!%"ting i" "o(e'h%t le""er in "!o&e th%n the #reedo( %!!orded to ne'"&%&er %nd &rint (edi%.F (&E'E6!P Inc. v. C3ME'EC, 1/7 SCRA --8, A%ri' 1,, ,77/ @DendoJaA5 122. Does the death penalty law <8.!. :o. %).#> violate the e'ual protection clause considering that in effect it punishes only people who are poor uneducated and jobless? Held: R.!. No. ,;5: s%e ifi a''y %ro"ides that E@TAhe death %ena'ty sha'' &e i#%osed if the ri#e of ra%e is o##itted > > > when the "i ti# is a re'i!io$s or a hi'd &e'ow se"en (85 years o'd.F A&&%rently+ the de%th &en%lty l%' (%6e" no di"tin!tion* It %&&lie" to

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%ll &er"on" %nd to %ll !l%""e" o# &er"on" N ri!h or &oor+ ed$!%ted or $ned$!%ted+ religio$" or non,religio$"* No &%rti!$l%r &er"on or !l%""e" o# &er"on" %re identi#ied -y the l%' %g%in"t 'ho( the de%th &en%lty "h%ll -e e !l$"ively i(&o"ed. The 'aw %$nishes with death a %erson who sha'' o##it ra%e a!ainst a hi'd &e'ow se"en years of a!e. Th$s, the %er%etration of ra%e a!ainst a .;year o'd !ir' does not a&so'"e or e>e#%t an a $sed fro# the i#%osition of the death %ena'ty &y the fa t that he is %oor, $ned$ ated, Bo&'ess, and 'a 9s ate heti a' instr$ tion. To ho'd otherwise wi'' not e'i#inate &$t %ro#ote ine:$a'ities. In Cecilleville Realty an$ Service Corporation v. C!, (18/ SCRA /,7 @,778A5, the SC 'arified that !o(&%""ion #or the &oor i" %n i(&er%tive o# every h$(%ne "o!iety -$t only 'hen the re!i&ient i" not % r%"!%l !l%i(ing %n $nde"erved &rivilege. (People v. 1immy Mi0ano y &amora, +.R. No. ,17,,1, *$'y 1-, ,777, En 3an @Per C$ria#A5 12*. ;he International School !lliance of 7ducators <IS!7> 'uestioned the point,of,hire classification employed by International School Inc. to justify distinction in salary rates between foreign,hires and local, hires i.e. salary rates of foreign,hires are higher by 2.S than their local counterparts as discriminatory and therefore violates the e'ual protection clause. ;he International School contended that this is necessary in order to entice foreign,hires to leave their domicile and worB here. 8esolve. Held: That %$&'i %o'i y a&hors ine:$a'ity and dis ri#ination is &eyond ontention. O$r Constit$tion and 'aws ref'e t the %o'i y a!ainst these e"i's. 6 > > Internationa' 'aw, whi h s%rin!s fro# !enera' %rin i%'es of 'aw 'i9ewise %ros ri&es dis ri#ination > > >. The =ni"ersa' De 'aration of <$#an Ri!hts, the Internationa' Co"enant on E ono#i , So ia' and C$'t$ra' Ri!hts, the Internationa' Con"ention on the E'i#ination of A'' 4or#s of Ra ia' Dis ri#ination, the Con"ention a!ainst Dis ri#ination in Ed$ ation, the Con"ention (No. ,,,5 Con ernin! Dis ri#ination in Res%e t of E#%'oy#ent and O $%ation ; a'' e#&ody the !enera' %rin i%'e a!ainst dis ri#ination, the "ery antithesis of fairness and B$sti e. The Phi'i%%ines, thro$!h its Constit$tion, has in or%orated this %rin i%'e as %art of its nationa' 'aws. <I=t 'o$ld -e %n %##ront to -oth the "&irit %nd letter o# the"e &rovi"ion" i# the St%te+ in "&ite o# it" &ri(ordi%l o-lig%tion to &ro(ote %nd en"$re e)$%l e(&loy(ent o&&ort$nitie"+ !lo"e" it" eye" to $ne)$%l %nd di"!ri(in%tory ter(" %nd !ondition" o# e(&loy(ent * Di"!ri(in%tion+ &%rti!$l%rly in ter(" o# '%ge"+ i" #ro'ned $&on -y the L%-or Code* Arti!le 07G+ #or e %(&le+ &rohi-it" %nd &en%li8e" the &%y(ent o# le""er !o(&en"%tion to % #e(%le e(&loyee %" %g%in"t % (%le e(&loyee #or 'or6 o# e)$%l v%l$e* Arti!le 5EB de!l%re" it %n $n#%ir l%-or &r%!ti!e #or %n e(&loyer to di"!ri(in%te in reg%rd" to '%ge" in order to en!o$r%ge or di"!o$r%ge (e(-er"hi& in %ny l%-or org%ni8%tion. 6 > > The #oregoing &rovi"ion" i(&regn%-ly in"tit$tion%li8e in thi" .$ri"di!tion the long honored leg%l tr$i"( o# OE)$%l &%y #or e)$%l 'or6*O Per"on" 'ho 'or6 'ith "$-"t%nti%lly e)$%l )$%li#i!%tion"+ "6ill+ e##ort %nd re"&on"i-ility+ $nder "i(il%r !ondition"+ "ho$ld -e &%id "i(il%r "%l%rie"* Thi" r$le %&&lie" to the S!hool /Intern%tion%l S!hool+ In!*1+ it" Ointern%tion%l !h%r%!terO not'ith"t%nding. The S hoo' ontends that %etitioner has not add$ ed e"iden e that 'o a';hires %erfor# wor9 e:$a' to that of forei!n;hires. The Co$rt finds this ar!$#ent a 'itt'e a"a'ier. I# %n e(&loyer %!!ord" e(&loyee" the "%(e &o"ition %nd r%n6+ the &re"$(&tion i" th%t the"e e(&loyee" &er#or( e)$%l 'or6* Thi" &re"$(&tion i" -orne -y logi! %nd h$(%n e &erien!e* I# the e(&loyer &%y" one e(&loyee le"" th%n the re"t+ it i" not #or th%t e(&loyee to e &l%in 'hy he re!eive" le"" or

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'hy the other" re!eive (ore* Th%t 'o$ld -e %dding in"$lt to in.$ry* The e(&loyer h%" di"!ri(in%ted %g%in"t th%t e(&loyee4 it i" #or the e(&loyer to e &l%in 'hy the e(&loyee i" tre%ted $n#%irly. The e(&loyer in thi" !%"e #%iled to di"!h%rge thi" -$rden* There i" no eviden!e here th%t #oreign,hire" &er#or( 5GP (ore e##i!iently or e##e!tively th%n the lo!%l,hire"* Both gro$&" h%ve "i(il%r #$n!tion" %nd re"&on"i-ilitie"+ 'hi!h they &er#or( $nder "i(il%r 'or6ing !ondition". The S hoo' annot in"o9e the need to enti e forei!n;hires to 'ea"e their do#i i'e to rationa'iJe the distin tion in sa'ary rates witho$t "io'atin! the %rin i%'e of e:$a' wor9 for e:$a' %ay. 6 > > While 'e re!ogni8e the need o# the S!hool to %ttr%!t #oreign, hire"+ "%l%rie" "ho$ld not -e $"ed %" %n enti!e(ent to the &re.$di!e o# lo!%l,hire"* The lo!%l,hire" &er#or( the "%(e "ervi!e" %" #oreign, hire" %nd they o$ght to -e &%id the "%(e "%l%rie" %" the l%tter* 9or the "%(e re%"on+ the Odi"lo!%tion #%!torO %nd the #oreign,hire"K li(ited ten$re %l"o !%nnot "erve %" v%lid -%"e" #or the di"tin!tion in "%l%ry r%te"* The di"lo!%tion #%!tor %nd li(ited ten$re %##e!ting #oreign,hire" %re %de)$%tely !o(&en"%ted -y !ert%in -ene#it" %!!orded the( 'hi!h %re not en.oyed -y lo!%l,hire"+ "$!h %" ho$"ing+ tr%n"&ort%tion+ "hi&&ing !o"t"+ t% e" %nd ho(e le%ve tr%vel %llo'%n!e". The Constit$tion enBoins the State to M%rote t the ri!hts of wor9ers and %ro#ote their we'fareM, Mto afford 'a&or f$'' %rote tion.M The State, therefore, has the ri!ht and d$ty to re!$'ate the re'ations &etween 'a&or and a%ita'. These re'ations are not #ere'y ontra t$a' &$t are so i#%ressed with %$&'i interest that 'a&or ontra ts, o''e ti"e &ar!ainin! a!ree#ents in '$ded, #$st yie'd to the o##on !ood. Sho$'d s$ h ontra ts ontain sti%$'ations that are ontrary to %$&'i %o'i y, o$rts wi'' not hesitate to stri9e down these sti%$'ations. In thi" !%"e+ 'e #ind the &oint,o#,hire !l%""i#i!%tion e(&loyed -y re"&ondent S!hool to .$"ti#y the di"tin!tion in the "%l%ry r%te" o# #oreign,hire" %nd lo!%l,hire" to -e %n inv%lid !l%""i#i!%tion* There i" no re%"on%-le di"tin!tion -et'een the "ervi!e" rendered -y #oreign, hire" %nd lo!%l,hire". The %ra ti e of the S hoo' of a ordin! hi!her sa'aries to forei!n;hires ontra"enes %$&'i %o'i y and, ertain'y, does not deser"e the sy#%athy of this Co$rt. (International Sc)ool !lliance of E$ucators 8IS!E9 v. Hon. 'eonar$o !. Nuisum#ing, +.R. No. ,1//?., *$ne ,, 1222, ,st Di". @)a%$nanA5 12+. !ccused,appellant 8omeo 5. Jalosjos filed a motion before the &ourt asBing that he be allowed to fully discharge the duties of a &ongressman including attendance at legislative sessions and committee meetings despite his having been convicted in the first instance of a non,bailable offense. Does being an elective official result in a substantial distinction that allows different treatment? Is being a &ongressman a substantial differentiation which removes the accused, appellant as a prisoner from the same class as all persons validly confined under law? Held: In the $'ti#ate ana'ysis, the iss$e &efore $s &oi's down to a :$estion of onstit$tiona' e:$a' %rote tion. 6 > > The &er#or(%n!e o# legiti(%te %nd even e""enti%l d$tie" -y &$-li! o##i!er" h%" never -een %n e !$"e to #ree % &er"on v%lidly in &ri"on. The d$ties i#%osed &y the E#andate of the %eo%'eF are #$'tifario$s. The a $sed;a%%e''ant asserts that the d$ty to 'e!is'ate ran9s hi!hest in the hierar hy of !o"ern#ent. The %!!$"ed,%&&ell%nt i" only one o# 5GJ (e(-er" o# the Ho$"e o# Re&re"ent%tive"+ not to (ention the 5E

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(e(-er" o# the Sen%te+ !h%rged 'ith the d$tie" o# legi"l%tion* Congre"" !ontin$e" to #$n!tion 'ell in the &hy"i!%l %-"en!e o# one or % #e' o# it" (e(-er". De%endin! on the e>i!en y of +o"ern#ent that has to &e addressed, the President or the S$%re#e Co$rt an a'so &e dee#ed the hi!hest for that %arti $'ar d$ty. The i#%ortan e of a f$n tion de%ends on the need for its e>er ise. The d$ty of a #other to n$rse her infant is #ost o#%e''in! $nder the 'aw of nat$re. A do tor with $ni:$e s9i''s has the d$ty to sa"e the 'i"es of those with a %arti $'ar aff'i tion. An e'e ti"e !o"ernor has to ser"e %ro"in ia' onstit$ents. A %o'i e offi er #$st #aintain %ea e and order. Ne"er had the a'' of a %arti $'ar d$ty 'ifted a %risoner into a different 'assifi ation fro# those others who are "a'id'y restrained &y 'aw. A stri t s r$tiny of 'assifi ations is essentia' 'est wittin!'y or otherwise, insidio$s dis ri#inations are #ade in fa"or of or a!ainst !ro$%s or ty%es of indi"id$a's. The Co$rt annot "a'idate &ad!es of ine:$a'ity. The ne essities i#%osed &y %$&'i we'fare #ay B$stify e>er ise of !o"ern#ent a$thority to re!$'ate e"en if there&y ertain !ro$%s #ay %'a$si&'y assert that their interests are disre!arded. We+ there#ore+ #ind th%t ele!tion to the &o"ition o# Congre""(%n i" not % re%"on%-le !l%""i#i!%tion in !ri(in%l l%' en#or!e(ent* The #$n!tion" %nd d$tie" o# the o##i!e %re not "$-"t%nti%l di"tin!tion" 'hi!h li#t hi( #ro( the !l%"" o# &ri"oner" interr$&ted in their #reedo( %nd re"tri!ted in li-erty o# (ove(ent* L%'#$l %rre"t %nd !on#ine(ent %re ger(%ne to the &$r&o"e" o# the l%' %nd %&&ly to %ll tho"e -elonging to the "%(e !l%"". 6 > > It !%n -e "een #ro( the #oregoing th%t in!%r!er%tion+ -y it" n%t$re+ !h%nge" %n individ$%lD" "t%t$" in "o!iety* Pri"on o##i!i%l" h%ve the di##i!$lt %nd o#ten th%n6le"" .o- o# &re"erving the "e!$rity in % &otenti%lly e &lo"ive "etting+ %" 'ell %" o# %tte(&ting to &rovide reh%-ilit%tion th%t &re&%re" in(%te" #or re,entry into the "o!i%l (%in"tre%(* Ne!e""%rily+ -oth the"e de(%nd" re)$ire the !$rt%il(ent %nd eli(in%tion o# !ert%in right". Pre#ises onsidered, we are onstrained to r$'e a!ainst the a $sed;a%%e''antLs 'ai# that re;e'e tion to %$&'i offi e !i"es %riority to any other ri!ht or interest, in '$din! the %o'i e %ower of the State. (People v. 1alos0os, -1? SCRA 0/7, 4e&. -, 1222, En 3an @Ynares;Santia!oA5 THE RI>HT A>AINST UNREASONABLE SEARCHES AND SEI@URES 12.. Discuss the constitutional re'uirement that a judge in issuing a warrant of arrest must determine probable cause /personally.1 Distinguish determination of probable cause by the prosecutor and determination of probable cause by the judge. Held: It #$st &e stressed that the ,7/8 Constit$tion re:$ires the B$d!e to deter#ine %ro&a&'e a$se E%ersona''yF, a re:$ire#ent whi h does not a%%ear in the orres%ondin! %ro"isions of o$r %re"io$s onstit$tions. This e#%hasis e"in es the intent of the fra#ers to %'a e a !reater de!ree of res%onsi&i'ity $%on tria' B$d!es than that i#%osed $nder %re"io$s Constit$tions. In Soliven v. MaAasiar this Co$rt %rono$n edI

EWhat the Constit$tion $nders ores is the e !l$"ive %nd &er"on%l re"&on"i-ility o# the i""$ing .$dge to "%ti"#y hi("el# o# the e i"ten!e o# &ro-%-le !%$"e. In satisfyin! hi#se'f of the e>isten e of %ro&a&'e a$se for the iss$an e of a warrant of arrest, the .$dge i" not re)$ired to &er"on%lly e %(ine the !o(&l%in%nt %nd hi" 'itne""e". 4o''owin! esta&'ished do trine

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and %ro ed$re, he sha''I /01 &er"on%lly ev%l$%te the re&ort %nd the "$&&orting do!$(ent" "$-(itted -y the #i"!%l reg%rding the e i"ten!e o# &ro-%-le !%$"e %nd+ on the -%"i" thereo#+ i""$e % '%rr%nt o# %rre"tG or /51 if in the &asis thereof he finds no %ro&a&'e a$se, he (%y di"reg%rd the #i"!%lD" re&ort %nd re)$ire the "$-(i""ion o# "$&&orting %##id%vit" o# 'itne""e" to %id hi( in %rriving %t % !on!l$"ion %" to the e i"ten!e o# &ro-%-le !%$"e.F Ho v. People <Ibid.> s$##ariJes e>istin! B$ris%r$den e on the #atter as fo''owsI ELest we &e too re%etiti"e, we on'y wish to e#%hasiJe three "ita' #atters on e #oreI 0I8S; as he'd in Inting the deter(in%tion o# &ro-%-le !%$"e -y the &ro"e!$tor i" #or % &$r&o"e di##erent #ro( th%t 'hi!h i" to -e (%de -y the .$dge* Whether there i" re%"on%-le gro$nd to -elieve th%t the %!!$"ed i" g$ilty o# the o##en"e !h%rged %nd "ho$ld -e held #or tri%l i" 'h%t the &ro"e!$tor &%""e" $&on* The .$dge+ on the other h%nd+ deter(ine" 'hether % '%rr%nt o# %rre"t "ho$ld -e i""$ed %g%in"t the %!!$"ed+ i*e*+ 'hether there i" % ne!e""ity #or &l%!ing hi( $nder i((edi%te !$"tody in order not to #r$"tr%te the end" o# .$"ti!e* Th$"+ even i# -oth "ho$ld -%"e their #inding" on one %nd the "%(e &ro!eeding or eviden!e+ there "ho$ld -e no !on#$"ion %" to their di"tin!t o-.e!tive". S7&9:D sin e their o&Be ti"es are different, the .$dge !%nnot rely "olely on the re&ort o# the &ro"e!$tor in #inding &ro-%-le !%$"e to .$"ti#y the i""$%n!e o# % '%rr%nt o# %rre"t . O&"io$s'y and $nderstanda&'y, the ontents of the %rose $torLs re%ort wi'' s$%%ort his own on '$sion that there is reason to har!e the a $sed for an offense and ho'd hi# for tria'. Ho'ever+ the .$dge ($"t de!ide INDEPENDENTL;. <en e, he ($"t h%ve "$&&orting eviden!e+ other th%n the &ro"e!$torD" -%re re&ort+ $&on 'hi!h to leg%lly "$"t%in hi" o'n #inding" on the e i"ten!e /or none i"ten!e1 o# &ro-%-le !%$"e to i""$e %n %rre"t order. This res%onsi&i'ity of deter#inin! %ersona''y and inde%endent'y the e>isten e or none>isten e of %ro&a&'e a$se is 'od!ed in hi# &y no 'ess than the #ost &asi 'aw of the 'and. Parentheti a''y, the %rose $tor o$'d ease the &$rden of the B$d!e and s%eed $% the 'iti!ation %ro ess &y forwardin! to the 'atter not on'y the infor#ation and his &are reso'$tion findin! %ro&a&'e a$se, &$t a'so so #$ h of the re ords and the e"iden e on hand as to ena&'e the <is <onor to #a9e his %ersona' and se%arate B$di ia' findin! on whether to iss$e a warrant of arrest. @!S;@G it is not re)$ired th%t the !o(&lete or entire re!ord" o# the !%"e d$ring the &reli(in%ry inve"tig%tion -e "$-(itted to %nd e %(ined -y the .$dge* We do not intend to $nd$ly -$rden tri%l !o$rt" -y o-liging the( to e %(ine the !o(&lete re!ord" o# every !%"e %ll the ti(e "i(&ly #or the &$r&o"e o# ordering the %rre"t o# %n %!!$"ed* Wh%t i" re)$ired+ r%ther+ i" th%t the .$dge ($"t h%ve "$##i!ient "$&&orting do!$(ent" (s$ h as the o#%'aint, affida"its, o$nter;affida"its, sworn state#ents of witnesses or trans ri%t of steno!ra%hi notes, if any5 $&on 'hi!h to (%6e hi" inde&endent .$dg(ent or+ %t the very le%"t+ $&on 'hi!h to veri#y the #inding" o# the &ro"e!$tor %" to the e i"ten!e o# &ro-%-le !%$"e* The &oint i": he !%nnot rely "olely %nd entirely on the &ro"e!$torD" re!o((end%tion, as Res%ondent Co$rt did in this ase. A'tho$!h the %rose $tor enBoys the 'e!a' %res$#%tion of re!$'arity in the %erfor#an e of his offi ia' d$ties and f$n tions, whi h in t$rn !i"es his re%ort the %res$#%tion of a $ra y, the Constit$tion, we re%eat, o##ands the B$d!e to personally deter#ine %ro&a&'e a$se in the iss$an e of warrants of arrest. This Co$rt has onsistent'y he'd that a B$d!e fai's in his &o$nden d$ty if he re'ies #ere'y on the ertifi ation or the re%ort of the in"esti!atin! offi er.F <&itations omitted>

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In the ase at &en h, res%ondent ad#its that he iss$ed the :$estioned warrant as there was Eno reason for (hi#5 to do$&t the "a'idity of the ertifi ation #ade &y the Assistant Prose $tor that a %re'i#inary in"esti!ation was ond$ ted and that %ro&a&'e a$se was fo$nd to e>ist as a!ainst those har!ed in the infor#ation fi'ed.F The state#ent is an ad#ission that res%ondent re'ied so'e'y and o#%'ete'y on the ertifi ation #ade &y the fis a' that %ro&a&'e a$se e>ists as a!ainst those har!ed in the infor#ation and iss$ed the ha''en!ed warrant of arrest on the so'e &asis of the %rose $torLs findin!s and re o##endations. <e ado%ted the B$d!#ent of the %rose $tor re!ardin! the e>isten e of %ro&a&'e a$se as his own. (!#$ula v. Guiani, -10 SCRA ,, 4e&. ,/, 1222, -rd Di". @+onJa!a;ReyesA5 12). In an application for search warrant the application was accompanied by a sBetch of the compound at .1) San Jose de la ?ontana St. ?abolo &ebu &ity indicating the 2,storey residential house of private respondent with a large /"1 enclosed in a s'uare. Within the same compound are residences of other people worBshops offices factories and warehouse. ;he search warrant issued however merely indicated the address of the compound which is .1) San Jose de la ?ontana St. ?abolo &ebu &ity. Did this satisfy the constitutional re'uirement under Section 2 !rticle III that the place to be searched must be particularly described? Held: This Co$rt has he'd that the %&&li!%nt "ho$ld &%rti!$l%rly de"!ri-e the &l%!e to -e "e%r!hed %nd the &er"on or thing" to -e "ei8ed+ WHEREHER %nd WHENEHER it i" #e%"i-le. In the %resent ase, it #$st &e noted that the a%%'i ation for a sear h warrant was a o#%anied &y a s9et h of the o#%o$nd at .,0 San *ose de 'a Dontana St., Da&o'o, Ce&$ City. The s9et h indi ated the 1;storey residentia' ho$se of %ri"ate res%ondent with a 'ar!e M6M en 'osed in a s:$are. Within the sa#e o#%o$nd are residen es of other %eo%'e, wor9sho%s, offi es, fa tories and wareho$se. With thi" "6et!h %" the g$ide+ it !o$ld h%ve -een very e%"y to de"!ri-e the re"identi%l ho$"e o# &riv%te re"&ondent (it) sufficient particularity so as to segregate it from t)e ot)er #uil$ings or structures insi$e t)e same compoun$. 3$t the sear h warrant #ere'y indi ated the address of the o#%o$nd whi h is .,0 San *ose de 'a Dontana St., Da&o'o, Ce&$ City . &)is $escription of t)e place to #e searc)e$ is too general an$ $oes not pinpoint t)e specific )ouse of private respon$ent. &)us t)e ina$eHuacy of t)e $escription of t)e resi$ence of private respon$ent soug)t to #e searc)e$ )as c)aracterize$ t)e Huestione$ searc) (arrant as a general (arrant ()ic) is violative of t)e constitutional reHuirement. (People v. Estra$a, 170 SCRA -/-, ?22, @DartineJA5 12%. &an the place to be searched as set out in the warrant be amplified or modified by the officersP own personal Bnowledge of the premises or the evidence they adduce in support of their application for the warrant? Held: S$!h % !h%nge i" PROSCRIBED -y the Con"tit$tion 'hi!h re)$ire" inter %li% the "e%r!h '%rr%nt to &%rti!$l%rly de"!ri-e the &l%!e to -e "e%r!hed %" 'ell %" the &er"on" or thing" to -e "ei8ed. It wo$'d on ede to %o'i e offi ers the %ower of hoosin! the %'a e to &e sear hed, e"en if it not &e that de'ineated in the warrant. It 'o$ld o&en 'ide the door to %-$"e o# the "e%r!h &ro!e""+ %nd gr%nt to o##i!er" e e!$ting % "e%r!h '%rr%nt th%t di"!retion 'hi!h the Con"tit$tion h%" &re!i"ely re(oved #ro( the(* The &%rti!$l%ri8%tion o# the de"!ri&tion o# the &l%!e to -e "e%r!hed (%y &ro&erly -e done only -y the M$dge+ %nd only in the '%rr%nt it"el#4 it !%nnot -e le#t to the di"!retion o# the &oli!e o##i!er" !ond$!ting the "e%r!h. It i" neither #%ir nor li!it to %llo' &oli!e o##i!er" to "e%r!h % &l%!e di##erent #ro( th%t "t%ted in the '%rr%nt on the !l%i( th%t the &l%!e %!t$%lly "e%r!hed N %ltho$gh not th%t "&e!i#ied in the '%rr%nt N i" e %!tly 'h%t they h%d in vie' 'hen they %&&lied #or the '%rr%nt %nd h%d de(%r!%ted in their "$&&orting eviden!e* Wh%t i" (%teri%l in

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deter(ining the v%lidity o# % "e%r!h i" the &l%!e "t%ted in the '%rr%nt it"el#+ not 'h%t %&&li!%nt" h%d in their tho$ght"+ or h%d re&re"ented in the &roo#" they "$-(itted to the !o$rt i""$ing the '%rr%nt. (People v. Court of !ppeals, 17, SCRA ?22, *$ne 10, ,77/ @Nar"asaA5 12$. What is /search incidental to a lawful arrest1? Discuss.

Held: While % !onte(&or%neo$" "e%r!h o# % &er"on %rre"ted (%y -e e##e!ted to di"!over d%ngero$" 'e%&on" or &roo#" or i(&le(ent" $"ed in the !o((i""ion o# the !ri(e %nd 'hi!h "e%r!h (%y e tend to the %re% 'ithin hi" i((edi%te !ontrol 'here he (ight g%in &o""e""ion o# % 'e%&on or eviden!e he !%n de"troy+ A HALID ARREST :UST PRECEDE THE SEARCH* The &ro!e"" !%nnot -e rever"ed. In % "e%r!h in!ident%l to % l%'#$l %rre"t+ %" the &re!edent %rre"t deter(ine" the v%lidity o# the in!ident%l "e%r!h+ the leg%lity o# the %rre"t i" )$e"tioned in % l%rge (%.ority o# the"e !%"e"+ e*g*+ 'hether %n %rre"t '%" (erely $"ed %" % &rete t #or !ond$!ting % "e%r!h* In thi" in"t%n!e+ the l%' re)$ire" th%t there -e #ir"t % l%'#$l %rre"t -e#ore % "e%r!h !%n -e (%de N the &ro!e"" !%nnot -e rever"ed . (?alacat v. &ourt of !ppeals 1/- SCRA ,.7, ,8. @,778A5 (People v. C)ua Ho San, -2/ SCRA ?-1, *$ne ,8, ,777, En 3an @Da"ide, *r., C.*.A5 12#. What is the /plain view1 doctrine? Discuss. What are its re'uisites?

Held: ,. O-.e!t" #%lling in &l%in vie' o# %n o##i!er 'ho h%" % right to -e in the &o"ition to h%ve th%t vie' %re "$-.e!t to "ei8$re even 'itho$t % "e%r!h '%rr%nt %nd (%y -e introd$!ed in eviden!e. The E%'ain "iewF do trine a%%'ies when the fo''owin! re)$i"ite" !on!$rI (a5 the l%' en#or!e(ent o##i!er in "e%r!h o# the eviden!e h%" % PRIOR MUSTI9ICATION 9OR AN INTRUSION or i" in % &o"ition #ro( 'hi!h he !%n vie' % &%rti!$l%r %re%G (&5 the di"!overy o# the eviden!e in &l%in vie' i" INADHERTENTG ( 5 it i" I::EDIATEL; APPARENT to the o##i!er th%t the ite( he o-"erve" (%y -e eviden!e o# % !ri(e+ !ontr%-%nd or other'i"e "$-.e!t to "ei8$re. The 'aw enfor e#ent offi er #$st 'awf$''y #a9e an initia' intr$sion or %ro%er'y &e in a %osition fro# whi h he an %arti $'ar'y "iew the area. In the o$rse of s$ h 'awf$' intr$sion, he a#e inad"ertent'y a ross a %ie e of e"iden e in ri#inatin! the a $sed. The o&Be t #$st &e o%en to eye and hand and its dis o"ery inad"ertent. It is 'ear that an o&Be t is in %'ain "iew if the o-.e!t it"el# i" &l%inly e &o"ed to "ight. The diffi $'ty arises when the o&Be t is inside a 'osed ontainer. Where the o&Be t seiJed was inside a 'osed %a 9a!e, the o&Be t itse'f is not in %'ain "iew and therefore annot &e seiJed witho$t a warrant. Ho'ever+ i# the &%!6%ge &ro!l%i(" it" !ontent"+ 'hether -y it" di"tin!tive !on#ig$r%tion+ it" tr%n"&%ren!y+ or i# it" !ontent" %re o-vio$" to %n o-"erver+ then the !ontent" %re in &l%in vie' %nd (%y -e "ei8ed* In other 'ord"+ i# the &%!6%ge i" "$!h th%t %n e &erien!ed o-"erver !o$ld in#er #ro( it" %&&e%r%n!e th%t it !ont%in" the &rohi-ited %rti!le+ then the %rti!le i" dee(ed in &l%in vie'. It #$st &e i##ediate'y a%%arent to the %o'i e that the ite#s that they o&ser"e #ay &e e"iden e of a ri#e, ontra&and or otherwise s$&Be t to seiJ$re. (People v. Doria, -2, SCRA 00/, *an. 11, ,777, En 3an @P$no, *.A5 1. %resentI 4or the do trine to a%%'y, the fo''owin! ele(ent" #$st &e

a5 a &rior v%lid intr$"ion -%"ed on the v%lid '%rr%ntle"" %rre"t in whi h the %o'i e are 'e!a''y %resent in the %$rs$it of their offi ia' d$tiesG &5 the eviden!e '%" in%dvertently di"!overed &y the %o'i e who ha"e the ri!ht to &e where they areG and

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5 the eviden!e ($"t -e i((edi%tely %&&%rentG and d5 %'ain "iew B$stified #ere seiJ$re of e"iden e 'itho$t #$rther "e%r!h. In the instant ase, re a'' that PO1 3a'$t testified that they first 'o ated the #ariB$ana %'ants &efore a%%e''ant was arrested witho$t a warrant. <en e, there was no "a'id warrant'ess arrest whi h %re eded the sear h of a%%e''antLs %re#ises. Note f$rther that the %o'i e tea# was dis%at hed to a%%e''antLs Baingin %re ise'y to sear h for and $%root the %rohi&ited f'ora. The "ei8$re o# eviden!e in 2&l%in vie'3 %&&lie" only 'here the &oli!e o##i!er i" NOT "e%r!hing #or eviden!e %g%in"t the %!!$"ed+ -$t in%dvertently !o(e" %!ro"" %n in!ri(in%ting o-.e!t. C'ear'y, their dis o"ery of the anna&is %'ants was not inad"ertent. We a'so note the testi#ony of SPO1 Ti%ay that $%on arri"in! at the area, they first had to E'oo9 aro$nd the areaF &efore they o$'d s%ot the i''e!a' %'ants. Patent'y, the seiJed #ariB$ana %'ants were not Ei##ediate'y a%%arentF and Ef$rther sear hF was needed. In s$#, the #ariB$ana %'ants in :$estion were not in E%'ain "iewF or Eo%en to eye and hand.F The E%'ain "iewF do trine, th$s, annot &e #ade to a%%'y. Nor an we s$stain the tria' o$rtLs on '$sion that B$st &e a$se the #ariB$ana %'ants were fo$nd in an $nfen ed 'ot, a%%e''ant o$'d not in"o9e the %rote tion afforded &y the Charter a!ainst $nreasona&'e sear hes &y a!ents of the State. The ri!ht a!ainst $nreasona&'e sear hes and seiJ$res is the i##$nity of oneLs %erson, whi h in '$des his residen e, his %a%ers, and other %ossessions. The !$arantee refers to Ethe ri!ht of %ersona' se $rityF of the indi"id$a'. 6 > >, 'h%t i" "o$ght to -e &rote!ted %g%in"t the St%teD" $nl%'#$l intr$"ion %re &er"on"+ not &l%!e"* To !on!l$de other'i"e 'o$ld not only (e%n "'i((ing %g%in"t the "tre%(+ it 'o$ld %l"o le%d to the %-"$rd logi! th%t #or % &er"on to -e i(($ne %g%in"t $nre%"on%-le "e%r!he" %nd "ei8$re"+ he ($"t -e in hi" ho(e or o##i!e+ 'ithin % #en!ed y%rd or % &riv%te &l%!e. ;he Eill of 8ights belongs as much to the person in the street as to the individual in the sanctuary of his bedroom . (People v. !#e 2al$ez, +.R. No. ,17170, Se%t. 1., 1222, En 3an @P$is$#&in!A5 -. Considerin! its fa t$a' #i'ie$, this $nder the plain view doctrine. 6 > >. ase fa''s s:$are'y

When S%en er wren hed hi#se'f free fro# the !ras% of PO1 +a"io'a, he instin ti"e'y ran towards the ho$se of a%%e''ant. The #e#&ers of the &$y;&$st tea# were B$stified in r$nnin! after hi# and enterin! the ho$se witho$t a sear h warrant for they were hot in the hee's of a f'eein! ri#ina'. On e inside the ho$se, the %o'i e offi ers ornered S%en er and re o"ered the &$y;&$st #oney fro# hi#. They a'so a$!ht a%%e''ant in flagrante delicto re%a 9in! the #ariB$ana &ri 9s whi h were in f$'' "iew on to% of a ta&'e. 6 > >. <en e, a%%e''antLs s$&se:$ent arrest was 'i9ewise 'awf$', o#in! as it is within the %$r"iew of Se tion .(a5 of R$'e ,,- of the ,7/. R$'es on Cri#ina' Pro ed$re > > >. Se tion .(a5 is o##on'y referred to as the r$'e on in #l%gr%nte deli!to %rre"t". <ere two e'e#ents #$st on $rI (,5 the &er"on to -e %rre"ted ($"t e e!$te %n overt %!t indi!%ting th%t he h%" .$"t !o((itted+ i" %!t$%lly !o((itting+ or i" %tte(&ting to !o((it % !ri(e G and (15 "$!h overt %!t i" done IN THE PRESENCE or WITHIN THE HIEW o# the %rre"ting o##i!er. Th$s, when a%%e''ant was seen re%a 9in! the #ariB$ana, the %o'i e offi ers were not on'y a$thoriJed &$t a'so d$ty; &o$nd to arrest hi# e"en witho$t a warrant. (People v. Elamparo, -17 SCRA ?2?, ?,?;?,., Dar h -,, 1222, 1 nd Di". @P$is$#&in!A5 1*2. What is a /stop,and,frisB1 search?

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Held: ,. In the 'and#ar9 ase of &erry v. 3)io (12 L Ed 1d //7G // S Ct ,/0/, -71 =S ,, 722, *$ne ,2, ,70/5, a sto%;and;fris9 was defined as the vern%!$l%r de"ign%tion o# the right o# % &oli!e o##i!er to "to& % !iti8en on the "treet+ interrog%te hi(+ %nd &%t hi( #or 'e%&on/"1I E> > > /W1here % &oli!e o##i!er o-"erve" %n UNUSUAL CONDUCT 'hi!h le%d" hi( REASONABL; TO CONCLUDE IN LI>HT O9 HIS E?PERIENCE th%t !ri(in%l %!tivity (%y -e %#oot %nd th%t the &er"on" 'ith 'ho( he i" de%ling (%y -e %r(ed %nd &re"ently d%ngero$"+ 'here in the !o$r"e o# inve"tig%ting thi" -eh%vior he IDENTI9IED HI:SEL9 AS A POLICE:AN %nd (%6e re%"on%-le in)$irie"+ %nd 'here nothing in the initi%l "t%ge" o# the en!o$nter "erve" to di"&el hi" re%"on%-le #e%r #or hi" o'n or other"D "%#ety+ he i" entitled #or the &rote!tion o# hi("el# or other" in the %re% to !ond$!t % CARE9ULL; LI:ITED SEARCH O9 THE OUTER CLOTHIN> O9 SUCH PERSONS in %n %tte(&t to di"!over 'e%&on" 'hi!h (ight -e $"ed to %""%$lt hi(. S$ h a sear h is a reasona&'e sear h $nder the 4o$rth A#end#ent, and any wea%on seiJed #ay %ro%er'y &e introd$ ed in e"iden e a!ainst the %erson fro# who# they were ta9en.F <6errera ! 6andbooB on !rrest Search and Sei=ure and &ustodial Investigation 1##. ed. p. 1$.O and ;erry v. 9hio supra p. #11> In a''owin! s$ h a sear h, the =nited States S$%re#e Co$rt he'd that the intere"t o# e##e!tive !ri(e &revention %nd dete!tion %llo'" % &oli!e o##i!er to %&&ro%!h % &er"on+ in %&&ro&ri%te !ir!$("t%n!e" %nd (%nner+ #or &$r&o"e" o# inve"tig%ting &o""i-le !ri(in%l -eh%vior even tho$gh there i" in"$##i!ient &ro-%-le !%$"e to (%6e %n %!t$%l %rre"t. In ad#ittin! in e"iden e two !$ns seiJed d$rin! the sto%;and; fris9, the =S S$%re#e Co$rt he'd that 'h%t .$"ti#ied the li(ited "e%r!h '%" the (ore i((edi%te intere"t o# the &oli!e o##i!er in t%6ing "te&" to %""$re hi("el# th%t the &er"on 'ith 'ho( he '%" de%ling '%" not %r(ed 'ith % 'e%&on th%t !o$ld $ne &e!tedly %nd #%t%lly -e $"ed %g%in"t hi(. It did not however abandon the rule that the police must whenever practicable obtain advance judicial approval of searches and sei=ures through the warrant procedure e-cused only by e-igent circumstances. (Manalili v. C!, 1/2 SCRA ?22, O t. 7, ,778 @Pan!ani&anA5 1. We now %ro eed to the .$"ti#i!%tion for and %llo'%-le "!o&e of a Esto%;and;fris9F as a Eli(ited &rote!tive "e%r!h o# o$ter !lothing #or 'e%&on",F as 'aid down in ;erry th$sI We #ere'y ho'd today that where a %o'i e offi er o&ser"es $n$s$a' ond$ t whi h 'eads hi# reasona&'y to on '$de in 'i!ht of his e>%erien e that ri#ina' a ti"ity #ay &e afoot and that the %ersons with who# he is dea'in! #ay &e ar#ed and %resent'y dan!ero$s, where in the o$rse of in"esti!atin! this &eha"ior he identifies hi#se'f as a %o'i e#an and #a9es reasona&'e in:$iries, and where nothin! in the initia' sta!es of the en o$nter ser"es to dis%e' his reasona&'e fear for his own or othersL safety, he is entit'ed for the %rote tion of hi#se'f and others in the area to ond$ t a aref$''y 'i#ited sear h of the o$ter 'othin! of s$ h %ersons in an atte#%t to dis o"er wea%ons whi h #i!ht &e $sed to assa$'t hi#. S$ h a sear h is a reasona&'e sear h $nder the 4o$rth A#end#ent <;erry at #11. In fact the &ourt noted that the Osole 0ustification> for a stopFan$FfrisA (as t)e Oprotection of t)e police officer an$ ot)ers near#y>O while the scope of t)e searc) con$ucte$ in t)e case (as limite$ to patting $o(n t)e outer clot)ing of petitioner an$ )is companions t)e police officer $i$ not place )is )an$s in t)eir pocAets nor un$er t)e outer surface of t)eir garments until )e )a$ felt (eapons an$ t)en )e merely reac)e$ for an$ remove$ t)e guns. &)is $i$ not constitute a general eIploratory searc). Id.>

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Other nota&'e %oints of ;erry are that 'hile &ro-%-le !%$"e i" not re)$ired to !ond$!t % 2"to&,%nd,#ri"6+3 it neverthele"" hold" th%t (ere "$"&i!ion or % h$n!h 'ill not v%lid%te % 2"to&,%nd,#ri"6*3 A gen$ine re%"on ($"t e i"t+ in light o# the &oli!e o##i!erD" e &erien!e %nd "$rro$nding !ondition"+ to '%rr%nt the -elie# th%t the &er"on det%ined h%" 'e%&on" !on!e%led %-o$t hi( . 4ina''y, a Esto%;and;fris9F ser"es a two;fo'd interestI (,5 the gener%l intere"t o# e##e!tive !ri(e &revention %nd dete!tion, whi h $nder'ies the re o!nition that a %o'i e offi er #ay, $nder a%%ro%riate ir $#stan es and in an a%%ro%riate #anner, a%%roa h a %erson for %$r%oses of in"esti!atin! %ossi&'e ri#ina' &eha"ior e"en witho$t %ro&a&'e a$seG and (15 the (ore &re""ing intere"t o# "%#ety %nd "el#,&re"erv%tion 'hi!h &er(it the &oli!e o##i!er to t%6e "te&" to %""$re hi("el# th%t the &er"on 'ith 'ho( he de%l" i" not %r(ed 'ith % de%dly 'e%&on th%t !o$ld $ne &e!tedly %nd #%t%lly -e $"ed %g%in"t the &oli!e o##i!er. (Malacat v. Court of !ppeals, 1/- SCRA ,.7, De . ,1, ,778 @Da"ideA5 1*1. !re searches at checBpoints valid? Discuss.

Held: A $sed;a%%e''ants assai' the #anner &y whi h the he 9%oint in :$estion was ond$ ted. They ontend that the he 9%oint #anned &y e'e#ents of the Da9ati Po'i e sho$'d ha"e &een anno$n ed. They a'so o#%'ain of its ha"in! &een ond$ ted in an ar&itrary and dis ri#inatory #anner. We ta9e B$di ia' noti e of the e>isten e of the CODELEC reso'$tion i#%osin! a !$n &an d$rin! the e'e tion %eriod iss$ed %$rs$ant to Se tion .1( 5 in re'ation to Se tion 10(:5 of the O#ni&$s E'e tion Code (3atas Pa#&ansa 3'!. //,5. The nationa' and 'o a' e'e tions in ,77. were he'd on / Day, the se ond Donday of the #onth. The in ident, whi h ha%%ened on . A%ri' ,77., was we'' within the e'e tion %eriod. This Co$rt has r$'ed that not %ll !he!6&oint" %re illeg%l* Tho"e 'hi!h %re '%rr%nted -y the e igen!ie" o# &$-li! order %nd %re !ond$!ted in % '%y le%"t intr$"ive to (otori"t" %re %llo'ed* 9or+ %d(ittedly+ ro$tine !he!6&oint" do intr$de+ to % !ert%in e tent+ on (otori"t"D right to 2#ree &%""%ge 'itho$t interr$&tion+3 -$t it !%nnot -e denied th%t+ %" % r$le+ it involve" only % -rie# detention o# tr%veler" d$ring 'hi!h the vehi!leD" o!!$&%nt" %re re)$ired to %n"'er % -rie# )$e"tion or t'o* 9or %" long %" the vehi!le i" neither "e%r!hed nor it" o!!$&%nt" "$-.e!ted to % -ody "e%r!h+ %nd the in"&e!tion o# the vehi!le i" li(ited to % vi"$%l "e%r!h+ "%id ro$tine !he!6" !%nnot -e reg%rded %" viol%tive o# %n individ$%lD" right %g%in"t $nre%"on%-le "e%r!h* In #%!t+ the"e ro$tine !he!6"+ 'hen !ond$!ted in % #i ed %re%+ %re even le"" intr$"ive. The !he!6&oint herein !ond$!ted '%" in &$r"$%n!e o# the g$n -%n en#or!ed -y the CO:ELEC* The CO:ELEC 'o$ld -e h%rd &$t to i(&le(ent the -%n i# it" de&$ti8ed %gent" 'ere li(ited to % HISUAL SEARCH o# &ede"tri%n"* It 'o$ld %l"o de#e%t the &$r&o"e #or 'hi!h "$!h -%n '%" in"tit$ted* Tho"e 'ho intend to -ring % g$n d$ring "%id &eriod 'o$ld 6no' th%t they only need % !%r to -e %-le to e%"ily &er&etr%te their (%li!io$" de"ign". The fa ts add$ ed do not onstit$te a !ro$nd for a "io'ation of the onstit$tiona' ri!hts of the a $sed a!ainst i''e!a' sear h and seiJ$re. PO- S$&a ad#itted that they were #ere'y sto%%in! ars they dee#ed s$s%i io$s, s$ h as those whose windows are hea"i'y tinted B$st to see if the %assen!ers thereof were arryin! !$ns. At -e"t they 'o$ld (erely dire!t their #l%"hlight" in"ide the !%r" they 'o$ld "to&+ 'itho$t o&ening the !%rD" door" or "$-.e!ting it" &%""enger" to % -ody "e%r!h* There i" nothing di"!ri(in%tory in thi" %" thi" i" 'h%t the "it$%tion de(%nd". We "ee no need #or !he!6&oint" to -e %nno$n!ed * Not only 'o$ld it -e i(&r%!ti!%l+ it 'o$ld %l"o #ore'%rn tho"e 'ho intend to viol%te the -%n* Even "o+ -%dge" o# legiti(%!y o# !he!6&oint" (%y

81

"till -e in#erred #ro( their 9I?ED LOCATION %nd the reg$l%ri8ed (%nner in 'hi!h they %re o&er%ted. (People v. /sana, -1- SCRA 8.?, *an. 1/, 1222, ,st Di". @Da"ide, C*A5 1*2. Do the ordinary rights against unreasonable searches and sei=ures apply to searches conducted at the airport pursuant to routine airport security procedures? Held: Per"on" (%y lo"e the &rote!tion o# the "e%r!h %nd "ei8$re !l%$"e -y e &o"$re o# their &er"on" or &ro&erty to the &$-li! in % (%nner re#le!ting % l%!6 o# "$-.e!tive e &e!t%tion o# &riv%!y+ 'hi!h e &e!t%tion "o!iety i" &re&%red to re!ogni8e %" re%"on%-le* S$!h re!ognition i" i(&li!it in %ir&ort "e!$rity &ro!ed$re". With in reased on ern o"er air%'ane hiBa 9in! and terroris# has o#e in reased se $rity at the nationLs air%orts. Passen!ers atte#%tin! to &oard an air raft ro$tine'y %ass thro$!h #eta' dete torsG their arry;on &a!!a!es as we'' as he 9ed '$!!a!e are ro$tine'y s$&Be ted to >;ray s ans. Sho$'d these %ro ed$res s$!!est the %resen e of s$s%i io$s o&Be ts, %hysi a' sear hes are ond$ ted to deter#ine what the o&Be ts are. There i" little )$e"tion th%t "$!h "e%r!he" %re re%"on%-le+ given their (ini(%l intr$"ivene""+ the gr%vity o# the "%#ety intere"t" involved+ %nd the red$!ed &riv%!y e &e!t%tion" %""o!i%ted 'ith %irline tr%vel* Indeed+ tr%veler" %re o#ten noti#ied thro$gh %ir&ort &$-li! %ddre"" "y"te("+ "ign"+ %nd noti!e" in their %irline ti!6et" th%t they %re "$-.e!t to "e%r!h %nd+ i# %ny &rohi-ited (%teri%l" or "$-"t%n!e" %re #o$nd+ "$!h 'o$ld -e "$-.e!t to "ei8$re* The"e %nno$n!e(ent" &l%!e &%""enger" on noti!e th%t ordin%ry !on"tit$tion%l &rote!tion" %g%in"t '%rr%ntle"" "e%r!he" %nd "ei8$re" do not %&&ly to ro$tine %ir&ort &ro!ed$re". The %a 9s of #etha#%heta#ine hydro h'oride ha"in! th$s &een o&tained thro$!h a "a'id warrant'ess sear h, they are ad#issi&'e in e"iden e a!ainst the a $sed;a%%e''ant herein. Coro''ari'y, her s$&se:$ent arrest, a'tho$!h 'i9ewise witho$t warrant, was B$stified sin e it was effe ted $%on the dis o"ery and re o"ery of Esha&$F in her %erson I: 0@!58!:;7 D7@I&;9. (People v. 'eila 1o)nson, +.R. No. ,-///,, De . ,/, 1222, 1nd Di". @DendoJaA5 1**. ?ay the constitutional protection against unreasonable searches and sei=ures be e-tended to acts committed by private individuals? Held: As he'd in People v. Marti (,7- SCRA .8 @,77,A5, the !on"tit$tion%l &rote!tion %g%in"t $nre%"on%-le "e%r!he" %nd "ei8$re" re#er" to the i(($nity o# oneK" &er"on #ro( inter#eren!e -y govern(ent %nd it !%nnot -e e tended to %!t" !o((itted -y &riv%te individ$%l" "o %" to -ring it 'ithin the %(-it o# %lleged $nl%'#$l intr$"ion. (People v. Men$oza, -2, SCRA 00, *an. ,/, ,777, ,st Di". @De'oA5 1*+. Should the sei=ed drugs which are pharmaceutically correct but not properly documented subject of an illegal search because the applicant /failed to allege in the application for search warrant that the subject drugs for which she was applying for search warrant were either faBe misbranded adulterated or unregistered 1 be returned to the owner? Held: With the StateHs o&'i!ation to %rote t and %ro#ote the ri!ht to hea'th of the %eo%'e and insti'' hea'th ons io$sness a#on! the# <!rticle II Section 1. 1#$% &onstitution> in order to de"e'o% a hea'thy and a'ert itiJenry <!rticle "IF Section 1#314> it &e a#e #andatory for the !o"ern#ent to s$%er"ise and ontro' the %ro'iferation of dr$!s in the #ar9et. The onstit$tiona' #andate that Mthe State sha'' ado%t an inte!rated and o#%rehensi"e a%%roa h to hea'th de"e'o%#ent whi h sha'' endea"or to #a9e essentia' !oods, hea'th and other so ia' ser"i es a"ai'a&'e to a'' %eo%'e at afforda&'e ostM <!rticle "III Section 11> annot &e ne!'e ted. This is why Mthe State sha'' esta&'ish and #aintain an effe ti"e food and dr$! re!$'atory

82

syste#.M <!rticle "III Section 12> The 34AD is the !o"ern#ent a!en y "ested &y 'aw to #a9e a #andatory and a$thoritati"e deter#ination of the tr$e thera%e$ti effe t of dr$!s &e a$se it in"o'"es te hni a' s9i'' whi h is within its s%e ia' o#%eten e. The hea'th of the itiJenry sho$'d ne"er &e o#%ro#ised. To the 'ay#an, #edi ine is a $re that #ay 'ead to &etter hea'th. I# the "ei8ed G5 -o e" o# dr$g" %re &h%r(%!e$ti!%lly !orre!t -$t not &ro&erly do!$(ented+ they "ho$ld -e &ro(&tly di"&o"ed o# in the (%nner &rovided -y l%' in order to en"$re th%t the "%(e do not #%ll into the 'rong h%nd" 'ho (ight $"e the dr$g" $ndergro$nd . Pri"ate res%ondent annot re'y on the state#ent of the tria' o$rt that the a%%'i ant Mfai'ed to a''e!e in the a%%'i ation for sear h warrant that the s$&Be t dr$!s for whi h she was a%%'yin! for sear h warrant were either fa9e, #is&randed, ad$'terated, or $nre!isteredM in order to o&tain the ret$rn of the dr$!s. The %o'i y of the 'aw en$n iated in R.A. No. /12- is to %rote t the ons$#ers as we'' as the 'i ensed &$siness#en. 4ore#ost a#on! these ons$#ers is the !o"ern#ent itse'f whi h %ro $res #edi ines and distri&$tes the# to the 'o a' o##$nities thro$!h dire t assistan e to the 'o a' hea'th enters or thro$!h o$trea h and harity %ro!ra#s. On'y with the %ro%er !o"ern#ent san tions an #edi ines and dr$!s ir $'ate the #ar9et. We annot afford to ta9e any ris9, for the 'ife and hea'th of the itiJenry are as %re io$s as the e>isten e of the State. (People v. 1u$ge Estrella &. Estra$a, +.R No. ,1??0,, *$ne 10, 1222, S% '. 1 nd Di". @Ynares;Santia!oA5 1*.. Do 8egional ;rial &ourts have competence to pass upon the validity or regularity of sei=ure and forfeiture proceedings conducted by the Eureau of &ustoms and to enjoin or otherwise interfere with these proceedings? Held: In 1ao v. Court of !ppeals (1?7 SCRA -., ?1;?- @,77.A5, this Co$rt, reiteratin! its r$'in!s > > > saidI There i" no )$e"tion th%t Region%l Tri%l Co$rt" %re devoid o# %ny !o(&eten!e to &%"" $&on the v%lidity or reg$l%rity o# "ei8$re %nd #or#eit$re &ro!eeding" !ond$!ted -y the B$re%$ o# C$"to(" %nd to en.oin or other'i"e inter#ere 'ith the"e &ro!eeding"* The Colle!tor o# C$"to(" "itting in "ei8$re %nd #or#eit$re &ro!eeding" h%" E?CLUSIHE MURISDICTION to he%r %nd deter(ine %ll )$e"tion" to$!hing on the "ei8$re %nd #or#eit$re o# d$ti%-le good"* The Region%l Tri%l Co$rt" %re &re!l$ded #ro( %""$(ing !ogni8%n!e over "$!h (%tter" even thro$gh &etition" o# !ertior%ri+ &rohi-ition or (%nd%($". It is 'i9ewise we'';sett'ed that the %ro"isions of the T%ri## %nd C$"to(" Code and that of Re&$-li! A!t No* 005G, as a#ended, otherwise 9nown as EAn A!t Cre%ting the Co$rt o# T% A&&e%l",F s%e ify the %ro%er fora and %ro ed$re for the "enti'ation of any 'e!a' o&Be tions or iss$es raised on ernin! these %ro eedin!s. Th$s, %!tion" o# the Colle!tor o# C$"to(" %re %&&e%l%-le to the Co((i""ioner o# C$"to("+ 'ho"e de!i"ion+ in t$rn+ i" "$-.e!t to the e !l$"ive %&&ell%te .$ri"di!tion o# the Co$rt o# T% A&&e%l" %nd #ro( there to the Co$rt o# A&&e%l". The r$le th%t Region%l Tri%l Co$rt" h%ve no revie' &o'er" over "$!h &ro!eeding" i" %n!hored $&on the &oli!y o# &l%!ing no $nne!e""%ry hindr%n!e on the govern(entD" drive+ not only to &revent "($ggling %nd other #r%$d" $&on C$"to("+ -$t (ore i(&ort%ntly+ to render e##e!tive %nd e##i!ient the !olle!tion o# i(&ort %nd e &ort d$tie" d$e the St%te+ 'hi!h en%-le" the govern(ent to !%rry o$t the #$n!tion" it h%" -een in"tit$ted to &er#or(. Even i# the "ei8$re -y the Colle!tor o# C$"to(" 'ere illeg%l+ 'e h%ve "%id th%t "$!h %!t doe" not de&rive the B$re%$ o# C$"to(" o# .$ri"di!tion thereon.

83

Res%ondents ite the state#ent of the Co$rt of A%%ea's that re!$'ar o$rts sti'' retain B$risdi tion Ewhere, as in this ase, for 'a 9 of %ro&a&'e a$se, there is serio$s do$&t as to the %ro%riety of %'a in! the arti 'es $nder C$sto#s B$risdi tion thro$!h seiJ$reKforfeit$re %ro eedin!s.F They o"er'oo9 the fa t, howe"er, that $nder the 'aw, the :$estion of whether %ro&a&'e a$se e>ists for the seiJ$re of the s$&Be t sa 9s of ri e is not for the Re!iona' Tria' Co$rt to deter#ine. The !$"to(" %$thoritie" do not h%ve to &rove to the "%ti"#%!tion o# the !o$rt th%t the %rti!le" on -o%rd % ve""el 'ere i(&orted #ro( %-ro%d or %re intended to -e "hi&&ed %-ro%d -e#ore they (%y e er!i"e the &o'er to e##e!t !$"to("D "e%r!he"+ "ei8$re"+ or %rre"t" &rovided -y l%' %nd !ontin$e 'ith the %d(ini"tr%tive he%ring" . As the Co$rt he'd in Ponce Enrile v. 2inuya (-8 SCRA -/,, -//;-/7 @,78,A, reiterated in 1ao v. Court of !ppeals supra and Mison v. Nativi$a$, 1,- SCRA 8-? @,771A5I The !o"ern#enta' a!en y on erned, the 3$rea$ of C$sto#s, is "ested with e> '$si"e a$thority. E"en if it &e ass$#ed that in the e>er ise of s$ h e> '$si"e o#%eten e a taint of i''e!a'ity #ay &e orre t'y i#%$ted, the #ost that an &e said is that $nder ertain ir $#stan es the !ra"e a&$se of dis retion onferred #ay o$st it of s$ h B$risdi tion. It does not #ean howe"er that orres%ondin!'y a o$rt of first instan e is "ested with o#%eten e when 'ear'y in the 'i!ht of the a&o"e de isions the 'aw has not seen fit to do so. The %ro eedin! &efore the Co''e tor of C$sto#s is not fina'. An a%%ea' 'ies to the Co##issioner of C$sto#s and thereafter to the Co$rt of Ta> A%%ea's. It #ay e"en rea h this Co$rt thro$!h the a%%ro%riate %etition for re"iew. ;he proper ventilation of the legal issues raised is thus indicated. &ertainly a court of first instance is not therein included. It is devoid of jurisdiction. (6ureau of Customs v. 3gario, -17 SCRA 1/7, 170;17/, Dar h -2, 1222, 1 nd Di". @DendoJaA5 THE PRIHAC; O9 CO::UNICATIONS AND CORRESPONDENCE 1*). (rivate respondent 8afael S. 9rtane= filed with the 8egional ;rial &ourt of Aue=on &ity a complaint for annulment of marriage with damages against petitioner ;eresita Salcedo,9rtane= on grounds of lacB of marriage license andIor psychological incapacity of the petitioner. !mong the e-hibits offered by private respondent were three <*> cassette tapes of alleged telephone conversations between petitioner and unidentified persons. ;he trial court issued the assailed order admitting all of the evidence offered by private respondent including tape recordings of telephone conversations of petitioner with unidentified persons. ;hese tape recordings were made and obtained when private respondent allowed his friends from the military to wire tap his home telephone. Did the trial court act properly when it admitted in evidence said tape recordings? Held: Repu#lic !ct No. 4+-- entit'ed M!n !ct to Pro)i#it an$ Penalize Bire &apping an$ 3t)er Relate$ 2iolations of t)e Privacy of Communication an$ =or 3t)er PurposesM e &re""ly (%6e" "$!h t%&e re!ording" in%d(i""i-le in eviden!e. > > >. C'ear'y, res%ondent tria' o$rt and Co$rt of A%%ea's fai'ed to onsider the afore;:$oted %ro"isions of the 'aw in ad#ittin! in e"iden e the assette ta%es in :$estion. A-"ent % !le%r "ho'ing th%t -oth &%rtie" to the tele&hone !onver"%tion" %llo'ed the re!ording o# the "%(e+ the in%d(i""i-ility o# the "$-.e!t t%&e" i" (%nd%tory $nder Rep. !ct No. 4+--. Additiona''y, it sho$'d &e #entioned that the a&o"e;#entioned Re%$&'i A t in Se tion 1 thereof i#%oses a %ena'ty of i#%rison#ent of not 'ess than si> (05 #onths and $% to si> (05 years for "io'ation of said A t. (Salce$oF3rtanez v. Court of !ppeals, 1-. SCRA ,,,, A$!. ?, ,77? @Padi''aA5

84

THE RI>HT TO PRIHAC; 1*%. Is there a constitutional right to privacy?

Held: The ESSENCE of %ri"a y is the Eright to -e let %lone.F In the ,70. ase of Gris(ol$ v. Connecticut (-/, =.S. ?87, ,? '. ed. 1D .,2 @,70.A5, the =nited States S$%re#e Co$rt !a"e #ore s$&stan e to the ri!ht of %ri"a y when it r$'ed that the right h%" % !on"tit$tion%l #o$nd%tion. It he'd that there is a ri!ht of %ri"a y whi h an &e fo$nd within the %en$#&ras of the 4irst, Third, 4o$rth, 4ifth and Ninth A#end#ents. In the ,70/ ase of Morfe v. Mutuc (11 SCRA ?1?, ???;??.5, 'e %do&ted the Gris(ol$ r$ling th%t there i" % !on"tit$tion%l right to &riv%!y. The SC 'arified that the ri!ht of %ri"a y is re o!niJed and enshrined in se"era' %ro"isions of o$r Constit$tion. It is e>%ress'y re o!niJed in Section *879 of the 6ill of Rig)ts. Other fa ets of the ri!ht to %ri"a y are %rote ted in "ario$s %ro"isions of the 3i'' of Ri!hts, i.e. Secs. 7 + ; . and 7,. (3ple v. &orres, +.R. No. ,180/., *$'y 1-, ,77/ @P$noA5 1*$. Identify the D9:7S 90 (8IF!&G recogni=ed and protected in our laws. Held: The Civil Co$e %ro"ides that E<e=very &er"on "h%ll re"&e!t the dignity+ &er"on%lity+ &riv%!y %nd &e%!e o# (ind o# hi" neigh-or" %nd other &er"on"F and %$nishes as a tiona&'e torts se"era' a ts &y a %erson of #edd'in! and %ryin! into the %ri"a y of another. It a'so ho'ds a %$&'i offi er or e#%'oyee or any %ri"ate indi"id$a' 'ia&'e for da#a!es for any "io'ation of the ri!hts and 'i&erties of another %erson, and re o!niJes the %ri"a y of 'etters and other %ri"ate o##$ni ations. The Revise$ Penal Co$e #a9es a ri#e the viol%tion o# "e!ret" -y %n o##i!er+ the revel%tion o# tr%de %nd ind$"tri%l "e!ret"+ %nd tre"&%"" to d'elling. Inv%"ion o# &riv%!y i" %n o##en"e in "&e!i%l l%'" li6e the !ntiFBiretapping 'a( /R*A* E5JJ1+ the Secrecy of 6anA Deposits /R*A* 0EJG1 and the Intellectual Property Co$e /R*A* B5C71. The Rules of Court on %ri"i'e!ed o##$ni ation 'i9ewise re o!niJe the &riv%!y o# !ert%in in#or(%tion <Section 2+ 8ule 1*23c4 8evised 8ules on 7vidence>. (3ple v. &orres, +.R. No. ,180/., *$'y 1-, ,77/ @P$noA5 1*#. Discuss why !dministrative 9rder :o. *2$ <issued by the (resident prescribing for a :ational ID system for all citi=ens to facilitate business transactions with government agencies engaged in the delivery of basic services and social security provisions> should be declared unconstitutional. Held: We %res ind fro# the %re#ise that the ri!ht to %ri"a y is a f$nda#enta' ri!ht !$aranteed &y the Constit$tion, hen e, it is the &$rden of !o"ern#ent to show that A.O. No. -2/ is B$stified &y so#e o#%e''in! state interest and that it is narrow'y drawn. A.O. No. -2/ is %redi ated on two onsiderationsI /01 the need to &rovide o$r !iti8en" %nd #oreigner" 'ith the #%!ility to !onveniently tr%n"%!t -$"ine"" 'ith -%"i! "ervi!e %nd "o!i%l "e!$rity &rovider" %nd other govern(ent in"tr$(ent%litie" and /51 the need to red$!e+ i# not tot%lly er%di!%te+ #r%$d$lent tr%n"%!tion" %nd (i"re&re"ent%tion" -y &er"on" "ee6ing -%"i! "ervi!e". It is de&ata&'e whether these interests are o#%e''in! eno$!h to warrant the iss$an e of A.O. No. -2/. B$t 'h%t i" not %rg$%-le i" the BROADNESS+ the HA>UENESS+ the OHERBREADTH o# A*O* No* 7JB 'hi!h i# i(&le(ented 'ill &$t o$r &eo&leD" right to &riv%!y in !le%r %nd &re"ent d%nger. The heart of !.9. :o. *2$ 'ies in its Se tion ? whi h %ro"ides for a Po%$'ation Referen e N$#&er (PRN5 as a E o##on referen e n$#&er to esta&'ish a 'in9a!e a#on! on erned a!en iesF thro$!h the $se of E3io#etri s Te hno'o!yF and E o#%$ter a%%'i ation desi!ns.F

85

It i" note'orthy th%t A*O* No* 7JB doe" not "t%te 'h%t "&e!i#i! -iologi!%l !h%r%!teri"ti!" %nd 'h%t &%rti!$l%r -io(etri!" te!hnology "h%ll -e $"ed to identi#y &eo&le 'ho 'ill "ee6 it" !over%ge* Con"idering the -%n)$et o# o&tion" %v%il%-le to the i(&le(entor" o# A*O* No* 7JB+ the #e%r th%t it thre%ten" the right to &riv%!y o# o$r &eo&le i" not gro$ndle"". A*O* No* 7JB "ho$ld %l"o r%i"e o$r %ntenn%" #or % #$rther loo6 'ill "ho' th%t it doe" not "t%te 'hether en!oding o# d%t% i" li(ited to -iologi!%l in#or(%tion %lone #or identi#i!%tion &$r&o"e"* ? * Cle%rly+ the inde#initene"" o# A*O* No* 7JB !%n give the govern(ent the roving %$thority to "tore %nd retrieve in#or(%tion #or % &$r&o"e other th%n the identi#i!%tion o# the individ$%l thro$gh hi" PRN. ;he potential for misuse of the data to be gathered under !.9. :o. *2$ cannot be underplayed - - -. ;he more fre'uent the use of the (8: the better the chance of building a huge and formidable information base through the electronic linBage of the files. The d%t% (%y -e g%thered #or g%in#$l %nd $"e#$l govern(ent &$r&o"e"4 -$t the e i"ten!e o# thi" v%"t re"ervoir o# &er"on%l in#or(%tion !on"tit$te" % !overt invit%tion to (i"$"e+ % te(&t%tion th%t (%y -e too gre%t #or "o(e o# o$r %$thoritie" to re"i"t. It is %'ain and we ho'd that A.O. No. -2/ fa''s short of ass$rin! that %ersona' infor#ation whi h wi'' &e !athered a&o$t o$r %eo%'e wi'' on'y &e %ro essed for $ne:$i"o a''y s%e ified %$r%oses. The 'a 9 of %ro%er safe!$ards in this re!ard, of A.O. No. -2/ #ay interfere with the indi"id$a'Ls 'i&erty of a&ode and tra"e' &y ena&'in! a$thorities to tra 9 down his #o"e#entG it #ay a'so ena&'e $ns r$%$'o$s %ersons to a ess onfidentia' infor#ation and ir $#"ent the ri!ht a!ainst se'f; in ri#inationG it #ay %a"e the way for Efishin! e>%editionsF &y !o"ern#ent a$thorities and e"ade the ri!ht a!ainst $nreasona&'e sear hes and seiJ$res. The &o""i-ilitie" o# %-$"e %nd (i"$"e o# the PRN+ -io(etri!" %nd !o(&$ter te!hnology %re %!!ent$%ted 'hen 'e !on"ider th%t the individ$%l l%!6" !ontrol over 'h%t !%n -e re%d or &l%!ed on hi" ID+ ($!h le"" veri#y the !orre!tne"" o# the d%t% en!oded* They thre%ten the very %-$"e" th%t the Bill o# Right" "ee6" to &revent. The a&i'ity of a so%histi ated data enter to !enerate a o#%rehensi"e cradle,to,grave dossier on an indi"id$a' and trans#it it o"er a nationa' networ9 is one of the #ost !ra%hi threats of the o#%$ter re"o'$tion. The o#%$ter is a%a&'e of %rod$ in! a o#%rehensi"e dossier on indi"id$a's o$t of infor#ation !i"en at different ti#es and for "aried %$r%oses. 6 > >. Retrie"a' of stored data is si#%'e. When infor#ation of a %ri"i'e!ed hara ter finds its way into the o#%$ter, it an &e e>tra ted to!ether with other data on the s$&Be t. On e e>tra ted, the infor#ation is %$tty in the hands of any %erson. The end of %ri"a y &e!ins. <T=he Co$rt 'ill not -e tr$e to it" role %" the $lti(%te g$%rdi%n o# the &eo&leD" li-erty i# it 'o$ld not i((edi%tely "(other the "&%r6" th%t end%nger their right" -$t 'o$ld r%ther '%it #or the #ire th%t !o$ld !on"$(e the(. <A=nd 'e no' hold th%t 'hen the integrity o# % #$nd%(ent%l right i" %t "t%6e+ thi" Co$rt 'ill give the !h%llenged l%'+ %d(ini"tr%tive order+ r$le or reg$l%tion % "tri!ter "!r$tiny* It 'ill not do #or the %$thoritie" to invo6e the &re"$(&tion o# reg$l%rity in the &er#or(%n!e o# o##i!i%l d$tie"* Nor i" it eno$gh #or the %$thoritie" to &rove th%t their %!t i" not irr%tion%l #or % -%"i! right !%n -e di(ini"hed+ i# not de#e%ted+ even 'hen the govern(ent doe" not %!t irr%tion%lly* They ($"t "%ti"#%!torily "ho' the &re"en!e o# CO:PELLIN> STATE INTEREST %nd th%t the l%'+ r$le+ or reg$l%tion i" n%rro'ly dr%'n to &re!l$de %-$"e". This a%%roa h is de#anded &y the ,7/8 Constit$tion whose entire #atri> is desi!ned to %rote t h$#an ri!hts and to %re"ent a$thoritarianis#. In ase of do$&t, the 'east we an do is to 'ean towards the stan e that wi'' not %$t in dan!er the ri!hts %rote ted &y the Constit$tion.

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The ri!ht to %ri"a y is one of the #ost threatened ri!hts of #an 'i"in! in a #ass so iety. The threats e#anate fro# "ario$s so$r es C !o"ern#ents, Bo$rna'ists, e#%'oyers, so ia' s ientists, et . In the ase at &ar, the threat o#es fro# the e>e $ti"e &ran h of !o"ern#ent whi h &y iss$in! A.O. No. -2/ %ress$res the %eo%'e to s$rrender their %ri"a y &y !i"in! infor#ation a&o$t the#se'"es on the %rete>t that it wi'' fa i'itate de'i"ery of &asi ser"i es. +i"en the re ord;9ee%in! %ower of the o#%$ter, on'y the indifferent wi'' fai' to %er ei"e the dan!er that A.O. No. -2/ !i"es the !o"ern#ent the %ower to o#%i'e a de"astatin! dossier a!ainst $ns$s%e tin! itiJens. 6 > > <W=e !lo"e 'ith the "t%te(ent th%t the right to &riv%!y '%" not engr%ved in o$r Con"tit$tion #or #l%ttery. (3ple v. &orres, +.R. No. ,180/., *$'y 1-, ,77/ @P$noA5 1+2. Should in camera inspection of banB accounts be allowed? the affirmative under what circumstances should it be allowed? If in

Held: The iss$e is whether %etitioner #ay &e ited for indire t onte#%t for her fai'$re to %rod$ e the do $#ents re:$ested &y the O#&$ds#an. And whether the order of the O#&$ds#an to ha"e an in camera ins%e tion of the :$estioned a o$nt is a''owed as an e> e%tion to the 'aw on se re y of &an9 de%osits (R.A. No. ,?2.5. An e>a#ination of the se re y of &an9 de%osits 'aw (R.A. No. ,?2.5 wo$'d re"ea' the fo''owin! e> e%tionsI ,5 Where the de&o"itor !on"ent" in 'ritingG 15 I(&e%!h(ent !%"e"G -5 By !o$rt order in -ri-ery or dereli!tion o# d$ty !%"e" %g%in"t &$-li! o##i!i%l"G ?5 De&o"it i" "$-.e!t o# litig%tionG .5 Se . /, R.A. No. -2,7, in !%"e" o# $ne &l%ined 'e%lth %" held in the !%"e o# PNB v* >%n!%y!o (,11 Phi'. .2-, .2/ @,70.A5. The order of the O#&$ds#an to %rod$ e for in camera ins%e tion the s$&Be t a o$nts with the =nion 3an9 of the Phi'i%%ines, *$'ia Var!as 3ran h, is &ased on a %endin! in"esti!ation at the Offi e of the O#&$ds#an a!ainst A#ado La!da#eo, et. al. for "io'ation of R.!. No. *-7:, Se!* 7 /e1 and /g1 re'ati"e to the *oint Vent$re A!ree#ent &etween the P$&'i Estates A$thority and ADARI. We r$le th%t -e#ore %n in !%(er% in"&e!tion (%y -e %llo'ed+ /01 there ($"t -e % &ending !%"e -e#ore % !o$rt o# !o(&etent .$ri"di!tion* 9$rther+ /51 the %!!o$nt ($"t -e !le%rly identi#ied+ /71 the in"&e!tion li(ited to the "$-.e!t (%tter o# the &ending !%"e -e#ore the !o$rt o# !o(&etent .$ri"di!tion* /E1 The -%n6 &er"onnel %nd the %!!o$nt holder ($"t -e noti#ied to -e &re"ent d$ring the in"&e!tion+ %nd /G1 "$!h in"&e!tion (%y !over only the %!!o$nt identi#ied in the &ending !%"e. In Union B%n6 o# the Phili&&ine" v* Co$rt o# A&&e%l" , we he'd that ESe!tion 5 of the L%' on Se!re!y o# B%n6 De&o"it", as a#ended, de 'ares -%n6 de&o"it" to -e Q%-"ol$tely !on#identi%lD e !e&tI ,5 In an e %(in%tion (%de in the !o$r"e o# % "&e!i%l or gener%l e %(in%tion of a &an9 that is s%e ifi a''y a$thoriJed &y the Donetary 3oard after &ein! satisfied that there is re%"on%-le gro$nd to -elieve th%t % -%n6 #r%$d or "erio$" irreg$l%rity has &een or is &ein! o##itted and that it is ne!e""%ry to loo6 into the de&o"it to e"t%-li"h "$!h #r%$d or irreg$l%rity, 15 In an e %(in%tion (%de -y %n inde&endent %$ditor hired &y the &an9 to ond$ t its reg$l%r %$dit %ro"ided that the e %(in%tion i" #or %$dit &$r&o"e" only and the re"$lt" thereof sha'' &e for the e !l$"ive $"e o# the -%n6, -5 =%on 'ritten &er(i""ion o# the de&o"itor, ?5 In ases of i(&e%!h(ent, .5 =%on order o# % !o(&etent !o$rt in !%"e" o# -ri-ery or dereli!tion o# d$ty o# &$-li! o##i!i%l", or

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05 In ases where the (oney de&o"ited or inve"ted i" the "$-.e!t (%tter o# the litig%tionF. In the !%"e %t -%r+ there i" yet no &ending litig%tion -e#ore %ny !o$rt o# !o(&etent %$thority* Wh%t i" e i"ting i" %n inve"tig%tion -y the O##i!e o# the O(-$d"(%n* In "hort+ 'h%t the O##i!e o# the O(-$d"(%n 'o$ld 'i"h to do i" to #i"h #or %ddition%l eviden!e to #or(%lly !h%rge A(%do L%gd%(eo+ et* %l*+ 'ith the S%ndig%n-%y%n* Cle%rly+ there '%" no &ending !%"e in !o$rt 'hi!h 'o$ld '%rr%nt the o&ening o# the -%n6 %!!o$nt #or in"&e!tion. Nones of %ri"a y are re o!niJed and %rote ted in o$r 'aws. The Ci"i' Code %ro"ides that E@eA"ery %erson sha'' res%e t the di!nity, %ersona'ity, %ri"a y and %ea e of #ind of his nei!h&ors and other %ersonsF and %$nishes as a tiona&'e torts se"era' a ts for #edd'in! and %ryin! into the %ri"a y of another. It a'so ho'ds %$&'i offi er or e#%'oyee or any %ri"ate indi"id$a' 'ia&'e for da#a!es for any "io'ation of the ri!hts and 'i&erties of another %erson, and re o!niJes the %ri"a y of 'etters and other %ri"ate o##$ni ations. The Re"ised Pena' Code #a9es a ri#e of the "io'ation of se rets &y an offi er, re"e'ation of trade and ind$stria' se rets, and tres%ass to dwe''in!. In"asion of %ri"a y is an offense in s%e ia' 'aws 'i9e the anti; Wireta%%in! Law the Secrecy of EanB Deposits !ct, and the Inte''e t$a' Pro%erty Code. ('our$es &. MarHuez v. Hon. !niano !. Desierto, +.R. No. ,-.//1, *$ne 18, 122,, En 3an @PardoA5 9REEDO: O9 E?PRESSION 1+1. Distinguish /&9:;7:;,E!S7D 87S;8I&;I9:S1 on free /&9:;7:;,:7C;8!@ 87S;8I&;I9:S 1 and give e-ample of each. speech from

Held: Content,-%"ed re"tri!tion" are i(&o"ed -e!%$"e o# the !ontent o# the "&ee!h %nd %re+ there#ore+ "$-.e!t to the !le%r,%nd, &re"ent d%nger te"t. 4or e>a#%'e, a r$'e s$ h as that in"o'"ed in S%nid%d v* Co(ele! (,/, SCRA .17 @,772A5, &rohi-iting !ol$(ni"t"+ !o((ent%tor"+ %nd %nno$n!er" #ro( !%(&%igning either #or or %g%in"t %n i""$e in % &le-i"!ite ($"t h%ve !o(&elling re%"on to "$&&ort it+ or it 'ill not &%"" ($"ter $nder "tri!t "!r$tiny* The"e re"tri!tion" %re !en"ori%l %nd there#ore they -e%r % he%vy &re"$(&tion o# !on"tit$tion%l inv%lidity* In %ddition+ they 'ill -e te"ted #or &o""i-le over-re%dth %nd v%g$ene"". Content,ne$tr%l re"tri!tion", on the other hand, 'i9e Se!* 00/-1 of R*A* No* IIEI, whi h &rohi-it" the "%le or don%tion o# &rint "&%!e %nd %ir ti(e to &oliti!%l !%ndid%te" d$ring the !%(&%ign &eriod+ %re not !on!erned 'ith the !ontent o# the "&ee!h* The"e reg$l%tion" need only % "$-"t%nti%l govern(ent%l intere"t to "$&&ort the(* A de#erenti%l "t%nd%rd o# revie' 'ill "$##i!e to te"t their v%lidity* The !le%r,%nd,&re"ent d%nger r$le i" in%&&ro&ri%te %" % te"t #or deter(ining the !on"tit$tion%l v%lidity o# l%'"+ li6e Se!* 00/-1 o# R*A* No* IIEI+ 'hi!h %re not !on!erned 'ith the !ontent o# &oliti!%l %d" -$t only 'ith their in!ident". To a%%'y the 'ear;and;%resent dan!er test to s$ h re!$'atory #eas$res wo$'d &e 'i9e $sin! a s'ed!eha##er to dri"e a nai' when a re!$'ar ha##er is a'' that is needed. The TEST for this differen e in the 'e"e' of B$stifi ation for the restri tion of s%ee h is that !ontent,-%"ed re"tri!tion" di"tort &$-li! de-%te+ h%ve i(&ro&er (otiv%tion+ %nd %re $"$%lly i(&o"ed -e!%$"e o# #e%r o# ho' &eo&le 'ill re%!t to % &%rti!$l%r "&ee!h* No "$!h re%"on" $nderlie !ontent,ne$tr%l reg$l%tion"+ li6e reg$l%tion o# ti(e+ &l%!e %nd (%nner o# holding &$-li! %""e(-lie" $nder B*P* Blg* BBJ+ the P$-li! A""e(-ly A!t o# 0CBG. (3smena v. C3ME'EC, 1// SCRA ??8, Dar h -,, ,77/ @DendoJaA5 1+2. Does the conduct of e-it poll by !ES &E: present a clear and present danger of destroying the credibility and integrity of the

88

electoral process as it has the tendency to sow confusion considering the randomness of selecting interviewees which further maBes the e-it poll highly unreliable to justify the promulgation of a &omelec resolution prohibiting the same? Held: S$ h ar!$#ents are %$re'y "&e!$l%tive and 'ear'y $nten%-le. 0I8S; -y the very n%t$re o# % "$rvey+ the intervie'ee" or &%rti!i&%nt" %re "ele!ted %t RANDO:+ "o th%t the re"$lt" 'ill %" ($!h %" &o""i-le -e re&re"ent%tive or re#le!tive o# the gener%l "enti(ent or vie' o# the !o(($nity or gro$& &olled. S7&9:D the "$rvey re"$lt i" not (e%nt to re&l%!e or -e %t &%r 'ith the o##i!i%l Co(ele! !o$nt* It !on"i"t" (erely o# the o&inion o# the &olling gro$& %" to 'ho the ele!tor%te in gener%l h%" &ro-%-ly voted #or, &ased on the 'i#ited data !athered fro# %o''ed indi"id$a's. 0I:!@@G not %t "t%6e %re the !redi-ility %nd the integrity o# the ele!tion"+ 'hi!h %re e er!i"e" th%t %re "e&%r%te %nd inde&endent #ro( the e it &oll"* The holding %nd the re&orting o# the re"$lt" o# e it &oll" !%nnot $nder(ine tho"e o# the ele!tion"+ "in!e the #or(er i" only &%rt o# the l%tter* I# %t %ll+ the o$t!o(e o# one !%n only -e indi!%tive o# the other. The CO:ELECD" !on!ern 'ith the &o""i-le non!o(($ni!%tive e##e!t o# e it &oll" N di"order %nd !on#$"ion in the voting !enter" N doe" not .$"ti#y % tot%l -%n on the(* Undo$-tedly+ the %""%iled Co(ele! Re"ol$tion i" too -ro%d+ "in!e it" %&&li!%tion i" 'itho$t )$%li#i!%tion %" to 'hether the &olling i" di"r$&tive or not* There i" no "ho'ing+ ho'ever+ th%t e it &oll" or the (e%n" to intervie' voter" !%$"e !h%o" in voting !enter". Neither has any e"iden e &een %resented %ro"in! that the %resen e of e>it %o'' re%orters near an e'e tion %re in t tends to reate disorder or onf$se the "oters. :oreover+ the &rohi-ition in!ident%lly &revent" the !olle!tion o# e it &oll d%t% %nd their $"e #or %ny &$r&o"e* The v%l$%-le in#or(%tion %nd ide%" th%t !o$ld -e derived #ro( the(+ -%"ed on the voter"D %n"'er" to the "$rvey )$e"tion" 'ill #orever re(%in $n6no'n %nd $ne &lored . =n'ess the &an is restrained, andidates, resear hers, so ia' s ientists and the e'e torate in !enera' wo$'d &e de%ri"ed of st$dies on the i#%a t of $rrent e"ents and of e'e tion;day and other fa tors on "otersL hoi es. The %-"ol$te -%n i(&o"ed -y the Co(ele! !%nnot+ there#ore+ -e .$"ti#ied* It doe" not le%ve o&en %ny %ltern%tive !h%nnel o# !o(($ni!%tion to g%ther the ty&e o# in#or(%tion o-t%ined thro$gh e it &olling* On the other h%nd+ there %re other v%lid %nd re%"on%-le '%y" %nd (e%n" to %!hieve the Co(ele! end o# %voiding or (ini(i8ing di"order %nd !on#$"ion th%t (%y -e -ro$ght %-o$t -y e it "$rvey". With fore!oin! %re#ises, it is on '$ded that the interest of the state in red$ in! disr$%tion is o$twei!hed &y the drasti a&rid!#ent of the onstit$tiona''y !$aranteed ri!hts of the #edia and the e'e torate. P$ite the ontrary, instead of disr$%tin! e'e tions, e>it %o''s C %ro%er'y ond$ ted and %$&'i iJed C an &e "ita' too's for the ho'din! of honest, order'y, %ea ef$' and redi&'e e'e tionsG and for the e'i#ination of e'e tion;fi>in!, fra$d and other e'e tora' i''s. (!6SFC6N 6roa$casting Corporation v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,--?/0, *an. 1/, 1222, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 1+*. Section 5.4 of R.!. No. :--; <=air Election !ct> which providesN /Surveys affecting national candidates shall not be published fifteen <1.> days before an election and surveys affecting local candidates shall not be published seven <%> days before an election.1 ;he Social Weather Stations Inc. <SWS> a private non,stocB non,profit social research institution conducting surveys in various fieldsO and Kamahalan (ublishing &orporation publisher of the ?anila Standard a newspaper of general circulation which features newsworthy items of information including election surveys challenged the constitutionality of aforesaid provision as it constitutes a prior restraint on the e-ercise of freedom of speech without any clear and

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present danger to justify such restraint. sustained?

Should the challenge be

Held: 4or reason here$nder !i"en, we ho'd that Se!tion G*E of R.!. No. :--; onstit$tes an $n!on"tit$tion%l %-ridg(ent o# #reedo( o# "&ee!h+ e &re""ion+ %nd the &re"". To &e s$re, Se tion ..? 'ays a &rior re"tr%int on #reedo( o# "&ee!h+ e &re""ion+ %nd the &re"" -y &rohi-iting the &$-li!%tion o# ele!tion "$rvey re"$lt" %##e!ting !%ndid%te" 'ithin the &re"!ri-ed &eriod" o# #i#teen /0G1 d%y" i((edi%tely &re!eding % n%tion%l ele!tion %nd "even /F1 d%y" -e#ore % lo!%l ele!tion* Be!%$"e o# the &re#erred "t%t$" o# the !on"tit$tion%l right" o# "&ee!h+ e &re""ion+ %nd the &re""+ "$!h % (e%"$re i" viti%ted -y % 'eighty &re"$(&tion o# inv%lidity* Indeed+ 2%ny "y"te( o# &rior re"tr%int" o# e &re""ion !o(e" to thi" Co$rt -e%ring % he%vy &re"$(&tion %g%in"t it" !on"tit$tion%l v%lidity * The >overn(ent Qth$" !%rrie" % he%vy -$rden o# "ho'ing .$"ti#i!%tion #or the en#or!e(ent o# "$!h re"tr%int.LF There is th$s a re"ersa' of the nor#a' %res$#%tion of "a'idity that inheres in e"ery 'e!is'ation. Nor #ay it &e ar!$ed that &e a$se of !rt. I%FC, Se!* E of the Constitution, whi h !i"es the Co#e'e s$%er"isory %ower to re!$'ate the enBoy#ent or $ti'iJation of fran hise for the o%eration of #edia of o##$ni ation, no %res$#%tion of in"a'idity atta hes to a #eas$re 'i9e Se . ..?. 9or %" 'e h%ve &ointed o$t in "$"t%ining the -%n on (edi% &oliti!%l %dverti"e(ent"+ the gr%nt o# &o'er to the Co(ele! $nder Art* I?,C+ Se!* E i" li(ited to en"$ring 2EQUAL OPPORTUNIT;+ TI:E+ SPACE+ %nd the RI>HT TO REPL;3 %" 'ell %" UNI9OR: %nd REASONABLE RATES O9 CHAR>ES #or the $"e o# "$!h (edi% #%!ilitie" #or 2&$-li! in#or(%tion !%(&%ign" %nd #or$(" %(ong !%ndid%te".F 6 > > Nor an the &an on e'e tion s$r"eys &e B$stified on the !ro$nd that there are other o$ntries > > > whi h si#i'ar'y i#%ose restri tions on the %$&'i ation of e'e tion s$r"eys. At &est this s$r"ey is in on '$si"e. It is noteworthy that in the =nited States no restri tion on the %$&'i ation of e'e tion s$r"ey res$'ts e>ists. It annot &e ar!$ed that this is &e a$se the =nited States is a #at$re de#o ra y. Neither are there 'aws i#%osin! an e#&ar!o on s$r"ey res$'ts, e"en for a 'i#ited %eriod, in other o$ntries. 6 > >. What ;7S; sho$'d then &e e#%'oyed to deter(ine the !on"tit$tion%l v%lidity of Se tion ..?Q The =nited States S$%re#e Co$rt > > > he'd in /nite$ States v. 3> 6rienN @AA !o"ern#ent re!$'ation is s$ffi ient'y B$stified /01 if it is 'ithin the !on"tit$tion%l &o'er o# the govern(entG /51 if it #$rther" %n i(&ort%nt or "$-"t%nti%l govern(ent%l intere"t G /71 if the govern(ent%l intere"t i" $nrel%ted to the "$&&re""ion o# #ree e &re""ionG and /E1 if the in!ident%l re"tri!tion on %lleged 9ir"t A(end(ent #reedo(" (of s%ee h, e>%ression and %ress5 i" no gre%ter th%n i" e""enti%l to the #$rther%n!e o# th%t intere"t (-7, =.S. -08, 12 L. Ed. 1d 071, 0/2 @,70/A @&ra 9eted n$#&ers addedA5. Thi" i" "o #%r the (o"t in#l$enti%l te"t #or di"ting$i"hing !ontent,-%"ed #ro( !ontent,ne$tr%l reg$l%tion" %nd i" "%id to h%ve 2-e!o(e !%noni!%l in the revie' o# "$!h l%'".F It is noteworthy that the 9P Erien test has &een a%%'ied &y this Co$rt in at 'east two ases (!$iong v. Comelec, 128 SCRA 8,1 @,771AG 3smena v. Comelec, s$%ra.5. Under thi" te"t+ even i# % l%' #$rther" %n i(&ort%nt or "$-"t%nti%l govern(ent%l intere"t+ it "ho$ld -e inv%lid%ted i# "$!h govern(ent%l intere"t i" 2not $nrel%ted to the "$&&re""ion o# #ree e &re""ion*3 :oreover+ even i# the &$r&o"e i" $nrel%ted to the "$&&re""ion o# #ree "&ee!h+ the l%' "ho$ld neverthele"" -e inv%lid%ted

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i# the re"tri!tion on #reedo( o# e &re""ion i" gre%ter ne!e""%ry to %!hieve the govern(ent%l &$r&o"e in )$e"tion. O$r in:$iry sho$'d a as a%%'ied to Se . ..?. ordin!'y fo $s on these two

th%n

i"

onsiderations

0I8S;. Se!* G*E #%il" to (eet !riterion /71 o# the OD Brien te"t -e!%$"e the !%$"%l !onne!tion o# e &re""ion to the %""erted govern(ent%l intere"t (%6e" "$!h intere"t 2not $nrel%ted to the "$&&re""ion o# #ree e &re""ion.F Ey prohibiting the publication of election survey results because of the possibility that such publication might undermine the integrity of the election Sec. ..+ actually suppresses a whole class of e-pression while allowing the e-pression of opinion concerning the same subject matter by newspaper columnists radio and ;F commentators armchair theorists and other opinion maBers. In effect Sec. ..+ shows a bias for a particular subject matter if not viewpoint by preferring personal opinion to statistical results. The onstit$tiona' !$arantee of freedo# of e>%ression #eans that Ethe govern(ent h%" no &o'er to re"tri!t e &re""ion -e!%$"e o# it" (e""%ge+ it" ide%"+ it" "$-.e!t (%tter+ or it" !ontent".F The inhi&ition of s%ee h sho$'d &e $%he'd on'y if the e>%ression fa''s within one of the few $n%rote ted ate!ories dea't with in C)aplinsAy v. Ne( Hamps)ire (-,. =.S. .0/, .8,;.81, /0 L. Ed. ,2-,, ,2-. @,7?1A5, th$sI There are ertain we'';defined and narrow'y 'i#ited 'asses of s%ee h, the %re"ention and %$nish#ent of whi h ha"e ne"er &een tho$!ht to raise any Constit$tiona' %ro&'e#. These in '$de the le'd %nd o-"!ene, the &ro#%ne, the li-elo$", and the in"$lting or Q#ightingD 'ord" C tho"e 'hi!h -y their very $tter%n!e in#li!t in.$ry or tend to in!ite %n i((edi%te -re%!h o# the &e%!e . @SA$ h $tteran es are no essentia' %art of any e>%osition of ideas, and are of s$ h s'i!ht so ia' "a'$e as a ste% to tr$th that any &enefit that #ay &e deri"ed fro# the# is 'ear'y o$twei!hed &y the so ia' interest in order and #ora'ity. Nor is there B$stifi ation for the %rior restraint whi h Se . ..? 'ays on %rote ted s%ee h. In Near v. Minnesota (1/- =.S. 078, 8,.;8,0, 8. '. Ed. ,-.8, ,-08 @,7-,A5, it was he'dI <T=he &rote!tion even %" to &revio$" re"tr%int i" not %-"ol$tely $nli(ited* B$t the li(it%tion h%" -een re!ogni8ed only in e !e&tion%l !%"e" . No one wo$'d :$estion &$t that a !o"ern#ent #i!ht %re"ent a t$a' o&str$ tion to its re r$itin! ser"i e or the %$&'i ation of the sai'in! dates of trans%orts or the n$#&er and 'o ation of troo%s. On "i(il%r gro$nd"+ the &ri(%ry re)$ire(ent" o# de!en!y (%y -e en#or!ed %g%in"t o-"!ene &$-li!%tion"* The "e!$rity o# the !o(($nity li#e (%y -e &rote!ted %g%in"t in!ite(ent" to %!t" o# violen!e %nd the overthro' -y #or!e o# orderly govern(ent . Th$"+ the &rohi-ition i(&o"ed -y Se!* G*E !%nnot -e .$"ti#ied on the gro$nd th%t it i" only #or % li(ited &eriod %nd i" only in!ident%l* The &rohi-ition (%y -e #or % li(ited ti(e+ -$t the !$rt%il(ent o# the right o# e &re""ion i" dire!t+ %-"ol$te+ %nd "$-"t%nti%l* It !on"tit$te" % tot%l "$&&re""ion o# % !%tegory o# "&ee!h %nd i" not (%de le"" "o -e!%$"e it i" only #or % &eriod o# #i#teen /0G1 d%y" i((edi%tely -e#ore % n%tion%l ele!tion %nd "even /F1 d%y" i((edi%tely -e#ore % lo!%l ele!tion. This s$ffi ient'y distin!$ishes Se . ..? fro# R.A. No. 00?0, Se . ,,(&5, whi h this Co$rt fo$nd to &e "a'id in :ational (ress &lub v. &omelec <supra.> and 9smena v. &omelec <supra.>. 4or the &an i#%osed &y R.A. No. 00?0, Se . ,,(&5 is not on'y a$thoriJed &y a s%e ifi onstit$tiona' %ro"ision <!rt. I",& Sec. +> &$t it a'so %ro"ided an a'ternati"e so that, as this Co$rt %ointed o$t in 9smena there was a t$a''y no &an &$t on'y a s$&stit$tion of #edia ad"ertise#ents &y the Co#e'e s%a e, and Co#e'e ho$r.

91

S7&9:D. Even i# the govern(ent%l intere"t "o$ght to -e &ro(oted i" $nrel%ted to the "$&&re""ion o# "&ee!h %nd the re"$lting re"tri!tion o# #ree e &re""ion i" only in!ident%l+ Se!* G*E nonethele"" #%il" to (eet !riterion /E1 o# the OD Brien te"t+ n%(ely+ th%t the re"tri!tion -e not gre%ter th%n i" ne!e""%ry to #$rther the govern(ent%l intere"t* A" %lre%dy "t%ted+ Se!* G*E %i(" %t the &revention o# l%"t,(in$te &re""$re on voter"+ the !re%tion o# -%nd'%gon e##e!t+ 2.$n6ing3 o# 'e%6 or 2lo"ing3 !%ndid%te"+ %nd re"ort to the #or( o# ele!tion !he%ting !%lled 2d%gd%g,-%'%"*3 Pr%i"e'orthy %" the"e %i(" o# the reg$l%tion (ight -e+ they !%nnot -e %tt%ined %t the "%!ri#i!e o# the #$nd%(ent%l right o# e &re""ion+ 'hen "$!h %i( !%n -e (ore n%rro'ly &$r"$ed -y PUNISHIN> UNLAW9UL ACTS+ RATHER THAN SPEECH -e!%$"e o# %&&rehen"ion th%t "$!h "&ee!h !re%te" the d%nger o# "$!h evil". Th$s, $nder the !$ministrative Co$e of 7:., (39. V, Tit. I, S$&tit. C, Ch ,, Se . -@,A5, the Co(ele! i" given the &o'erI To sto% any i''e!a' a ti"ity, or onfis ate, tear down, and "to& %ny $nl%'#$l+ li-elo$"+ (i"le%ding or #%l"e ele!tion &ro&%g%nd%, after d$e noti e and hearin!. This is s$re'y a 'ess restri ti"e #eans than the %rohi&ition ontained in Se . ..?. P$rs$ant to this %ower of the Co#e'e , it an onfis ate &o!$s s$r"ey res$'ts a' $'ated to #is'ead "oters. Candidates an ha"e their own s$r"eys ond$ ted. No ri!ht of re%'y an &e in"o9ed &y others. No %rin i%'e of e:$a'ity is in"o'"ed. It is a free #ar9et to whi h ea h andidate &rin!s his ideas. As for the %$r%ose of the 'aw to %re"ent &andwa!on effe ts, it is do$&tf$' whether the +o"ern#ent an dea' with this nat$ra';eno$!h tenden y of so#e "oters. So#e "oters want to &e identified with the Ewinners.F So#e are s$s e%ti&'e to the herd #enta'ity. Can these &e 'e!iti#ate'y %rohi&ited &y s$%%ressin! the %$&'i ation of s$r"ey res$'ts whi h are a for# of e>%ressionQ It has &een he'd that E@#ereA 'e!is'ati"e %referen es or &e'iefs res%e tin! #atters of %$&'i on"enien e #ay we'' s$%%ort re!$'ation dire ted at other %ersona' a ti"ities, &$t &e ins$ffi ient to B$stify s$ h as di#inishes the e>er ise of ri!hts so "ita' to the #aintenan e of de#o rati instit$tions.F To s$##ariJe then, 'e hold th%t Se!* G*E i" inv%lid -e!%$"e /01 it i(&o"e" % &rior re"tr%int on the #reedo( o# e &re""ion , /51 it i" % dire!t %nd tot%l "$&&re""ion o# % !%tegory o# e &re""ion even tho$gh "$!h "$&&re""ion i" only #or % li(ited &eriod, and /71 the govern(ent%l intere"t "o$ght to -e &ro(oted !%n -e %!hieved -y (e%n" other th%n the "$&&re""ion o# #reedo( o# e &re""ion. (Social Beat)er Stations Inc. v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,?8.8,, Day ., 122,, En 3an @DendoJaA5 1++. Discuss the HD9&;8I:7 90 0!I8 &9??7:;H as a valid defense in an action for libel or slander. Held: 9%ir !o((ent%rie" on (%tter" o# &$-li! intere"t %re &rivileged %nd !on"tit$te % v%lid de#en"e in %n %!tion #or li-el or "l%nder. The do trine of fair o##ent #eans that whi'e in !enera' e"ery dis redita&'e i#%$tation %$&'i 'y #ade is dee#ed fa'se, &e a$se e"ery #an is %res$#ed inno ent $nti' his !$i't is B$di ia''y %ro"ed, and e"ery fa'se i#%$tation is dee#ed #a'i io$s, ne"erthe'ess, 'hen the di"!redit%-le i(&$t%tion i" dire!ted %g%in"t % &$-li! &er"on in hi" &$-li! !%&%!ity+ it i" not ne!e""%rily %!tion%-le* In order th%t "$!h di"!redit%-le i(&$t%tion to % &$-li! o##i!i%l (%y -e %!tion%-le+ it ($"t either -e % #%l"e %lleg%tion o# #%!t or % !o((ent -%"ed on % #%l"e "$&&o"ition* I# the !o((ent i" %n e &re""ion o# o&inion+ -%"ed on e"t%-li"hed #%!t"+ then it i" i((%teri%l th%t the o&inion h%&&en" to -e (i"t%6en+ %" long %" it (ight re%"on%-ly -e in#erred #ro( the #%!t". (6or0al v. C!, -2, SCRA ,, *an. ,?, ,777, 1nd Di". @3e''osi''oA5 1+.. What is the /raison dPetre1 for the :ew GorB ;imes v. Sullivan (-80 =S 1.?5 holding that honest criticisms on the conduct of public officials and public figures are insulated from libel judgments?

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Held: The g$%r%ntee" o# #reedo( o# "&ee!h %nd &re"" &rohi-it % &$-li! o##i!i%l or &$-li! #ig$re #ro( re!overing d%(%ge" #or % de#%(%tory #%l"ehood rel%ting to hi" o##i!i%l !ond$!t $nle"" he &rove" th%t the "t%te(ent '%" (%de 'ith %!t$%l (%li!e+ i*e*+ 'ith 6no'ledge th%t it '%" #%l"e or 'ith re!6le"" di"reg%rd o# 'hether it '%" #%l"e or not. The raison dLetre for the New Yor9 Ti#es do trine was that to re)$ire !riti!" o# o##i!i%l !ond$!t to g$%r%ntee the tr$th o# %ll their #%!t$%l %""ertion" on &%in o# li-el .$dg(ent" 'o$ld le%d to "el#, !en"or"hi&+ "in!e 'o$ld,-e !riti!" 'o$ld -e deterred #ro( voi!ing o$t their !riti!i"(" even i# "$!h 'ere -elieved to -e tr$e+ or 'ere in #%!t tr$e+ -e!%$"e o# do$-t 'hether it !o$ld -e &roved or -e!%$"e o# #e%r o# the e &en"e o# h%ving to &rove it. (6or0al v. C!, -2, SCRA ,, *an. ,?, ,777, 1nd Di". @3e''osi''oA5 1+). Who comment? is a /public figure 1 and therefore subject to public

Held: @WAe dee# %ri"ate res%ondent a %$r"iew of the :ew GorB ;imes r$'in!. At defined E%$&'i fi!$reF in !yers Pro$uction (+.R. Nos. /1-/2 and /1-7/, 17 A%ri' ,7//, ,02

%$&'i fi!$re within the any rate, we ha"e a'so Pty. 't$. v. Capulong SCRA /0,5 as C

6 > > % &er"on 'ho+ -y hi" %!!o(&li"h(ent"+ #%(e+ (ode o# living+ or -y %do&ting % &ro#e""ion or !%lling 'hi!h give" the &$-li! % legiti(%te intere"t in hi" doing"+ hi" %##%ir" %nd hi" !h%r%!ter+ h%" -e!o(e % Q&$-li! &er"on%geD. <e is, in other words, a !ele-rity. O&"io$s'y, to &e in '$ded in this ate!ory are those who ha"e a hie"ed so#e de!ree of re%$tation &y a%%earin! &efore the %$&'i , as in the ase of an a tor, a %rofessiona' &ase&a'' %'ayer, a %$!i'ist, or any other entertainer. The 'ist is, howe"er, &roader than this. It in '$des %$&'i offi ers, fa#o$s in"entors and e>%'orers, war heroes and e"en ordinary so'diers, infant %rodi!y, and no 'ess a %ersona!e than the +reat E>a'ted R$'er of the 'od!e. It in!l$de"+ in "hort+ %nyone 'ho h%" %rrived %t % &o"ition 'here the &$-li! %ttention i" #o!$"ed $&on hi( %" % &er"on. ;he 0:&@; <0irst :ational &onference on @and ;ransportation> was an undertaBing infused with public interest. It was promoted as a joint project of the government and the private sector and organi=ed by top government officials and prominent businessmen. 0or this reason it attracted media mileage and drew public attention not only to the conference itself but to the personalities behind as well. !s its 7-ecutive Director and spoBesman private respondent conse'uently assumed the status of a public figure. B$t even %""$(ing e ,gr%ti% %rg$(enti th%t &riv%te re"&ondent+ de"&ite the &o"ition he o!!$&ied in the 9NCLT+ 'o$ld not )$%li#y %" % &$-li! #ig$re+ it doe" not ne!e""%rily #ollo' th%t he !o$ld not v%lidly -e the "$-.e!t o# % &$-li! !o((ent even i# he '%" not % &$-li! o##i!i%l or %t le%"t % &$-li! #ig$re+ #or he !o$ld -e+ %" long %" he '%" involved in % &$-li! i""$e* I# % (%tter i" % "$-.e!t o# &$-li! or gener%l intere"t+ it !%nnot "$ddenly -e!o(e le"" "o (erely -e!%$"e % &riv%te individ$%l i" involved or -e!%$"e in "o(e "en"e the individ$%l did not vol$nt%rily !hoo"e to -e!o(e involved* The &$-li!D" &ri(%ry intere"t i" in the event4 the &$-li! #o!$" i" on the !ond$!t o# the &%rti!i&%nt %nd the !ontent+ e##e!t %nd "igni#i!%n!e o# the !ond$!t+ not the &%rti!i&%ntD" &rior %nony(ity or notoriety. (6or0al v. C!, -2, SCRA ,, *an. ,?, ,777, 1nd Di". @3e''osi''oA5 1+%. ;he 9ffice of the ?ayor of @as (inas petitioners to hold rally a rally in front (inas on the ground that it was prohibited 8esolution dated July % 1##$ in !.?. :o. refused to issue permit to of the Justice 6all of @as under Supreme &ourt 7n Eanc #$,%,22,S& entitled H8eN

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5uidelines on the &onduct of Demonstrations (icBets 8allies and 9ther Similar 5atherings in the Ficinity of the Supreme &ourt and !ll 9ther &ourts.H (etitioners thus initiated the instant proceedings. ;hey submit that the Supreme &ourt gravely abused its discretion andIor acted without or in e-cess of jurisdiction in promulgating those guidelines. Held: We sha'' first dwe'' on the riti a' ar!$#ent #ade &y %etitioners that the r$'es onstit$te an a&rid!#ent of the %eo%'eHs a!!re!ate ri!hts of free s%ee h, free e>%ression, %ea ef$' asse#&'y and %etitionin! !o"ern#ent for redress of !rie"an es itin! Se . ?, Arti 'e III of the ,7/8 Constit$tion that Mno 'aw sha'' &e %assed a&rid!in!M the#. It is tr$e that the safe!$ardin! of the %eo%'eHs freedo# of e>%ression to the end that indi"id$a's #ay s%ea9 as they thin9 on #atters "ita' to the# and that fa'sehoods #ay &e e>%osed thro$!h the %ro esses of ed$ ation and dis $ssion is essentia' to free !o"ern#ent . B$t #reedo( o# "&ee!h %nd e &re""ion de"&ite it" indi"&en"%-ility h%" it" li(it%tion"* It h%" never -een $nder"tood %" the %-"ol$te right to "&e%6 'henever+ ho'ever+ %nd 'herever one &le%"e"+ #or the (%nner+ &l%!e+ %nd ti(e o# &$-li! di"!$""ion !%n -e !on"tit$tion%lly !ontrolled* <T=he -etter &oli!y i" not li-erty $nt%(ed -$t li-erty reg$l%ted -y l%' 'here every #reedo( i" e er!i"ed in %!!ord%n!e 'ith l%' %nd 'ith d$e reg%rd #or the right" o# other". Con"entiona' wisdo# te''s $s that the rea'ities of 'ife in a o#%'e> so iety &re!l$de %n %-"ol$ti"t inter&ret%tion o# #reedo( o# e &re""ion 'here it doe" not involve &$re "&ee!h -$t "&ee!h &l$" &hy"i!%l %!tion" li6e &i!6eting* There %re other "igni#i!%nt "o!iet%l v%l$e" th%t ($"t -e %!!o((od%ted %nd 'hen they !l%"h+ they ($"t %ll -e 'eighed 'ith the &ro(otion o# the gener%l 'el#%re o# the &eo&le %" the $lti(%te o-.e!tive* In -%l%n!ing the"e v%l$e"+ thi" Co$rt h%" %!!orded #reedo( o# e &re""ion % &re#erred &o"ition in light o# it" (ore !o(&%r%tive i(&ort%n!e. <en e, o$r r$'in!s now #$sty in years ho'd that on'y the narrowest ti#e, %'a e and #anner re!$'ations that are s%e ifi a''y tai'ored to ser"e an i#%ortant !o"ern#enta' interest #ay B$stify the a%%'i ation of the &a'an in! of interests test in dero!ation of the %eo%'eHs ri!ht of free s%ee h and e>%ression. Where "%id reg$l%tion" do not %i( &%rti!$l%rly %t the evil" 'ithin the %llo'%-le %re%" o# "t%te !ontrol -$t+ on the !ontr%ry+ "'ee& 'ithin their %(-it other %!tivitie" %" to o&er%te %" %n overh%nging thre%t to #ree di"!$""ion+ or 'here $&on their #%!e they %re "o v%g$e+ inde#inite+ or ine %!t %" to &er(it &$ni"h(ent o# the #%ir $"e o# the right o# #ree "&ee!h+ "$!h reg$l%tion" %re void. Pre"!inding #ro( thi" &re(i"e+ the Co$rt reiter%te" th%t .$di!i%l inde&enden!e %nd the #%ir %nd orderly %d(ini"tr%tion o# .$"ti!e !on"tit$te &%r%(o$nt govern(ent%l intere"t" th%t !%n .$"ti#y the reg$l%tion o# the &$-li!K" right o# #ree "&ee!h %nd &e%!e#$l %""e(-ly in the vi!inity o# !o$rtho$"e". In the ase of In Re< Emil P. 1ura$o, the Co$rt %rono$n ed in no $n ertain ter#s thatI M> > > #reedo( o# e &re""ion need" on o!!%"ion to -e %d.$"ted to %nd %!!o((od%ted 'ith the re)$ire(ent" o# e)$%lly i(&ort%nt &$-li! intere"t"* One o# the"e #$nd%(ent%l &$-li! intere"t" i" the (%inten%n!e o# the integrity %nd orderly #$n!tioning o# the %d(ini"tr%tion o# .$"ti!e* There i" no %ntino(y -et'een #ree e &re""ion %nd the integrity o# the "y"te( o# %d(ini"tering .$"ti!e* 9or the &rote!tion %nd (%inten%n!e o# #reedo( o# e &re""ion it"el# !%n -e "e!$red only 'ithin the !onte t o# % #$n!tioning %nd orderly "y"te( o# di"&en"ing .$"ti!e+ 'ithin the !onte t+ in other 'ord"+ o# vi%-le inde&endent in"tit$tion" #or delivery o# .$"ti!e 'hi!h %re %!!e&ted -y the gener%l !o(($nity. > > >M (In Re< Emil P. 1ura$o, 1?- SCRA 177, -1-;-1? @,77.A5 It i" "%dly o-"erved th%t .$di!i%l inde&enden!e %nd the orderly %d(ini"tr%tion o# .$"ti!e h%ve -een thre%tened not only -y !onte(&t$o$"

94

%!t" in"ide+ -$t %l"o -y ir%"!i-le de(on"tr%tion" o$t"ide+ the !o$rtho$"e"* They 'ittingly or $n'ittingly+ "&oil the ide%l o# "o-er+ non,&%rti"%n &ro!eeding" -e#ore % !old %nd ne$tr%l .$dge . E"en in the =nited States, a %rohi&ition a!ainst %i 9etin! and de#onstratin! in or near o$rtho$ses has &een r$'ed as "a'id and onstit$tiona' notwithstandin! its 'i#itin! effe t on the e>er ise &y the %$&'i of their 'i&erties. 6 > > The %d(ini"tr%tion o# .$"ti!e ($"t not only -e #%ir -$t ($"t %l"o APPEAR to -e #%ir %nd it i" the d$ty o# thi" Co$rt to eli(in%te everything th%t 'ill di(ini"h i# not de"troy thi" .$di!i%l de"ider%t$(. To &e s$re, there wi'' &e !rie"an es a!ainst o$r B$sti e syste# for there an &e no %erfe t syste# of B$sti e &$t these !rie"an es #$st &e "enti'ated thro$!h a%%ro%riate %etitions, #otions or other %'eadin!s. S$!h % (ode i" in 6ee&ing 'ith the re"&e!t d$e to the !o$rt" %" ve""el" o# .$"ti!e %nd i" ne!e""%ry i# .$dge" %re to di"&o"e their -$"ine"" in % #%ir #%"hion* It i" the tr%dition%l !onvi!tion o# every !ivili8ed "o!iety th%t !o$rt" ($"t -e in"$l%ted #ro( every e tr%neo$" in#l$en!e in their de!i"ion"* The #%!t" o# % !%"e "ho$ld -e deter(ined $&on eviden!e &rod$!ed in !o$rt+ %nd "ho$ld -e $nin#l$en!ed -y -i%"+ &re.$di!e or "y(&%thie". (In Re< Petition to !nnul En 6anc Resolution !.M. :.F,F-+FSC F Ricar$o C. 2almonte an$ /nion of 'a(yers an$ !$vocates for &ransparency in Government D/'!&E, +.R. No. ,-?01,, Se%t. 17, ,77/5 1+$. Did the Supreme &ourt commit an act of judicial legislation in promulgating 7n Eanc 8esolution !.?. #$,%,22,S& entitled H8eN 5uidelines on the &onduct of Demonstrations (icBets 8allies and 9ther Similar 5atherings in the Ficinity of the Supreme &ourt and !ll 9ther &ourts?H Held: Petitioners a'so 'ai# that this Co$rt o##itted an a t of B$di ia' 'e!is'ation in %ro#$'!atin! the assai'ed reso'$tion. They har!e that this Co$rt a#ended %ro"isions of 3atas Pa#&ansa (3.P.5 3'!. //2, otherwise 9nown as Mthe P$&'i Asse#&'y A t,M &y on"ertin! the sidewa'9s and streets within a radi$s of two h$ndred (1225 #eters fro# e"ery o$rtho$se fro# a %$&'i for$# %'a e into a Mno ra''yM Jone. Th$s, they a $se this Co$rt of > > > "io'atin! the %rin i%'e of se%aration of %owers. We reBe t these 'ow watts ar!$#ents. P$&'i %'a es historically associated with the free e>er ise of e>%ressi"e a ti"ities, s$ h as streets, sidewa'9s, and %ar9s, are onsidered, without more, to &e %$&'i fora. In other 'ord"+ it i" not %ny l%' th%t !%n i(-$e "$!h &l%!e" 'ith the &$-li! n%t$re inherent in the(* B$t even in "$!h &$-li! #or%+ it i" "ettled .$ri"&r$den!e th%t the govern(ent (%y re"tri!t "&ee!h &l$" %!tivitie" %nd en#or!e re%"on%-le ti(e+ &l%!e+ %nd (%nner reg$l%tion" %" long %" the re"tri!tion" %re /01 !ontent,ne$tr%l+ /51 %re n%rro'ly t%ilored to "erve % "igni#i!%nt govern(ent%l intere"t+ %nd /71 le%ve o&en %(&le %ltern%tive !h%nnel" o# !o(($ni!%tion. Contr%ry there#ore to &etitioner"D i(&re""ion+ B*P* Blg* BBJ did not e"t%-li"h "treet" %nd "ide'%l6"+ %(ong other &l%!e"+ %" &$-li! #or%* A !lo"e loo6 %t the l%' 'ill reve%l th%t it in #%!t &re"!ri-e" re%"on%-le ti(e+ &l%!e+ %nd (%nner reg$l%tion". Th$s, it re:$ires a written %er#it for the ho'din! of %$&'i asse#&'ies in %$&'i %'a es s$&Be t, e"en, to the ri!ht of the #ayor to #odify the %'a e and ti#e of the %$&'i asse#&'y, to i#%ose a rero$tin! of the %arade or street #ar h, to 'i#it the "o'$#e of 'o$d s%ea9ers or so$nd syste# and to %res ri&e other a%%ro%riate restri tions on the ond$ t of the %$&'i asse#&'y. The e i"ten!e o# B*P* Blg* BBJ+ ho'ever+ doe" not &re!l$de thi" Co$rt #ro( &ro($lg%ting r$le" reg$l%ting !ond$!t o# de(on"tr%tion" in the vi!inity o# !o$rt" to %""$re o$r &eo&le o# %n i(&%rti%l %nd orderly %d(ini"tr%tion o# .$"ti!e %" (%nd%ted -y the Con"tit$tion* To in"$l%te the .$di!i%ry #ro( (o- &re""$re+ #riendly or other'i"e+ %nd i"ol%te it #ro( &$-li! hy"teri%+ thi" Co$rt (erely (oved %'%y the "it$" o# (%""

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%!tion" 'ithin % 5JJ,(eter r%di$" #ro( every !o$rtho$"e* In #ine+ B*P* Blg* BBJ i(&o"e" gener%l re"tri!tion" to the ti(e+ &l%!e %nd (%nner o# !ond$!ting !on!erted %!tion"* On the other h%nd+ the re"ol$tion o# thi" Co$rt reg$l%ting de(on"tr%tion" %dd" "&e!i#i! re"tri!tion" %" they involve .$di!i%l inde&enden!e %nd the orderly %d(ini"tr%tion o# .$"ti!e. There is th$s no dis re%an y &etween the two sets of re!$'atory #eas$res. Si#%'y %$t, B*P* Blg* BBJ %nd the %""%iled re"ol$tion !o(&le(ent e%!h other. We so ho'd fo''owin! the r$'e in 'e!a' her#ene$ti s that an a%%arent onf'i t &etween a o$rt r$'e and a stat$tory %ro"ision sho$'d &e har#oniJed and &oth sho$'d &e !i"en effe t if %ossi&'e. (In Re< Petition to !nnul En 6anc Resolution !.M. :.F,F-+FSC F Ricar$o C. 2almonte an$ /nion of 'a(yers an$ !$vocates for &ransparency in Government D/'!&E, +.R. No. ,-?01,, Se%t. 17, ,77/5 1+#. Should live media coverage of court proceedings be allowed?

Held: The %ro%riety of !rantin! or denyin! %er#ission to the #edia to &road ast, re ord, or %hoto!ra%h o$rt %ro eedin!s in"o'"es wei!hin! the onstit$tiona' !$arantees of freedo# of the %ress, the ri!ht of the %$&'i to infor#ation and the ri!ht to %$&'i tria', on the one hand, and on the other hand, the d$e %ro ess ri!hts of the defendant and the inherent and onstit$tiona' %ower of the o$rts to ontro' their %ro eedin!s in order to %er#it the fair and i#%artia' ad#inistration of B$sti e. Co''atera''y, it a'so raises iss$es on the nat$re of the #edia, %arti $'ar'y te'e"ision and its ro'e in so iety, and of the i#%a t of new te hno'o!ies on 'aw. The re ords of dis $ssion re!ardin! Si#i'ar'y, Phi'i%%ine the :$estion s:$are'y. the Constit$tiona' Co##ission are &ereft of the s$&Be t of a#eras in the o$rtroo#. o$rts ha"e not had the o%%ort$nity to r$'e on

Whi'e we ta9e noti e of the Se%te#&er ,772 re%ort of the =nited States *$di ia' Conferen e Ad <o Co##ittee on Ca#eras in the Co$rtroo#, sti'' the $rrent r$'e o&tainin! in the 4edera' Co$rts of the =nited States %rohi&its the %resen e of te'e"ision a#eras in ri#ina' tria's. R$le G7 o# the 9eder%l R$le" o# Cri(in%l Pro!ed$re #or-id" the t%6ing o# &hotogr%&h" d$ring the &rogre"" o# .$di!i%l &ro!eeding" or r%dio -ro%d!%"ting o# "$!h &ro!eeding" #ro( the !o$rtroo(* A tri%l o# %ny 6ind or in %ny !o$rt i" % (%tter o# "erio$" i(&ort%n!e to %ll !on!erned %nd "ho$ld not -e tre%ted %" % (e%n" o# entert%in(ent* To "o tre%t it de&rive" the !o$rt o# the dignity 'hi!h &ert%in" to it %nd de&%rt" #ro( the orderly %nd "erio$" )$e"t #or tr$th #or 'hi!h o$r .$di!i%l &ro!eeding" %re #or($l%ted. Co$rts do not dis ri#inate a!ainst radio and te'e"ision #edia &y for&iddin! the &road astin! or te'e"isin! of a tria' whi'e %er#ittin! the news%a%er re%orter a ess to the o$rtroo#, sin e a te'e"ision or news re%orter has the sa#e %ri"i'e!e, as the news re%orter is not %er#itted to &rin! his ty%ewriter or %rintin! %ress into the o$rtroo#. In Estes v. &eIas (-/, =.S. .-15, the =nited States S$%re#e Co$rt he'd that televi"ion !over%ge o# .$di!i%l &ro!eeding" involve" %n inherent deni%l o# d$e &ro!e"" right" o# % !ri(in%l de#end%nt . Votin! .;?, the Co$rt thro$!h Dr. *$sti e C'ar9, identified #o$r /E1 %re%" o# &otenti%l &re.$di!e 'hi!h (ight %ri"e #ro( the i(&%!t o# the !%(er%" on the .$ry+ 'itne""e"+ the tri%l .$dge %nd the de#end%nt . The de ision in %art %ertinent'y statedI ME>%erien e 'i9ewise has esta&'ished the %reB$di ia' effe t of te'e astin! on witnesses. /01 Witne""e" (ight -e #rightened+ &l%y to the !%(er%+ or -e!o(e nervo$"* They %re "$-.e!t to e tr%ordin%ry o$t,o#,!o$rt in#l$en!e" 'hi!h (ight %##e!t their te"ti(ony. A'so, /51 tele!%"ting not only in!re%"e" the tri%l .$dgeK" re"&on"i-ility to %void %!t$%l &re.$di!e to the de#end%nt4 it (%y %" 'ell %##e!t hi" o'n &er#or(%n!e* M$dge" %re h$(%n -eing" %l"o %nd %re "$-.e!t to the "%(e &"y!hologi!%l

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re%!tion" %" l%y(en. /71 9or the de#end%nt+ tele!%"ting i" % #or( o# (ent%l h%r%""(ent %nd "$-.e!t" hi( to e !e""ive &$-li! e &o"$re %nd di"tr%!t" hi( #ro( the e##e!tive &re"ent%tion o# hi" de#en"e. MThe televi"ion !%(er% i" % &o'er#$l 'e%&on 'hi!h intention%lly or in%dvertently !%n de"troy %n %!!$"ed %nd hi" !%"e in the eye" o# the &$-li!.M Re%resentati"es of the %ress ha"e no s%e ia' standin! to a%%'y for a writ of #andate to o#%e' a o$rt to %er#it the# to attend a tria', sin e within the o$rtroo# a re%orterHs onstit$tiona' ri!hts are no !reater than those of any other #e#&er of the %$&'i . :%""ive intr$"ion o# re&re"ent%tive" o# the ne'" (edi% into the tri%l it"el# !%n "o %lter or de"troy the !on"tit$tion%lly ne!e""%ry .$di!i%l %t(o"&here %nd de!or$( th%t the re)$ire(ent" o# i(&%rti%lity i(&o"ed -y d$e &ro!e"" o# l%' %re denied the de#end%nt and a defendant in a ri#ina' %ro eedin! sho$'d not &e for ed to r$n a !a$nt'et of re%orters and %hoto!ra%hers ea h ti#e he enters or 'ea"es the o$rtroo#. Con"idering the &re.$di!e it &o"e" to the de#end%ntK" right to d$e &ro!e"" %" 'ell %" to the #%ir %nd orderly %d(ini"tr%tion o# .$"ti!e+ %nd !on"idering #$rther th%t the #reedo( o# the &re"" %nd the right o# the &eo&le to in#or(%tion (%y -e "erved %nd "%ti"#ied -y le"" di"tr%!ting+ degr%ding %nd &re.$di!i%l (e%n"+ live r%dio %nd televi"ion !over%ge o# !o$rt &ro!eeding" "h%ll not -e %llo'ed . Video foota!es of o$rt hearin!s for news %$r%oses sha'' &e restri ted and 'i#ited to shots of the o$rtroo#, the B$di ia' offi ers, the %arties and their o$nse' ta9en %rior to the o##en e#ent of offi ia' %ro eedin!s. No "ideo shots or %hoto!ra%hs sha'' &e %er#itted d$rin! the tria' %ro%er. (Supreme Court En 6anc Resolution Re< 'ive &2 an$ Ra$io Coverage of t)e Hearing of Presi$ent Corazon C. !HuinoPs 'i#el Case , dated O t. 11, ,77,5 1.2. Should the &ourt allow live media coverage of the anticipated trial of the plunder and other criminal cases filed against former (resident Joseph 7. 7strada before the Sandiganbayan in order /to assure the public of full transparency in the proceedings of an unprecedented case in our history1 as re'uested by the Kapisanan ng mga ErodBaster ng (ilipinas? Held: The &ro&riety o# gr%nting or denying the in"t%nt &etition involve the 'eighing o$t o# the !on"tit$tion%l g$%r%ntee" o# #reedo( o# the &re"" %nd the right to &$-li! in#or(%tion+ on the one h%nd+ %nd the #$nd%(ent%l right" o# the %!!$"ed+ on the other h%nd+ %long 'ith the !on"tit$tion%l &o'er o# % !o$rt to !ontrol it" &ro!eeding" in en"$ring % #%ir %nd i(&%rti%l tri%l* When the"e right" r%!e %g%in"t one %nother+ .$ri"&r$den!e tell" $" th%t the right o# the %!!$"ed ($"t -e &re#erred to 'in. With the &o""i-ility o# lo"ing not only the &re!io$" li-erty -$t %l"o the very li#e o# %n %!!$"ed+ it -ehoove" %ll to (%6e %-"ol$tely !ert%in th%t %n %!!$"ed re!eive" % verdi!t "olely on the -%"i" o# % .$"t %nd di"&%""ion%te .$dg(ent+ % verdi!t th%t 'o$ld !o(e only %#ter the &re"ent%tion o# !redi-le eviden!e te"ti#ied to -y $n-i%"ed 'itne""e" $n"'%yed -y %ny 6ind o# &re""$re+ 'hether o&en or "$-tle+ in &ro!eeding" th%t %re devoid o# hi"trioni!" th%t (ight detr%!t #ro( it" -%"i! %i( to #erret verit%-le #%!t" #ree #ro( i(&ro&er in#l$en!e+ %nd de!reed -y % .$dge 'ith %n $n&re.$di!ed (ind+ $n-ridled -y r$nning e(otion" or &%""ion". D$e %ro ess !$arantees the a $sed a %res$#%tion of inno en e $nti' the ontrary is %ro"ed in a tria' that is not 'ifted a&o"e its indi"id$a' settin!s nor #ade an o&Be t of %$&'i Ls attention and where the on '$sions rea hed are ind$ ed not &y any o$tside for e or inf'$en e &$t on'y &y e"iden e and ar!$#ent !i"en in o%en o$rt, where fittin! di!nity and a'# a#&ian e is de#anded.

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Witnesses and B$d!es #ay "ery we'' &e #en and wo#en of fortit$de, a&'e to thri"e in hardy 'i#ate, with e"ery reason to %res$#e fir#ness of #ind and reso'$te end$ran e, &$t it #$st a'so &e on eded that Ete'e"ision an wor9 %rofo$nd han!es in the &eha"ior of the %eo%'e it fo $ses on.F Even 'hile it (%y -e di##i!$lt to )$%nti#y the in#l$en!e+ or &re""$re th%t (edi% !%n -ring to -e%r on the( dire!tly %nd thro$gh the "h%&ing o# &$-li! o&inion+ it i" % #%!t+ nonethele""+ th%t+ indeed+ it doe" "o in "o (%ny '%y" %nd in v%rying degree"* The !on"!io$" or $n!on"!io$" e##e!t th%t "$!h !over%ge (%y h%ve on the te"ti(ony o# 'itne""e" %nd the de!i"ion o# .$dge" !%nnot -e ev%l$%ted -$t+ it !%n li6e'i"e -e "%id+ it i" not %t %ll $nli6ely #or % vote o# g$ilt or inno!en!e to yield to it* It (ight -e #%r!i!%l to -$ild %ro$nd the( %n i(&regn%-le %r(or %g%in"t the in#l$en!e o# the (o"t &o'er#$l (edi% o# &$-li! o&inion. To say that a t$a' %reB$di e sho$'d first &e %resent wo$'d 'ea"e to near nir"ana the s$&t'e threats to B$sti e that a dist$r&an e of the #ind so indis%ensa&'e to the a'# and de'i&erate dis%ensation of B$sti e an reate. The effe t of te'e"ision #ay es a%e the ordinary #eans of %roof, &$t it is not far;fet hed for it to !rad$a''y erode o$r &asa' on e%tion of a tria' s$ h as we 9now it now. An %!!$"ed h%" % right to % &$-li! tri%l -$t it i" % right th%t -elong" to hi(+ (ore th%n %nyone el"e+ 'here hi" li#e or li-erty !%n -e held !riti!%lly in -%l%n!e* A &$-li! tri%l %i(" to en"$re th%t he i" #%irly de%lt 'ith %nd 'o$ld not -e $n.$"tly !onde(ned %nd th%t hi" right" %re not !o(&ro(i"ed in "e!ret !on!l%ve" o# long %go* A &$-li! tri%l i" not "ynony(o$" 'ith &$-li!i8ed tri%l4 it only i(&lie" th%t the !o$rt door" ($"t -e o&en to tho"e 'ho 'i"h to !o(e+ "it in the %v%il%-le "e%t"+ !ond$!t the("elve" 'ith de!or$( %nd o-"erve the tri%l &ro!e"". In the onstit$tiona' sense, % !o$rtroo( "ho$ld h%ve eno$gh #%!ilitie" #or % re%"on%-le n$(-er o# the &$-li! to o-"erve the &ro!eeding"+ not too "(%ll %" to render the o&enne"" negligi-le %nd not too l%rge %" to di"tr%!t the tri%l &%rti!i&%nt" #ro( their &ro&er #$n!tion"+ 'ho "h%ll then -e tot%lly #ree to re&ort 'h%t they h%ve o-"erved d$ring the &ro!eeding". The !o$rt" re!ogni8e the !on"tit$tion%lly e(-odied #reedo( o# the &re"" %nd the right to &$-li! in#or(%tion* It %l"o %&&rove" o# (edi%D" e %lted &o'er to &rovide the (o"t %!!$r%te %nd !o(&rehen"ive (e%n" o# !onveying the &ro!eeding" to the &$-li! %nd in %!)$%inting the &$-li! 'ith the .$di!i%l &ro!e"" in %!tion4 neverthele""+ 'ithin the !o$rtho$"e+ the overriding !on"ider%tion i" "till the &%r%(o$nt right o# the %!!$"ed to d$e &ro!e"" 'hi!h ($"t never -e %llo'ed to "$##er di(in$tion in it" !on"tit$tion%l &ro&ortion"* M$"ti!e Cl%r6 th$"ly &rono$n!ed+ 2'hile % (% i($( #reedo( ($"t -e %llo'ed the &re"" in !%rrying o$t the i(&ort%nt #$n!tion o# in#or(ing the &$-li! in % de(o!r%ti! "o!iety+ it" e er!i"e ($"t ne!e""%rily -e "$-.e!t to the (%inten%n!e o# ABSOLUTE #%irne"" in the .$di!i%l &ro!e"".F 6 > > The Inte!rated 3ar of the Phi'i%%ines > > > e>%ressed its own on ern on the 'i"e te'e"ision and radio o"era!e of the ri#ina' tria's of Dr. EstradaG to %ara%hraseI Li"e te'e"ision and radio o"era!e an ne!ate the r$'e on e> '$sion of witnesses d$rin! the hearin!s intended to ass$re a fair tria'G at sta9e in the ri#ina' tria' is not on'y the 'ife and 'i&erty of the a $sed &$t the "ery redi&i'ity of the Phi'i%%ine ri#ina' B$sti e syste#, and 'i"e te'e"ision and radio o"era!e of the tria' o$'d a''ow the Ehootin! thron!F to arro!ate $nto the#se'"es the tas9 of B$d!in! the !$i't of the a $sed, s$ h that the "erdi t of the o$rt wi'' &e a e%ta&'e on'y if %o%$'arG and 'i"e te'e"ision and radio o"era!e of the tria' wi'' not s$&ser"e the ends of B$sti e &$t wi'' on'y %ander to the desire for %$&'i ity of a few !randstandin! 'awyers. 6 > >

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=n'i9e other !o"ern#ent offi es, o$rts do not e>%ress the %o%$'ar wi'' of the %eo%'e in any sense whi h, instead, are tas9ed to on'y adB$di ate ontro"ersies on the &asis of what a'one is s$&#itted &efore the#. A tria' is not a free trade of ideas. Nor is a o#%etin! #ar9et of tho$!hts the 9nown test of tr$th in a o$rtroo#. (Re< ReHuest Ra$ioF&2 coverage of t)e &rial in t)e San$igan#ayan of t)e Plun$er Cases against t)e former Presi$ent 1osep) E. Estra$a , A.D. No. 2,;?;2-;SC, *$ne 17, 122,, En 3an @Vit$!A5 9REEDO: O9 RELI>ION 1.1. Discuss why the Gerona ruling (justifying the e-pulsion from public schools of children of JehovahPs Witnesses who refuse to salute the flag and sing the national anthem during flag ceremony as prescribed by the 0lag Salute @aw5 should be abandoned. Held: O$r tas9 here is e>tre#e'y diffi $'t, for the -2;year o'd de ision of this o$rt in 5erona $%ho'din! the f'a! sa'$te 'aw and a%%ro"in! the e>%$'sion of st$dents who ref$se to o&ey it, is not 'i!ht'y to &e trif'ed with. It is so#ewhat ironi howe"er, that after the 5erona r$'in! had re ei"ed 'e!is'ati"e a het &y its in or%oration in the Ad#inistrati"e Code of ,7/8, the %resent Co$rt &e'ie"es that the ti#e has o#e to ree>a#ine it. The ide% th%t one (%y -e !o(&elled to "%l$te the #l%g+ "ing the n%tion%l %nthe(+ %nd re!ite the &%trioti! &ledge+ d$ring % #l%g !ere(ony on &%in o# -eing di"(i""ed #ro( oneD" .o- or o# -eing e &elled #ro( "!hool+ i" %lien to the !on"!ien!e o# the &re"ent gener%tion o# 9ili&ino" 'ho !$t their teeth on the Bill o# Right" 'hi!h g$%r%ntee" their right" to #ree "&ee!h <;he flag salute singing the national anthem and reciting the patriotic pledge are all forms of utterances.> %nd the #ree e er!i"e o# religio$" &ro#e""ion %nd 'or"hi&. Religio$" #reedo( i" % #$nd%(ent%l right 'hi!h i" entitled to the highe"t &riority %nd the %(&le"t &rote!tion %(ong h$(%n right"+ #or it involve" the rel%tion"hi& o# (%n to hi" Cre%tor (Chief *$sti e Enri:$e D. 4ernandoLs se%arate o%inion in German v. 6arangan, ,-. SCRA .,?, .-2;.-,5. EThe right to religio$" &ro#e""ion %nd 'or"hi& h%" % t'o, #old %"&e!t+ vi8*+ #reedo( to -elieve %nd #reedo( to %!t on oneD" -elie#* The #ir"t i" %-"ol$te %" long %" the -elie# i" !on#ined 'ithin the re%l( o# tho$ght* The "e!ond i" "$-.e!t to reg$l%tion 'here the -elie# i" tr%n"l%ted into e tern%l %!t" th%t %##e!t the &$-li! 'el#%reF <J. &ru= &onstitutional @aw 1##1 7d. pp. 1%), 1%%>. Petitioners stress > > > that whi'e they do not ta9e %art in the o#%$'sory f'a! ere#ony, they do not en!a!e in Ee>terna' a tsF or &eha"ior that wo$'d offend their o$ntry#en who &e'ie"e in e>%ressin! their 'o"e of o$ntry thro$!h the o&ser"an e of the f'a! ere#ony. They :$iet'y stand at attention d$rin! the f'a! ere#ony to show their res%e t for the ri!hts of those who hoose to %arti i%ate in the so'e#n %ro eedin!s. Sin e they do not en!a!e in disr$%ti"e &eha"ior, there is no warrant for their e>%$'sion. EThe "ole .$"ti#i!%tion #or % &rior re"tr%int or li(it%tion on the e er!i"e o# religio$" #reedo( (according to the late &hief Justice &laudio ;eehanBee in his dissenting opinion in German v. 6arangan, ,-. SCRA .,?, .,85 i" the e i"ten!e o# % gr%ve %nd &re"ent d%nger o# % !h%r%!ter -oth gr%ve %nd i((inent+ o# % "erio$" evil to &$-li! "%#ety+ &$-li! (or%l"+ &$-li! he%lth or %ny other legiti(%te &$-li! intere"t+ th%t the St%te h%" % right /%nd d$ty1 to &revent*3 A-"ent "$!h % thre%t to &$-li! "%#ety+ the e &$l"ion o# the &etitioner" #ro( the "!hool" i" not .$"ti#ied. The sit$ation that the Co$rt dire t'y %redi ted in 5erona thatI

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E@TAhe f'a! ere#ony wi'' &e o#e a thin! of the %ast or %erha%s ond$ ted with "ery few %arti i%ants, and the ti#e wi'' o#e when we wo$'d ha"e itiJens $nta$!ht and $nin $' ated in and not i#&$ed with re"eren e for the f'a! and 'o"e of o$ntry, ad#iration for nationa' heroes, and %atriotis# C a %atheti , e"en tra!i sit$ation, and a'' &e a$se a s#a'' %ortion of the s hoo' %o%$'ation i#%osed its wi'', de#anded and was !ranted an e>e#%tion.F has not o#e to %ass. We %re not &er"$%ded th%t -y e e(&ting the Mehov%hD" Witne""e" #ro( "%l$ting the #l%g+ "inging the n%tion%l %nthe( %nd re!iting the &%trioti! &ledge+ thi" religio$" gro$& 'hi!h %d(ittedly !o(&ri"e" % 2"(%ll &ortion o# the "!hool &o&$l%tion3 'ill "h%6e $& o$r &%rt o# the glo-e %nd "$ddenly &rod$!e % n%tion 2$nt%$ght %nd $nin!$l!%ted in %nd $ni(-$ed 'ith reveren!e #or the #l%g+ &%trioti"(+ love o# !o$ntry %nd %d(ir%tion #or n%tion%l heroe"* A#ter %ll+ 'h%t the &etitioner" "ee6 only i" e e(&tion #ro( the #l%g !ere(ony+ not e !l$"ion #ro( the &$-li! "!hool" 'here they (%y "t$dy the Con"tit$tion+ the de(o!r%ti! '%y o# li#e %nd #or( o# govern(ent+ %nd le%rn not only the %rt"+ "!ien!e"+ Phili&&ine hi"tory %nd !$lt$re -$t %l"o re!eive tr%ining #or % vo!%tion or &ro#e""ion %nd -e t%$ght the virt$e" o# 2&%trioti"(+ re"&e!t #or h$(%n right"+ %&&re!i%tion #or n%tion%l heroe"+ the right" %nd d$tie" o# !iti8en"hi&+ %nd (or%l %nd "&irit$%l v%l$e" <Sec. *324 !rt. "IF 1#$% &onstitution.> as %art of the $rri $'a. E>%e''in! or &annin! the %etitioners fro# Phi'i%%ine s hoo's wi'' &rin! a&o$t the "ery sit$ation that this Co$rt had feared in 5erona. 4or in! a s#a'' re'i!io$s !ro$%, thro$!h the iron hand of the 'aw, to %arti i%ate in a ere#ony that "io'ates their re'i!io$s &e'iefs, wi'' hard'y &e ond$ i"e to 'o"e of o$ntry or res%e t for d$'y onstit$ted a$thorities. As Dr. *$sti e *a 9son re#ar9ed in Best 2irginia v. 6arnette, -,7 =.S. 01? (,7?-5I E> > > To -elieve th%t &%trioti"( 'ill not #lo$ri"h i# &%trioti! !ere(onie" %re vol$nt%ry %nd "&ont%neo$" in"te%d o# % !o(&$l"ory ro$tine i" to (%6e %n $n#l%ttering "t%te(ent o# the %&&e%l o# o$r in"tit$tion" to #ree (ind"* When they /diver"ity1 %re "o h%r(le"" to other" or to the St%te %" tho"e 'e de%l 'ith here+ the &ri!e i" not too gre%t* B$t #reedo( to di##er i" not li(ited to thing" th%t do not (%tter ($!h* Th%t 'o$ld -e % (ere "h%do' o# #reedo(* The te"t o# it" "$-"t%n!e i" the right to di##er %" to thing" th%t to$!h the he%rt o# the e i"ting order.F E9$rther(ore+ let it -e noted th%t !oer!ed $nity %nd loy%lty even to the !o$ntry+ N %""$(ing th%t "$!h $nity %nd loy%lty !%n -e %tt%ined thro$gh !oer!ion N i" not % go%l th%t i" !on"tit$tion%lly o-t%in%-le %t the e &en"e o# religio$" li-erty* A de"ir%-le end !%nnot -e &ro(oted -y &rohi-ited (e%n".F (Meyer v. Ne#rasAa, 101 =.S. -72, 08 L. ed. ,2?1, ,2?05 Doreo"er, the e>%$'sion of #e#&ers of *eho"ahLs Witnesses fro# the s hoo's where they are enro''ed wi'' viol%te their right %" Phili&&ine !iti8en"+ $nder the 0CBF Con"tit$tion+ to re!eive #ree ed$!%tion, for it is the d$ty of the State to E%rote t and %ro#ote the ri!ht of a'' itiJens to :$a'ity ed$ ation > > > and to #a9e s$ h ed$ ation a essi&'e to a''F <Sec. 1 !rt. "IF>. In 2ictoriano v. Elizal$e Rope BorAers> /nion, .7 SCRA .?, we $%he'd the e>e#%tion of #e#&ers of the I!'esia Ni Cristo, fro# the o"era!e of a 'osed sho% a!ree#ent &etween their e#%'oyer and a $nion &e a$se it wo$'d "io'ate the tea hin! of their h$r h not to Boin any 'a&or !ro$%I E> > > It i" !ert%in th%t not every !on"!ien!e !%n -e %!!o((od%ted -y %ll the l%'" o# the l%nd4 -$t 'hen gener%l l%'" !on#li!t 'ith "!r$&le" o# !on"!ien!e+ e e(&tion" o$ght to -e

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gr%nted $nle"" "o(e Q!o(&elling "t%te intere"t"D intervene". (S)er#ert v. 6erner -8? =.S. -7/, ,2 L. Ed. 1d 70., 782, /- S. Ct. ,8725.F We ho'd that a si#i'ar e>e#%tion #ay &e a orded to the *eho"ahLs Witnesses with re!ard to the o&ser"an e of the f'a! ere#ony o$t of res%e t for their re'i!io$s &e'iefs, howe"er E&iJarreF those &e'iefs #ay see# to others. Ne"erthe'ess, their ri!ht not to %arti i%ate in the f'a! ere#ony does not !i"e the# a ri!ht to disr$%t s$ h %atrioti e>er ises. Para%hrasin! the warnin! ited &y this Co$rt in Non v. Dames II, ,/. SCRA .1-, 'hile the highe"t reg%rd ($"t -e %##orded their right to the #ree e er!i"e o# their religion+ 2thi" "ho$ld not -e t%6en to (e%n th%t "!hool %$thoritie" %re &o'erle"" to di"!i&line the(3 i# they "ho$ld !o((it -re%!he" o# the &e%!e -y %!tion" th%t o##end the "en"i-ilitie"+ -oth religio$" %nd &%trioti!+ o# other &er"on". If they :$iet'y stand at attention d$rin! the f'a! ere#ony whi'e their 'ass#ates and tea hers sa'$te the f'a!, sin! the nationa' anthe# and re ite the %atrioti %'ed!e, we do not see how s$ h ond$ t #ay %ossi&'y dist$r& the %ea e, or %ose Ea !ra"e and %resent dan!er of a serio$s e"i' to %$&'i safety, %$&'i #ora's, %$&'i hea'th or any other 'e!iti#ate %$&'i interest that the State has a ri!ht (and d$ty5 to %re"ent.1 (E#ralinag v. &)e Division Superinten$ent of Sc)ools of Ce#u, 1,7 SCRA 1.0, 107;18-, Dar h ,, ,77-, En 3an @+rino; A:$inoA5 1.2. ! preFtape$ ;F program of the Iglesia :i &risto <I:&> was submitted to the ?;8&E for review. ;he latter classified it as /rated "1 because it was shown to be attacBing another religion. ;he I:& protested by claiming that its religious freedom is per se beyond review by the ?;8&E. Should this contention be upheld? Held: The right to religio$" &ro#e""ion %nd 'or"hi& h%" % t'o, #old %"&e!t+ viz. #reedo( to -elieve %nd #reedo( to %!t on oneK" -elie#* The #ir"t i" %-"ol$te %" long %" the -elie# i" !on#ined 'ithin the re%l( o# tho$ght* The "e!ond i" "$-.e!t to reg$l%tion 'here the -elie# i" tr%n"l%ted into e tern%l %!t" th%t %##e!t the &$-li! 'el#%re. The Igle"i% Ni Cri"toK" &o"t$l%te th%t it" religio$" #reedo( i" per se -eyond revie' -y the :TRCB "ho$ld -e re.e!ted* It" &$-li! -ro%d!%"t on TH o# it" religio$" &rogr%(" -ring" it o$t o# the -o"o( o# intern%l -elie#* Televi"ion i" % (edi$( th%t re%!he" even the eye" %nd e%r" o# !hildren* The e er!i"e o# religio$" #reedo( !%n -e reg$l%ted -y the St%te 'hen it 'ill -ring %-o$t the !le%r %nd &re"ent d%nger o# % "$-"t%ntive evil 'hi!h the St%te i" d$ty,-o$nd to &revent+ i.e. "erio$" detri(ent to the (ore overriding intere"t o# &$-li! he%lth+ &$-li! (or%l"+ or &$-li! 'el#%re* A laissez faire &oli!y on the e er!i"e o# religion !%n -e "ed$!tive to the li-er%l (ind -$t hi"tory !o$n"el" the Co$rt %g%in"t it" -lind %do&tion %" religion i" %nd !ontin$e" to -e % vol%tile %re% o# !on!ern in o$r "o!iety tod%y . M4or s$re, we sha'' ontin$e to s$&Be t any a t %in hin! the s%a e for the free e>er ise of re'i!ion to a hei!htened s r$tiny &$t we sha'' not 'ea"e its rationa' e>er ise to the irrationa'ity of #an. 4or when re'i!ion di"ides and its e>er ise destroys, the State sho$'d not stand sti''.M (Iglesia Ni Cristo v. C!, 1.7 SCRA .17, *$'y 10, ,770 @P$noA5 1.*. Did the ?;8&E act correctly when it rated /"1 the Iglesia :i &ristoMs pre,taped ;F program simply because it was found to be HattacBingH another religion? Held: The :TRCB (%y di"%gree 'ith the !riti!i"(" o# other religion" -y the Igle"i% Ni Cri"to -$t th%t give" it no e !$"e to interdi!t "$!h !riti!i"("+ ho'ever $n!le%n they (%y -e* Under o$r !on"tit$tion%l "!he(e+ it i" not the t%"6 o# the St%te to #%vor %ny religion -y &rote!ting it %g%in"t %n %tt%!6 -y %nother religion . Re'i!io$s do!#a and &e'iefs are often at war and to %reser"e %ea e a#on! their fo''owers, es%e ia''y the fanati s, the esta&'ish#ent 'a$se of freedo# of re'i!ion %rohi&its the State fro# 'eanin! towards

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any re'i!ion. 2isFQFvis religio$" di##eren!e"+ the St%te en.oy" no -%n)$et o# o&tion"* Ne$tr%lity %lone i" it" #i ed %nd i((ov%-le "t%n!e* In #ine+ the :TRCB !%nnot ")$el!h the "&ee!h o# the INC "i(&ly -e!%$"e it %tt%!6" %nother religion. In a State where there o$!ht to &e no differen e &etween the a%%earan e and the rea'ity of freedo# of re'i!ion, the re#edy a!ainst &ad theo'o!y is &etter theo'o!y. The &edro 9 of freedo# of re'i!ion is freedo# of tho$!ht and it is &est ser"ed &y en o$ra!in! the #ar9et%'a e of d$e'in! ideas. When the '$>$ry of ti#e %er#its, the #ar9et%'a e of ideas de#ands that s%ee h sho$'d &e #et &y #ore s%ee h for it is the s%ar9 of o%%osite s%ee h, the heat of o''idin! ideas, that an fan the e#&ers of tr$th. (Iglesia Ni Cristo v. C!, 1.7 SCRA .17, *$'y 10, ,770 @P$noA5 1.+. Is solicitation for the construction of a church covered by (.D. :o. 1.)+ and therefore punishable if done without the necessary permit for solicitation from the DSWD? Held: 0I8S;. Soli!it%tion o# !ontri-$tion" #or the !on"tr$!tion o# % !h$r!h i" not "oli!it%tion #or O!h%rit%-le or &$-li! 'el#%re &$r&o"eO -$t #or % religio$" &$r&o"e+ %nd % religio$" &$r&o"e i" not ne!e""%rily % !h%rit%-le or &$-li! 'el#%re &$r&o"e. A f$nd a#%ai!n for the onstr$ tion or re%air of a h$r h is not 'i9e f$nd dri"es for needy fa#i'ies or "i ti#s of a'a#ity or for the onstr$ tion of a i"i enter and the 'i9e. Li6e "oli!it%tion o# "$-"!ri&tion to religio$" (%g%8ine"+ it i" &%rt o# the &ro&%g%tion o# religio$" #%ith or ev%ngeli8%tion* S$!h "oli!it%tion !%ll" $&on the virt$e o# #%ith+ not o# !h%rity+ "%ve %" tho"e "oli!ited #or (oney or %id (%y not -elong to the "%(e religion %" the "oli!itor* S$!h "oli!it%tion doe" not eng%ge the &hil%nthro&i! %" ($!h %" the religio$" #ervor o# the &er"on 'ho i" "oli!ited #or !ontri-$tion. S7&9:D. The &$r&o"e o# the De!ree i" to &rote!t the &$-li! %g%in"t #r%$d in vie' o# the &roli#er%tion o# #$nd !%(&%ign" #or !h%rity %nd other !ivi! &ro.e!t"* On the other h%nd+ "in!e religio$" #$nd drive" %re $"$%lly !ond$!ted %(ong tho"e -elonging to the "%(e religion+ the need #or &$-li! &rote!tion %g%in"t #r%$d$lent "oli!it%tion" doe" not e i"t in %" gre%t % degree %" doe" the need #or &rote!tion 'ith re"&e!t to "oli!it%tion" #or !h%rity or !ivi! &ro.e!t" %" to .$"ti#y "t%te reg$l%tion. ;6I8D. To re)$ire % govern(ent &er(it -e#ore "oli!it%tion #or religio$" &$r&o"e (%y -e %llo'ed i" to l%y % &rior re"tr%int on the #ree e er!i"e o# religion* S$!h re"tr%int+ i# %llo'ed+ (%y 'ell .$"ti#y re)$iring % &er(it -e#ore % !h$r!h !%n (%6e S$nd%y !olle!tion" or en#or!e tithing. 3$t in !merican 6i#le Society v. City of Manila (,2, Phi'. -/0 @,7.8A5, we %re ise'y he'd that an ordin%n!e re)$iring &%y(ent o# % li!en"e #ee -e#ore one (%y eng%ge in -$"ine"" !o$ld not -e %&&lied to the %&&ell%ntK" "%le o# -i-le" -e!%$"e th%t 'o$ld i(&o"e % !ondition on the e er!i"e o# % !on"tit$tion%l right* It i" #or the "%(e re%"on th%t religio$" r%llie" %re e e(&ted #ro( the re)$ire(ent o# &rior &er(it #or &$-li! %""e(-lie" %nd other $"e" o# &$-li! &%r6" %nd "treet" (3.P. 3'!. //2, Se . -@aA5. To read the De ree, therefore, as in '$din! within its rea h so'i itations for re'i!io$s %$r%oses wo$'d &e to onstr$e it in a #anner that it "io'ates the 4ree E>er ise of Re'i!ion C'a$se of the Constit$tion > > >. (Con $rrin! O%inion, DendoJa, V.V., *., in Centeno v. 2illalonFPornillos, 1-0 SCRA ,78, Se%t. ,, ,77?5 1... What is a purely ecclesiastical affair to which the State can not meddle? Held: An 7&&@7SI!S;I&!@ !00!I8 is Eone th%t !on!ern" do!trine+ !reed+ or #or( o# 'or"hi& o# the !h$r!h+ or the %do&tion %nd en#or!e(ent 'ithin % religio$" %""o!i%tion o# need#$l l%'" %nd reg$l%tion" #or the govern(ent o# the (e(-er"hi&+ %nd the &o'er o# e !l$ding #ro( "$!h %""o!i%tion" tho"e dee(ed not 'orthy o# (e(-er"hi&.F 3ased on this definition, an e 'esiasti a' affair involve" the

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rel%tion"hi& -et'een the !h$r!h %nd it" (e(-er" %nd rel%te to (%tter" o# #%ith+ religio$" do!trine"+ 'or"hi& %nd govern%n!e o# the !ongreg%tion. To &e on rete, e>a#%'es of this so; a''ed e 'esiasti a' affairs to whi h the State annot #edd'e are %ro eedin!s for e> o##$ni ation, ordinations of re'i!io$s #inisters, ad#inistration of sa ra#ents and other a ti"ities with atta hed re'i!io$s si!nifi an e. (Pastor Dionisio 2. !ustria v. N'RC, +.R. No. ,1?-/1, A$!. ,0, ,777, , st Di". @)a%$nanA5 1.). (etitioner is a religious minister of the Seventh Day !dventist <SD!>. 6e was dismissed because of alleged misappropriation of denominational funds willful breach of trust serious misconduct gross and habitual neglect of duties and commission of an offense against the person of his employerPs duly authori=ed representative. 6e filed an illegal termination case against the SD! before the labor arbiter. ;he SD! filed a motion to dismiss invoBing the doctrine of separation of &hurch and State. Should the motion be granted? Held: Where 'h%t i" involved i" the rel%tion"hi& o# the !h$r!h %" %n e(&loyer %nd the (ini"ter %" %n e(&loyee %nd h%" no rel%tion 'h%t"oever 'ith the &r%!ti!e o# #%ith+ 'or"hi& or do!trine" o# the !h$r!h, i.e. the #inister was not e> o##$ni ated or e>%e''ed fro# the #e#&ershi% of the on!re!ation &$t was ter#inated fro# e#%'oy#ent, it i" % &$rely "e!$l%r %##%ir* Con"e)$ently+ the "$it (%y not -e di"(i""ed invo6ing the do!trine o# "e&%r%tion o# !h$r!h %nd the "t%te. (Pastor Dionisio 2. !ustria v. N'RC , +.R. No. ,1?-/1, A$!. ,0, ,777, ,st Di". @)a%$nanA5 THE RI>HT O9 THE PEOPLE TO IN9OR:ATION ON :ATTERS O9 PUBLIC CONCERN 1.%. Discuss the public concern. scope of the right to information on matters of

Held: In 2almonte v. 6elmonte 1r. the Co$rt e#%hasiJed that the in#or(%tion "o$ght ($"t -e 2(%tter" o# &$-li! !on!ern+3 %!!e"" to 'hi!h (%y -e li(ited -y l%'* Si(il%rly+ the "t%te &oli!y o# #$ll &$-li! di"!lo"$re e tend" only to 2tr%n"%!tion" involving &$-li! intere"t3 %nd (%y %l"o -e 2"$-.e!t to re%"on%-le !ondition" &re"!ri-ed -y l%'.F As to the #eanin!s of the ter#s E&$-li! intere"tF and E&$-li! !on!ern,F the Co$rt, in 'egaspi v. Civil Service Commission e'$ idatedI EIn deter#inin! whether or not a %arti $'ar infor#ation is of %$&'i on ern there is no ri!id test whi h an &e a%%'ied. OP$-li! !on!ernL 'i9e O&$-li! intere"tL is a ter# that e'$des e>a t definition. Both ter(" e(-r%!e % -ro%d "&e!tr$( o# "$-.e!t" 'hi!h the &$-li! (%y '%nt to 6no'+ either -e!%$"e the"e dire!tly %##e!t their live"+ or "i(&ly -e!%$"e "$!h (%tter" n%t$r%lly %ro$"e the intere"t o# %n ordin%ry !iti8en* In the #in%l %n%ly"i"+ it i" #or the !o$rt" to deter(ine on % !%"e -y !%"e -%"i" 'hether the (%tter %t i""$e i" o# intere"t or i(&ort%n!e+ %" it rel%te" to or %##e!t" the &$-li!.F Considered a %$&'i on ern in the a&o"e;#entioned ase was the E'e!iti#ate on ern of itiJens to ens$re that !o"ern#ent %ositions re:$irin! i"i' ser"i e e'i!i&i'ity are o $%ied on'y &y %ersons who are e'i!i&'es.F So was the need to !i"e the !enera' %$&'i ade:$ate notifi ation of "ario$s 'aws that re!$'ate and affe t the a tions and ond$ t of itiJens, as he'd in ;anada. Li9ewise did the E%$&'i nat$re of the 'oana&'e f$nds of the +SIS and the %$&'i offi e he'd &y the a''e!ed &orrowers (#e#&ers of the def$n t 3atasan! Pa#&ansa5F :$a'ify the infor#ation so$!ht in Falmonte as #atters of %$&'i interest and on ern. In !HuinoFSarmiento v. Morato (12- SCRA .,., .11;1-, No"e#&er ,-, ,77,5, the Co$rt a'so he'd that o##i!i%l %!t" o# &$-li! o##i!er" done in &$r"$it o# their o##i!i%l #$n!tion" %re &$-li! in !h%r%!ter4 hen!e+ the re!ord" &ert%ining to "$!h o##i!i%l %!t" %nd de!i"ion" %re 'ithin the %(-it o# the !on"tit$tion%l right o# access to pu#lic recor$s.

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=nder Repu#lic !ct No. ;,7*, &$-li! o##i!i%l" %nd e(&loyee" %re (%nd%ted to 2&rovide in#or(%tion on their &oli!ie" %nd &ro!ed$re" in !le%r %nd $nder"t%nd%-le l%ng$%ge+ <%nd= en"$re o&enne"" o# in#or(%tion+ &$-li! !on"$lt%tion" %nd he%ring 'henever %&&ro&ri%te +3 e !e&t 'hen 2other'i"e &rovided -y l%' or 'hen re)$ired -y the &$-li! intere"t*3 In &%rti!$l%r+ the l%' (%nd%te" #ree &$-li! %!!e""+ %t re%"on%-le ho$r"+ to the %nn$%l &er#or(%n!e re&ort" o# o##i!e" %nd %gen!ie" o# govern(ent %nd govern(ent,o'ned or !ontrolled !or&or%tion"4 %nd the "t%te(ent" o# %""et"+ li%-ilitie" %nd #in%n!i%l di"!lo"$re" o# %ll &$-li! o##i!i%l" %nd e(&loyee". In gener%l+ 'riting" !o(ing into the h%nd" o# &$-li! o##i!er" in !onne!tion 'ith their o##i!i%l #$n!tion" ($"t -e %!!e""i-le to the &$-li!+ !on"i"tent 'ith the &oli!y o# tr%n"&%ren!y o# govern(ent%l %##%ir"* Thi" &rin!i&le i" %i(ed %t %##ording the &eo&le %n o&&ort$nity to deter(ine 'hether tho"e to 'ho( they h%ve entr$"ted the %##%ir" o# the govern(ent %re hone"tly+ #%ith#$lly %nd !o(&etently &er#or(ing their #$n!tion" %" &$-li! "erv%nt". =ndenia&'y, the essen e of de#o ra y 'ies in the free;f'ow of tho$!htG &$t tho$!hts and ideas #$st &e we'';infor#ed so that the %$&'i wo$'d !ain a &etter %ers%e ti"e of "ita' iss$es onfrontin! the# and, th$s, &e a&'e to riti iJe as we'' as %arti i%ate in the affairs of the !o"ern#ent in a res%onsi&'e, reasona&'e and effe ti"e #anner. Certain'y, it is &y ens$rin! an $nfettered and $ninhi&ited e> han!e of ideas a#on! a we''; infor#ed %$&'i that a !o"ern#ent re#ains res%onsi"e to the han!es desired &y the %eo%'e. (C)avez v. PCGG, 177 SCRA 8??, De . 7, ,77/, @Pan!ani&anA5 1.$. What are some of the recogni=ed 87S;8I&;I9:S to the right of the people to information on matters of public concern? Held: ,5 N%tion%l "e!$rity (%tter" %nd intelligen!e in#or(%tion. This B$risdi tion re o!niJes the o##on 'aw ho'din! that there is a !o"ern#enta' %ri"i'e!e a!ainst %$&'i dis 'os$re with res%e t to state se rets re!ardin! #i'itary, di%'o#ati and other nationa' se $rity #atters. Li6e'i"e+ in#or(%tion on inter, govern(ent e !h%nge" &rior to the !on!l$"ion o# tre%tie" %nd e e!$tive %gree(ent" (%y -e "$-.e!t to re%"on%-le "%#eg$%rd" #or the "%6e o# n%tion%l intere"tG 15 Tr%de or ind$"tri%l "e!ret" (%$rs$ant to the Intellectual Property Co$e @R.!. No. .+:*, a%%ro"ed on *$ne 0, ,778A and other re'ated 'aws5 %nd -%n6ing tr%n"%!tion" (%$rs$ant to the Secrecy of 6anA Deposits !ct @R.!. No. 74-5, as a#endedA5G -5 Cri(in%l (%tter", s$ h as those re'atin! to the a%%rehension, the %rose $tion and the detention of ri#ina's, 'hi!h !o$rt" (%y not in)$ire into prior to "$!h %rre"t+ detention %nd &ro"e!$tionG ?5 Other !on#identi%l in#or(%tion. The Et)ical Stan$ar$s !ct (R.!. No. ;,7*, ena ted on 4e&r$ary 12, ,7/75 f$rther &rohi-it" &$-li! o##i!i%l" %nd e(&loyee" #ro( $"ing or div$lging 2!on#identi%l or !l%""i#ied in#or(%tion o##i!i%lly 6no'n to the( -y re%"on o# their o##i!e %nd not (%de %v%il%-le to the &$-li!.F (Se . 8@ A, i&id.5 Other a 9now'ed!ed 'i#itations to infor#ation a ess in '$de di&lo(%ti! !orre"&onden!e+ !lo"ed door C%-inet (eeting" %nd e e!$tive "e""ion" o# either ho$"e o# Congre""+ %" 'ell %" the intern%l deli-er%tion" o# the S$&re(e Co$rt. (C)avez v. PCGG, 177 SCRA 8??, De . 7, ,77/ @Pan!ani&anA5 1.#. Is the alleged ill,gotten wealth of the ?arcoses a matter of public concern subject to this right? Held: With s$ h %rono$n e#ents of o$r !o"ern#ent, whose a$thority e#anates fro# the %eo%'e, there is no do$&t that the re o"ery

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of the Dar osesH a''e!ed i'';!otten wea'th is a #atter of %$&'i on ern and i#&$ed with %$&'i interest. We #ay a'so add that Ei''; !otten wea'thF refers to %""et" %nd &ro&ertie" &$r&ortedly %!)$ired+ dire!tly or indire!tly+ -y #or(er Pre"ident :%r!o"+ hi" i((edi%te #%(ily+ rel%tive" %nd !lo"e %""o!i%te" thro$gh or %" % re"$lt o# their i(&ro&er or illeg%l $"e o# govern(ent #$nd" or &ro&ertie"4 or their h%ving t%6en $nd$e %dv%nt%ge o# their &$-li! o##i!e4 or their $"e o# &o'er"+ in#l$en!e" or rel%tion"hi&"+ 2re"$lting in their $n.$"t enri!h(ent %nd !%$"ing gr%ve d%(%ge %nd &re.$di!e to the 9ili&ino &eo&le %nd the Re&$-li! o# the Phili&&ine"*3 Cle%rly+ the %""et" %nd &ro&ertie" re#erred to "$&&o"edly origin%ted #ro( the govern(ent it"el#* To %ll intent" %nd &$r&o"e"+ there#ore+ they -elong to the &eo&le* A" "$!h+ $&on re!onvey%n!e they 'ill -e ret$rned to the &$-li! tre%"$ry+ "$-.e!t only to the "%ti"#%!tion o# &o"itive !l%i(" o# !ert%in &er"on" %" (%y -e %d.$dged -y !o(&etent !o$rt"* Another de!l%red overriding !on"ider%tion #or the e &editio$" re!overy o# ill, gotten 'e%lth i" th%t it (%y -e $"ed #or n%tion%l e!ono(i! re!overy. We &e'ie"e the fore!oin! dis:$isition sett'es the :$estion of whether %etitioner has a ri!ht to res%ondentsH dis 'os$re of any a!ree#ent that #ay &e arri"ed at on ernin! the Dar osesL %$r%orted i'';!otten wea'th. (C)avez v. PCGG, 177 SCRA 8??, De . 7, ,77/ @Pan!ani&anA5 9REEDO: O9 ASSOCIATION 1)2. Does the right of civil servants to organi=e include their right to striBe? &larify. Held: S%e ifi a''y, the ri!ht of i"i' ser"ants to or!aniJe the#se'"es was %ositi"e'y re o!niJed in !ssociation of Court of !ppeals Employees 8!C!E9 v. =errerFCalle0a (12- SCRA .70, No"e#&er ,., ,77,5. 3$t, as in the e>er ise of the ri!hts of free e>%ression and of asse#&'y, there are standards for a''owa&'e 'i#itations s$ h as the 'e!iti#a y of the %$r%oses of the asso iation the o"erridin! onsiderations of nationa' se $rity and the %reser"ation of de#o rati instit$tions <(eople v. 0errer +$ S&8! *$2 December 2% 1#%2 per &astro J. where the &ourt while upholding the validity of the !nti, Subversion !ct which outlawed the &ommunist (arty of the (hilippines and other HsubversiveH organi=ations clarified HWhatever interest in freedom of speech and freedom of association is infringed by the prohibition against Bnowing membership in the &ommunist (arty of the (hilippines is so indirect and so insubstantial as to be clearly and heavily outweighed by the overriding considerations of national security and the preservation of democratic institutions in this country.H It cautioned though that Hthe need for prudence and circumspection 3cannot be overemphasi=ed4 in 3the lawMs4 enforcement operating as it does in the sensitive area of freedom of e-pression and belief.H> A" reg%rd" the right to "tri6e+ the Con"tit$tion it"el# )$%li#ie" it" e er!i"e 'ith the &rovi"o Oin %!!ord%n!e 'ith l%'*O Thi" i" % !le%r (%ni#e"t%tion th%t the "t%te (%y+ -y l%'+ reg$l%te the $"e o# thi" right+ or even deny !ert%in "e!tor" "$!h right. EIecutive 3r$er No. 7.- <Issued by former (resident &ora=on &. !'uino on June 1 1#$%> whi h %ro"ides !$ide'ines for the e>er ise of the ri!ht of !o"ern#ent wor9ers to or!aniJe, for instan e, i(&li!itly endor"ed %n e%rlier CSC !ir!$l%r 'hi!h Oen.oin" $nder &%in o# %d(ini"tr%tive "%n!tion"+ %ll govern(ent o##i!er" %nd e(&loyee" #ro( "t%ging "tri6e"+ de(on"tr%tion"+ (%"" le%ve"+ '%l6o$t" %nd other #or(" o# (%"" %!tion 'hi!h 'ill re"$lt in te(&or%ry "to&&%ge or di"r$&tion o# &$-li! "ervi!e M (CSC Memoran$um Circular No. ; s. 7:.,, dated A%ri' 1,, ,7/85 -y "t%ting th%t the Civil Servi!e l%' %nd r$le" governing !on!erted %!tivitie" %nd "tri6e" in the govern(ent "ervi!e "h%ll -e o-"erved. It is a'so sett'ed in B$ris%r$den e that, in gener%l+ 'or6er" in the &$-li! "e!tor do not en.oy the right to "tri6e . !lliance of Concerne$ Government BorAers v. Minister of 'a#or an$ Employment (,1?

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SCRA ,, A$!$st -, ,7/-, a'so %er +$tierreJ, *r., *.5 rationa'iJed the %ros ri%tion th$sI MThe gener%l r$le in the &%"t %nd $& to the &re"ent i" th%t the Kter(" %nd !ondition" o# e(&loy(ent in the >overn(ent+ in!l$ding %ny &oliti!%l "$-divi"ion or in"tr$(ent%lity thereo# %re governed -y l%'*K ? * Sin!e the ter(" %nd !ondition" o# govern(ent e(&loy(ent are fiIe$ #y la(+ govern(ent 'or6er" !%nnot $"e the "%(e 'e%&on" e(&loyed -y the 'or6er" in the &riv%te "e!tor to "e!$re !on!e""ion" #ro( their e(&loyer"* The &rin!i&le -ehind l%-or $nioni"( in &riv%te ind$"try i" th%t ind$"tri%l &e%!e !%nnot -e "e!$red thro$gh !o(&$l"ion -y l%'* Rel%tion" -et'een &riv%te e(&loyer" %nd their e(&loyee" re"t on %n e""enti%lly vol$nt%ry -%"i"* S$-.e!t to the (ini($( re)$ire(ent" o# '%ge l%'" %nd other l%-or %nd 'el#%re legi"l%tion+ the ter(" %nd !ondition" o# e(&loy(ent in the $nioni8ed &riv%te "e!tor %re "ettled thro$gh the &ro!e"" o# !olle!tive -%rg%ining* In govern(ent e(&loy(ent+ ho'ever+ it i" the legi"l%t$re %nd+ 'here &ro&erly given deleg%ted &o'er+ the %d(ini"tr%tive he%d" o# govern(ent 'hi!h #i the ter(" %nd !ondition" o# e(&loy(ent* And thi" i" e##e!ted thro$gh "t%t$te" or %d(ini"tr%tive !ir!$l%r"+ r$le"+ %nd reg$l%tion"+ not thro$gh !olle!tive -%rg%ining %gree(ent".M <Ibid. p. 1*> After de'"in! into the intent of the fra#ers of the Constit$tion, the Co$rt affir#ed the a&o"e r$'e in Social Security System Employees !ssociation 8SSSE!9 v. Court of !ppeals (,8. SCRA 0/0, *$'y 1/, ,7/75 and e>%'ainedI M+o"ern#ent e#%'oyees #ay, therefore, thro$!h their $nions or asso iations, either %etition the Con!ress for the &etter#ent of the ter#s and onditions of e#%'oy#ent whi h are within the a#&it of 'e!is'ation or ne!otiate with the a%%ro%riate !o"ern#ent a!en ies for the i#%ro"e#ent of those whi h are not fi>ed &y 'aw. If there &e any $nreso'"ed !rie"an es, the dis%$te #ay &e referred to the P$&'i Se tor La&or;Dana!e#ent Co$n i' for a%%ro%riate a tion. B$t e(&loyee" in the !ivil "ervi!e (%y not re"ort to "tri6e"+ '%l6o$t" %nd other te(&or%ry 'or6 "to&&%ge"+ li6e 'or6er" in the &riv%te "e!tor+ to &re""$re the >overn(ent to %!!ede to their de(%nd". As now %ro"ided $nder Se . ?, R$'e III of the R$'es and Re!$'ations to +o"ern the E>er ise of the Ri!ht of +o"ern#ent E#%'oyees to Se'f;Or!aniJation, whi h too9 effe t after the instant dis%$te arose, H<t=he ter(" %nd !ondition" o# e(&loy(ent in the govern(ent+ in!l$ding %ny &oliti!%l "$-divi"ion or in"tr$(ent%lity thereo# %nd govern(ent,o'ned %nd !ontrolled !or&or%tion" 'ith origin%l !h%rter" %re governed -y l%' %nd e(&loyee" therein "h%ll not "tri6e #or the &$r&o"e o# "e!$ring !h%nge" <thereto=*HH <Ibid. p. )#$> (1acinto v. Court of !ppeals, 1/, SCRA 0.8, No". ,?, ,778, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 1)1. (etitioners public school teachers walBed out of their classes and engaged in mass actions during certain dates in September 1##2 protesting the alleged unlawful withholding of their salaries and other economic benefits. ;hey also raised national issues such as the removal of CS bases and the repudiation of foreign debts in their mass actions. ;hey refused to return to worB despite orders to do so and subse'uently were found guilty of conduct prejudicial to the best interests of the service for having absented themselves without proper authority from their schools during regular school days and penali=ed. ;hey denied that they engaged in /striBe1 but claimed that they merely e-ercised a constitutionally guaranteed right L the right to peaceably assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances , and therefore should not have been penali=ed. Should their contention be upheld? Held: Petitioners, who are %$&'i s hoo'tea hers and th$s !o"ern#ent e#%'oyees, do not see9 to esta&'ish that they ha"e a ri!ht

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to stri9e. Rather, they tena io$s'y insist that their a&sen es d$rin! ertain dates in Se%te#&er ,772 were a "a'id e>er ise of their onstit$tiona' ri!ht to en!a!e in %ea ef$' asse#&'y to %etition the !o"ern#ent for a redress of !rie"an es. They 'ai# that their !atherin! was not a stri9e, therefore, their %arti i%ation therein did not onstit$te any offense. MPS&! v. 'aguio <Supra per :arvasa J. now &J.> and !C& v. Carino <Ibid.>, in whi h this Co$rt de 'ared that Mthese H#ass a tionsH were to a'' intents and %$r%oses a stri9eG they onstit$ted a on erted and $na$thoriJed sto%%a!e of, or a&sen e fro#, wor9 whi h it was the tea hersH d$ty to %erfor#, $nderta9en for essentia''y e ono#i reasons,M sho$'d not %rin i%a''y reso'"e the %resent ase, as the $nder'yin! fa ts are a''e!ed'y not identi a'. S;8IK7, as defined &y 'aw, #eans any te(&or%ry "to&&%ge o# 'or6 done -y the !on!erted %!tion o# e(&loyee" %" % re"$lt o# %n ind$"tri%l or l%-or di"&$te. A l%-or di"&$te in!l$de" %ny !ontrover"y or (%tter !on!erning ter(" %nd !ondition" o# e(&loy(ent4 or the %""o!i%tion or re&re"ent%tion o# &er"on" in negoti%ting+ #i ing+ (%int%ining+ !h%nging or %rr%nging the ter(" %nd !ondition" o# e(&loy(ent+ reg%rdle"" o# 'hether the di"&$t%nt" "t%nd in the &ro i(%te rel%tion o# e(&loyer" %nd e(&loyee". With these %re#ises, we now e"a'$ate the ir $#stan es of the instant %etition. It !%nnot -e denied th%t the (%"" %!tion or %""e(-ly "t%ged -y the &etitioner" re"$lted in the non,holding o# !l%""e" in "ever%l &$-li! "!hool" d$ring the !orre"&onding &eriod* Petitioner" do not di"&$te th%t the griev%n!e" #or 'hi!h they "o$ght redre"" !on!erned the %lleged #%il$re o# &$-li! %$thoritie" , e""enti%lly+ their Oe(&loyer"O , to #$lly %nd .$"tly i(&le(ent !ert%in l%'" %nd (e%"$re" intended to -ene#it the( (%teri%lly * And &ro-%-ly to !lothe their %!tion 'ith &er(i""i-le !h%r%!ter <In justifying their mass actions petitioners liBen their activity to the pro,bases rally led by former (resident &ora=on &. !'uino on September 12 1##1 participated in as well by public school teachers who conse'uently absented themselves from their classes. :o administrative charges were allegedly instituted against any of the participants.>, they a'so raised nationa' iss$es s$ h as the re#o"a' of the =.S. &ases and the re%$diation of forei!n de&t. In 6alingasan v. Court of !ppeals <5.8. :o. 12+)%$ July *1 1##% per 8egalado J.>, ho'ever+ thi" Co$rt "%id th%t the #%!t th%t the !onvention%l ter( O"tri6eO '%" not $"ed -y the &%rti!i&%nt" to de"!ri-e their !o((on !o$r"e o# %!tion '%" in"igni#i!%nt+ "in!e the "$-"t%n!e o# the "it$%tion+ %nd not it" %&&e%r%n!e+ '%" dee(ed !ontrolling. Moreover t)e petitioners )ere I I I (ere not penalize$ for t)e eIercise of t)eir rig)t to assem#le peacefully an$ to petition t)e government for a re$ress of grievances. Rat)er t)e Civil Service Commission foun$ t)em guilty of con$uct pre0u$icial to t)e #est interest of t)e service for )aving a#sente$ t)emselves (it)out proper aut)ority from t)eir sc)ools $uring regular sc)ool $ays in or$er to participate in t)e mass protest t)eir a#sence inelucta#ly resulting in t)e nonF)ol$ing of classes an$ in t)e $eprivation of stu$ents of e$ucation for ()ic) t)ey (ere responsi#le. Ha$ petitioners availe$ t)emselves of t)eir free time F recess after classes (eeAen$s or )oli$ays F to $ramatize t)eir grievances an$ to $ialogue (it) t)e proper aut)orities (it)in t)e #oun$s of la( no one F not t)e DECS t)e CSC or even t)is Court F coul$ )ave )el$ t)em lia#le for t)e vali$ eIercise of t)eir constitutionally guarantee$ rig)ts. !s it (as t)e temporary stoppage of classes resulting from t)eir activity necessarily $isrupte$ pu#lic services t)e very evil soug)t to #e forestalle$ #y t)e pro)i#ition against striAes #y government (orAers. ;heir act by their nature was enjoined by the &ivil Service law rules and regulations for which they must therefore be made answerable. (1acinto v. C!, 1/, SCRA 0.8, No". ,?, ,778, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 THE NON,I:PAIR:ENT CLAUSE

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1)2. Is the constitutional prohibition against impairing contractual obligations absolute? Held: ,. Nor is there #erit in the 'ai# that the reso'$tion and #e#orand$# ir $'ar "io'ate the ontra t 'a$se of the 3i'' of Ri!hts. The e>e $ti"e order reatin! the POEA was ena ted to f$rther i#%'e#ent the so ia' B$sti e %ro"isions of the ,78- Constit$tion, whi h ha"e &een !reat'y enhan ed and e>%anded in the ,7/8 Constit$tion &y %'a in! the# $nder a se%arate Arti 'e <!rticle "III>. The Arti 'e on So ia' *$sti e was a%t'y des ri&ed as the Mheart of the new CharterM &y the President of the ,7/0 Constit$tiona' Co##ission, retired *$sti e Ce i'ia D$noJ Pa'#a. So ia' B$sti e is identified with the &road s o%e of the %o'i e %ower of the state and re:$ires the e>tensi"e $se of s$ h %ower. 6 > >. The !on"tit$tion%l &rohi-ition %g%in"t i(&%iring !ontr%!t$%l o-lig%tion" i" not %-"ol$te %nd i" not to -e re%d 'ith liter%l e %!tne""* It i" re"tri!ted to !ontr%!t" 'ith re"&e!t to &ro&erty or "o(e o-.e!t o# v%l$e %nd 'hi!h !on#er right" th%t (%y -e %""erted in % !o$rt o# .$"ti!e4 it h%" no %&&li!%tion to "t%t$te" rel%ting to &$-li! "$-.e!t" 'ithin the do(%in o# the gener%l legi"l%tive &o'er" o# the St%te %nd involving the &$-li! right" %nd &$-li! 'el#%re o# the entire !o(($nity %##e!ted -y it* It doe" not &revent % &ro&er e er!i"e -y the St%te o# it" &oli!e &o'er -y en%!ting reg$l%tion" re%"on%-ly ne!e""%ry to "e!$re the he%lth+ "%#ety+ (or%l"+ !o(#ort+ or gener%l 'el#%re o# the !o(($nity+ even tho$gh !ontr%!t" (%y there-y -e %##e!ted+ #or "$!h (%tter" !%nnot -e &l%!ed -y !ontr%!t -eyond the &o'er o# the St%te to reg$l%te %nd !ontrol the(. Veri'y, the #reedo( to !ontr%!t i" not %-"ol$te4 %ll !ontr%!t" %nd %ll right" %re "$-.e!t to the &oli!e &o'er o# the St%te %nd not only (%y reg$l%tion" 'hi!h %##e!t the( -e e"t%-li"hed -y the St%te+ -$t %ll "$!h reg$l%tion" ($"t -e "$-.e!t to !h%nge #ro( ti(e to ti(e+ %" the gener%l 'ell,-eing o# the !o(($nity (%y re)$ire+ or %" the !ir!$("t%n!e" (%y !h%nge+ or %" e &erien!e (%y de(on"tr%te the ne!e""ity* And $nder the Civil Code+ !ontr%!t" o# l%-or %re e &li!itly "$-.e!t to the &oli!e &o'er o# the St%te -e!%$"e they %re not ordin%ry !ontr%!t" -$t %re i(&re""ed 'ith &$-li! intere"t. Arti!le 0FJJ thereof e>%ress'y %ro"idesI Art* 0FJJ. The rel%tion" -et'een !%&it%l %nd l%-or %re not (erely !ontr%!t$%l* They %re "o i(&re""ed 'ith &$-li! intere"t th%t l%-or !ontr%!t" ($"t yield to the !o((on good* There#ore+ "$!h !ontr%!t" %re "$-.e!t to the "&e!i%l l%'" on l%-or $nion"+ !olle!tive -%rg%ining+ "tri6e" %nd lo!6o$t"+ !lo"ed "ho&+ '%ge"+ 'or6ing !ondition"+ ho$r" o# l%-or %nd "i(il%r "$-.e!t". The ha''en!ed reso'$tion and #e#orand$# ir $'ar &ein! "a'id i#%'e#entations of E.O. No. 878 (Creatin! the POEA5, whi h was ena ted $nder the %o'i e %ower of the State, they annot &e str$ 9 down on the !ro$nd that they "io'ate the ontra t 'a$se. To ho'd otherwise is to a'ter 'on!;esta&'ished onstit$tiona' do trine and to s$&ordinate the %o'i e %ower to the ontra t 'a$se. (&)e Conference of Maritime Manning !gencies Inc. v. P3E!, 1?- SCRA 000, A%ri' 1,, ,77. @Da"ide, *r.A5 1. Petitioners %ray that the %resent a tion sho$'d &e &arred, &e a$se %ri"ate res%ondents ha"e "o'$ntari'y e>e $ted :$it 'ai#s and re'eases and re ei"ed their se%aration %ay. Petitioners 'ai# that the %resent s$it is a M!ra"e dero!ation of the f$nda#enta' %rin i%'e that o&'i!ations arisin! fro# a "a'id ontra t ha"e the for e of 'aw &etween the %arties and #$st &e o#%'ied with in !ood faith.M The Co$rt di"%gree"* M$ri"&r$den!e hold" th%t the !on"tit$tion%l g$%r%ntee o# non,i(&%ir(ent o# !ontr%!t i" "$-.e!t to the &oli!e &o'er o# the "t%te %nd to re%"on%-le legi"l%tive reg$l%tion" &ro(oting he%lth+ (or%l"+ "%#ety %nd 'el#%re* Not %ll )$it!l%i(" %re &er "e inv%lid or %g%in"t &$-li! &oli!y+ e !e&t /01 where there is !le%r &roo#

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th%t the '%iver '%" '%ngled #ro( %n $n"$"&e!ting or g$lli-le &er"on, or /51 where the ter(" o# "ettle(ent %re $n!on"!ion%-le on their #%!e* In the"e !%"e"+ the l%' 'ill "te& in to %nn$l the )$e"tion%-le tr%n"%!tion". S$!h )$it!l%i( %nd rele%"e %gree(ent" %re reg%rded %" ine##e!tive to -%r the 'or6er" #ro( !l%i(ing the #$ll (e%"$re o# their leg%l right". In the ase at &ar, the %ri"ate res%ondents a!reed to the :$it 'ai# and re'ease in onsideration of their se%aration %ay. Sin e they were dis#issed a''e!ed'y for &$siness 'osses, they are entit'ed to se%aration %ay $nder Arti 'e 1/- of the La&or Code. And sin e there was th$s no e>tra onsideration for the %ri"ate res%ondents to !i"e $% their e#%'oy#ent, s$ h $nderta9in!s annot &e a''owed to &ar the a tion for i''e!a' dis#issa'. (6ogoFMe$ellin Sugarcane Planters !ssociation Inc. v. N'RC, 170 SCRA ,2/, ,1?, @Pan!ani&anA5 -. On'y s'i!ht'y 'ess a&stra t &$t nonethe'ess hy%otheti a' is the ontention of CRE3A that the i#%osition of the VAT on the sa'es and 'eases of rea' estate &y "irt$e of ontra ts entered %rior to the effe ti"ity of the 'aw wo$'d "io'ate the onstit$tiona' %ro"ision that MNo 'aw i#%airin! the o&'i!ation of ontra ts sha'' &e %assed.M It i" eno$gh to "%y th%t the &%rtie" to % !ontr%!t !%nnot+ thro$gh the e er!i"e o# &ro&heti! di"!ern(ent+ #etter the e er!i"e o# the t% ing &o'er o# the St%te* 9or not only %re e i"ting l%'" re%d into !ontr%!t" in order to #i o-lig%tion" %" -et'een &%rtie"+ -$t the re"erv%tion o# e""enti%l %ttri-$te" o# "overeign &o'er i" %l"o re%d into !ontr%!t" %" % -%"i! &o"t$l%te o# the leg%l order* The &oli!y o# &rote!ting !ontr%!t" %g%in"t i(&%ir(ent &re"$&&o"e" the (%inten%n!e o# % govern(ent 'hi!h ret%in" %de)$%te %$thority to "e!$re the &e%!e %nd good order o# "o!iety. In tr$th+ the Contr%!t Cl%$"e h%" never -een tho$ght %" % li(it%tion on the e er!i"e o# the St%teK" &o'er o# t% %tion "%ve only 'here % t% e e(&tion h%" -een gr%nted #or % v%lid !on"ider%tion . 6 > >. (&olentino v. Secretary of =inance, 1-. SCRA 0-2, 0/.;0/0, A$!. 1., ,77?, En 3an @DendoJaA5 !l%$"e ?. Sin!e ti(-er li!en"e" %re not !ontr%!t"+ the non,i(&%ir(ent !%nnot -e invo6ed.

6 > >, even i# it i" to -e %""$(ed th%t the "%(e %re !ontr%!t"+ the in"t%nt !%"e doe" not involve % l%' or even %n e e!$tive i""$%n!e de!l%ring the !%n!ell%tion or (odi#i!%tion o# e i"ting ti(-er li!en"e"* Hen!e+ the non,i(&%ir(ent !l%$"e !%nnot %" yet -e invo6ed* Neverthele""+ gr%nting #$rther th%t % l%' h%" %!t$%lly -een &%""ed (%nd%ting !%n!ell%tion" or (odi#i!%tion"+ the "%(e !%nnot "till -e "tig(%ti8ed %" % viol%tion o# the non,i(&%ir(ent !l%$"e* Thi" i" -e!%$"e -y it" very n%t$re %nd &$r&o"e+ "$!h % l%' !o$ld h%ve only -een &%""ed in the e er!i"e o# the &oli!e &o'er o# the "t%te #or the &$r&o"e o# %dv%n!ing the right o# the &eo&le to % -%l%n!ed %nd he%lth#$l e!ology+ &ro(oting their he%lth %nd enh%n!ing their gener%l 'el#%re . 6 > >. In short, the non,i(&%ir(ent !l%$"e ($"t yield to the &oli!e &o'er o# the "t%te. 9in%lly+ it i" di##i!$lt to i(%gine ho' the non,i(&%ir(ent !l%$"e !o$ld %&&ly 'ith re"&e!t to the &r%yer to en.oin the re"&ondent Se!ret%ry #ro( re!eiving+ %!!e&ting+ &ro!e""ing+ rene'ing or %&&roving ne' ti(-er li!en"e #or+ "%ve in !%"e" o# rene(al+ no !ontr%!t 'o$ld h%ve %" yet e i"ted in the other in"t%n!e"* :oreover+ 'ith re"&e!t to rene'%l+ the holder i" not entitled to it %" % (%tter o# right. (3posa v. =actoran, *r., 11? SCRA 871 @,77-A5 .. Anent %etitionersH ontention that the for i&'e ref$nd of in enti"e &enefits is an $n onstit$tiona' i#%air#ent of a ontra t$a' o&'i!ation, s$ffi e it to state that M<n=ot %ll !ontr%!t" entered into -y the govern(ent 'ill o&er%te %" % '%iver o# it" non,"$%-ility4

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di"tin!tion ($"t -e (%de -et'een it" "overeign %nd &ro&riet%ry %!t"* The %!t" involved in thi" !%"e %re govern(ent%l* Be"ide"+ the Co$rt i" in %gree(ent 'ith the Soli!itor >ener%l th%t the in!entive &%y or -ene#it i" in the n%t$re o# % -on$" 'hi!h i" not % de(%nd%-le or en#or!e%-le o-lig%tion. (6laHuera v. !lcala, 17. SCRA -00, ??0, Se%t. ,,, ,77/, En 3an @P$risi#aA5 THE IN,CUSTODIAL INHESTI>ATION RI>HTS O9 AN ACCUSED PERSON 1)*. State the procedure guidelines and duties which the arresting detaining inviting or investigating officer or his companions must do and observe at the time of maBing an arrest and again at and during the time of the custodial interrogation. Held: Last'y, onsiderin! the hea"y %ena'ty of death and in order to ens$re that the e"iden e a!ainst an a $sed were o&tained thro$!h 'awf$' #eans, the Co$rt+ as guar$ian of t)e rig)ts of t)e people l%y" do'n the &ro!ed$re+ g$ideline" %nd d$tie" 'hi!h the %rre"ting+ det%ining+ inviting+ or inve"tig%ting o##i!er or hi" !o(&%nion" ($"t do %nd o-"erve %t the ti(e o# (%6ing %n %rre"t %nd %g%in %t %nd d$ring the ti(e o# the !$"todi%l interrog%tion in %!!ord%n!e 'ith the Constitution+ .$ri"&r$den!e %nd Repu#lic !ct No. ,4*. (!n !ct Defining &ertain 8ights of (erson !rrested Detained or Cnder &ustodial Investigation as well as the Duties of the !rresting Detaining and Investigating 9fficers and (roviding (enalties for Fiolations ;hereof5. It is hi!h;ti#e to ed$ ate o$r 'aw;enfor e#ent a!en ies who ne!'e t either &y i!noran e or indifferen e the so; a''ed Diranda ri!hts whi h had &e o#e ins$ffi ient and whi h the Co$rt #$st $%date in the 'i!ht of new 'e!a' de"e'o%#entsI ,5 The %erson arrested, detained, in"ited or $nder $stodia' in"esti!ation ($"t -e IN9OR:ED in % l%ng$%ge 6no'n to %nd $nder"tood -y hi( o# the re%"on #or the %rre"t %nd he ($"t -e "ho'n the '%rr%nt o# %rre"t+ i# %ny* Every other '%rning"+ in#or(%tion or !o(($ni!%tion ($"t -e in % l%ng$%ge 6no'n to %nd $nder"tood -y "%id &er"onG 15 <e #$st &e warned that he has a right to re(%in "ilent %nd th%t %ny "t%te(ent he (%6e" (%y -e $"ed %" eviden!e %g%in"t hi(G -5 <e #$st &e infor#ed that he has the right to -e %""i"ted %t %ll ti(e" %nd h%ve the &re"en!e o# %n inde&endent %nd !o(&etent l%'yer+ &re#er%-ly o# hi" o'n !hoi!eG ?5 <e #$st &e infor#ed that i# he h%" no l%'yer or !%nnot %##ord the "ervi!e" o# % l%'yer+ one 'ill -e &rovided #or hi(4 %nd th%t % l%'yer (%y %l"o -e eng%ged -y %ny &er"on in hi" -eh%l#+ or (%y -e %&&ointed -y the !o$rt $&on &etition o# the &er"on %rre"ted or one %!ting on hi" -eh%l#G .5 That whether or not the %erson arrested has a 'awyer, he #$st &e infor#ed that no !$"todi%l inve"tig%tion in %ny #or( "h%ll -e !ond$!ted e !e&t in the &re"en!e o# hi" !o$n"el o# %#ter % v%lid '%iver h%" -een (%deG 05 The %erson arrested #$st &e infor#ed that, %t %ny ti(e+ he h%" the right to !o(($ni!%te or !on#er -y the (o"t e &edient (e%n" , tele&hone+ r%dio+ letter or (e""enger , 'ith hi" l%'yer /either ret%ined or %&&ointed1+ %ny (e(-er o# hi" i((edi%te #%(ily+ or %ny (edi!%l do!tor+ &rie"t or (ini"ter !ho"en -y hi( or -y %ny one #ro( hi" i((edi%te #%(ily or -y hi" !o$n"el+ or -e vi"ited -yA!on#er 'ith d$ly %!!redited n%tion%l or intern%tion%l non,govern(ent org%ni8%tion* It "h%ll -e the re"&on"i-ility o# the o##i!er to en"$re th%t thi" i" %!!o(&li"hedG 85 <e #$st &e infor#ed that he has the right to '%ive %ny o# "%id right" &rovided it i" (%de vol$nt%rily+ 6no'ingly %nd intelligently %nd en"$re th%t he $nder"tood the "%(eG /5 In addition, if the %erson arrested '%ive" hi" right to % l%'yer+ he ($"t -e in#or(ed th%t it ($"t -e done in 'riting %nd in the &re"en!e o# !o$n"el+ other'i"e+ he ($"t -e '%rned

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th%t the '%iver i" void even i# he in"i"t on hi" '%iver %nd !hoo"e" to "&e%6G 75 That the %erson arrested #$st &e infor#ed that he (%y indi!%te in %ny (%nner %t %ny ti(e or "t%ge o# the &ro!e"" th%t he doe" not 'i"h to -e )$e"tioned 'ith '%rning th%t on!e he (%6e" "$!h indi!%tion+ the &oli!e (%y not interrog%te hi( i# the "%(e h%d not yet !o((en!ed+ or the interrog%tion ($"t !e%"e i# it h%" %lre%dy -eg$nG ,25 The %erson arrested #$st &e infor#ed that his initi%l '%iver o# hi" right to re(%in "ilent+ the right to !o$n"el or %ny o# hi" right" doe" not -%r hi( #ro( invo6ing it %t %ny ti(e d$ring the &ro!e""+ reg%rdle"" o# 'hether he (%y h%ve %n"'ered "o(e )$e"tion" or vol$nteered "o(e "t%te(ent"G ,,5 <e #$st a'so &e infor#ed that %ny "t%te(ent or eviden!e+ %" the !%"e (%y -e+ o-t%ined in viol%tion o# %ny o# the #oregoing+ 'hether in!$l&%tory or e !$l&%tory+ in 'hole or in &%rt+ "h%ll -e in%d(i""i-le in eviden!e. (People v. Ma)inay, -21 SCRA ?.., 4e&. ,, ,777, En 3an @Per C$ria#A5 1)+. 7-plain the Bind of information that is re'uired to be given by law enforcement officers to suspect during custodial investigation. Held: @IAt is sett'ed that oneLs ri!ht to &e infor#ed of the ri!ht to re#ain si'ent and to o$nse' onte#%'ates the trans#ission of #eanin!f$' infor#ation rather B$st the ere#onia' and %erf$n tory re itation of an a&stra t onstit$tiona' %rin i%'e. It is not eno$!h for the interro!ator to #ere'y re%eat to the %erson $nder in"esti!ation the %ro"isions of Se tion ,1, Arti 'e III of the ,7/8 Constit$tionG the #or(er ($"t %l"o e &l%in the e##e!t" o# "$!h &rovi"ion in &r%!ti!%l ter(" N e.g.+ 'h%t the &er"on $nder inve"tig%tion (%y or (%y not do N %nd in % l%ng$%ge the "$-.e!t #%irly $nder"t%nd"* The right to -e in#or(ed !%rrie" 'ith it % !orrel%tive o-lig%tion on the &%rt o# the &oli!e inve"tig%tor to e &l%in+ %nd !onte(&l%te" e##e!tive !o(($ni!%tion 'hi!h re"$lt" in the "$-.e!tD" $nder"t%nding o# 'h%t i" !onveyed* Sin!e it i" !o(&rehen"ion th%t i" "o$ght to -e %tt%ined+ the degree o# e &l%n%tion re)$ired 'ill ne!e""%rily v%ry %nd de&end on the ed$!%tion+ intelligen!e+ %nd other relev%nt &er"on%l !ir!$("t%n!e" o# the &er"on $ndergoing inve"tig%tion* In #$rther en"$ring the right to !o$n"el+ it i" not eno$gh th%t the "$-.e!t i" in#or(ed o# "$!h right4 he "ho$ld %l"o -e %"6ed i# he '%nt" to %v%il o# the "%(e %nd "ho$ld -e told th%t he !o$ld %"6 #or !o$n"el i# he "o de"ired or th%t one !o$ld -e &rovided hi( %t hi" re)$e"t* I# he de!ide" not to ret%in % !o$n"el o# hi" !hoi!e or %v%il o# one to -e &rovided #or hi( %nd+ there#ore+ !hoo"e" to '%ive hi" right to !o$n"el+ "$!h '%iver+ to -e v%lid %nd e##e!tive+ ($"t "till -e (%de 'ith the %""i"t%n!e o# !o$n"el+ 'ho+ $nder &rev%iling .$ri"&r$den!e+ ($"t -e % l%'yer. (People v. Canoy, -1/ SCRA -/., Dar h ,8, 1222, ,st Di". @Da"ide, C*A5 1).. What is the meaning of /competent counsel1 under Section 12 of the Eill of 8ights? Held: The #eanin! of E&9?(7;7:; &9C:S7@F was e>%'ained in People v. Deniega (1., SCRA 010, 0-85 as fo''owsI E> > > <T=he l%'yer !%lled to -e &re"ent d$ring "$!h inve"tig%tion "ho$ld -e %" #%r %" re%"on%-ly &o""i-le+ the !hoi!e o# the individ$%l $ndergoing )$e"tioning* I# the l%'yer 'ere one #$rni"hed in the %!!$"edD" -eh%l#+ it i" i(&ort%nt th%t he "ho$ld -e !o(&etent %nd inde&endent+ i.e. t)at )e is (illing to fully safeguar$ t)e constitutional rig)ts of t)e accuse$ as $istinguis)e$ from one ()o (oul$ merely #e giving a routine peremptory an$ meaningless recital of t)e in$ivi$ual>s rig)ts . In People v. 6asay (1,7 SCRA ?2?, ?,/5, this Co$rt stressed that an a $sedLs ri!ht to &e infor#ed of the ri!ht to re#ain si'ent and to o$nse' O onte#%'ates the trans#ission of #eanin!f$' infor#ation rather than B$st the ere#onia' and %erf$n tory re itation of an a&stra t onstit$tiona' %rin i%'e.L

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EIdea''y therefore, a 'awyer en!a!ed for an indi"id$a' fa in! $stodia' in"esti!ation (if the 'atter o$'d not afford one5 Osho$'d &e en!a!ed &y the a $sed (hi#se'f5, or &y the 'atterLs re'ati"e or %erson a$thoriJed &y hi# to en!a!e an attorney or &y the o$rt, $%on %ro%er %etition of the a $sed or %erson a$thoriJed &y the a $sed to fi'e s$ h %etition.L Lawyers en!a!ed &y the %o'i e, whate"er testi#onia's are !i"en as %roof of their %ro&ity and s$%%osed inde%enden e, are !enera''y s$s%e t, as in #any areas, the re'ationshi% &etween 'awyers and 'aw enfor e#ent a$thorities an &e sy#&ioti . E> > > The !o(&etent or inde&endent l%'yer "o eng%ged "ho$ld -e &re"ent #ro( the -eginning to end+ i.e. %t %ll "t%ge" o# the intervie'+ !o$n"eling or %dvi"ing !%$tion re%"on%-ly %t every t$rn o# the inve"tig%tion+ %nd "to&&ing the interrog%tion on!e in % 'hile either to give %dvi!e to the %!!$"ed th%t he (%y either !ontin$e+ !hoo"e to re(%in "ilent or ter(in%te the intervie'.F (People v. Espiritu, -21 SCRA .--, 4e&. 1, ,777, -rd Di". @Pan!ani&anA5 1)). &an a (!9 lawyer be considered an independent counsel within the contemplation of Section 12 !rticle III 1#$% &onstitution? Held: In People v. 3racoy, 11? SCRA 8.7 @,77-AG People v. 6an$ula, 1-1 SCRA .00 @,77?A, the SC has he'd that % PAO l%'yer !%n -e !on"idered %n inde&endent !o$n"el 'ithin the !onte(&l%tion o# the Con"tit$tion !on"idering th%t he i" not % "&e!i%l !o$n"el+ &$-li! or &riv%te &ro"e!$tor+ !o$n"el o# the &oli!e+ or % ($ni!i&%l %ttorney 'ho"e intere"t i" %d(ittedly %dver"e to th%t o# the %!!$"ed,%&&ell%nt . Th$s, the assistan e of a PAO 'awyer satisfies the onstit$tiona' re:$ire#ent of a o#%etent and inde%endent o$nse' for the a $sed. (People v. 6acor, -20 SCRA .11, A%ri' -2, ,777, 1nd Di". @DendoJaA5 1)%. Is the confession of an accused given spontaneously freely and voluntarily to the ?ayor admissible in evidence considering that the ?ayor has /operational supervision and control1 over the local police and may arguably be deemed a law enforcement officer? Held: Whi'e it is tr$e that a #$ni i%a' #ayor has Eo%erationa' s$%er"ision and ontro'F o"er the 'o a' %o'i e and #ay ar!$a&'y &e dee#ed a 'aw enfor e#ent offi er for %$r%oses of a%%'yin! Se tion ,1(,5 and (-5 of Arti 'e III of the Constit$tion, howe"er, %&&ell%ntD" !on#e""ion to the (%yor '%" not (%de in re"&on"e to %ny interrog%tion -y the l%tter* In #%!t+ the (%yor did not )$e"tion the %&&ell%nt %t %ll* No &oli!e %$thority ordered %&&ell%nt to t%l6 to the (%yor* It '%" %&&ell%nt hi("el# 'ho "&ont%neo$"ly+ #reely %nd vol$nt%rily "o$ght the (%yor #or % &riv%te (eeting* The (%yor did not 6no' th%t %&&ell%nt '%" going to !on#e"" hi" g$ilt to hi(* B)en appellant talAe$ (it) t)e mayor as a confi$ant an$ not as a la( enforcement officer )is uncounselle$ confession to )im $i$ not violate )is constitutional rig)ts. Th$s, it has &een he'd that the !on"tit$tion%l &ro!ed$re" on !$"todi%l inve"tig%tion do not %&&ly to % "&ont%neo$" "t%te(ent+ not eli!ited thro$gh )$e"tioning -y the %$thoritie"+ -$t given in %n ordin%ry (%nner 'here-y %&&ell%nt or%lly %d(itted h%ving !o((itted the !ri(e* Wh%t the Con"tit$tion -%r" i" the !o(&$l"ory di"!lo"$re o# in!ri(in%ting #%!t" or !on#e""ion"* The right" $nder Se!tion 05 %re g$%r%nteed to &re!l$de the "lighte"t $"e o# !oer!ion -y the St%te %" 'o$ld le%d the %!!$"ed to %d(it "o(ething #%l"e+ not to &revent hi( #ro( #reely %nd vol$nt%rily telling the tr$th. (People v. !n$an, 107 SCRA 7., Dar h -, ,7785 1)$. !re confessions made in response to 'uestions by news reporters admissible in evidence?

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An"'er: ;ES. Con#e""ion" (%de in re"&on"e to )$e"tion" -y ne'" re&orter"+ not -y the &oli!e or %ny other inve"tig%ting o##i!er+ %re %d(i""i-le. In People v. 2izcarra, ,,. SCRA 8?-, 8.1 @,7/1A, 'here the %!!$"ed+ $nder !$"tody+ g%ve "&ont%neo$" %n"'er" to % televi"ed intervie' -y "ever%l &re"" re&orter" in the o##i!e o# the !hie# o# the CIS+ it '%" held th%t "t%te(ent" "&ont%neo$"ly (%de -y % "$"&e!t to ne'" re&orter" on % televi"ed intervie' %re dee(ed vol$nt%ry %nd %re %d(i""i-le in eviden!e. In People v. !n$an, 107 SCRA 7., Dar h -, ,778, it was he'd that %&&ell%ntD" !on#e""ion" to the ne'" re&orter" 'ere given #ree #ro( %ny $nd$e in#l$en!e #ro( the &oli!e %$thoritie"* The ne'" re&orter" %!ted %" ne'" re&orter" 'hen they intervie'ed %&&ell%nt* They 'ere not %!ting $nder the dire!tion %nd !ontrol o# the &oli!e* They did not #or!e %&&ell%nt to gr%nt the( %n intervie' %nd reen%!t the !o((i""ion o# the !ri(e* In #%!t+ they %"6ed hi" &er(i""ion -e#ore intervie'ing hi(* The S$&re(e Co$rt #$rther r$led th%t %&&ell%ntD" ver-%l !on#e""ion" to the ne'"(en %re not !overed -y Se!tion 05/01 %nd /71 o# Arti!le III o# the Con"tit$tion %nd+ there#ore+ %d(i""i-le in eviden!e. 1)#. Discuss the two Binds of involuntary or coerced confessions under Section 12 !rticle III of the 1#$% &onstitution. Illustrate how the &ourt should appreciate said involuntary or coerced confessions. Held: There are two 9inds of in"o'$ntary or oer ed onfessions treated in this onstit$tiona' %ro"isionI /01 those whi h are the &rod$!t o# third degree (ethod" "$!h %" tort$re+ #or!e+ violen!e+ thre%t+ inti(id%tion+ 'hi!h %re de%lt 'ith in &%r%gr%&h 5 o# Se!tion 05, and /51 those whi h are given 'itho$t the -ene#it o# :ir%nd% '%rning"+ 'hi!h %re the "$-.e!t o# &%r%gr%&h 0 o# the "%(e Se!tion 05. A $sed;a%%e''ant 'ai#s that his onfession was o&tained &y for e and threat. Aside fro# this &are assertion, he has shown no %roof of the $se of for e and "io'en e on hi#. <e did not see9 #edi a' treat#ent nor e"en a %hysi a' e>a#ination. <is a''e!ation that the fa t that he was #ade to si!n the onfession fi"e ti#es is %roof that he ref$sed to si!n it. 6 > > We dis ern no si!n that the onfession was in"o'$ntari'y e>e $ted fro# the fa t that it was si!ned &y a $sed;a%%e''ant fi"e ti#es. 6 > > E tr%.$di!i%l !on#e""ion" %re &re"$(ed vol$nt%ry+ %nd+ in the %-"en!e o# !on!l$"ive eviden!e "ho'ing the de!l%r%ntD" !on"ent in e e!$ting the "%(e h%" -een viti%ted+ "$!h !on#e""ion 'ill -e "$"t%ined. :oreover+ the !on#e""ion !ont%in" det%il" th%t only the &er&etr%tor o# the !ri(e !o$ld h%ve given* ? * It h%" -een held th%t vol$nt%rine"" o# % !on#e""ion (%y -e in#erred #ro( it" -eing re&lete 'ith det%il" 'hi!h !o$ld &o""i-ly -e "$&&lied only -y the %!!$"ed+ re#le!ting "&ont%neity %nd !oheren!e 'hi!h !%nnot -e "%id o# % (ind on 'hi!h violen!e %nd tort$re h%ve -een %&&lied. When the detai's narrated in an e>traB$di ia' onfession are s$ h that they o$'d not ha"e &een on o ted &y one who did not ta9e %art in the a ts narrated, where the 'ai# of #a'treat#ent in the e>tra tion of the onfession is $ns$&stantiated and where a&$ndant e"iden e e>ists showin! that the state#ent was "o'$ntari'y e>e $ted, the onfession is ad#issi&'e a!ainst the de 'arant. There i" gre%ter re%"on #or #inding % !on#e""ion to -e vol$nt%ry 'here it i" !orro-or%ted -y eviden!e aliun$e 'hi!h dovet%il" 'ith the e""enti%l #%!t" !ont%ined in "$!h !on#e""ion. B$t 'h%t render" the !on#e""ion o# %!!$"ed,%&&ell%nt in%d(i""i-le i" the #%!t th%t %!!$"ed,%&&ell%nt '%" not given the :ir%nd% '%rning" e##e!tively* Under the Con"tit$tion+ %n $n!o$n"eled "t%te(ent+ "$!h %" it i" !%lled in the United St%te" #ro( 'hi!h Arti!le III+ Se!tion 05/01 '%" derived+ i" &re"$(ed to -e &"y!hologi!%lly !oer!ed* S'e&t into %n

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$n#%(ili%r environ(ent %nd "$rro$nded -y inti(id%ting #ig$re" ty&i!%l o# the %t(o"&here o# &oli!e interrog%tion+ the "$"&e!t re%lly need" the g$iding h%nd o# !o$n"el. No'+ $nder the #ir"t &%r%gr%&h o# thi" &rovi"ion+ it i" re)$ired th%t the "$"&e!t in !$"todi%l interrog%tion ($"t -e given the #ollo'ing '%rning"I /01 he ($"t -e in#or(ed o# hi" right to re(%in "ilentG /51 he ($"t -e '%rned th%t %nything he "%y" !%n %nd 'ill -e $"ed %g%in"t hi( G and /71 he ($"t -e told th%t he h%" % right to !o$n"el+ %nd th%t i# he i" indigent+ % l%'yer 'ill -e %&&ointed to re&re"ent hi(. 6 > > There '%" th$" only % &er#$n!tory re%ding o# the :ir%nd% right" to %!!$"ed,%&&ell%nt 'itho$t %ny e##ort to #ind o$t #ro( hi( 'hether he '%nted to h%ve !o$n"el %nd+ i# "o+ 'hether he h%d hi" o'n !o$n"el or he '%nted the &oli!e to %&&oint one #or hi(* Thi" 6ind o# giving o# '%rning"+ in "ever%l de!i"ion" o# thi" Co$rt+ h%" -een #o$nd to -e (erely !ere(oni%l %nd in%de)$%te to tr%n"(it (e%ning#$l in#or(%tion to the "$"&e!t. Es%e ia''y in this ase, are sho$'d ha"e &een s r$%$'o$s'y o&ser"ed &y the %o'i e in"esti!ator that a $sed;a%%e''ant was s%e ifi a''y as9ed these :$estions onsiderin! that he on'y finished the fo$rth !rade of the e'e#entary s hoo'. 6 > > :oreover+ Arti!le III+ Se!tion 05/01 re)$ire" th%t !o$n"el %""i"ting "$"&e!t" in !$"todi%l interrog%tion" -e !o(&etent %nd inde&endent* Here+ %!!$"ed,%&&ell%nt '%" %""i"ted -y Atty* De lo" Reye"+ 'ho+ tho$gh &re"$(%-ly !o(&etent+ !%nnot -e !on"idered %n 2inde&endent !o$n"el3 %" !onte(&l%ted -y the l%' #or the re%"on th%t he '%" "t%tion !o((%nder o# the WPD %t the ti(e he %""i"ted %!!$"ed, %&&ell%nt. 6 > >. This is error. As o&ser"ed in People v. 6an$ula (1-1 SCRA .00 @,77?A5, the inde&endent !o$n"el re)$ired -y Arti!le III+ Se!tion 05/01 !%nnot -e "&e!i%l !o$n"el+ &$-li! or &riv%te &ro"e!$tor+ ($ni!i&%l %ttorney+ or !o$n"el o# the &oli!e 'ho"e intere"t i" %d(ittedly %dver"e to the %!!$"ed* In thi" !%"e+ Atty* De lo" Reye"+ %" PC C%&t%in %nd St%tion Co((%nder o# the WPD+ '%" &%rt o# the &oli!e #or!e 'ho !o$ld not -e e &e!ted to h%ve e##e!tively %nd "!r$&$lo$"ly %""i"ted %!!$"ed, %&&ell%nt in the inve"tig%tion. To a''ow s$ h a ha%%enstan e wo$'d render i''$sory the %rote tion !i"en to the s$s%e t d$rin! $stodia' in"esti!ation. (People v. 3#rero, --1 SCRA ,72, 112 C 12/, Day ,8, 1222, 1nd Di". @DendoJaA5 1%2. What are the re'uirements for an e-tra,judicial confession of an accused to be admissible in evidence? Held: ,. In B$ris%r$den e, no !on#e""ion !%n -e %d(itted in eviden!e $nle"" it is !i"enI ,5 9reely %nd vol$nt%rily+ 'itho$t !o(&$l"ion+ ind$!e(ent or tri!6eryG 15 Lno'ingly -%"ed on %n e##e!tive !o(($ni!%tion to the individ$%l $nder !$"todi%l inve"tig%tion o# hi" !on"tit$tion%l right"G and -5 Intelligently 'ith #$ll %&&re!i%tion o# it" i(&ort%n!e %nd !o(&rehen"ion o# it" !on"e)$en!e". On e ad#itted, the onfession #$st ins%ire redi&i'ity or &e one whi h the nor#a' e>%erien e of #an9ind an a e%t as &ein! within the rea'# of %ro&a&i'ity. A !on#e""ion (eeting %ll the #oregoing re)$i"ite" !on"tit$te" eviden!e o# % high order "in!e it i" "$&&orted -y the "trong &re"$(&tion th%t no &er"on o# nor(%l (ind 'ill 6no'ingly+ #reely %nd deli-er%tely !on#e"" th%t he i" the &er&etr%tor o# % !ri(e $nle"" &ro(&ted -y tr$th %nd !on"!ien!e* When %ll the"e re)$ire(ent" %re (et %nd the !on#e""ion i" %d(itted in eviden!e+ the -$rden o# &roo# th%t it

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'%" o-t%ined -y $nd$e &re""$re+ thre%t or inti(id%tion re"t" $&on the %!!$"ed. (People v. =a#ro, 188 SCRA ,7, A$!. ,,, ,778 @Pan!ani&anA5 1. N$#ero$s de isions of this Co$rt r$'e that for an e>traB$di ia' onfession to &e ad#issi&'e, it #$st &eI ,5 vol$nt%ryG 15 (%de 'ith the %""i"t%n!e o# !o(&etent %nd inde&endent !o$n"el G -5 e &re""G and ?5 in 'riting. The (%ntle o# &rote!tion %##orded -y the %-ove,)$oted !on"tit$tion%l &rovi"ion !over" the &eriod #ro( the ti(e % &er"on i" t%6en into !$"tody #or the inve"tig%tion o# hi" &o""i-le &%rti!i&%tion in the !o((i""ion o# % !ri(e or #ro( the ti(e he i" "ingled o$t %" % "$"&e!t in the !o((i""ion o# the o##en"e %ltho$gh not yet in !$"tody. The e !l$"ion%ry r$le i" &re(i"ed on the &re"$(&tion th%t the de#end%nt i" thr$"t into %n $n#%(ili%r %t(o"&here r$nning thro$gh (en%!ing &oli!e interrog%tion &ro!ed$re" 'here the &otenti%lity #or !o(&$l"ion+ &hy"i!%l or &"y!hologi!%l i" #or!e#$lly %&&%rent. <owe"er, the r$'e is not intended as a deterrent to the a $sed fro# onfessin! !$i't if he "o'$ntari'y and inte''i!ent'y so desires &$t to %rote t the a $sed fro# ad#ittin! what he is oer ed to ad#it a'tho$!h $ntr$e. (People v. 6ase, -17 SCRA ,./, ,07;,8,, Dar h -2, 1222, ,st Di". @Ynares;Santia!oA5 1%1. Is the choice of a lawyer by a person under custodial investigation who cannot afford the services of a counsel e-clusive as to preclude other e'ually competent and independent attorneys from handling his defense? Held: It ($"t -e re(e(-ered in thi" reg%rd th%t 'hile the right to !o$n"el i" i(($t%-le+ the o&tion to "e!$re the "ervi!e" o# !o$n"el $e parte i" not %-"ol$te. Indeed C The %hrase E o#%etent and inde%endentF and E%refera&'y of his own hoi eF were e>%'i it detai's whi h were added $%on the %ersisten e of h$#an ri!hts 'awyers in the ,7/0 Constit$tiona' Co##ission who %ointed o$t ases where, d$rin! the #artia' 'aw %eriod, the 'awyers #ade a"ai'a&'e to the detainee wo$'d &e one a%%ointed &y the #i'itary and therefore &eho'den to the #i'itary. <&iting I 8ecord of the &onstitutional &ommission %*1,%*+O I Eernas ;he &onstitution of the 8epublic of the (hilippines 1#$% 1st ed. p. *+%> 6 > > > > > > > > With%l+ the 'ord 2&re#er%-ly3 $nder Se!tion 05/01+ Arti!le 7 o# the 0CBF Con"tit$tion doe" not !onvey the (e""%ge th%t the !hoi!e o# % l%'yer -y % &er"on $nder inve"tig%tion i" e !l$"ive %" to &re!l$de other e)$%lly !o(&etent %nd inde&endent %ttorney" #ro( h%ndling hi" de#en"e* I# the r$le 'ere other'i"e+ then+ the te(&o o# % !$"todi%l inve"tig%tion 'ill -e "olely in the h%nd" o# the %!!$"ed 'ho !%n i(&ede+ n%y+ o-"tr$!t the &rogre"" o# the interrog%tion -y "i(&ly "ele!ting % l%'yer 'ho #or one re%"on or %nother+ i" not %v%il%-le to &rote!t hi" intere"t* Thi" %-"$rd "!en%rio !o$ld not h%ve -een !onte(&l%ted -y the #r%(er" o# the !h%rter. Whi'e the initia' hoi e in ases where a %erson $nder $stodia' in"esti!ation annot afford the ser"i es of a 'awyer is nat$ra''y 'od!ed in the %o'i e in"esti!ators, the a $sed rea''y has the final hoi e as he #ay reBe t the o$nse' hosen for hi# and as9 for another one. A 'awyer %ro"ided &y the in"esti!ators is dee#ed en!a!ed &y the a $sed where he ne"er raised any o&Be tion a!ainst the for#erLs a%%oint#ent d$rin! the o$rse of the in"esti!ation and the a $sed thereafter s$&s ri&es to the "era ity of his state#ent &efore the swearin! offi er.

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Veri'y, to &e an effe ti"e o$nse' E@aA 'awyer need not ha''en!e a'' the :$estions &ein! %ro%o$nded to his 'ient. The &re"en!e o# % l%'yer i" not intended to "to& %n %!!$"ed #ro( "%ying %nything 'hi!h (ight in!ri(in%te hi( -$t+ r%ther+ it '%" %do&ted in o$r Con"tit$tion to &re!l$de the "lighte"t !oer!ion %" 'o$ld le%d the %!!$"ed to %d(it "o(ething #%l"e (People v. 'ayuso, ,8. SCRA ?8 @,7/7A5. The !o$n"el+ ho'ever+ s)oul$ never prevent an accuse$ from freely an$ voluntarily telling t)e trut).1 (People v. 6ase, -17 SCRA ,./, ,07;,8,, Dar h -2, 1222, , st Di". @Ynares;Santia!oA5 1%2. Should courts be allowed to distinguish between preliminary 'uestioning and custodial investigation proper when applying the e-clusionary rule? Held: The e> '$sionary r$'e s%ran! fro# a re o!nition that %o'i e interro!atory %ro ed$res 'ay ferti'e !ro$nds for oer ion, %hysi a' and %sy ho'o!i a', of the s$s%e t to ad#it res%onsi&i'ity for the ri#e $nder in"esti!ation. It was not intended as a deterrent to the a $sed fro# onfessin! !$i't, if he "o'$ntari'y and inte''i!ent'y so desires &$t to %rote t the a $sed fro# ad#ittin! what he is oer ed to ad#it a'tho$!h $ntr$e. Law enfor e#ent a!en ies are re:$ired to effe ti"e'y o##$ni ate the ri!hts of a %erson $nder in"esti!ation and to ins$re that it is f$''y $nderstood. Any #eas$re short of this re:$ire#ent is onsidered a denia' of s$ h ri!ht . Co$rt" %re not %llo'ed to di"ting$i"h -et'een &reli(in%ry )$e"tioning %nd !$"todi%l inve"tig%tion &ro&er 'hen %&&lying the e !l$"ion%ry r$le* Any in#or(%tion or %d(i""ion given -y % &er"on 'hile in !$"tody 'hi!h (%y %&&e%r h%r(le"" or inno!$o$" %t the ti(e 'itho$t the !o(&etent %""i"t%n!e o# %n inde&endent !o$n"el "ho$ld -e "tr$!6 do'n %" in%d(i""i-le. It h%" -een held+ ho'ever+ th%t %n %d(i""ion (%de to ne'" re&orter" or to % !on#id%nt o# the %!!$"ed i" not !overed -y the e !l$"ion%ry r$le. The %d(i""ion %llegedly (%de -y the %&&ell%nt i" not in the #or( o# % 'ritten e tr%,.$di!i%l !on#e""ion4 the %d(i""ion '%" %llegedly (%de to the %rre"ting o##i!er d$ring %n 2in#or(%l t%l63 %t the &oli!e "t%tion %#ter hi" %rre"t %" % &ri(e "$"&e!t in the r%&e %nd 6illing o# * The %rre"ting &oli!e(%n te"ti#ied th%t the %&&ell%nt %d(itted th%t he '%" 'ith the vi!ti( on the evening o# M%n$%ry 05+ 0CCE+ the &ro-%-le ti(e o# the !o((i""ion o# the !ri(e %nd th%t he !%rried her on hi" "ho$lder -$t th%t he '%" too dr$n6 to re(e(-er 'h%t "$-"e)$ently h%&&ened* The %rre"ting &oli!e(%n %d(itted th%t he did not in#or( the %&&ell%nt o# hi" !on"tit$tion%l right" to re(%in "ilent %nd to !o$n"el* We note th%t the %lleged %d(i""ion i" in!ri(in%ting -e!%$"e it &l%!e" the %!!$"ed in the !o(&%ny o# the vi!ti( %t the ti(e the !ri(e '%" &ro-%-ly !o((itted. The e !l$"ion%ry r$le %&&lie". The %!!$"ed '%" $nder %rre"t #or the r%&e %nd 6illing o# %nd %ny "t%te(ent %llegedly (%de -y hi( &ert%ining to hi" &o""i-le !o(&li!ity in the !ri(e 'itho$t &rior noti#i!%tion o# hi" !on"tit$tion%l right" i" in%d(i""i-le in eviden!e. The %o'i e#anLs a%%arent atte#%t to ir $#"ent the r$'e &y insistin! that the ad#ission was #ade d$rin! an Einfor#a' ta'9F %rior to $stodia' in"esti!ation %rior is not tena&'e. The a%%e''ant was not in"ited to the %o'i e station as %art of a !enera' in:$iry for any %ossi&'e 'ead to the %er%etrators of the ri#e $nder in"esti!ation. At the ti#e the a''e!ed ad#ission was #ade the a%%e''ant was in $stody and had &een arrested as the %ri#e s$s%e t in the ra%e and 9i''in! of > > >. The e !l$"ion%ry r$le &re"$(e" th%t the %lleged %d(i""ion '%" !oer!ed+ the very evil the r$le "t%nd" to %void* S$&&ortive o# "$!h &re"$(&tion i" the %-"en!e o# % 'ritten e tr%,.$di!i%l !on#e""ion to th%t e##e!t %nd the %&&ell%ntD" deni%l in !o$rt o# the %lleged or%l %d(i""ion . The a''e!ed ad#ission sho$'d &e str$ 9 down as inad#issi&'e. (People v. 6ravo, -,/ SCRA /,1, No". 11, ,777, En 3an @+onJa!a;ReyesA5

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1%*. 7-plain the procedure for out,of,court identification of suspects and the test to determine the admissibility of such identification. Held: ,. In People v. &ee)anAee 1r. (1?7 SCRA .?, O to&er 0, ,77., the Co$rt > > > e>%'ained the %ro ed$re for o$t;of; o$rt identifi ation and the test to deter#ine the ad#issi&i'ity of s$ h identifi ation. It 'isted the fo''owin! ways of identifyin! the s$s%e ts d$rin! $stodia' in"esti!ationI "ho',$&, ($g "hot" and line, $&". The Co$rt there r$'edI E> > >. O$t;of; o$rt identifi ation is ond$ ted &y the %o'i e in "ario$s ways. It is done thr$ s)o(Fups where the "$"&e!t %lone i" -ro$ght #%!e to #%!e 'ith the 'itne"" #or identi#i!%tion. It is done thr$ mug s)ots where &hotogr%&h" %re "ho'n to the 'itne"" to identi#y the "$"&e!t. It is a'so done thr$ line ups where % 'itne"" identi#ie" the "$"&e!t #ro( % gro$& o# &er"on" lined $& #or the &$r&o"e. Sin e orr$%tion of out,of, court identifi ation onta#inates the inte!rity of in court identifi ation d$rin! the tria' of the ase, o$rts ha"e fashioned o$t r$'es to ass$re its fairness and its o#%'ian e with the re:$ire#ents of onstit$tiona' d$e %ro ess. In reso'"in! the ad#issi&i'ity of and re'yin! on o$t;of; o$rt identifi ation of s$s%e ts, o$rts ha"e ado%ted the &3&!'I&? 3= CIRC/MS&!NCES &ES& where they onsider the fo''owin! fa tors, vi=N /01 the 'itne""D o&&ort$nity to vie' the !ri(in%l %t the ti(e o# the !ri(eG /51 the 'itne""D degree o# %ttention %t th%t ti(eG /71 the %!!$r%!y o# %ny &rior de"!ri&tion given -y the 'itne""G /E1 the level o# !ert%inty de(on"tr%ted -y the 'itne"" %t the identi#i!%tionG /G1 the length o# ti(e -et'een the !ri(e %nd the identi#i!%tionG and /I1 the "$gge"tivene"" o# the identi#i!%tion &ro!ed$re.F <Ibid. p. #.> (People v. &imon, 1/, SCRA .88, No". ,1, ,778 @Pan!ani&anA5 1. > > >. The tota'ity test has &een fashioned %re ise'y to %""$re #%irne"" %" 'ell %" !o(&li%n!e 'ith !on"tit$tion%l re)$ire(ent" o# d$e &ro!e"" in reg%rd to o$t,o#,!o$rt identi#i!%tion. These ited fa tors #$st &e onsidered to %re"ent onta#ination of the inte!rity of in; o$rt identifi ations &etter. (People v. Gamer, -10 SCRA 002, 4e&. 17, 1222, 1nd Di". @P$is$#&in!A5 1%+. Does the prohibition for custodial investigation conducted without the assistance of counsel e-tend to a person in a police line, up? &onse'uently is the identification by private complainant of accused who was not assisted by counsel during police line,up admissible in evidence? Held: The &rohi-ition doe" not e tend to % &er"on in % &oli!e line,$& -e!%$"e th%t "t%ge o# %n inve"tig%tion i" not yet % &%rt o# !$"todi%l inve"tig%tion. It h%" -een re&e%tedly held th%t !$"todi%l inve"tig%tion !o((en!e" 'hen % &er"on i" t%6en into !$"tody %nd i" "ingled o$t %" % "$"&e!t in the !o((i""ion o# the !ri(e $nder inve"tig%tion %nd the &oli!e o##i!er" -egin to %"6 )$e"tion" on the "$"&e!tD" &%rti!i&%tion therein %nd 'hi!h tend to eli!it %n %d(i""ion . The "t%ge o# %n inve"tig%tion 'herein % &er"on i" %"6ed to "t%nd in % &oli!e line,$& h%" -een held to -e o$t"ide the (%ntle o# &rote!tion o# the right to !o$n"el -e!%$"e it involve" % gener%l in)$iry into %n $n"olved !ri(e %nd i" &$rely inve"tig%tory in n%t$re* It h%" %l"o -een held th%t %n $n!o$n"eled identi#i!%tion %t the &oli!e line,$& doe" not &re!l$de the %d(i""i-ility o# %n in,!o$rt identi#i!%tion. The identifi ation #ade &y the %ri"ate o#%'ainant in the %o'i e 'ine;$% %ointin! to Pa"i''are as one of his a&d$ tors is ad#issi&'e in e"iden e a'tho$!h the a $sed;a%%e''ant was not assisted &y o$nse'. 6 > > (People v. Pavillare, -17 SCRA 0/?, 07?;07., A%ri' ., 1222, En 3an @Per C$ria#A5 1%.. (etitioner in a case /- - - posits the theory that since he had no counsel during the custodial investigation when his urine sample was

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taBen and chemically e-amined 7-hibits /@1 and /? 1 - - - are also inadmissible in evidence since his urine sample was derived in effect from an uncounselled e-tra,judicial confession. (etitioner claims that the taBing of his urine sample allegedly violates !rticle III Section 2 of the &onstitution - - -.1 Should his contentions be upheld? Held: We %re not &er"$%ded* The right to !o$n"el -egin" #ro( the ti(e % &er"on i" t%6en into !$"tody %nd &l%!ed $nder inve"tig%tion #or the !o((i""ion o# % !ri(e+ i.e. 'hen the inve"tig%ting o##i!er "t%rt" to %"6 )$e"tion" to eli!it in#or(%tion %ndAor !on#e""ion or %d(i""ion" #ro( the %!!$"ed* S$!h right i" g$%r%nteed -y the Con"tit$tion %nd !%nnot -e '%ived e !e&t in 'riting %nd in the &re"en!e o# !o$n"el* Ho'ever+ 'h%t the Con"tit$tion &rohi-it" i" the $"e o# &hy"i!%l or (or%l !o(&$l"ion to e tort !o(($ni!%tion #ro( the %!!$"ed+ -$t not %n in!l$"ion o# hi" -ody in eviden!e+ 'hen it (%y -e (%teri%l* In #%!t+ %n %!!$"ed (%y v%lidly -e !o(&elled to -e &hotogr%&hed or (e%"$red+ or hi" g%r(ent" or "hoe" re(oved or re&l%!ed+ or to (ove hi" -ody to en%-le the #oregoing thing" to -e done+ 'itho$t r$nning %#o$l o# the &ro"!ri&tion %g%in"t te"ti(oni%l !o(&$l"ion. The "it$%tion in the !%"e %t -%r #%ll" 'ithin the e e(&tion $nder the #reedo( #ro( te"ti(oni%l !o(&$l"ion "in!e 'h%t '%" "o$ght to -e e %(ined !%(e #ro( the -ody o# the %!!$"ed* Thi" '%" % (e!h%ni!%l %!t the %!!$"ed '%" (%de to $ndergo 'hi!h '%" not (e%nt to $ne%rth $ndi"!lo"ed #%!t" -$t to %"!ert%in &hy"i!%l %ttri-$te" deter(in%-le -y "i(&le o-"erv%tion. In fa t, the re ord shows that %etitioner and his o;a $sed were not o#%e''ed to !i"e sa#%'es of their $rine &$t they in fa t "o'$ntari'y !a"e the sa#e when they were re:$ested to $nder!o a dr$! test. ( Gutang v. People, --. SCRA ?87, *$'y ,,, 1222, 1nd Di". @De LeonA5 THE RI>HT TO BAIL 1%). In bail application where the accused is charged with a capital offense will it be proper for the judge to grant bail without conducting hearing if the prosecutor interposes no objection to such application? Why? Held: *$ris%r$den e is re%'ete with de isions o#%e''in! B$d!es to ond$ t the re:$ired hearin!s in &ai' a%%'i ations, in whi h the a $sed stands har!ed with a a%ita' offense. The %-"en!e o# o-.e!tion #ro( the &ro"e!$tion i" never % -%"i" #or the gr%nt o# -%il in "$!h !%"e"+ #or the .$dge h%" no right to &re"$(e th%t the &ro"e!$tor 6no'" 'h%t he i" doing on %!!o$nt o# #%(ili%rity 'ith the !%"e* OS%id re%"oning i" t%nt%(o$nt to !eding to the &ro"e!$tor the d$ty o# e er!i"ing .$di!i%l di"!retion to deter(ine 'hether the g$ilt o# the %!!$"ed i" "trong* M$di!i%l di"!retion i" the do(%in o# the .$dge -e#ore 'ho( the &etition #or &rovi"ion%l li-erty 'ill -e de!ided* The (%nd%ted d$ty to e er!i"e di"!retion h%" never -een re&o"ed $&on the &ro"e!$tor.M I#%osed in 6aylon v. Sison (1?- SCRA 1/?, A%ri' 0, ,77.5 was this (%nd%tory d$ty to !ond$!t % he%ring de"&ite the &ro"e!$tionK" re#$"%l to %dd$!e eviden!e in o&&o"ition to the %&&li!%tion to gr%nt %nd #i -%il. (1oselito 2. Narciso v. =lor Marie Sta. RomanaFCruz, +.R. No. ,-?.2?, Dar h ,8, 1222, -rd Di". @Pan!ani&anA5 1%%. What are the duties of the judge in cases of bail applications where the accused is charged with capital offense? Held: 6asco v. Rapatalo (107 SCRA 112, Dar h ., ,7785 en$n iated the fo''owin! d$ties of the tria' B$d!e in s$ h %etition for &ai'I ,5 Noti#y the &ro"e!$tor o# the he%ring o# the %&&li!%tion #or -%il or re)$ire hi( to "$-(it hi" re!o((end%tionG 15 Cond$!t % he%ring o# the %&&li!%tion #or -%il reg%rdle"" o# 'hether or not the &ro"e!$tion re#$"e" to &re"ent eviden!e to "ho' th%t the g$ilt o# the %!!$"ed i" "trong #or the &$r&o"e o# en%-ling the !o$rt to e er!i"e it" "o$nd di"!retionG

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-5 De!ide 'hether the eviden!e o# g$ilt o# the %!!$"ed i" "trong &ased on the s$##ary of e"iden e of the %rose $tionG ?5 I# the g$ilt o# the %!!$"ed i" not "trong+ di"!h%rge the %!!$"ed $&on the %&&rov%l o# the -%il-ond. Otherwise, %etition sho$'d &e denied. The Co$rt addedI MThe %-ove,en$(er%ted &ro!ed$re "ho$ld no' le%ve no roo( #or do$-t %" to the d$tie" o# the tri%l .$dge in !%"e" o# -%il %&&li!%tion"* So -%"i! %nd #$nd%(ent%l i" it to !ond$!t % he%ring in !onne!tion 'ith the gr%nt o# -%il in the &ro&er !%"e" th%t it 'o$ld %(o$nt to .$di!i%l %&o"t%"y #or %ny (e(-er o# the .$di!i%ry to di"!l%i( 6no'ledge or %'%rene"" thereo#.M Additiona''y, the o$rtHs !rant or ref$sa' of &ai' ($"t !ont%in % "$((%ry o# the eviden!e #or the &ro"e!$tion+ on the -%"i" o# 'hi!h "ho$ld -e #or($l%ted the .$dgeK" o'n !on!l$"ion on 'hether "$!h eviden!e i" "trong eno$gh to indi!%te the g$ilt o# the %!!$"ed. The s$##ary thereof is onsidered an %"&e!t o# &ro!ed$r%l d$e &ro!e"" for &oth the %rose $tion and the defenseG it" %-"en!e 'ill inv%lid%te the gr%nt or the deni%l o# the %&&li!%tion #or -%il. (1oselito 2. Narciso v. =lor Marie Sta. RomanaFCruz , +.R. No. ,-?.2?, Dar h ,8, 1222, -rd Di". @Pan!ani&anA5 1%$. Should the accused who remained at large after their conviction be allowed provisional liberty? &an the bail bond that the accused previously posted be used during the entire period of appeal? Held: Des%ite an order of arrest fro# the tria' o$rt and two warnin!s fro# the Co$rt of A%%ea's, %etitioners had re#ained at 'ar!e. It i" % io(%ti! th%t #or one to -e entitled to -%il+ he "ho$ld -e in the !$"tody o# the l%'+ or other'i"e+ de&rived o# li-erty* The &$r&o"e o# -%il i" to "e!$re oneD" rele%"e %nd it 'o$ld -e in!ongr$o$" to gr%nt -%il to one 'ho i" #ree . Petitioner"D Co(&li%n!e %nd :otion !%(e "hort o# %n $n!ondition%l "$-(i""ion to re"&ondent !o$rtD" l%'#$l order %nd to it" .$ri"di!tion. The tria' o$rt orre t'y denied %etitionersL #otion that they &e a''owed %ro"isiona' 'i&erty after their on"i tion, under their respective bail bonds. A%art fro# the fa t that they were at 'ar!e, Se!tion G+ R$le 00E of the Rules of Court, as a#ended &y S$%re#e Co$rt Ad#inistrati"e Cir $'ar ,1;7?, %ro"ides thatI 6 > > The Co$rt+ in it" di"!retion+ (%y %llo' the %!!$"ed to !ontin$e on &rovi"ion%l li-erty $nder the "%(e -%il -ond d$ring the PERI3D &3 !PPE!' "$-.e!t to the !on"ent o# the -ond"(%n. The -%il -ond th%t the %!!$"ed &revio$"ly &o"ted !%n only -e $"ed d$ring the 0G,d%y PERI3D &3 !PPE!' /R$le 0551 %nd NOT d$ring the entire PERI3D 3= !PPE!'. Thi" i" !on"i"tent 'ith Se!tion 5/%1 o# R$le 00E 'hi!h &rovide" th%t the -%il 2"h%ll -e e##e!tive $&on %&&rov%l %nd re(%in in #or!e %t %ll "t%ge" o# the !%"e+ $nle"" "ooner !%n!elled+ /N&I' &HE PR3M/'G!&I3N 3= &HE 1/DGMEN& 3= &HE REGI3N!' &RI!' C3/R& irre"&e!tive o# 'hether the !%"e '%" origin%lly #iled in or %&&e%led to it.F This a#end#ent, introd$ ed &y SC Ad#inistrati"e Cir $'ar ,1;7? is a de%art$re fro# the o'd r$'es whi h then %ro"ided that &ai' sha'' &e effe ti"e and re#ain in for e at a'' sta!es of the ase $nti' its f$'' deter#ination, and th$s e"en d$rin! the %eriod of a%%ea'. :oreover+ $nder the &re"ent r$le+ #or the %!!$"ed to !ontin$e hi" &rovi"ion%l li-erty on the "%(e -%il -ond d$ring the &eriod to %&&e%l+ !on"ent o# the -ond"(%n i" ne!e""%ry. 4ro# the re ord, it a%%ears that the &onds#an > > > fi'ed a #otion in the tria' o$rt > > > for the an e''ation of %etitionersL &ai' &ond for the 'atterLs fai'$re to renew the sa#e $%on its e>%iration. O&tainin! the onsent of the &onds#an was, th$s, fore 'osed. (Magu$$atu v. Court of !ppeals, -10 SCRA -01, 4e&. 1-, 1222, ,st Di". @)a%$nanA5

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1%#. Is a condition in an application for bail that accused be first arraigned before he could be granted bail valid? Held: In re:$irin! that %etitioner &e first arrai!ned &efore he o$'d &e !ranted &ai', the tria' o$rt a%%rehended that if %etitioner were re'eased on &ai' he o$'d, &y &ein! a&sent, %re"ent his ear'y arrai!n#ent and there&y de'ay his tria' $nti' the o#%'ainants !ot tired and 'ost interest in their ases. <en e, to ens$re his %resen e at the arrai!n#ent, a%%ro"a' of %etitionerLs &ai' &onds sho$'d &e deferred $nti' he o$'d &e arrai!ned. After that, e"en if %etitioner does not a%%ear, tria' an %ro eed as 'on! as he is notified of the date of the hearin! and his fai'$re to a%%ear is $nB$stified, sin e $nder Art. III, Se . ,?(15 of the Constit$tion, tria' in absencia is a$thoriJed. This see#s to &e the theory of the tria' o$rt in its > > > order onditionin! the !rant of &ai' to %etitioner on his arrai!n#ent. Thi" theory i" (i"t%6en. /01 In the #ir"t &l%!e in !%"e" 'here it i" %$thori8ed+ -%il "ho$ld -e gr%nted -e#ore %rr%ign(ent+ other'i"e the %!!$"ed (%y -e &re!l$ded #ro( #iling % (otion to )$%"h* 9or i# the in#or(%tion i" )$%"hed %nd the !%"e i" di"(i""ed+ there 'o$ld then -e no need #or the %rr%ign(ent o# the %!!$"ed . /51 In the "e!ond &l%!e+ the tri%l !o$rt !o$ld en"$re the &re"en!e o# &etitioner %t the %rr%ign(ent &re!i"ely -y gr%nting -%il %nd ordering hi" &re"en!e %t %ny "t%ge o# the &ro!eeding"+ "$!h %" %rr%ign(ent* Under R$le 00E+ Se!* 5/-1 o# the R$le" on Cri(in%l Pro!ed$re+ one o# the !ondition" o# -%il i" th%t 2the %!!$"ed "h%ll %&&e%r -e#ore the &ro&er !o$rt 'henever "o re)$ired -y the !o$rt or the"e R$le"+3 'hile $nder R$le 00I+ Se!* 0/-1 the &re"en!e o# the %!!$"ed %t the %rr%ign(ent i" re)$ired. On the other hand, to ondition the !rant of &ai' to an a $sed on his arrai!n#ent wo$'d &e to %'a e hi# in a %osition where he has to hoose &etween /01 filing a motion to 'uash and thus delay his release on bail because until his motion to 'uash can be resolved his arraignment cannot be held, and /51 foregoing the filing of a motion to 'uash so that he can be arraigned at once and thereafter be released on bail. The"e "!en%rio" !ert%inly $nder(ine the %!!$"edD" !on"tit$tion%l right not to -e &$t on tri%l e !e&t $&on v%lid !o(&l%int or in#or(%tion "$##i!ient to !h%rge hi( 'ith % !ri(e %nd hi" right to -%il . ('avi$es v. C!, -1? SCRA -1,, 4e&. ,, 1222, 1nd Di". @DendoJaA5 THE RI>HT TO BE IN9OR:ED O9 THE NATURE AND CAUSE O9 ACCUSATION A>AINST THE ACCUSED 1$2. What are the objectives of the right to be informed of the nature and cause of accusations against the accused? Held: Instr$ ti"e in this re!ard is Se!tion I+ R$le 00J of the Rules of Court > > >. The &$r&o"e o# the %-ove,)$oted r$le i" to in#or( the %!!$"ed o# the n%t$re %nd !%$"e o# the %!!$"%tion %g%in"t hi(+ % right g$%r%nteed -y no le"" th%n the #$nd%(ent%l l%' o# the l%nd (Arti!le III+ Se!tion 0E<5=, 7:., Constitution5. E'a&oratin! on the defendantLs ri!ht to &e infor#ed, the Co$rt he'd in Pec)o v. People (101 SCRA .,/5 that the o&Be ti"es of this ri!ht areI ,5 To #$rni"h the %!!$"ed 'ith "$!h % de"!ri&tion o# the !h%rge %g%in"t hi( %" 'ill en%-le hi( to (%6e the de#en"eG 15 To %v%il hi("el# o# hi" !onvi!tion or %!)$itt%l #or &rote!tion %g%in"t % #$rther &ro"e!$tion #or the "%(e !%$"eG and -5 To in#or( the !o$rt o# the #%!t" %lleged+ "o th%t it (%y de!ide 'hether they %re "$##i!ient in l%' to "$&&ort % !onvi!tion+ i# one "ho$ld -e h%d. It i" th$" i(&er%tive th%t the In#or(%tion #iled 'ith the tri%l !o$rt -e !o(&lete N to the end th%t the %!!$"ed (%y "$it%-ly &re&%re

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#or hi" de#en"e* Coroll%ry to thi"+ %n indi!t(ent ($"t #$lly "t%te the ele(ent" o# the "&e!i#i! o##en"e %lleged to h%ve -een !o((itted %" it i" the re!it%l o# the e""enti%l" o# % !ri(e 'hi!h deline%te" the n%t$re %nd !%$"e o# %!!$"%tion %g%in"t the %!!$"ed. 6 > > In the ase $nder s r$tiny, the infor#ation does not allege the minority of the victim > > > a'tho$!h the sa#e was %ro"en d$rin! the tria' > > >. The o#ission is not #ere'y for#a' in nat$re sin e do trina''y, an a $sed annot &e he'd 'ia&'e for #ore than what he is indi ted for. It #atters not how on '$si"e and on"in in! the e"iden e of !$i't #ay &e, &$t an a $sed annot &e on"i ted of any offense, not har!ed in the Co#%'aint or Infor#ation on whi h he is tried or therein ne essari'y in '$ded. <e has a ri!ht to &e infor#ed of the nat$re of the offense with whi h he is har!ed &efore he is %$t on tria'. To on"i t an a $sed of an offense hi!her than that har!ed in the Co#%'aint or Infor#ation on whi h he is tried wo$'d onstit$te $na$thoriJed denia' of that ri!ht. (People v. 6ayya *+, SCR! ,,7, Dar h ,2, 1222, En 3an @P$risi#aA5 THE RI>HT TO A 9AIR TRIAL 1$1. What is the purpose of the rule barring trial or sentence of an insane person? What are the reasons underlying it? Held: The r$'e &arrin! tria' or senten e of an insane %erson is for the %rote tion of the a $sed, rather than of the %$&'i . It has &een he'd that it is inh$#an to re:$ire an a $sed disa&'ed &y +od to #a9e a B$st defense for his 'ife or 'i&erty . To &$t % leg%lly in!o(&etent &er"on on tri%l or to !onvi!t %nd "enten!e hi( i" % viol%tion o# the !on"tit$tion%l right" to % #%ir tri%l4 %nd thi" h%" "ever%l re%"on" $nderlying it. /01 9or one+ the ACCURAC; o# the &ro!eeding" (%y not -e %""$red+ %" %n in!o(&etent de#end%nt 'ho !%nnot !o(&rehend the &ro!eeding" (%y not %&&re!i%te 'h%t in#or(%tion i" relev%nt to the &roo# o# hi" inno!en!e* :oreover+ he i" not in % &o"ition to e er!i"e (%ny o# the right" %##orded % de#end%nt in % !ri(in%l !%"e+ e.g. the right to e##e!tively !on"$lt 'ith !o$n"el+ the right to te"ti#y in hi" o'n -eh%l#+ %nd the right to !on#ront o&&o"ing 'itne""e"+ 'hi!h right" %re "%#eg$%rd" #or the %!!$r%!y o# the tri%l re"$lt. /51 Secon$ the 9AIRNESS o# the &ro!eeding" (%y -e )$e"tioned+ %" there %re !ert%in -%"i! de!i"ion" in the !o$r"e o# % !ri(in%l &ro!eeding 'hi!h % de#end%nt i" e &e!ted to (%6e #or hi("el#+ %nd one o# the"e i" hi" PLEA. /71 &)ir$ the DI>NIT; o# the &ro!eeding" (%y -e di"r$&ted+ #or %n in!o(&etent de#end%nt i" li6ely to !ond$!t hi("el# in the !o$rtroo( in % (%nner 'hi!h (%y de"troy the DECORU: o# the !o$rt* Even i# the de#end%nt re(%in" &%""ive+ hi" l%!6 o# !o(&rehen"ion #$nd%(ent%lly i(&%ir" the #$n!tioning o# the tri%l &ro!e""* A !ri(in%l &ro!eeding i" e""enti%lly %n %dver"%ri%l &ro!eeding* I# the de#end%nt i" not % !on"!io$" %nd intelligent &%rti!i&%nt+ the %d.$di!%tion lo"e" it" !h%r%!ter %" % re%"oned inter%!tion -et'een %n individ$%l %nd hi" !o(($nity %nd -e!o(e" %nd inve!tive %g%in"t %n in"en"i-le o-.e!t. /E1 =ourt)+ it i" i(&ort%nt th%t the de#end%nt 6no'" 'hy he i" -eing &$ni"hed+ % !o(&rehen"ion 'hi!h i" gre%tly de&endent $&on hi" $nder"t%nding o# 'h%t o!!$r" %t tri%l* An in!o(&etent de#end%nt (%y not re%li8e the (or%l re&rehen"i-ility o# hi" !ond$!t* The "o!iet%l go%l o# in"tit$tion%li8ed retri-$tion (%y -e #r$"tr%ted 'hen the #or!e o# the "t%te i" -ro$ght to -e%r %g%in"t one 'ho !%nnot !o(&rehend it" "igni#i!%n!e. (People v. Estra$a, --- SCRA 077, 8,/;8,7, *$ne ,7, 1222, En 3an @P$noA5 THE RI>HT TO AN I:PARTIAL TRIAL 1$2. What are the two principal legal and philosophical schools of thought on how to deal with the rain of unrestrained publicity during the investigation and trial of high profile cases?

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Held: There are two (15 %rin i%a' 'e!a' and %hi'oso%hi a' s hoo's of tho$!ht on how to dea' with the rain of $nrestrained %$&'i ity d$rin! the in"esti!ation and tria' of hi!h %rofi'e ases . The 6ritis) approac) the %ro&'e# with the presumption th%t &$-li!ity 'ill &re.$di!e % .$ry. Th$s, En!'ish o$rts readi'y stay and sto% ri#ina' tria's when the ri!ht of an a $sed to fair tria' s$ffers a threat. The !merican approac) is different. =S o$rts ass$#e a sAeptical %&&ro%!h %-o$t the &otenti%l e##e!t o# &erv%"ive &$-li!ity on the right o# %n %!!$"ed to % #%ir tri%l. They ha"e de"e'o%ed different strains of TESTS to reso'"e this iss$e, i.e., "$-"t%nti%l &ro-%-ility o# irre&%r%-le h%r(, "trong li6elihood, !le%r %nd &re"ent d%nger, et . (Estra$a v. Desierto, +.R. Nos. ,?08,2;,., Dar h 1, 122,, En 3an @P$noA5 1$*. Should the 9mbudsman be stopped from conducting the investigation of the cases filed against petitioner <former (resident> 7strada due to the barrage of prejudicial publicity on his guilt? Held: Petitioner > > > ontends that the res%ondent O#&$ds#an sho$'d &e sto%%ed fro# ond$ tin! the in"esti!ation of the ases fi'ed a!ainst hi# d$e to the &arra!e of %reB$di ia' %$&'i ity on his !$i't. <e s$&#its that the res%ondent O#&$ds#an has de"e'o%ed &ias and is a'' set to fi'e the ri#ina' ases in "io'ation of his ri!ht to d$e %ro ess. 6 > > This is not the first time the iss$e of tria' &y %$&'i ity has &een raised in this Co$rt to sto% the tria's or ann$' on"i tions in hi!h %rofi'e ri#ina' ases. In People v. &ee)anAee 1r. (1?7 SCRA .? @,77.A5, 'ater reiterated in the ase of 'arranaga v. Court of !ppeals et al. (1/8 SCRA ./, at %%. .70;.78 @,77/A5, we 'aid down the do trine thatI EWe annot s$stain a%%e''antLs 'ai# that he was denied the ri!ht to i#%artia' tria' d$e to %reB$di ia' %$&'i ity. It is tr$e that the %rint and &road ast #edia !a"e the ase at &ar %er"asi"e %$&'i ity, B$st 'i9e a'' hi!h %rofi'e and hi!h sta9e ri#ina' tria's. &)en an$ no( (e rule t)at t)e rig)t of an accuse$ to a fair trial is not incompati#le to a free press. To -e "$re+ re"&on"i-le re&orting enh%n!e" %n %!!$"edD" right to % #%ir tri%l #or+ %" 'ell &ointed o$t+ % re"&on"i-le &re"" h%" %l'%y" -een reg%rded %" the h%nd(%iden o# e##e!tive .$di!i%l %d(ini"tr%tion+ e"&e!i%lly in the !ri(in%l #ield * The &re"" doe" not "i(&ly &$-li"h in#or(%tion %-o$t tri%l" -$t g$%rd" %g%in"t the (i"!%rri%ge o# .$"ti!e -y "$-.e!ting the &oli!e+ &ro"e!$tor"+ %nd .$di!i%l &ro!e""e" to e ten"ive &$-li! "!r$tiny %nd !riti!i"(* Perv%"ive &$-li!ity i" not per se &re.$di!i%l to the right o# %n %!!$"ed to #%ir tri%l* The (ere #%!t th%t the tri%l o# %&&ell%nt '%" given % d%y,to,d%y+ g%vel,to,g%vel !over%ge doe" not #y itself &rove th%t the &$-li!ity "o &er(e%ted the (ind o# the tri%l .$dge %nd i(&%ired hi" i(&%rti%lity . 4or one, it is i#%ossi&'e to sea' the #inds of #e#&ers of the &en h fro# %re; tria' and other off; o$rt %$&'i ity of sensationa' ri#ina' ases. The state of the art of o$r o##$ni ation syste# &rin!s news as they ha%%en strai!ht to o$r &rea9fast ta&'es and ri!ht to o$r &edroo#s. These news for# %art of o$r e"eryday #en$ of the fa ts and fi tions of 'ife. 4or another, o$r idea of a fair and i#%artia' B$d!e is not that of a her#it who is o$t of to$ h with the wor'd. We ha"e not insta''ed the B$ry syste# whose #e#&ers are o"er'y %rote ted fro# %$&'i ity 'est they 'ose their i#%artia'ity. > > >. O$r .$dge" %re le%rned in the l%' %nd tr%ined to di"reg%rd o##,!o$rt eviden!e %nd on,!%(er% &er#or(%n!e" o# &%rtie" to % litig%tion* Their (ere e &o"$re to &$-li!%tion" %nd &$-li!ity "t$nt" doe" not per se #%t%lly in#e!t their i(&%rti%lity.

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At -e"t+ %&&ell%nt !%n only !on.$re P3SSI6I'I&? 3= PRE1/DICE on the &%rt o# the tri%l .$dge d$e to the -%rr%ge o# &$-li!ity th%t !h%r%!teri8ed the inve"tig%tion %nd tri%l o# the !%"e* In Martelino et al. v. !le0an$ro et al. 'e re.e!ted thi" "t%nd%rd o# &o""i-ility o# &re.$di!e %nd %do&ted the te"t o# !C&/!' PRE1/DICE %" 'e r$led th%t to '%rr%nt % #inding o# &re.$di!i%l &$-li!ity+ there ($"t -e %lleg%tion %nd &roo# th%t the .$dge" h%ve -een $nd$ly in#l$en!ed+ not "i(&ly th%t they (ight -e+ -y the -%rr%ge o# &$-li!ity . In the ase at &ar, the re ords do not show that the tria' B$d!e de"e'o%ed actual bias a!ainst a%%e''ant as a onse:$en e of the e>tensi"e #edia o"era!e of the %re;tria' and tria' of his ase. The totality of circumstances of t)e case doe" not &rove th%t the tri%l .$dge %!)$ired % fiIe$ o&inion %" % re"$lt o# &re.$di!i%l &$-li!ity whi h is in a%a&'e of han!e e"en &y e"iden e %resented d$rin! the tria'. A%%e''ant has the &$rden to %ro"e this a t$a' &ias and he has not dis har!ed the &$rden.F We e>%o$nded f$rther on this do trine in the s$&se:$ent ase of Be## v. Hon. Raul $e 'eon etc. (1?8 SCRA 0.1 @,77.A5 and its o#%anion ases, vi=.N EA!ain, %etitioners raise the effe t of %reB$di ia' %$&'i ity on their ri!ht to d$e %ro ess whi'e $nder!oin! %re'i#inary in"esti!ation. We find no %ro ed$ra' i#%edi#ent to its ear'y in"o ation onsiderin! the s$&stantia' ris9 to their 'i&erty who'e $nder!oin! a %re'i#inary in"esti!ation. 6 > > The de(o!r%ti! "etting"+ (edi% !over%ge o# tri%l" o# "en"%tion%l !%"e" !%nnot -e %voided %nd o#tenti(e"+ it" e !e""ivene"" h%" -een %ggr%v%ted -y 6ineti! develo&(ent" in the tele!o(($ni!%tion" ind$"try. 4or s$re, few ases an #at h the hi!h "o'$#e and hi!h "e'o ity of %$&'i ity that attended the %re'i#inary in"esti!ation of the ase at &ar. O$r dai'y diet of fa ts and fi tion a&o$t the ase ontin$es $na&ated e"en today. Co##entators sti'' &o#&ard the %$&'i with "iews not too #any of whi h are so&er and s$&'i#e. Indeed, e"en the %rin i%a' a tors in the ase C the N3I, the res%ondents, their 'awyers and their sy#%athiJers C ha"e %arti i%ated in this #edia &'itJ. The &o""i-ility o# (edi% %-$"e" %nd their thre%t to % #%ir tri%l not'ith"t%nding+ !ri(in%l tri%l" !%nnot -e !o(&letely !lo"ed to the &re"" %nd &$-li!. In the se#ina' ase of Ric)mon$ Ne(spapers Inc. v. 2irginia, it was wise'y he'dI O> > > (a5 The histori a' e"iden e of the e"o'$tion of the ri#ina' tria' in An!'o;A#eri an B$sti e de#onstrates on '$si"e'y that at the ti#e this NationLs or!ani 'aws were ado%ted, ri#ina' tria's &oth here and in En!'and had 'on! &een %res$#%ti"e'y o%en, th$s !i"in! ass$ran e that the %ro eedin!s were ond$ ted fair'y to a'' on erned and dis o$ra!in! %erB$ry, the #is ond$ t of %arti i%ants, or de isions &ased on se ret &ias or %artia'ity. In addition, the si!nifi ant o##$nity thera%e$ti "a'$e of %$&'i tria's was re o!niJedI when a sho 9in! ri#e o $rs, a o##$nity rea tion of o$tra!e and %$&'i %rotest often fo''ows, and thereafter the o%en %ro esses of B$sti e ser"e an i#%ortant %ro%hy'a ti %$r%ose, %ro"idin! an o$t'et for o##$nity on ern, hosti'ity, and e#otion. To wor9 effe ti"e'y, it is i#%ortant that so ietyLs ri#ina' %ro ess Osatisfy the a%%earan e of B$sti e,L Off$tt ". =nited States, -?/ =S ,,, ,?, 77 L Ed ,,, 8. S Ct ,,, whi h an &est &e %ro"ided &y a''owin! %eo%'e to o&ser"e s$ h %ro ess. 4ro# this $n&ro9en, $n ontradi ted history, s$%%orted &y reasons as "a'id today as in ent$ries %ast,

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it #$st &e on '$ded that a %res$#%tion of o%enness inheres in the "ery nat$re of a ri#ina' tria' $nder this NationLs syste# of B$sti e, Cf., e.!., Le"ine ". =nited States, -01 =S 0,2, ? L Ed 1d 7/7, /2 S Ct ,2-/. (&5 The #reedo(" o# "&ee!h+ &re""+ %nd %""e(-ly+ e &re""ly g$%r%nteed -y the 9ir"t A(end(ent+ "h%re % !o((on !ore &$r&o"e o# %""$ring #reedo( o# !o(($ni!%tion on (%tter" rel%ting to the #$n!tioning o# govern(ent* In g$%r%nteeing #reedo(" "$!h %" tho"e o# "&ee!h %nd &re""+ the 9ir"t A(end(ent !%n -e re%d %" &rote!ting the right o# everyone to %ttend tri%l" "o %" give (e%ning to tho"e e &li!it g$%r%ntee"4 the 9ir"t A(end(ent right to re!eive in#or(%tion %nd ide%" (e%n"+ in the !onte t o# tri%l"+ th%t the g$%r%ntee" o# "&ee!h %nd &re""+ "t%nding %lone+ &rohi-it govern(ent #ro( "$((%rily !lo"ing !o$rtroo( door" 'hi!h h%d long -een o&en to the &$-li! %t the ti(e the 9ir"t A(end(ent '%" %do&ted. Doreo"er, the ri!ht of asse#&'y is a'so re'e"ant, ha"in! &een re!arded not on'y as an inde%endent ri!ht &$t a'so as a ata'yst to a$!#ent the free e>er ise of the other 4irst A#end#ent ri!hts with whi h it was de'i&erate'y 'in9ed &y the drafts#en. A tria' o$rtroo# is a %$&'i %'a e where the %eo%'e !enera''y C and re%resentati"es of the #edia C ha"e a ri!ht to &e %resent, and where their %resen e histori a''y has &een tho$!ht to enhan e the inte!rity and :$a'ity of what ta9es %'a e. ( 5 Even tho$gh the Con"tit$tion !ont%in" no &rovi"ion 'hi!h -y it" ter(" g$%r%ntee" to the &$-li! the right to %ttend !ri(in%l tri%l"+ v%rio$" #$nd%(ent%l right"+ not e &re""ly g$%r%nteed+ h%ve -een re!ogni8ed %" indi"&en"%-le to the en.oy(ent o# en$(er%ted right"* The right to %ttend !ri(in%l tri%l i" i(&li!it in the g$%r%ntee" o# the 9ir"t A(end(ent: 'itho$t the #reedo( to %ttend "$!h tri%l"+ 'hi!h &eo&le h%ve e er!i"ed #or !ent$rie"+ i(&ort%nt %"&e!t" o# #reedo( o# "&ee!h %nd o# the &re"" !o$ld -e evi"!er%ted.L 3e that as it #ay, we re o!niJe that %er"asi"e and %reB$di ia' %$&'i ity $nder ertain ir $#stan es an de%ri"e an a $sed of his d$e %ro ess ri!ht to fair tria'. Th$s, in Martelino et al. v. !le0an$ro et al. we he'd that to '%rr%nt % #inding o# &re.$di!i%l &$-li!ity there ($"t -e allegation an$ proof th%t the .$dge" h%ve -een $nd$ly in#l$en!ed+ not "i(&ly th%t they (ight -e+ -y the -%rr%ge o# &$-li!ity . In the ase at &ar, we find nothin! in the re ords that wi'' %ro"e that the tone and ontent of the %$&'i ity that attended the in"esti!ation of %etitioners fata''y infe ted the fairness and i#%artia'ity of the DO* Pane'. Petitioner" !%nnot .$"t rely on the "$-li(in%l e##e!t" o# &$-li!ity on the "en"e o# #%irne"" o# the DOM P%nel+ #or the"e %re -%"i!%lly $n-e6no'n %nd -eyond 6no'ing. To &e s$re, the DO* Pane' is o#%osed of an Assistant Chief State Prose $tor and Senior State Prose $tors. Their 'on! e>%erien e in ri#ina' in"esti!ation is a fa tor to onsider in deter#inin! whether they an easi'y &e &'inded &y the 9'ie! 'i!hts of %$&'i ity. Indeed, their 10;%a!e Reso'$tion arries no ind$&ita&'e indi ia of &ias for it does not a%%ear that they onsidered any e>tra;re ord e"iden e e> e%t e"iden e %ro%er'y add$ ed &y the %arties. The 'en!th of ti#e the in"esti!ation was ond$ ted des%ite it s$##ary nat$re and the !enerosity with whi h they a o##odated the dis o"ery #otions of %etitioners s%ea9 we'' of their fairness. At no instan e, we note, did %etitioners see9 the dis:$a'ifi ation of any #e#&er of the DO* Pane' on the !ro$nd of &ias res$'tin! fro# their &o#&ard#ent of %reB$di ia' %$&'i ity.F A&&lying the %-ove r$ling+ 'e hold th%t t)ere is not enoug) evi$ence to (arrant t)is Court to en0oin t)e preliminary investigation of t)e

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petitioner #y t)e respon$ent 3m#u$sman. Petitioner need" to o##er (ore th%n ho"tile he%dline" to di"!h%rge hi" -$rden o# &roo#. He need" to "ho' (ore th%n 'eighty "o!i%l "!ien!e eviden!e to "$!!e""#$lly &rove the i(&%ired !%&%!ity o# % .$dge to render % -i%",#ree de!i"ion. We'' to note, the ases a!ainst the %etitioner are still undergoing %re'i#inary in"esti!ation &y a s%e ia' %ane' of %rose $tors in the offi e of the res%ondent O#&$ds#an. No a''e!ation whatsoe"er has &een #ade &y the %etitioner that the #inds of the #e#&ers of this s%e ia' %ane' ha"e a'ready &een infe ted &y &ias &e a$se of the %er"asi"e %reB$di ia' %$&'i ity a!ainst hi#. Indeed, the s%e ia' %ane' has yet to o#e o$t with its findin!s and the Co$rt annot se ond !$ess whether its re o##endation wi'' &e $nfa"ora&'e to the %etitioner. (Estra$a v. Desierto, +.R. Nos. ,?08,2;,., Dar h 1, 122,, En 3an @P$noA5 THE RI>HT A>AINST SEL9,INCRI:INATION 1$+. Discuss the types of immunity statutes. of protection? Which has broader scope

Held: O$r i(($nity "t%t$te" %re o# A(eri!%n origin. In the =nited States, there are two ty%es of stat$tory i##$nity !ranted to a witness. They are the tr%n"%!tion%l i(($nity and the $"e,%nd, deriv%tive,$"e i(($nity. Tr%n"%!tion%l i(($nity i" -ro%der in the "!o&e o# it" &rote!tion* By it" gr%nt+ % 'itne"" !%n no longer -e &ro"e!$ted #or %ny o##en"e 'h%t"oever %ri"ing o$t o# the %!t or tr%n"%!tion. In ontrast, &y the !rant of $"e,%nd,deriv%tive,$"e i(($nity+ % 'itne"" i" only %""$red th%t hi" or her &%rti!$l%r te"ti(ony %nd eviden!e derived #ro( it 'ill not -e $"ed %g%in"t hi( or her in % "$-"e)$ent &ro"e!$tion. (Mapa 1r. v. San$igan#ayan, 1-, SCRA 8/-, 878;87/, A%ri' 10, ,77?, En 3an @P$noA5 1$.. Is the grant of immunity to an accused willing to testify for the government a special privilege and therefore must be strictly construed against the accused? Held: @WAe reBe t res%ondent o$rtLs r$'in! that the !rant of se tion . i##$nity #$st &e stri t'y onstr$ed a!ainst the %etitioners. It si#%'isti a''y hara teriJed the !rant as a s%e ia' %ri"i'e!e, as if it was !ifted &y the !o"ern#ent, e- gratia. In t%6ing thi" &o"t$re+ it (i"re%d the raison $> etre %nd the long &edigree o# the right %g%in"t "el#,in!ri(in%tion visFQFvis i(($nity "t%t$te". The days of in:$isition &ro$!ht a&o$t the #ost des%i a&'e a&$ses a!ainst h$#an ri!hts. Not the 'east of these a&$ses is the e>%ert $se of oer ed onfessions to send to the !$i''otine e"en the !$i't'ess. To !$ard a!ainst the re $rren e of this tota'itarian #ethod, the ri!ht a!ainst se'f;in ri#ination was ens on ed in the f$nda#enta' 'aws of a'' i"i'iJed o$ntries. Over the ye%r"+ ho'ever+ !%(e the need to %""i"t govern(ent in it" t%"6 o# !ont%ining !ri(e #or &e%!e %nd order i" % ne!e""%ry (%tri o# &$-li! 'el#%re* To %!!o((od%te the need+ the right %g%in"t "el#,in!ri(in%tion '%" "tri&&ed o# it" %-"ol$tene""* I(($nity "t%t$te" in v%rying "h%&e" 'ere en%!ted 'hi!h 'o$ld %llo' govern(ent to !o(&el % 'itne"" to te"ti#y de"&ite hi" &le% o# the right %g%in"t "el#, in!ri(in%tion* To in"$l%te the"e "t%t$te" #ro( the vir$" o# $n!on"tit$tion%lity+ % 'itne"" i" given 'h%t h%" !o(e to -e 6no'n %" tr%n"%!tion%l or % $"e,deriv%tive,$"e i(($nity * Q$ite !le%rly+ the"e i(($nity "t%t$te" %re not % -on%n8% #ro( govern(ent* Tho"e given the &rivilege o# i(($nity &%id % high &ri!e #or it N the "$rrender o# their &re!io$" right to -e "ilent . O$r hierar hy of "a'$es de#ands that the ri!ht a!ainst se'f;in ri#ination and the ri!ht to &e si'ent sho$'d &e a orded !reater res%e t and %rote tion. Laws that tend to erode the for e of these %ree#inent ri!hts #$st ne essari'y &e !i"en a 'i&era' inter%retation in fa"or of the indi"id$a'. The !o"ern#ent has a ri!ht to so'"e ri#es &$t it #$st do it, ri!ht'y. (Mapa 1r. v. San$igan#ayan, 1-, SCRA 8/-, /2.;/20, A%ri' 10, ,77?, En 3an @P$noA5

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THE RI>HT A>AINST DOUBLE MEOPARD; 1$). Discuss the two Binds of double jeopardy. Held: O$r 3i'' of Ri!hts dea's with t'o /51 6ind" o# do$-le .eo&%rdy. The first senten e of C'a$se 12, Se tion ,, Arti 'e III of the Constit$tion ordains that Eno &er"on "h%ll -e t'i!e &$t in .eo&%rdy o# &$ni"h(ent #or the "%(e o##en"e.F The se ond senten e of said 'a$se %ro"ides that Ei# %n %!t i" &$ni"h%-le -y % l%' %nd %n ordin%n!e+ !onvi!tion or %!)$itt%l $nder either "h%ll !on"tit$te % -%r to %nother &ro"e!$tion #or the "%(e %!t .F Th$"+ the #ir"t "enten!e &rohi-it" do$-le .eo&%rdy o# &$ni"h(ent #or the SA:E O99ENSE 'here%"4 the "e!ond !onte(&l%te" do$-le .eo&%rdy o# &$ni"h(ent #or the SA:E ACT. Under the #ir"t "enten!e+ one (%y -e t'i!e &$t in .eo&%rdy o# &$ni"h(ent o# the "%(e %!t+ &rovided th%t he i" !h%rged 'ith di##erent o##en"e"+ or the o##en"e !h%rged in one !%"e i" not in!l$ded in+ or doe" not in!l$de+ the !ri(e !h%rged in the other !%"e* The "e!ond "enten!e %&&lie"+ even i# the o##en"e !h%rged %re not the "%(e+ o'ing to the #%!t th%t one !on"tit$te" % viol%tion o# %n ordin%n!e %nd the other % viol%tion o# "t%t$te* I# the t'o !h%rge" %re -%"ed on one %nd the "%(e %!t+ !onvi!tion or %!)$itt%l $nder either the l%' or the ordin%n!e "h%ll -%r % &ro"e!$tion $nder the other* In!ident%lly+ "$!h !onvi!tion or %!)$itt%l i" not indi"&en"%-le to "$"t%in the &le% o# do$-le .eo&%rdy o# &$ni"h(ent or the "%(e o##en"e* So long %" .eo&%rdy h%" -een %tt%!hed $nder one o# the in#or(%tion" !h%rging "%id o##en"e+ the de#en"e (%y -e %v%iled o# in the other !%"e involving the "%(e o##en"e+ even i# there h%" -een neither !onvi!tion nor %!)$itt%l in either !%"e. E'sewhere stated, where the offense har!ed are %ena'iJed either &y different se tions of the sa#e stat$te or &y different stat$tes, the i#%ortant in:$iry re'ates to the identity of offenses har!ed. The onstit$tiona' %rote tion a!ainst do$&'e Beo%ardy is a"ai'a&'e on'y where an identity is shown to e>ist &etween the ear'ier and the s$&se:$ent offenses har!ed. The :$estion of identity or 'a 9 of identity of offenses is addressed &y e>a#inin! the essentia' e'e#ents of ea h of the two offenses har!ed, as s$ h e'e#ents are set o$t in the res%e ti"e 'e!is'ati"e definitions of the offenses in"o'"ed. (People v. Nui0a$a, 1.7 SCRA ,7,, *$'y 1?, ,7705 1$%. What must be proved to substantiate a claim of double jeopardy? When may legal jeopardy attach? Held: To s$&stantiate a #$st &e %ro"enI 'ai# of do$&'e Beo%ardy, the fo''owin!

/01 A #ir"t .eo&%rdy ($"t h%ve %tt%!hed &rior to the "e!ond G /51 the #ir"t .eo&%rdy ($"t h%ve -een v%lidly ter(in%tedG /71 the "e!ond .eo&%rdy ($"t -e #or the "%(e o##en"e+ or the "e!ond o##en"e in!l$de" or i" ne!e""%rily in!l$ded in the o##en"e !h%rged in the #ir"t in#or(%tion+ or i" %n %tte(&t to !o((it the "%(e or i" % #r$"tr%tion thereo#. Leg%l .eo&%rdy %tt%!he" onlyI /01 $&on % v%lid indi!t(entG /-1 -e#ore % !o(&etent !o$rtG /!1 %#ter %rr%ign(entG /d1 'hen % v%lid &le% h%" -een enteredG and /e1 the !%"e '%" di"(i""ed or other'i"e ter(in%ted 'itho$t the e &re"" !on"ent o# the %!!$"ed. (Cuison v. C!, 1/7 SCRA ,.7, A%ri' ,., ,77/ @Pan!ani&anA5 1$$. In its decision in a criminal case the Judge promulgated only the civil aspect of the case but not the criminal. Will the promulgation of the criminal aspect later constitute double jeopardy? Held: Petitioner ontends that Mthe %ro#$'!ation &y *$d!e Ra#os on A%ri' ?, ,77. of the Res%ondent Co$rtHs de ision of *$ne -2, ,77, &y readin! its dis%ositi"e %ortion has effectively terminated the criminal

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cases against the petitioner - - -.H In other words, %etitioner that the first Beo%ardy atta hed at that %oint.

'ai#s

The Co$rt is not %ers$aded. A" % r$le+ % !ri(in%l &ro"e!$tion in!l$de" % !ivil %!tion #or the re!overy o# inde(nity* Hen!e+ % de!i"ion in "$!h !%"e di"&o"e" o# -oth the !ri(in%l %" 'ell %" the !ivil li%-ilitie" o# %n %!!$"ed. <ere, tria' o$rt %ro#$'!ated on'y the i"i' as%e t of the ase, &$t not the ri#ina'. @TAhe %ro#$'!ation of the CA De ision was not o#%'ete. In #%!t %nd in tr$th+ the &ro($lg%tion '%" not (erely in!o(&lete4 it '%" %l"o void* In e !e"" o# it" .$ri"di!tion+ the tri%l .$dge rendered % "$-"t%nti%lly in!o(&lete &ro($lg%tion on A&ril E+ 0CCG+ %nd he re&e%ted hi" (i"t%6e in hi" A&ril 05+ 0CCI Order* We e(&h%"i8e th%t gr%ve %-$"e o# di"!retion rendered the %#ore(entioned %!t o# the tri%l !o$rt void* Sin!e the !ri(in%l !%"e" h%ve not yet -een ter(in%ted+ the #ir"t .eo&%rdy h%" not yet %tt%!hed* Hen!e+ do$-le .eo&%rdy !%nnot &ro"&er %" % de#en"e. We #$st stress that Res%ondent Co$rtHs :$estioned De ision did not #odify or a#end its *$'y -2, ,77, De ision. It #ere'y ordered the %ro#$'!ation of the B$d!#ent of on"i tion and the f$'' e>e $tion of the %ena'ty it had ear'ier i#%osed on %etitioner. (Cuison v. C!, 1/7 SCRA ,.7, A%ri' ,., ,77/ @Pan!ani&anA5 THE RI>HT A>AINST E? POST 9ACTO LAWS AND BILLS O9 ATTAINDER 1$#. What is a bill of attainder? Is (.D. 1$)) a bill of attainder?

Held: @TAhe Co$rt, in People v. =errer (+.R. Nos. L;-10,-;,?, De e#&er 18, ,781, ?/ SCRA -/15, defined a &i'' of attainder as % legi"l%tive %!t 'hi!h in#li!t" &$ni"h(ent on individ$%l" or (e(-er" o# % &%rti!$l%r gro$& 'itho$t % .$di!i%l tri%l* E""enti%l to % -ill o# %tt%inder %re % "&e!i#i!%tion o# !ert%in individ$%l" or % gro$& o# individ$%l"+ the i(&o"ition o# % &$ni"h(ent+ &en%l or other'i"e+ %nd the l%!6 o# .$di!i%l tri%l* Thi" l%"t ele(ent+ the tot%l l%!6 o# !o$rt intervention in the #inding o# g$ilt %nd the deter(in%tion o# the %!t$%l &en%lty to -e i(&o"ed+ i" the (o"t e""enti%l. P.D. No. ,/00 does not %ossess the e'e#ents of a &i'' of attainder. It does not see9 to inf'i t %$nish#ent witho$t a B$di ia' tria'. Nowhere in the #eas$re is there a findin! of !$i't and an i#%osition of a orres%ondin! %$nish#ent. What the de ree does is to define the offense and %ro"ide for the %ena'ty that #ay &e i#%osed, s%e ifyin! the :$a'ifyin! ir $#stan es that wo$'d a!!ra"ate the offense. There is no en roa h#ent on the %ower of the o$rt to deter#ine after d$e hearin! whether the %rose $tion has %ro"ed &eyond reasona&'e do$&t that the offense of i''e!a' %ossession of firear#s has &een o##itted and that the :$a'ifyin! ir $#stan es atta hed to it has &een esta&'ished a'so &eyond reasona&'e do$&t as the Constit$tion and B$di ia' %re edents re:$ire. (Misolas v. Panga, ,/, SCRA 0?/, 0.7;002, *an. -2, ,772, En 3an @CortesA5 1#2. law? What is an e- post facto law? Is 8.!. :o. $2+# an e- post facto

Held: EI post facto l%'+ gener%lly+ &rohi-it" retro"&e!tivity o# &en%l l%'"* R.!. .+4: i" not % penal l%'* It i" % "$-"t%ntive l%' on .$ri"di!tion 'hi!h i" not &en%l in !h%r%!ter* Pen%l l%'" %re tho"e %!t" o# the Legi"l%t$re 'hi!h &rohi-it !ert%in %!t" %nd e"t%-li"h &en%ltie" #or their viol%tion"4 or tho"e th%t de#ine !ri(e"+ tre%t o# their n%t$re+ %nd &rovide #or their &$ni"h(ent* R.!. ,:,5+ 'hi!h %(ended P*D* 0IJI %" reg%rd" the S%ndig%n-%y%nD" .$ri"di!tion+ it" (ode o# %&&e%l %nd other &ro!ed$r%l (%tter"+ h%" -een de!l%red -y the Co$rt %" not % &en%l l%'+ -$t !le%rly % &ro!ed$r%l "t%t$te+ i.e. one 'hi!h &re"!ri-e" r$le" o# &ro!ed$re -y 'hi!h !o$rt" %&&lying l%'" o# %ll 6ind" !%n &ro&erly %d(ini"ter .$"ti!e* Not -eing % &en%l l%'+ the

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retro%!tive %&&li!%tion $n!on"tit$tion%l.

o#

R.!.

.+4:

!%nnot

-e

!h%llenged

%"

PetitionerD" %nd intervenor"D !ontention th%t their right to % t'o,tiered %&&e%l 'hi!h they %!)$ired $nder R*A* FCFG h%" -een dil$ted -y the en%!t(ent o# R*A* B5EC+ i" in!orre!t* The "%(e !ontention h%" %lre%dy -een re.e!ted -y the !o$rt "ever%l ti(e" !on"idering th%t the right to %&&e%l i" not % natural rig)t -$t "t%t$tory in n%t$re th%t !%n -e reg$l%ted -y l%'* The (ode o# &ro!ed$re &rovided #or in the "t%t$tory right o# %&&e%l i" not in!l$ded in the &rohi-ition %g%in"t eI post facto l%'"* R*A* B5EC &ert%in" only to (%tter" o# &ro!ed$re+ %nd -eing (erely %n %(end%tory "t%t$te it doe" not &%rt%6e the n%t$re o# %n eI post facto l%'. It does not #ete o$t a %ena'ty and, therefore, does not o#e within the %rohi&ition. Doreo"er, the 'aw did not a'ter the r$'es of e"iden e or the #ode of tria'. It has &een r$'ed that adBe ti"e stat$tes #ay &e #ade a%%'i a&'e to a tions %endin! and $nreso'"ed at the ti#e of their %assa!e. At any rate, R.A. /1?7 has %reser"ed the a $sedLs ri!ht to a%%ea' to the S$%re#e Co$rt to re"iew :$estions of 'aw. On the re#o"a' of the inter#ediate re"iew of fa ts, the S$%re#e Co$rt sti'' has the %ower of re"iew to deter#ine if the %res$#%tion of inno en e has &een on"in in!'y o"er o#e. (Panfilo M. 'acson v. &)e EIecutive Secretary, et. a'., +.R. No. ,1/270, *an. 12, ,777 @DartineJA5 AD:INISTRATIHE LAW 1#1. Describe the !dministrative &ode of 1#$%

Held: The Code is a general la( and Ein!or&or%te" in % $ni#ied do!$(ent the (%.or "tr$!t$r%l+ #$n!tion%l %nd &ro!ed$r%l &rin!i&le" o# govern%n!e (;hird Whereas &lause !dministrative &ode of 1#$%5 and Ee(-odie" !h%nge" in %d(ini"tr%tive "tr$!t$re" %nd &ro!ed$re" de"igned to "erve the &eo&le.F (0ourth Whereas &lause !dministrative &ode of 1#$%5 The Code is di"ided into se"en (85 &oo9s. These &oo9s ontain %ro"isions on the (,5 org%ni8%tion+ &o'er" %nd gener%l %d(ini"tr%tion o# de&%rt(ent"+ -$re%$" %nd o##i!e" $nder the e e!$tive -r%n!h, (15 the org%ni8%tion %nd #$n!tion" o# the Con"tit$tion%l Co((i""ion" %nd other !on"tit$tion%l -odie", (-5 the r$le" on the n%tion%l govern(ent -$dget+ %" 'ell %" g$ideline" #or the e er!i"e -y %d(ini"tr%tive %gen!ie" o# )$%"i,legi"l%tive %nd )$%"i,.$di!i%l &o'er". The Code o"ers &oth the interna' ad#inistration, i.e. interna' or!aniJation, %ersonne' and re r$it#ent, s$%er"ision and dis i%'ine, and the effe ts of the f$n tions %erfor#ed &y ad#inistrati"e offi ia's on %ri"ate indi"id$a's or %arties o$tside !o"ern#ent. (3ple v. &orres, +.R. No. ,180/., *$'y 1-, ,77/ @P$noA5 1#2. What is administrative power?

Held: !$ministrative po(er is !on!erned 'ith the 'or6 o# %&&lying &oli!ie" %nd en#or!ing order" %" deter(ined -y &ro&er govern(ent%l org%n"* It en%-le" the Pre"ident to #i % $ni#or( "t%nd%rd o# %d(ini"tr%tive e##i!ien!y %nd !he!6 the o##i!i%l !ond$!t o# hi" %gent". To this end, he an iss$e ad#inistrati"e orders, r$'es and re!$'ations. (3ple v. &orres, +.R. No. ,180/., *$'y 1-, ,77/ @P$noA5 1#*. What is an administrative order?

Held: An a$ministrative or$er is an ordin%n!e i""$ed -y the Pre"ident 'hi!h rel%te" to "&e!i#i! %"&e!t" in the %d(ini"tr%tive o&er%tion o# govern(ent. It must be in harmony with the law and should be for the sole purpose of implementing the law and carrying out the legislative policy. (3ple v. &orres, +.R. No. ,180/., *$'y 1-, ,77/ @P$noA5

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1#+.

What is the 5overnment of the 8epublic of the (hilippines?

An"'er: The Government of t)e Repu#lic of t)e P)ilippines re#er" to the !or&or%te govern(ent%l entity thro$gh 'hi!h the #$n!tion" o# the govern(ent %re e er!i"ed thro$gho$t the Phili&&ine"+ in!l$ding+ "%ve %" the !ontr%ry %&&e%r" #ro( the !onte t+ the v%rio$" %r(" thro$gh 'hi!h &oliti!%l %$thority i" (%de e##e!tive in the Phili&&ine"+ 'hether &ert%ining to the %$tono(o$" region"+ the &rovin!i%l+ !ity+ ($ni!i&%l or -%r%ng%y "$-divi"ion" or other #or(" o# lo!%l govern(ent. (Se!* 5<0=+ Introd$!tory Provi"ion"+ EIecutive 3r$er No. +:+5 1#.. What is a government instrumentality? term government instrumentality? What are included in the

An"'er: A government instrumentality refers to %ny %gen!y o# the n%tion%l govern(ent+ not integr%ted 'ithin the de&%rt(ent #r%(e'or6+ ve"ted 'ith "&e!i%l #$n!tion" or .$ri"di!tion -y l%'+ endo'ed 'ith "o(e i# not %ll !or&or%te &o'er"+ %d(ini"tering "&e!i%l #$nd"+ en.oying o&er%tion%l %$tono(y+ $"$%lly thro$gh % !h%rter* The ter( in!l$de" reg$l%tory %gen!ie"+ !h%rtered in"tit$tion" %nd govern(ent,o'ned or !ontrolled !or&or%tion". (Se!* 5<0J=+ Introd$!tory Provi"ion"+ EIecutive 3r$er No. +:+5 1#). What is a regulatory agency?

An"'er: A regulatory agency refers to %ny %gen!y e &re""ly ve"ted 'ith .$ri"di!tion to reg$l%te+ %d(ini"ter or %d.$di!%te (%tter" %##e!ting "$-"t%nti%l right" %nd intere"t o# &riv%te &er"on"+ the &rin!i&%l &o'er" o# 'hi!h %re e er!i"ed -y % !olle!tive -ody+ "$!h %" % !o((i""ion+ -o%rd or !o$n!il. (Se!* 5<00=+ Introd$!tory Provi"ion"+ EIecutive 3r$er No. +:+5 1#%. What is a chartered institution?

An"'er: A c)artere$ institution refers to %ny %gen!y org%ni8ed or o&er%ting $nder % "&e!i%l !h%rter+ %nd ve"ted -y l%' 'ith #$n!tion" rel%ting to "&e!i#i! !on"tit$tion%l &oli!ie" or o-.e!tive" . This ter# includes state universities and colleges and the monetary authority of the State. (Se!tion 5<05=+ Introd$!tory Provi"ion"+ EIecutive 3r$er No. +:+5 1#$. When is a government,owned or controlled corporation deemed to be performing proprietary function? When is it deemed to be performing governmental function? Held: +o"ern#ent;owned or ontro''ed or%orations #ay %erfor# !o"ern#enta' or %ro%rietary f$n tions or &oth, de%endin! on the %$r%ose for whi h they ha"e &een reated. I# the &$r&o"e i" to o-t%in "&e!i%l !or&or%te -ene#it" or e%rn &e!$ni%ry &ro#it+ the #$n!tion i" &ro&riet%ry* I# it i" in the intere"t o# he%lth+ "%#ety %nd #or the %dv%n!e(ent o# &$-li! good %nd 'el#%re+ %##e!ting the &$-li! in gener%l+ the #$n!tion i" govern(ent%l. Powers 'assified as E&ro&riet%ryF are those intended for private advantage and benefit. (6laHuera v. !lcala, 17. SCRA -00, ?1., Se%t. ,,, ,77/, En 3an @P$risi#aA5 1##. Does the petition for annulment of proclamation of a candidate merely involve the e-ercise by the &9?7@7& of its administrative power to review revise and reverse the actions of the board of canvassers and therefore justifies non,observance of procedural due process or does it involve the e-ercise of the &9?7@7&Ps 'uasi,judicial function? Held: T%6ing !ogni8%n!e o# &riv%te re"&ondentD" &etition" #or %nn$l(ent o# &etitionerD" &ro!l%(%tion+ CO:ELEC '%" not (erely

129

&er#or(ing %n %d(ini"tr%tive #$n!tion. The ad#inistrati"e %owers of the CODELEC in '$de the power to determine the number and location of polling places appoint election officials and inspectors conduct registration of voters deputi=e law enforcement agencies and governmental instrumentalities to ensure free orderly honest peaceful and credible elections register political parties organi=ations or coalition accredit citi=enPs arms of the &ommission prosecute election offenses and recommend to the (resident the removal of or imposition of any other disciplinary action upon any officer or employee it has de%$tiJed for "io'ation or disre!ard of its dire ti"e, order or de ision. In addition, the Co##ission a'so has direct control and supervision over all personnel involved in the conduct of election. <owe"er, the re"ol$tion o# the %dver"e !l%i(" o# &riv%te re"&ondent %nd &etitioner %" reg%rd" the e i"ten!e o# % (%ni#e"t error in the )$e"tioned !erti#i!%te o# !%nv%"" re)$ire" the CO:ELEC to %!t %" %n %r-iter* It -ehoove" the Co((i""ion to he%r -oth &%rtie" to deter(ine the ver%!ity o# their %lleg%tion" %nd to de!ide 'hether the %lleged error i" % (%ni#e"t error* Hen!e+ the re"ol$tion o# thi" i""$e !%ll" #or the e er!i"e -y the CO:ELEC o# it" )$%"i,.$di!i%l &o'er . It has been said that where a power rests in judgment or discretion so that it is of judicial nature or character but does not involve the e-ercise of functions of a judge or is conferred upon an officer other than a judicial officer it is deemed 'uasi,judicial. The CO:ELEC there#ore+ %!ting %" )$%"i,.$di!i%l tri-$n%l+ !%nnot ignore the re)$ire(ent" o# &ro!ed$r%l d$e &ro!e"" in re"olving the &etition" #iled -y &riv%te re"&ondent. (=e$erico S. San$oval v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,--/?1, *an. 10, 1222 @P$noA5 222. Discuss the Doctrine of (rimary Jurisdiction <or (rior 8esort>.

Held: Co$rt" !%nnot %nd 'ill not re"olve % !ontrover"y involving % )$e"tion 'hi!h i" 'ithin the .$ri"di!tion o# %n %d(ini"tr%tive tri-$n%l+ e"&e!i%lly 'here the )$e"tion de(%nd" the e er!i"e o# "o$nd %d(ini"tr%tive di"!retion re)$iring the "&e!i%l 6no'ledge+ e &erien!e %nd "ervi!e" o# the %d(ini"tr%tive tri-$n%l to deter(ine te!hni!%l %nd intri!%te (%tter" o# #%!t. In re ent years, it has &een the B$ris%r$dentia' trend to a%%'y this do trine to ases in"o'"in! #atters that de#and the s%e ia' o#%eten e of ad#inistrati"e a!en ies e"en if the :$estion in"o'"ed is a'so B$di ia' in hara ter. It %&&lie" 2'here % !l%i( i" origin%lly !ogni8%-le in the !o$rt"+ %nd !o(e" into &l%y 'henever en#or!e(ent o# the !l%i( re)$ire" the re"ol$tion o# i""$e" 'hi!h+ $nder % reg$l%tory "!he(e+ h%ve -een &l%!ed 'ithin the "&e!i%l !o(&eten!e o# %n %d(ini"tr%tive -ody4 in "$!h !%"e+ the .$di!i%l &ro!e"" i" "$"&ended &ending re#err%l o# "$!h i""$e" to the %d(ini"tr%tive -ody #or it" vie'.F In !%"e" 'here the do!trine o# &ri(%ry .$ri"di!tion i" !le%rly %&&li!%-le+ the !o$rt !%nnot %rrog%te $nto it"el# the %$thority to re"olve % !ontrover"y+ the .$ri"di!tion over 'hi!h i" lodged 'ith %n %d(ini"tr%tive -ody o# "&e!i%l !o(&eten!e. (2illaflor v. C!, 1/2 SCRA 1/85 221. Discuss the Doctrine of 7-haustion of !dministrative 8emedies. 7numerate e-ceptions thereto. Held: ,. Be#ore % &%rty i" %llo'ed to "ee6 the intervention o# the !o$rt+ it i" % &re,!ondition th%t he "ho$ld h%ve %v%iled o# %ll the (e%n" o# %d(ini"tr%tive &ro!e""e" %##orded hi(* Hen!e+ i# % re(edy 'ithin the %d(ini"tr%tive (%!hinery !%n "till -e re"orted to -y giving the %d(ini"tr%tive o##i!er !on!erned every o&&ort$nity to de!ide on % (%tter th%t !o(e" 'ithin hi" .$ri"di!tion then "$!h re(edy "ho$ld -e e h%$"ted #ir"t -e#ore the !o$rtD" .$di!i%l &o'er !%n -e "o$ght* The &re(%t$re invo!%tion o# !o$rtD" .$ri"di!tion i" #%t%l to oneD" !%$"e o# %!tion* A!!ordingly+ %-"ent %ny #inding o# '%iver or e"to&&el the !%"e i" "$"!e&ti-le o# di"(i""%l #or l%!6 o# !%$"e o# %!tion. This do trine

130

of e>ha$stion of ad#inistrati"e re#edies was not witho$t its %ra ti a' and 'e!a' reasons, for one thin!, a"ai'#ent of ad#inistrati"e re#edy entai's 'esser e>%enses and %ro"ides for a s%eedier dis%osition of ontro"ersies. It is no 'ess tr$e to state that the o$rts of B$sti e for reasons of o#ity and on"enien e wi'' shy away fro# a dis%$te $nti' the syste# of ad#inistrati"e redress has &een o#%'eted and o#%'ied with so as to !i"e the ad#inistrati"e a!en y on erned e"ery o%%ort$nity to orre t its error and to dis%ose of the ase. Thi" do!trine i" di"reg%rdedI ,5 when there is a viol%tion o# d$e &ro!e""G 15 when the i""$e involved i" &$rely % leg%l )$e"tionG -5 when the %d(ini"tr%tive %!tion i" &%tently illeg%l %(o$nting to l%!6 or e !e"" o# .$ri"di!tionG ?5 when there is e"to&&el on the &%rt o# the %d(ini"tr%tive %gen!y !on!ernedG .5 when there is irre&%r%-le in.$ryG 05 when the re"&ondent i" % de&%rt(ent "e!ret%ry 'ho"e %!t" %" %n alter ego o# the Pre"ident -e%r" the i(&lied %nd %""$(ed %&&rov%l o# the l%tterG 85 when to re:$ire e h%$"tion o# %d(ini"tr%tive re(edie" 'o$ld -e $nre%"on%-leG /5 when it wo$'d %(o$nt to % n$lli#i!%tion o# % !l%i(G 75 when the "$-.e!t (%tter i" % &riv%te l%nd in l%nd !%"e &ro!eedingG ,25 when the r$'e does not &rovide % &l%in+ "&eedy %nd %de)$%te re(edy, and ,,5 when there are !ir!$("t%n!e" indi!%ting the $rgen!y o# .$di!i%l intervention. (Paat v. C!, 100 SCRA ,08 @,778A5 Non,e h%$"tion o# %d(ini"tr%tive re(edie" i" not .$ri"di!tion%l* It only render" the %!tion &re(%t$re+ i.e. !l%i(ed !%$"e o# %!tion i" not ri&e #or .$di!i%l deter(in%tion %nd #or th%t re%"on % &%rty h%" no !%$"e o# %!tion to ventil%te in !o$rt. (Carale v. !#arintos, 107 SCRA ,-15 THE LAW O9 PUBLIC O99ICERS 222. Define !ppointment. Discuss its nature.

Held: An E!((9I:;?7:;F to a %$&'i offi e is the $ne)$ivo!%l %!t o# de"ign%ting or "ele!ting -y one h%ving the %$thority there#or o# %n individ$%l to di"!h%rge %nd &er#or( the d$tie" %nd #$n!tion" o# %n o##i!e or tr$"t. The a%%oint#ent is dee(ed !o(&lete on!e the l%"t %!t re)$ired o# the %&&ointing %$thority h%" -een !o(&lied 'ith %nd it" %!!e&t%n!e there%#ter -y the %&&ointee in order to render it e##e!tive. A%%oint#ent ne essari'y a''s for an eIercise of $iscretion on the %art of the a%%ointin! a$thority. In Pamantasan ng 'ungso$ ng Maynila v. Interme$iate !ppellate Court (,?2 SCRA 115, reiterated in =lores v. Drilon (11- SCRA .0/5, this Co$rt has he'dI EThe &o'er to %&&oint i"+ in e""en!e+ di"!retion%ry* The %&&ointing &o'er h%" the right o# !hoi!e 'hi!h he (%y e er!i"e #reely %!!ording to hi" .$dg(ent+ de!iding #or hi("el# 'ho i" -e"t )$%li#ied %(ong tho"e 'ho h%ve the ne!e""%ry )$%li#i!%tion" %nd eligi-ilitie"* It i" % &rerog%tive o# the %&&ointing &o'er > > >.F <!t p. .%#> Indeed, it #ay ri!ht'y &e said that the ri!ht of hoi e is the heart of the %ower to a%%oint. In the e>er ise of the %ower of a%%oint#ent, dis retion is an inte!ra' thereof. ( 6ermu$ez v. &orres, -,, SCRA 8--, A$!. ?, ,777, -rd Di". @Vit$!A5

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22*. ?ay the &ivil Service &ommission nullify an appointment on the ground 'ualified?

or the Supreme &ourt validly that somebody else is better

Held: The he%d o# %n %gen!y 'ho i" the %&&ointing &o'er i" the one (o"t 6no'ledge%-le to de!ide 'ho !%n -e"t &er#or( the #$n!tion" o# the o##i!e* A&&oint(ent i" %n e""enti%lly di"!retion%ry &o'er %nd ($"t -e &er#or(ed -y the o##i!er ve"ted 'ith "$!h &o'er %!!ording to hi" -e"t light"+ the only !ondition -eing th%t the %&&ointee "ho$ld &o""e"" the )$%li#i!%tion" re)$ired -y l%'* I# he doe"+ then the %&&oint(ent !%nnot -e #%$lted on the gro$nd th%t there %re other" -etter )$%li#ied 'ho "ho$ld h%ve -een &re#erred. Indeed, this is a %rero!ati"e of the a%%ointin! a$thority whi h he a'one an de ide. The hoi e of an a%%ointee fro# a#on! those who %ossess the re:$ired :$a'ifi ations is a %o'iti a' and ad#inistrati"e de ision a''in! for onsiderations of wisdo#, on"enien e, $ti'ity and the interests of the ser"i e whi h an &est &e #ade &y the head of the offi e on erned, the %erson #ost fa#i'iar with the or!aniJationa' str$ t$re and en"iron#enta' ir $#stan es within whi h the a%%ointee #$st f$n tion. A" long %" the %&&ointee i" )$%li#ied the Civil Servi!e Co((i""ion h%" no !hoi!e -$t to %tte"t to %nd re"&e!t the %&&oint(ent even i# it -e &roved th%t there %re other" 'ith "$&erior !redenti%l"* The l%' li(it" the Co((i""ionD" %$thority only to 'hether or not the %&&ointee" &o""e"" the leg%l )$%li#i!%tion" %nd the %&&ro&ri%te !ivil "ervi!e eligi-ility+ nothing el"e. If they do then the a%%oint#ents are a%%ro"ed &e a$se the Co##ission annot e> eed its %ower &y s$&stit$tin! its wi'' for that of the a%%ointin! a$thority. Neither an we. (Rimonte v. CSC, 1?? SCRA .2?;.2., Day 17, ,77., En 3an @3e''osi''o, *.A5 22+. Does the /ne-t,in,ranB1 rule import any mandatory or peremptory re'uirement that the person ne-t,in,ranB must be appointed to the vacancy? Held: The Ene t,in,r%n6 r$le i" not %-"ol$te4 it only %&&lie" in !%"e" o# &ro(otion+ % &ro!e"" 'hi!h denote" % "!%l%r %"!ent o# %n o##i!er to %nother &o"ition higher either in r%n6 or "%l%ry* And even in &ro(otion"+ it !%n -e di"reg%rded #or "o$nd re%"on" (%de 6no'n to the ne t,in,r%n6+ %" the !on!e&t doe" not i(&ort %ny (%nd%tory or &ere(&tory re)$ire(ent th%t the &er"on ne t,in,r%n6 ($"t -e %&&ointed to the v%!%n!y* The %&&ointing %$thority+ $nder the Civil Servi!e L%'+ i" %llo'ed to #ill v%!%n!ie" -y &ro(otion+ tr%n"#er o# &re"ent e(&loyee"+ rein"t%te(ent+ ree(&loy(ent+ %nd %&&oint(ent o# o$t"ider" 'ho h%ve %&&ro&ri%te !ivil "ervi!e eligi-ility+ not ne!e""%rily in th%t order* There i" no leg%l #i%t th%t % v%!%n!y ($"t -e #illed only -y &ro(otion4 the %&&ointing %$thority i" given 'ide di"!retion to #ill % v%!%n!y #ro( %(ong the "ever%l %ltern%tive" &rovided -y l%'. Wh%t the Civil Servi!e L%' &rovide" i" th%t i# % v%!%n!y i" #illed -y &ro(otion+ the &er"on holding the &o"ition ne t in r%n6 thereto 2"h%ll -e !on"idered #or &ro(otion.F In &a$uran v. Civil Service Commission (,-, SCRA 00 @,7/?A5, the Co$rt onstr$ed that %hrase to #ean that the &er"on ne t,in,r%n6 2'o$ld -e %(ong the #ir"t to -e !on"idered #or the v%!%n!y+ i# )$%li#ied .F In Santiago 1r. v. Civil Service Commission (,8/ SCRA 8-- @,7/7A5, the Co$rt e'a&orated the i#%ort of the r$'e in the fo''owin! #annerI EOne 'ho i" ne t,in,r%n6 i" entitled to &re#erenti%l !on"ider%tion #or &ro(otion to the higher v%!%n!y -$t it doe" not ne!e""%rily #ollo' th%t he %nd no one el"e !%n -e %&&ointed* The r$le neither gr%nt" % ve"ted right to the holder nor i(&o"e" % (ini"teri%l d$ty on the %&&ointing %$thority to &ro(ote "$!h &er"on to the ne t higher &o"ition > > >F (!#ila v. CSC, ,7/ SCRA ,21, *$ne -, ,77,, En 3an @4e'i ianoA5

132

22.. ;he (hilippine :ational 8ed &ross <(:8&> is a government,owned and controlled corporation with an original charter under 8.!. :o. #. as amended. Its charter however was amended to vest in it the authority to secure loans be e-empted from payment of all duties ta-es fees and other charges etc. With the amendment of its charter has it been /impliedly converted to a private corporation1? Held: The ;7S; to deter#ine whether a or%oration is !o"ern#ent owned or ontro''ed, or %ri"ate in nat$re is si#%'e. I" it !re%ted -y it" o'n !h%rter #or the e er!i"e o# % &$-li! #$n!tion+ or -y in!or&or%tion $nder the gener%l !or&or%tion l%'R Tho"e 'ith "&e!i%l !h%rter" %re govern(ent !or&or%tion" "$-.e!t to it" &rovi"ion"+ %nd it" e(&loyee" %re $nder the .$ri"di!tion o# the Civil Servi!e Co((i""ion. ;he (:8& was not /impliedly converted to a private corporation1 simply because its charter was amended to vest in it the authority to secure loans be e-empted from payment of all duties ta-es fees and other charges etc. (Campore$on$o v. N'RC, +.R. No. ,172?7, A$!. 0, ,777, , st Di". @PardoA5 22). What is a primarily confidential position? What is the test to determine whether a position is primarily confidential or not? Held: A (8I?!8I@G &9:0ID7:;I!@ (9SI;I9: is one 'hi!h denote" not only CON9IDENCE in the %&tit$de o# the %&&ointee #or the d$tie" o# the o##i!e -$t &ri(%rily CLOSE INTI:AC; 'hi!h en"$re" #reedo( #ro( inter!o$r"e 'itho$t e(-%rr%""(ent or #reedo( #ro( (i"giving" or -etr%y%l" o# &er"on%l tr$"t or !on#identi%l (%tter" o# "t%te. (De los Santos v. Mallare, /8 Phi'. 1/7 @,7.2A5 =nder the (89"I?I;G 8C@7, the o!!$&%nt o# % &%rti!$l%r &o"ition !o$ld -e !on"idered % !on#identi%l e(&loyee i# the &redo(in%nt re%"on 'hy he '%" !ho"en -y the %&&ointing %$thority '%" the l%tterD" -elie# th%t he !%n "h%re % !lo"e inti(%te rel%tion"hi& 'ith the o!!$&%nt 'hi!h en"$re" #reedo( o# di"!$""ion 'itho$t #e%r or e(-%rr%""(ent or (i"giving" o# &o""i-le -etr%y%l o# &er"on%l tr$"t or !on#identi%l (%tter" o# "t%te. Withal where the position occupied is more remote from that of the appointing authority the element of trust between them is no longer predominant. (CSC v. Salas, 18? SCRA ?,?, *$ne ,7, ,7785 22%. Does the &ivil Service @aw contemplate a review of decisions e-onerating officers or employees from administrative charges? Held: By thi" r$ling+ 'e no' e &re""ly %-%ndon %nd overr$le e t%nt .$ri"&r$den!e th%t 2the &hr%"e Q&%rty %dver"ely %##e!ted -y the de!i"ionD re#er" to the govern(ent e(&loyee %g%in"t 'ho( the %d(ini"tr%tive !%"e i" #iled #or the &$r&o"e o# di"!i&lin%ry %!tion 'hi!h (%y t%6e the #or( o# "$"&en"ion+ de(otion in r%n6 or "%l%ry+ tr%n"#er+ re(ov%l or di"(i""%l #ro( o##i!e3 %nd not in!l$ded %re 2!%"e" 'here the &en%lty i(&o"ed i" "$"&en"ion #or not (ore th%n thirty /7J1 d%y" or #ine in %n %(o$nt not e !eeding thirty d%y" "%l%ry F <(aredes v. &ivil Service &ommission 1#2 S&8! $+ $.> or E'hen re"&ondent i" e oner%ted o# the !h%rge"+ there i" no o!!%"ion #or %&&e%l.F <?ende= v. &ivil Service &ommission 22+ S&8! #). #)$> In other words, 'e overr$le &rior de!i"ion" holding th%t the Civil Servi!e L%' 2doe" not !onte(&l%te % revie' o# de!i"ion" e oner%ting o##i!er" or e(&loyee" #ro( %d(ini"tr%tive !h%rge"F en$n iated in (aredes v. &ivil Service &ommission <1#2 S&8! $+>O ?ende= v. &ivil Service &ommission <22+ S&8! #).>O ?agpale v. &ivil Service &ommission <21. S&8! *#$>O :avarro v. &ivil Service &ommission and 7-port (rocessing Done !uthority <22) S&8! 22%> and #ore re ent'y Del &astillo v. &ivil Service &ommission <2*% S&8! 1$+>. (CSC v. Pe$ro 3. Dacoycoy, +.R. No. ,-./2., A%ri' 17, ,777, En 3an @PardoA5 22$. What is preventive suspension? Discuss its nature.

133

Held: I(&o"ed d$ring the &enden!y o# %n %d(ini"tr%tive inve"tig%tion+ &reventive "$"&en"ion i" not % &en%lty in it"el#* It i" (erely % (e%"$re o# &re!%$tion "o th%t the e(&loyee 'ho i" !h%rged (%y -e "e&%r%ted+ #or o-vio$" re%"on"+ #ro( the "!ene o# hi" %lleged (i"#e%"%n!e 'hile the "%(e i" -eing inve"tig%ted. Th$s %re"enti"e s$s%ension is distin t fro# the ad#inistrati"e %ena'ty of re#o"a' fro# offi e s$ h as the one #entioned in Se . /(d5 of P.D. No. /28. While the #or(er (%y -e i(&o"ed on % re"&ondent d$ring the inve"tig%tion o# the !h%rge" %g%in"t hi(+ the l%tter i" the &en%lty 'hi!h (%y only -e (eted $&on hi( %t the ter(in%tion o# the inve"tig%tion or the #in%l di"&o"ition o# the !%"e. (6e0a Sr. v. C!, 128 SCRA 0/7, Dar h -,, ,771 @Ro#eroA5 22#. Discuss the Binds of preventive suspension under the &ivil Service @aw. When may a civil service employee placed under preventive suspension be entitled to compensation? Held: There are ;W9 KI:DS 90 (87F7:;IF7 SCS(7:SI9: of i"i' ser"i e e#%'oyees who are har!ed with offenses %$nisha&'e &y re#o"a' or s$s%ensionI (,5 &reventive "$"&en"ion pen$ing investigation (Se!* G0+ Civil Service 'a( E3 No. +:+5 and (15 &reventive "$"&en"ion pen$ing appeal i# the &en%lty i(&o"ed -y the di"!i&lining %$thority i" "$"&en"ion or di"(i""%l %nd+ %#ter revie'+ the re"&ondent i" e oner%ted (Se!tion EF+ &%r* E, Civil Service 'a( E3 No. +:+5. Preventive "$"&en"ion pen$ing investigation i" not % &en%lty* It i" % (e%"$re intended to en%-le the di"!i&lining %$thority to inve"tig%te !h%rge" %g%in"t re"&ondent -y &reventing the l%tter #ro( inti(id%ting or in %ny '%y in#l$en!ing 'itne""e" %g%in"t hi(. If the investigation is not finished and a decision is not rendered within that period the suspension will be lifted and the respondent will automatically be reinstated. If after investigation respondent is found innocent of the charges and is e-onerated he should be reinstated. 6owever no compensation was due for the period of preventive suspension pending investigation. The Ci"i' Ser"i e A t of ,7.7 (R.A. No. 11025 %ro"idin! for o#%ensation in s$ h a ase on e the res%ondent was e>onerated was re"ised in ,78. and the %ro"ision on the %ay#ent of sa'aries d$rin! s$s%ension was de'eted. B$t %ltho$gh it i" held th%t e(&loyee" 'ho %re &reventively "$"&ended pen$ing investigation %re not entitled to the &%y(ent o# their "%l%rie" even i# they %re e oner%ted+ they %re entitled to !o(&en"%tion #or the &eriod o# their "$"&en"ion pen$ing appeal i# event$%lly they %re #o$nd inno!ent. Preventive "$"&en"ion pen$ing investigation i" not % &en%lty -$t only % (e%n" o# en%-ling the di"!i&lining %$thority to !ond$!t %n $nh%(&ered inve"tig%tion* On the other h%nd+ &reventive "$"&en"ion pen$ing appeal i" %!t$%lly &$nitive %ltho$gh it i" in e##e!t "$-"e)$ently !on"idered illeg%l i# re"&ondent i" e oner%ted %nd the %d(ini"tr%tive de!i"ion #inding hi( g$ilty i" rever"ed* Hen!e+ he "ho$ld -e rein"t%ted 'ith #$ll &%y #or the &eriod o# the "$"&en"ion. (Gloria v. C!, +.R. No. ,-,2,1, A%ri' 1,, ,777, En 3an @DendoJaA5 212. What is the doctrine of forgiveness or condonation? apply to pending criminal cases? Does it

Held: ,. A &$-li! o##i!i%l !%nnot -e re(oved #or %d(ini"tr%tive (i"!ond$!t !o((itted d$ring % PRI3R &ERM+ "in!e hi" REF E'EC&I3N to o##i!e o&er%te" %" % C3ND3N!&I3N o# the o##i!erD" &revio$" (i"!ond$!t to the e tent o# !$tting o## the right to re(ove hi( there#or* The #oregoing r$le+ ho'ever+ #ind" N3 !PP'IC!&I3N &3 CRIMIN!' C!SES &ending %g%in"t &etitioner. (!guinal$o v. Santos, 1,1 SCRA 80/, 88- @,771A5 1. A reele!ted lo!%l o##i!i%l (%y not -e held %d(ini"tr%tively %!!o$nt%-le #or (i"!ond$!t !o((itted d$ring hi" &rior ter( o# o##i!e*

134

The r%tion%le #or thi" holding i" th%t 'hen the ele!tor%te &$t hi( -%!6 into o##i!e+ it i" &re"$(ed th%t it did "o 'ith #$ll 6no'ledge o# hi" li#e %nd !h%r%!ter+ in!l$ding hi" &%"t (i"!ond$!t* I#+ %r(ed 'ith "$!h 6no'ledge+ it "till reele!t" hi(+ then "$!h reele!tion i" !on"idered % !ondon%tion o# hi" &%"t (i"deed". (Mayor !lvin 6. Garcia v. Hon. !rturo C. Mo0ica et al., +.R. No. ,-72?-, Se%t. ,2, ,777 @P$is$#&in!A5 211. What are the situations covered by the law on nepotism?

Held: =nder the definition of ne%otis#, one i" g$ilty o# ne&oti"( i# %n %&&oint(ent i" i""$ed in #%vor o# % rel%tive 'ithin the third !ivil degree o# !on"%ng$inity or %##inity o# %ny o# the #ollo'ingI a5 &5 5 d5 %&&ointing %$thorityG re!o((ending %$thorityG !hie# o# the -$re%$ or o##i!eG and &er"on e er!i"ing i((edi%te "$&ervi"ion over the %&&ointee.

C'ear'y, there are fo$r sit$ations o"ered. In the l%"t t'o (entioned "it$%tion"+ it i" i((%teri%l 'ho the %&&ointing or re!o((ending %$thority i"* To !on"tit$te % viol%tion o# the l%'+ it "$##i!e" th%t %n %&&oint(ent i" e tended or i""$ed in #%vor o# % rel%tive 'ithin the third !ivil degree o# !on"%ng$inity or %##inity o# the !hie# o# the -$re%$ or o##i!e+ or the &er"on e er!i"ing i((edi%te "$&ervi"ion over the %&&ointee. (CSC v. Pe$ro 3. Dacoycoy, +.R. No. ,-./2., A%ri' 17, ,777, En 3an @PardoA5 212. Distinguish /term1 of office from /tenure1 of the incumbent.

Held: In the 'aw of %$&'i offi ers, there is a sett'ed distin tion &etween Eter#F and Eten$re.F E@TAhe ter# of an offi e #$st &e distin!$ished fro# the ten$re of the in $#&ent. The ;78? #eans the ti(e d$ring 'hi!h the o##i!er M!? C'!IM &3 H3'D 3==ICE !S 3= RIGH&+ %nd #i e" the interv%l %#ter 'hi!h the "ever%l in!$(-ent" "h%ll "$!!eed one %nother. The ;7:C87 re%resents the ter( d$ring 'hi!h the in!$(-ent !C&/!''? hold" the o##i!e. The ter# of offi e is not affe ted &y the ho'd;o"er. The ten$re #ay &e shorter than the ter# for reasons within or &eyond the %ower of the in $#&ent.F (&)elma P. Gamin$e v. C3!, +.R. No. ,?2--., De . ,-, 1222, En 3an @PardoA5 21*. Discuss the operation of the rotational plan insofar as the term of office of the &hairman and ?embers of the &onstitutional &ommissions is concerned. Held: In Repu#lic v. Imperial (70 Phi'. 882 @,7..A5, we said that Ethe o%eration of the rotationa' %'an re:$ires t(o con$itions #ot) in$ispensa#le to its wor9a&i'ityI (,5 th%t the ter(" o# the #ir"t three /71 Co((i""ioner" "ho$ld start on a common $ate, and (15 that %ny v%!%n!y d$e to de%th+ re"ign%tion or di"%-ility -e#ore the e &ir%tion o# the ter( "ho$ld only -e #illed only for t)e uneIpire$ #alance of t)e term.F Con"e)$ently+ the ter(" o# the #ir"t Ch%ir(en %nd Co((i""ioner" o# the Con"tit$tion%l Co((i""ion" $nder the 0CBF Con"tit$tion ($"t start on a common $ate irrespective of t)e variations in t)e $ates of appointments an$ Hualifications of t)e appointees in order th%t the e &ir%tion o# the #ir"t ter(" o# "even+ #ive %nd three ye%r" "ho$ld le%d to the regular recurrence of t)e t(oFyear interval -et'een the e &ir%tion o# the ter(". A&&lying the #oregoing !ondition" + 'e r$le th%t the %&&ro&ri%te starting point of t)e terms of office of t)e first appointees to t)e Constitutional Commissions un$er t)e 7:., Constitution must #e on =e#ruary + 7:., t)e $ate of t)e a$option o#

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the 0CBF Con"tit$tion* In !%"e o# % -el%ted %&&oint(ent or )$%li#i!%tion+ the interv%l -et'een the "t%rt o# the ter( %nd the %!t$%l )$%li#i!%tion o# the %&&ointee ($"t -e counte$ against t)e latter. (&)elma P. Gamin$e v. C3!, +.R. No. ,?2--., De . ,-, 1222, En 3an @PardoA5 21+. What is the hold,over doctrine? What is its purpose?

Held: ,. The on e%t of ho'do"er when a%%'ied to a %$&'i offi er i(&lie" th%t the o##i!e h%" % #i ed ter( %nd the in!$(-ent i" holding onto the "$!!eeding ter(* It i" $"$%lly &rovided -y l%' th%t o##i!er" ele!ted or %&&ointed #or % #i ed ter( "h%ll re(%in in o##i!e not only #or th%t ter( -$t $ntil their "$!!e""or" h%ve -een ele!ted %nd )$%li#ied* Where thi" &rovi"ion i" #o$nd+ the o##i!e doe" not -e!o(e v%!%nt $&on the e &ir%tion o# the ter( i# there i" no "$!!e""or ele!ted %nd )$%li#ied to %""$(e it+ -$t the &re"ent in!$(-ent 'ill !%rry over $ntil hi" "$!!e""or i" ele!ted %nd )$%li#ied+ even tho$gh it -e -eyond the ter( #i ed -y l%'. A&sent an e>%ress or i#%'ied onstit$tiona' or stat$tory %ro"ision to the ontrary, an offi er is entit'ed to stay in offi e $nti' his s$ essor is a%%ointed or hosen and has :$a'ified. The 'e!is'ati"e intent of not a''owin! ho'do"er #$st &e 'ear'y e>%ressed or at 'east i#%'ied in the 'e!is'ati"e ena t#ent, otherwise it is reasona&'e to ass$#e that the 'aw;#a9in! &ody fa"ors the sa#e. Indeed, the l%' %-hor" % v%!$$( in &$-li! o##i!e"+ %nd !o$rt" gener%lly ind$lge in the "trong &re"$(&tion %g%in"t % legi"l%tive intent to !re%te+ -y "t%t$te+ % !ondition 'hi!h (%y re"$lt in %n e e!$tive or %d(ini"tr%tive o##i!e -e!o(ing+ #or %ny &eriod o# ti(e+ 'holly v%!%nt or $no!!$&ied -y one l%'#$lly %$thori8ed to e er!i"e it" #$n!tion"* Thi" i" #o$nded on o-vio$" !on"ider%tion" o# &$-li! &oli!y+ #or the &rin!i&le o# holdover i" "&e!i#i!%lly intended to &revent &$-li! !onvenien!e #ro( "$##ering -e!%$"e o# % v%!%n!y %nd to %void % hi%t$" in the &er#or(%n!e o# govern(ent #$n!tion". ('ecaroz v. San$igan#ayan, -2. SCRA -78, Dar h 1., ,777, 1nd Di". @3e''osi''oA5 1. The r$'e is sett'ed that $nle"" 2holding over -e e &re""ly or i(&liedly &rohi-ited+ the in!$(-ent (%y !ontin$e to hold over $ntil "o(eone el"e i" ele!ted %nd )$%li#ied to %""$(e the o##i!e*3 Thi" r$le i" de(%nded -y the 2(o"t o-vio$" re)$ire(ent" o# &$-li! &oli!y+ #or 'itho$t it there ($"t #re)$ently -e !%"e" 'here+ #ro( % #%il$re to ele!t or % re#$"%l or negle!t to )$%li#y+ the o##i!e 'o$ld -e v%!%nt %nd the &$-li! "ervi!e entirely "$"&ended.F Otherwise stated, the %$r%ose is to %re"ent a hiat$s in the !o"ern#ent %endin! the ti#e when the s$ essor #ay &e hosen and ind$ ted into offi e. (Galarosa v. 2alencia, 118 SCRA 81/, No". ,,, ,77-, En 3an @Da"ide, *r.A5 21.. What is resignation? 87SI5:!;I9:? What are the re'uisites of a valid

Held: ,. It is the %!t o# giving $& or the %!t o# %n o##i!er -y 'hi!h he de!line" hi" o##i!e %nd reno$n!e" the #$rther right to $"e it* It i" %n e &re""ion o# the in!$(-ent in "o(e #or(+ e &re"" or i(&lied+ o# the intention to "$rrender+ reno$n!e+ %nd relin)$i"h the o##i!e %nd the %!!e&t%n!e -y !o(&etent %nd l%'#$l %$thority. To onstit$te a o#%'ete and o%erati"e resi!nation fro# %$&'i offi e, there #$st &eI (a5 an intention to relin)$i"h % &%rt o# the ter( G (&5 an %!t o# relin)$i"h(entG and ( 5 an %!!e&t%n!e -y the &ro&er %$thority. The l%"t one i" re)$ired -y re%"on o# Arti!le 57B o# the Revise$ Penal Co$e. (Sangguniang 6ayan of San !n$res Catan$uanes v. C!, 1/? SCRA 180, *an. ,0, ,77/5 1. Resi!nation > > > is a fa t$a' :$estion and its elements are &eyond :$i&&'eI t)ere must #e an intent to resign an$ t)e intent must

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#e couple$ #y acts of relinHuis)ment (Gonzales v. Hernan$ez, 1 SCRA 11/ @,70,A5. The "a'idity of a resi!nation is not !o"erned &y any for#a' re:$ire#ent as to for#. It !%n -e or%l* It !%n -e 'ritten* It !%n -e e &re""* It !%n -e i(&lied* A" long %" the re"ign%tion i" !le%r+ it ($"t -e given leg%l e##e!t. (Estra$a v. Desierto, +.R. Nos. ,?08,2;,., Dar h 1, 122,, en 3an @P$noA5 21). What is abandonment of an office? is it distinguished from resignation? What are its re'uisites? 6ow

Held: !#an$onment of an office has &een defined as the vol$nt%ry relin)$i"h(ent o# %n o##i!e -y the holder+ 'ith the intention o# ter(in%ting hi" &o""e""ion %nd !ontrol thereo#. Indeed, a&andon#ent of offi e is a "&e!ie" o# re"ign%tionG 'hile re"ign%tion in gener%l i" % #or(%l relin)$i"h(ent+ %-%ndon(ent i" % vol$nt%ry relin)$i"h(ent thro$gh non$"er. A-%ndon(ent "&ring" #ro( %nd i" %!!o(&%nied -y DELIBERATION %nd 9REEDO: o# CHOICE* It" !on!o(it%nt e##e!t i" th%t the #or(er holder o# %n o##i!e !%n no longer leg%lly re&o""e"" it even -y #or!i-le reo!!$&%n!y. C'ear intention to a&andon sho$'d &e #anifested &y the offi er on erned. S$ h intention #ay &e e>%ress or inferred fro# his own ond$ t. Th$"+ the #%il$re to &er#or( the d$tie" &ert%ining to the o##i!e ($"t -e 'ith the o##i!erD" %!t$%l or i(&$ted intention to %-%ndon %nd relin)$i"h the o##i!e* A-%ndon(ent o# %n o##i!e i" not 'holly % (%tter o# intention4 it re"$lt" #ro( % !o(&lete %-%ndon(ent o# d$tie" o# "$!h !ontin$%n!e th%t the l%' 'ill in#er % relin)$i"h(ent* There#ore+ there %re t'o e""enti%l ele(ent" o# %-%ndon(ent4 first %n intention to %-%ndon %nd+ secon$ %n overt or 2e tern%l3 %!t -y 'hi!h the intention i" !%rried into e##e!t. (Sangguniang 6ayan of San !n$res Catan$uanes v. C!, 1/? SCRA 180, *an. ,0, ,77/5 21%. When may unconsented transfers be considered anathema to security of tenure? Held: As he'd in Sta. Maria v. 'opez (-, SCRA 0-8, 0.- itin! I#anez v. Commission on Elections, L;10../, A%ri' 18, ,708, ,7 SCRA ,221, ,2,1 and Se tion ,1 of the &aI Co$e5. E> > > the r$le th%t o$tl%'" $n!on"ented tr%n"#er" %" %n%the(% to "e!$rity o# ten$re %&&lie" only to %n o##i!er 'ho i" APPOINTED N not (erely %""igned N to % &%rti!$l%r "t%tion* S$!h % r$le doe" not &r<o="!ri-e % tr%n"#er !%rried o$t $nder % "&e!i#i! "t%t$te th%t e(&o'er" the he%d o# %n %gen!y to &eriodi!%lly re%""ign the e(&loyee" %nd o##i!er" in order to i(&rove the "ervi!e o# the %gen!y. 6 > >F The g$%r%ntee o# "e!$rity o# ten$re $nder the Con"tit$tion i" not % g$%r%ntee o# &er&et$%l e(&loy(ent* It only (e%n" th%t %n e(&loyee !%nnot -e di"(i""ed /or tr%n"#erred1 #ro( the "ervi!e #or !%$"e" other th%n tho"e &rovided -y l%' %nd %#ter d$e &ro!e"" i" %!!orded the e(&loyee* Wh%t it "ee6" to &revent i" !%&ri!io$" e er!i"e o# the &o'er to di"(i""* B$t 'here it i" the l%',(%6ing %$thority it"el# 'hi!h #$rni"he" the gro$nd #or the tr%n"#er o# % !l%"" o# e(&loyee"+ no "$!h !%&ri!io$"ne"" !%n -e r%i"ed #or "o long %" the re(edy &ro&o"ed to !$re % &er!eived evil i" ger(%ne to the &$r&o"e" o# the l%'. (!gripino !. De Guzman 1r. et al. v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,17,,/, *$'y ,7, 1222, En 3an @P$risi#aA5 21$. Discuss !bolition of 9ffice?

Held: The !re%tion %nd %-olition o# &$-li! o##i!e" i" &ri(%rily % legi"l%tive #$n!tion. It i" %!6no'ledged th%t Congre"" (%y %-oli"h

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%ny o##i!e it !re%te" 'itho$t i(&%iring the o##i!erD" right to !ontin$e in the &o"ition held %nd th%t "$!h &o'er (%y -e e er!i"ed #or v%rio$" re%"on"+ "$!h %" the l%!6 o# #$nd" or in the intere"t o# e!ono(y. Ho'ever+ in order #or the %-olition to -e v%lid+ it ($"t -e (%de in good #%ith+ not #or &oliti!%l or &er"on%l re%"on"+ or in order to !ir!$(vent the !on"tit$tion%l "e!$rity o# ten$re o# !ivil "ervi!e e(&loyee". An a&o'ition of offi e onnotes an intention to do away with s$ h offi e who''y and %er#anent'y, as the word Ea&o'ishedF denotes. Where one o##i!e i" %-oli"hed %nd re&l%!ed 'ith %nother o##i!e ve"ted 'ith "i(il%r #$n!tion"+ the %-olition i" % leg%l n$llity. Th$s, in /.P. 6oar$ of Regents v. Rasul (122 SCRA 0/. @,77,A5 we saidI It is tr$e that a "a'id and bona fide a&o'ition of an offi e denies to the in $#&ent the ri!ht to se $rity of ten$re <De la @lana v. !lba 112 S&8! 2#+ 31#$24>. Ho'ever+ in thi" !%"e+ the ren%(ing %nd re"tr$!t$ring o# the P>H %nd it" !o(&onent $nit" !%nnot give ri"e to % v%lid %nd #ona fi$e %-olition o# the &o"ition o# P>H Dire!tor* Thi" i" -e!%$"e 'here the %-oli"hed o##i!e %nd the o##i!e" !re%ted in it" &l%!e h%ve "i(il%r #$n!tion"+ the %-olition l%!6" good #%ith (1ose '. Guerrero v. Hon. !ntonio 2. !riza#al, +.R. No. /,71/, *$ne ?, ,772, ,/0 SCRA ,2/ @,772A5. We here&y a%%'y the %rin i%'e en$n iated in Cezar @. Dario v. Hon. Salva$or M. Mison (,80 SCRA /? @,7/7A5 that %-olition 'hi!h (erely !h%nge" the no(en!l%t$re o# &o"ition" i" inv%lid %nd doe" not re"$lt in the re(ov%l o# the in!$(-ent. The %-ove not'ith"t%nding+ %nd %""$(ing th%t the %-olition o# the &o"ition o# the P>H Dire!tor %nd the !re%tion o# % UP,P>H :edi!%l Center Dire!tor %re v%lid+ the re(ov%l o# the in!$(-ent i" "till not .$"ti#ied #or the re%"on th%t the d$tie" %nd #$n!tion" o# the t'o &o"ition" %re -%"i!%lly the "%(e. This was a'so o$r r$'in! in 5uerrero v. !ri=abal <1$) S&8! 31##24> wherein we de 'ared that the "$-"t%nti%l identity in #$n!tion" -et'een the t'o o##i!e" '%" in$icia o# -%d #%ith in re(ov%l o# &etitioner &$r"$%nt to % reorg%ni8%tion . (!leIis Canoniza$o et al. v. Hon. !leIan$er P. !guirre et al. , +.R. ,--,-1, *an. 1., 1222, En 3an @+onJa!a;ReyesA5 21#. What is reorgani=ation? When is it valid? 12$ the the C. No.

When is it invalid?

Held: ,. 87985!:ID!;I9: ta9es %'a e when there is %n %lter%tion o# the e i"ting "tr$!t$re o# govern(ent o##i!e" or $nit" therein+ in!l$ding the line" o# !ontrol+ %$thority %nd re"&on"i-ility -et'een the(. It involve" % red$!tion o# &er"onnel+ !on"olid%tion o# o##i!e"+ or %-olition thereo# -y re%"on o# e!ono(y or red$nd%n!y o# #$n!tion" . Nat$ra''y, it #ay res$'t in the 'oss of oneLs %osition thro$!h re#o"a' or a&o'ition of an offi e. <owe"er, #or % reorg%ni8%tion to -e v%lid+ it ($"t %l"o &%"" the te"t o# good #%ith , 'aid down in Dario v. Mison (,80 SCRA /? @,7/7A5I > > > A" % gener%l r$le+ % reorg%ni8%tion i" !%rried o$t in 2good #%ith3 i# it i" #or the &$r&o"e o# e!ono(y or to (%6e -$re%$!r%!y (ore e##i!ient* In th%t event+ no di"(i""%l /in !%"e o# di"(i""%l1 or "e&%r%tion %!t$%lly o!!$r" -e!%$"e the &o"ition it"el# !e%"e" to e i"t* And in th%t !%"e+ "e!$rity o# ten$re 'o$ld not -e % Chine"e '%ll. 3e that as it #ay, if the Ea&o'itionF whi h is nothin! e'se &$t a se%aration or re#o"a', is done for %o'iti a' reasons or %$r%ose'y to defeat se $rity of ten$re, or otherwise not in !ood faith, no "a'id Ea&o'itionF ta9es %'a e and whate"er Ea&o'itionF is done, is "oid ab initio. There i" %n inv%lid 2%-olition3 %" 'here there i" (erely % !h%nge o# no(en!l%t$re o# &o"ition"+ or 'here !l%i(" o# e!ono(y %re -elied -y the e i"ten!e o# %(&le #$nd". (!leIis C. Canoniza$o et al. v. Hon. !leIan$er P. !guirre et al. , +.R. No. ,--,-1, *an. 1., 1222, En 3an @+onJa!a;ReyesA5

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While the Pre"identD" &o'er to reorg%ni8e !%n not -e denied+ thi" doe" not (e%n ho'ever th%t the reorg%ni8%tion it"el# i" &ro&erly (%de in %!!ord%n!e 'ith l%'* Well,"ettled i" the r$le th%t reorg%ni8%tion i" reg%rded %" v%lid &rovided it i" &$r"$ed in good #%ith. Th$s, in Dario v. Mison, this Co$rt has had the o asion to 'arify thatI EAs a !enera' r$'e, a reor!aniJation is arried o$t in O!ood faithL if it is for the %$r%ose of e ono#y or to #a9e the &$rea$ ra y #ore effi ient. In that e"ent no dis#issa' or se%aration a t$a''y o $rs &e a$se the %osition itse'f eases to e>ist. And in that ase the se $rity of ten$re wo$'d not &e a Chinese wa''. 3e that as it #ay, if the a&o'ition whi h is nothin! e'se &$t a se%aration or re#o"a', is done for %o'iti a' reasons or %$r%ose'y to defeat se $rity of ten$re, or otherwise not in !ood faith, no "a'id a&o'ition ta9es %'a e and whate"er a&o'ition done is "oid ab initio. There is an in"a'id a&o'ition as where there is #ere'y a han!e of no#en 'at$re of %ositions or where 'ai#s of e ono#y are &e'ied &y the e>isten e of a#%'e f$nds.F <1%) S&8! $+> ('arin v. EIecutive Secretary, 1/2 SCRA 8,-, O t. ,0, ,7785 222. What are the circumstances evidencing bad faith in the removal of employees as a result of reorgani=ation and which may give rise to a claim for reinstatement or reappointment>? Held: ,5 Where there is a "igni#i!%nt in!re%"e in the n$(-er o# &o"ition" in the ne' "t%##ing &%ttern o# the de&%rt(ent or %gen!y !on!ernedG 15 Where an o##i!e i" %-oli"hed %nd %nother &er#or(ing "$-"t%nti%lly the "%(e #$n!tion" i" !re%tedG -5 Where in!$(-ent" %re re&l%!ed -y tho"e le"" )$%li#ied in ter(" o# "t%t$" o# %&&oint(ent+ &er#or(%n!e %nd (eritG ?5 Where there is a re!l%""i#i!%tion o# o##i!e" in the de&%rt(ent or %gen!y !on!erned %nd the re!l%""i#ied o##i!e" &er#or( "$-"t%nti%lly the "%(e #$n!tion" %" the origin%l o##i!e"G .5 Where the re(ov%l viol%te" the order o# "e&%r%tion &rovided in Se!tion 7 hereo#. (Se!* 5, R.!. No. ;;5;J 'arin v. EIecutive Secretary , 1/2 SCRA 8,-, O t. ,0, ,7785 ELECTION LAWS 221. Discuss the reason behind the principle of ballot secrecy. ?ay the conduct of e-it polls transgress the sanctity and the secrecy of the ballot to justify its prohibition? Held: The reason &ehind the %rin i%'e of &a''ot se re y is to %void vote -$ying thro$gh voter identi#i!%tion. Th$s, "oters are %rohi&ited fro# e>hi&itin! the ontents of their offi ia' &a''ots to other %ersons, fro# #a9in! o%ies thereof, or fro# %$ttin! distin!$ishin! #ar9s thereon so as to &e identified. A'so %ros ri&ed is findin! o$t the ontents of the &a''ots ast &y %arti $'ar "oters or dis 'osin! those of disa&'ed or i''iterate "oters who ha"e &een assisted. C'ear'y, 'h%t i" #or-idden i" the %""o!i%tion o# voter" 'ith their re"&e!tive vote"+ #or the &$r&o"e o# %""$ring th%t the vote" h%ve -een !%"t in %!!ord%n!e 'ith the in"tr$!tion" o# % third &%rty. This res$'t annot, howe"er, &e a hie"ed #ere'y thro$!h the "otersL "er&a' and onfidentia' dis 'os$re to a %o''ster of who# they ha"e "oted for. In e it &oll"+ the !ontent" o# the o##i!i%l -%llot %re not %!t$%lly e &o"ed* 9$rther(ore+ the revel%tion o# 'ho( %n ele!tor h%" voted #or i" not !o(&$l"ory+ -$t vol$nt%ry* Hoter" (%y %l"o !hoo"e not to reve%l their identitie". Indeed, narrow'y tai'ored o$nter#eas$res

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#ay &e %res ri&ed &y the Co#e'e , so as to #ini#iJe or s$%%ress in identa' %ro&'e#s in the ond$ t of e>it %o''s, witho$t trans!ressin! the f$nda#enta' ri!hts of o$r %eo%'e. ( !6SFC6N 6roa$casting Corporation v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,--?/0, *an. 1/, 1222, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 222. Discuss 7lection @aw. the meaning and purpose of residency re'uirement in

Held: ,. The #eanin! and %$r%ose of the residen y re:$ire#ent were e>%'ained re ent'y in o$r de ision in !Huino v. Comelec (1?/ SCRA ?22, ?12;?1, @,77.A5, as fo''owsI 6 > > <T=he &l%!e 2'here % &%rty %!t$%lly or !on"tr$!tively h%" hi" &er(%nent ho(e+3 'here he+ no (%tter 'here he (%y -e #o$nd %t %ny given ti(e+ event$%lly intend" to ret$rn %nd re(%in+ i.e. hi" do(i!ile+ i" th%t to 'hi!h the Con"tit$tion re#er" 'hen it "&e%6" o# re"iden!e #or the &$r&o"e" o# ele!tion l%' . The #anifest purpose of this de"iation fro# the $s$a' on e%tions of residen y in 'aw as e>%'ained in 5allego v. Fera is Eto e !l$de "tr%nger" or ne'!o(er" $n#%(ili%r 'ith the !ondition" %nd need" o# the !o(($nity3 #ro( t%6ing %dv%nt%ge o# #%vor%-le !ir!$("t%n!e" e i"ting in th%t !o(($nity #or ele!tor%l g%in. Whi'e there is nothin! wron! with the %ra ti e of esta&'ishin! residen e in a !i"en area for #eetin! e'e tion 'aw re:$ire#ents, this nonethe'ess defeats the essen e of re%resentation, whi h is to %'a e thro$!h the assent of "oters those #ost o!niJant and sensiti"e to the needs of a %arti $'ar distri t, if a andidate fa''s short of the %eriod of residen y #andated &y 'aw for hi# to :$a'ify. Th%t &$r&o"e !o$ld -e o-vio$"ly -e"t (et -y individ$%l" 'ho h%ve either h%d %!t$%l re"iden!e in the %re% #or % given &eriod or 'ho h%ve -een do(i!iled in the "%(e %re% either -y origin or -y !hoi!e. (Marcita Mam#a Perez v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,--7??, O t. 1/, ,777, En 3an @DendoJaA5 1. The Con"tit$tion %nd the l%' re)$ire" re"iden!e %" % )$%li#i!%tion #or "ee6ing %nd holding ele!tive &$-li! o##i!e+ in order to give !%ndid%te" the o&&ort$nity to -e #%(ili%r 'ith the need"+ di##i!$ltie"+ %"&ir%tion"+ &otenti%l" #or gro'th %nd %ll (%tter" vit%l to the 'el#%re o# their !on"tit$en!ie"4 li6e'i"e+ it en%-le" the ele!tor%te to ev%l$%te the o##i!e "ee6er"D )$%li#i!%tion" %nd #itne"" #or the .o- they %"&ire #or. Inas#$ h as Vi ente Y. E#ano has %ro"en that he, to!ether with his fa#i'y, (,5 had a t$a''y resided in a ho$se he &o$!ht in ,78- in Ca!ayan de Oro CityG (15 had a t$a''y he'd offi e there d$rin! his three ter#s as %ro"in ia' !o"ernor of Disa#is Orienta', the %ro"in ia' a%ito' &ein! 'o ated thereinG and (-5 has re!istered as "oter in the ity d$rin! the %eriod re:$ired &y 'aw, he o$'d not &e dee#ed Ea stran!er or new o#erF when he ran for and was o"erwhe'#in!'y "oted as ity #ayor. E'e tion 'aws #$st &e 'i&era''y onstr$ed to !i"e effe t to the %o%$'ar #andate. ( &orayno Sr. v. C3ME'EC, --8 SCRA .8?, A$!. 7, 1222, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 -. +enera''y, in re:$irin! andidates to ha"e a #ini#$# %eriod of residen e in the area in whi h they see9 to &e e'e ted, the Con"tit$tion or the l%' intend" to &revent the &o""i-ility o# % 2"tr%nger or ne'!o(er $n%!)$%inted 'ith the !ondition" %nd need" o# % !o(($nity %nd not identi#ied 'ith the l%tter #ro( <"ee6ing= %n ele!tive o##i!e to "erve th%t !o(($nity*3 S$!h &rovi"ion i" %i(ed %t e !l$ding o$t"ider" 2#ro( t%6ing %dv%nt%ge o# #%vor%-le !ir!$("t%n!e" e i"ting in th%t !o(($nity #or ele!tor%l g%in*3 E"t%-li"hing re"iden!e in % !o(($nity (erely to (eet %n ele!tion l%' re)$ire(ent de#e%t" the &$r&o"e o# re&re"ent%tion: to ele!t thro$gh the %""ent o# voter" tho"e (o"t !ogni8%nt %nd "en"itive to the need" o# the !o(($nity* Thi" &$r&o"e i" 2-e"t (et -y individ$%l" 'ho h%ve either h%d %!t$%l re"iden!e in the %re% #or % given &eriod or 'ho h%ve -een do(i!iled in the "%(e %re% either -y origin or -y !hoi!e .F (&orayno Sr. v. C3ME'EC, --8 SCRA .8?, A$!. 7, 1222, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5

140

22*. Does the fact that a person is registered as a voter in one district prove that he is not domiciled in another district? Held: The #%!t th%t % &er"on i" regi"tered %" % voter in one di"tri!t i" not &roo# th%t he i" not do(i!iled in %nother di"tri!t . Th$s, in =aypon v. Nuirino (70 Phi'. 17? @,7.?A5, this Co$rt he'd that the regi"tr%tion o# % voter in % &l%!e other th%n hi" re"iden!e o# origin i" not "$##i!ient to !on"ider hi( to h%ve %-%ndoned or lo"t hi" re"iden!e. (Marcita Mam#a Perez v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,--7??, O t. 1/, ,777, En 3an @DendoJaA5 22+. What is the @one &andidate @aw? What are its salient provisions?

An"'er: The Lone Candidate Law is Repu#lic !ct No. .+:5 enacted on June ) 1##%. Se!tion 5 thereof %ro"ides that EU&on the e &ir%tion o# the de%dline #or the #iling o# the !erti#i!%te o# !%ndid%!y in % "&e!i%l ele!tion !%lled to #ill % v%!%n!y in %n ele!tive &o"ition other th%n #or Pre"ident %nd Hi!e,Pre"ident+ 'hen there i" only one /01 )$%li#ied !%ndid%te #or "$!h &o"ition+ the lone !%ndid%te "h%ll -e &ro!l%i(ed ele!ted to the &o"ition -y &ro&er &ro!l%i(ing -ody o# the Co((i""ion on Ele!tion" 'itho$t holding the "&e!i%l ele!tion $&on !erti#i!%tion -y the Co((i""ion on Ele!tion" th%t he i" the only !%ndid%te #or the o##i!e %nd i" there-y dee(ed ele!ted.F Se!tion 7 thereof %ro"ides that Ethe lone !%ndid%te "o &ro!l%i(ed "h%ll %""$(e o##i!e not e%rlier th%n the "!hed$led ele!tion d%y+ in the %-"en!e o# %ny l%'#$l gro$nd to deny d$e !o$r"e or !%n!el the !erti#i!%te o# !%ndid%!y in order to &revent "$!h &ro!l%(%tion+ %" &rovided #or $nder Se!tion" IC %nd FB o# B%t%" P%(-%n"% Bil%ng BB0 %l"o 6no'n %" the O(ni-$" Ele!tion Code.F 22.. Who are dis'ualified to run in a special election under the @one &andidate @aw? An"'er: Se!tion E of the Lone Candidate Law %ro"ides that E In %ddition to the di")$%li#i!%tion" (entioned in Se!tion" 05 %nd IB o# the O(ni-$" Ele!tion Code %nd Se!tion EJ o# Re&$-li! A!t No* F0IJ+ other'i"e 6no'n %" the Lo!%l >overn(ent Code+ 'henever the eviden!e o# g$ilt i" "trong, the fo''owin! %ersons are dis:$a'ified to r$n in a s%e ia' e'e tion a''ed to fi'' the "a an y in an e'e ti"e offi e, to witI a5 Any e'e ti"e offi ia' who has re"igned #ro( hi" o##i!e -y %!!e&ting %n %&&ointive o##i!e or #or 'h%tever re%"on 'hi!h he &revio$"ly o!!$&ied -$t h%" !%$"ed to -e!o(e v%!%nt d$e to hi" re"ign%tionG and &5 Any %erson who, dire!tly or indire!tly+ !oer!e"+ -ri-e"+ thre%ten"+ h%r%""e"+ inti(id%te" or %!t$%lly !%$"e"+ in#li!t" or &rod$!e" %ny violen!e+ in.$ry+ &$ni"h(ent+ tort$re+ d%(%ge+ lo"" or di"%dv%nt%ge to %ny &er"on or &er"on" %"&iring to -e!o(e % !%ndid%te or th%t o# the i((edi%te (e(-er o# hi" #%(ily+ hi" honor or &ro&erty th%t i" (e%nt to eli(in%te %ll other &otenti%l !%ndid%te.F 22). What is the purpose of the law in re'uiring the filing certificate of candidacy and in fi-ing the time limit therefor? of

Held: The e"ident %$r%ose of the 'aw in re:$irin! the fi'in! of ertifi ate of andida y and in fi>in! the ti#e 'i#it therefor areI (a5 to en%-le the voter" to 6no'+ %t le%"t "i ty d%y" -e#ore the reg$l%r ele!tion+ the !%ndid%te" %(ong 'ho( they %re to (%6e the !hoi!e , and (&5 to %void !on#$"ion %nd in!onvenien!e in the t%-$l%tion o# the vote" !%"t. 4or if the 'aw did not onfine the hoi e or e'e tion &y the "oters to the d$'y re!istered andidates, there #i!ht &e as #any

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%ersons "oted for as there are "oters, and "otes #i!ht &e ast e"en for $n9nown or fi titio$s %ersons as a #ar9 to identify the "otes in fa"or of a andidate for another offi e in the sa#e e'e tion. (Miran$a v. !#aya, +.R. No. ,-0-.,, *$'y 1/, ,7775 22%. ?ay a dis'ualified candidate and whose certificate of candidacy was denied due course andIor canceled by the &omelec be validly substituted? Held: E"en on the #ost &asi and f$nda#enta' %rin i%'es, it is readi'y $nderstood that the !on!e&t o# % "$-"tit$te &re"$&&o"e" the e i"ten!e o# the &er"on to -e "$-"tit$ted+ #or ho' !%n % &er"on t%6e the &l%!e o# "o(e-ody 'ho doe" not e i"t or 'ho never '%" . The Co$rt has no other hoi e &$t to r$'e that in %ll in"t%n!e" en$(er%ted in Se!tion FF o# the O(ni-$" Ele!tion Code+ the e i"ten!e o# % v%lid !erti#i!%te o# !%ndid%!y "e%"on%-ly #iled i" % re)$i"ite sine Hua non. All told+ % di")$%li#ied !%ndid%te (%y only -e "$-"tit$ted i# he h%d % v%lid !erti#i!%te o# !%ndid%!y in the #ir"t &l%!e -e!%$"e+ i# the di")$%li#ied !%ndid%te did not h%ve % v%lid %nd "e%"on%-ly #iled !erti#i!%te o# !%ndid%!y+ he i" %nd '%" not % !%ndid%te %t %ll* I# % &er"on '%" not % !%ndid%te+ he !%nnot -e "$-"tit$ted $nder Se!tion FF o# the Code. (Miran$a v. !#aya, +.R. No. ,-0-.,, *$'y 1/, ,777, en 3an @De'oA5 22$. Should the votes cast for the substituted candidate be considered votes for the substitute candidate? An"'er: Repu#lic !ct No. :--; otherwise 9nown as the =air Election !ct %ro"ides in Se!tion 05 thereofI EIn !%"e o# v%lid "$-"tit$tion" %#ter the o##i!i%l -%llot" h%ve -een &rinted+ the vote" !%"t #or the "$-"tit$ted !%ndid%te" "h%ll -e !on"idered %" "tr%y vote" -$t "h%ll not inv%lid%te the 'hole -%llot* 9or thi" &$r&o"e+ the o##i!i%l -%llot" "h%ll &rovide "&%!e" 'here the voter" (%y 'rite the n%(e o# the "$-"tit$te !%ndid%te" i# they %re voting #or the l%tter: Provided+ ho'ever+ th%t i# the "$-"tit$te !%ndid%te i" o# the "%(e #%(ily n%(e+ thi" &rovi"ion "h%ll not %&&ly.F 22#. What is the effect of the filing of certificate of candidacy by elective officials? An"'er: C3ME'EC Resolution No. *;*; %ro#$'!ated Dar h ,, 122,, i#%'e#entin! the =air Election !ct (R.A. No. 72205 %ro"ides in Se!tion 5I thereofI E%ny ele!tive o##i!i%l+ 'hether n%tion%l or lo!%l+ 'ho h%" #iled % !erti#i!%te o# !%ndid%!y #or the "%(e or %ny other o##i!e "h%ll not -e !on"idered re"igned #ro( hi" o##i!e.F N3&E that Se!tion IF of the 3mni#us Election Co$e and the first %ro"iso in the third %ara!ra%h of Se!tion 00 of Re&$-li! A!t No* BE7I whi h #odified said Se tion 08, were e &re""ly re&e%led %nd rendered ine##e!tive+ re"&e!tively+ -y Se!tion 0E (Re%ea'in! C'a$se5 of &)e =air Election !ct /R*A* No* CJJI1. 2*2. What Bind of /?!;78I!@ ?IS87(87S7:;!;I9:1 is contemplated by Section %$ of the 9mnibus 7lection &ode as a ground for dis'ualification of a candidate? Does it include the use of surname? Held: Therefore, it #ay &e on '$ded that the (%teri%l (i"re&re"ent%tion !onte(&l%ted -y Se!tion FB o# the 3mni#us Election Co$e re#er" to )$%li#i!%tion" #or ele!tive o##i!e. This on '$sion is stren!thened &y the fa t that the onse:$en es i#%osed $%on a andidate !$i'ty of ha"in! #ade a fa'se re%resentation in his ertifi ate of andida y are !ra"e C to %re"ent the andidate fro# r$nnin! or, if e'e ted, fro# ser"in!, or to %rose $te hi# for "io'ation of the e'e tion 'aws. It o$'d not ha"e &een the intention of the 'aw to

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de%ri"e a %erson of s$ h a &asi and s$&stantia' %o'iti a' ri!ht to &e "oted for a %$&'i offi e $%on B$st any inno $o$s #ista9e. <A="ide #ro( the re)$ire(ent o# (%teri%lity+ % #%l"e re&re"ent%tion $nder Se!tion FB ($"t !on"i"t o# % 2deli-er%te %tte(&t to (i"le%d+ (i"in#or(+ or hide % #%!t 'hi!h 'o$ld other'i"e render % !%ndid%te ineligi-le*3 In other 'ord"+ it ($"t -e (%de 'ith %n intention to de!eive the ele!tor%te %" to oneD" )$%li#i!%tion" #or &$-li! o##i!e* The $"e o# % "$rn%(e+ 'hen not intended to (i"le%d or de!eive the &$-li! %" to oneD" identity+ i" not 'ithin the "!o&e o# the &rovi"ion. (2ictorino Salce$o II v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,-.//0, A$!. ,0, ,777, En 3an @+onJa!a;ReyesA5 2*1. Who has authority to declare failure of elections and the calling of special election? What are the three instances where a failure of election may be declared? Held: The CO:ELECD" %$thority to de!l%re #%il$re o# ele!tion" i" &rovided in o$r ele!tion l%'". Se!tion E of RA F0II %ro"ides that the Co(ele! "itting en #anc -y % (%.ority vote o# it" (e(-er" (%y de!ide+ %(ong other"+ the de!l%r%tion o# #%il$re o# ele!tion %nd the !%lling o# "&e!i%l ele!tion %" &rovided in Se!tion I o# the O(ni-$" Ele!tion Code. 6 > > There are three instan es where a fai'$re of e'e tion #ay &e de 'ared, na#e'y, (a5 the e'e tion in any %o''in! %'a e has not -een held on the d%te #i ed on %!!o$nt o# force ma0eure violen!e+ terrori"(+ #r%$d or other %n%logo$" !%$"e"G (&5 the e'e tion in any %o''in! %'a e has &een "$"&ended -e#ore the ho$r #i ed -y l%' #or the !lo"ing o# the voting on %!!o$nt o# force ma0eure violen!e+ terrori"(+ #r%$d or other %n%logo$" !%$"e"G or ( 5 %#ter the voting %nd d$ring the &re&%r%tion %nd tr%n"(i""ion o# the ele!tion ret$rn" or in the !$"tody or !%nv%"" thereo#+ "$!h ele!tion re"$lt" in % #%il$re to ele!t on %!!o$nt o# force ma0eure violen!e+ terrori"(+ #r%$d or other %n%logo$" !%$"e". In these instan es, there is a res$'tin! fai'$re to e'e t. This is o&"io$s in the first two s enarios, where the e'e tion was not he'd and where the e'e tion was s$s%ended. !s to t)e t)ir$ scenario ()ere t)e preparation an$ t)e transmission of t)e election returns give rise to t)e conseHuence of failure to elect it must > > >, -e inter&reted to (e%n th%t no-ody e(erged %" % 'inner. (6anaga 1r. v. C3ME'EC, --0 SCRA 82,, *$'y -,, 1222, En 3an @P$is$#&in!A5 2*2. What are the two conditions that must concur before the &9?7@7& can act on a verified petition seeBing to declare a failure of election? Held: 3efore the CODELEC an a t on a "erified %etition see9in! to de 'are a fai'$re of e'e tion two onditions #$st on $r, na#e'yI (,5 no voting too6 &l%!e in the &re!in!t or &re!in!t" on the d%te #i ed -y l%'+ or even i# there '%" voting+ the ele!tion re"$lted in % #%il$re to ele!tG and (15 the vote" not !%"t 'o$ld h%ve %##e!ted the re"$lt o# the ele!tion* Note th%t the !%$"e o# "$!h #%il$re o# ele!tion !o$ld only -e %ny o# the #ollo'ing: force ma0eure violen!e+ terrori"(+ #r%$d or other %n%logo$" !%$"e". 3an Th$s, in 6anaga 1r. v. C3ME'EC (--0 SCRA 82,, *$'y -,, 1222, En @P$is$#&in!A5, the SC he'dI EWe h%ve &%in"t%6ingly e %(ined the &etition #iled -y &etitioner B%n%g% -e#ore the Co(ele!* B$t 'e #o$nd th%t &etitioner did not %llege %t %ll th%t ele!tion" 'ere either not held or "$"&ended* Neither did he %ver th%t %ltho$gh there '%" voting+ no-ody '%" ele!ted. On the ontrary, he on eded that an e'e tion too9 %'a e for the offi e of "i e;#ayor of Parana:$e City, and that %ri"ate res%ondent was, in fa t, %ro 'ai#ed e'e ted to that %ost. Whi'e %etitioner ontends that the e'e tion was tainted with

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wides%read ano#a'ies, it #$st &e noted that to '%rr%nt % de!l%r%tion o# #%il$re o# ele!tion the !o((i""ion o# #r%$d ($"t -e "$!h th%t it &revented or "$"&ended the holding o# %n ele!tion+ or (%rred #%t%lly the &re&%r%tion %nd tr%n"(i""ion+ !$"tody %nd !%nv%"" o# the ele!tion ret$rn"* The"e e""enti%l #%!t" o$ght to h%ve -een %lleged !le%rly -y the &etitioner -elo'+ -$t he did not.F 2**. &ite instances failure of elections. when &omelec may or may not validly declare

Held: In Mitmug v. C3ME'EC (1-2 SCRA .? @,77?A5, %etitioner instit$ted with the CODELEC an action to declare failure of election in forty;nine %re in ts where 'ess than a :$arter of the e'e torate were a&'e to ast their "otes. <e a'so 'od!ed an e'e tion %rotest with the Re!iona' Tria' Co$rt dis%$tin! the res$'t of the e'e tion in a'' %re in ts in his #$ni i%a'ity. The Co#e'e denied motu proprio and witho$t d$e noti e and hearin! the %etition to de 'are fai'$re of e'e tion des%ite %etitionerLs ar!$#ent that he has #eritorio$s !ro$nds in s$%%ort thereto, that is #assi"e disenfran hise#ent of "oters d$e to terroris#. On revie'+ 'e r$led th%t the Co(ele! did not gr%vely %-$"e it" di"!retion in denying the &etition* It '%" not &roven th%t no %!t$%l voting too6 &l%!e* Neither '%" it "ho'n th%t even i# there '%" voting+ the re"$lt" thereon 'o$ld -e t%nt%(o$nt to #%il$re to ele!t* Con"idering th%t there i" no !on!$rren!e o# the !ondition" "ee6ing to de!l%re #%il$re o# ele!tion+ there i" no longer need to re!eive eviden!e on %lleged ele!tion irreg$l%ritie". In Sar$ea v. C3ME'EC (11. SCRA -8? @,77-A5, a'' e'e tion #ateria's and %ara%herna'ia with the #$ni i%a' &oard of an"assers were destroyed &y the sy#%athiJers of the 'osin! #ayora'ty andidate. The &oard then de ided to $se the o%ies of e'e tion ret$rns f$rnished to the #$ni i%a' tria' o$rt. Petitioner therein fi'ed a %etition to sto% the %ro eedin!s of the &oard of an"assers on the !ro$nd that it had no a$thority to $se said e'e tion ret$rns o&tained fro# the #$ni i%a' tria' o$rt. The %etition was denied. Ne>t, he fi'ed a %etition assai'in! the o#%osition of the &oard of an"assers. Des%ite that %etition, the &oard of an"assers %ro 'ai#ed the winnin! andidates. Later on, %etitioner fi'ed a petition to declare a failure of election a''e!in! that the attendant fa ts wo$'d B$stify de 'aration of s$ h fai'$re. On revie'+ 'e r$led th%t &etitionerD" #ir"t t'o %!tion" involved &re,&ro!l%(%tion !ontrover"ie" 'hi!h !%n no longer -e entert%ined %#ter the 'inning !%ndid%te" h%ve -een &ro!l%i(ed* Reg%rding the &etition to de!l%re % #%il$re o# ele!tion+ 'e held th%t the de"tr$!tion %nd lo"" o# !o&ie" o# ele!tion ret$rn" intended #or the ($ni!i&%l -o%rd o# !%nv%""er" on %!!o$nt o# violen!e i" not one o# the !%$"e" th%t 'o$ld '%rr%nt the de!l%r%tion o# #%il$re o# ele!tion* The re%"on i" th%t voting %!t$%lly too6 &l%!e %" "!hed$led %nd other v%lid ele!tion ret$rn" "till e i"ted* :oreover+ the de"tr$!tion or lo"" did not %##e!t the re"$lt o# the ele!tion* We %l"o de!l%red th%t there i" #%il$re o# ele!tion" only 'hen the 'ill o# the ele!tor%te h%" -een ($ted %nd !%nnot -e %"!ert%ined* I# the 'ill o# the &eo&le i" deter(in%-le+ the "%(e ($"t %" #%r %" &o""i-le -e re"&e!ted. 6 > > In 'oong v. C3ME'EC (1.8 SCRA , @,770A5, the %etition for ann$'#ent of e'e tion res$'ts or to de 'are fai'$re of e'e tions in Paran!, S$'$, on the !ro$nd of statisti a' i#%ro&a&i'ity and #assi"e fra$d was !ranted &y the CODELEC. E"en &efore the te hni a' e>a#ination of e'e tion do $#ents was ond$ ted, the Co#e'e a'ready o&ser"ed &ad!es of fra$d B$st &y 'oo9in! at the e'e tion res$'ts in Paran!. Ne"erthe'ess, the Co#e'e dis#issed the %etition for ann$'#ent of e'e tion res$'ts or to de 'are fai'$re of e'e tions in the #$ni i%a'ities of Ta%$', Pan!'i#a Estino, Pata, Siasi and )a'in!!a'an! Ca'a$a!. The CO:ELEC di"(i""ed the l%tter %!tion on gro$nd o# $nti(eline"" o# the &etition+ de"&ite % #inding th%t the "%(e -%dge" o# #r%$d evident #ro( the re"$lt" o# the ele!tion -%"ed on the !erti#i!%te" o# !%nv%"" o# vote" in P%r%ng %re %l"o evident in the

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ele!tion re"$lt" o# the #ive (entioned ($ni!i&%litie"* We r$led th%t Co(ele! !o((itted gr%ve %-$"e o# di"!retion in di"(i""ing the &etition %" there i" no l%' 'hi!h &rovide" #or % regle(ent%ry &eriod to #ile %nn$l(ent o# ele!tion" 'hen there i" yet no &ro!l%(%tion* &)e election resulte$ in a failure to elect on account of frau$. A!!ordingly+ 'e ordered the Co(ele! to rein"t%te the %#ore"%id &etition. Those ir $#stan es, howe"er, are not %resent in this ase, so that re'ian e on @oong &y %etitioner 3ana!a is #is%'a ed. (6anaga 1r. v. C3ME'EC, --0 SCRA 82,, *$'y -,, 1222, En 3an @P$is$#&in!A5 2*+. Is a petition to declare failure of election different from a petition to annul the election results? Held: A %rayer to de 'are fai'$re of e'e tions and a %rayer to ann$' the e'e tion res$'ts > > > are a t$a''y o# the "%(e n%t$re. Whether %n %!tion i" #or de!l%r%tion o# #%il$re o# ele!tion" or #or %nn$l(ent o# ele!tion re"$lt"+ -%"ed on %lleg%tion" o# #r%$d+ terrori"(+ violen!e or %n%logo$"+ the O(ni-$" Ele!tion Code deno(in%te" the( "i(il%rly. (6anaga 1r. v. C3ME'EC, --0 SCRA 82,, *$'y -,, 1222, En 3an @P$is$#&in!A5 2*.. What conditions must concur before the &omelec can act on a verified petition seeBing to declare a failure of election? Is low turn,out of voters enough basis to grant the petition? Held: 3efore CODELEC an a t on a "erified %etition see9in! to de 'are a fai'$re of e'e tion, two (15 onditions #$st on $rI 0I8S; no voting h%" t%6en &l%!e in the &re!in!t or &re!in!t" on the d%te #i ed -y l%' or+ even i# there '%" voting+ the ele!tion neverthele"" re"$lt" in #%il$re to ele!tG and, S7&9:D the vote" not !%"t 'o$ld %##e!t the re"$lt o# the ele!tion. There !%n -e #%il$re o# ele!tion in % &oliti!%l $nit only i# the 'ill o# the (%.ority h%" -een de#iled %nd !%nnot -e %"!ert%ined* B$t+ i# it !%n -e deter(ined+ it ($"t -e %!!orded re"&e!t* A#ter %ll+ there i" no &rovi"ion+ in o$r ele!tion l%'"+ 'hi!h re)$ire" th%t % (%.ority o# regi"tered voter" ($"t !%"t their vote"* All the l%' re)$ire" i" th%t % 'inning !%ndid%te ($"t -e ele!ted -y % &l$r%lity o# v%lid vote"+ reg%rdle"" o# the %!t$%l n$(-er o# -%llot" !%"t* Th$"+ even i# le"" th%n 5GP o# the ele!tor%te in the )$e"tioned &re!in!t" !%"t their vote"+ the "%(e ($"t "till -e re"&e!ted. (Mitmug v. C3ME'EC, 1-2 SCRA .?, 4e&. ,2, ,77?, En 3an @3e''osi''oA5 2*) Distinguish a petition to declare failure of elections from an election protest. Held: Whi'e %etitioner #ay ha"e intended to instit$te e'e tion %rotest &y %rayin! that said a tion #ay a'so &e onsidered e'e tion %rotest, in o$r "iew, %etitionerLs a tion is a %etition de 'are a fai'$re of e'e tions or ann$' e'e tion res$'ts. It is not e'e tion %rotest. an an to an

4irst, his %etition &efore the Co#e'e was in"tit$ted &$r"$%nt to Se!tion E o# Re&$-li! A!t No* F0II in rel%tion to Se!tion I o# the 3mni#us Election Co$e. Se!tion E of RA F0II refers to /postponement failure of election an$ special elections1 whi'e Se!tion I of the 3mni#us Election Co$e re'ates to /failure of election.1 It is si#%'y a%tioned as /(etition to Declare 0ailure of 7lections andIor 0or !nnulment of 7lections.1 Se!ond+ %n ele!tion &rote"t i" %n ordin%ry %!tion 'hile % &etition to de!l%re % #%il$re o# ele!tion" i" % "&e!i%l %!tion $nder the 0CC7 Co(ele! R$le" o# Pro!ed$re %" %(ended* An ele!tion &rote"t i" governed -y R$le 5J on ordin%ry %!tion"+ 'hile % &etition to de!l%re #%il$re o# ele!tion" i" !overed -y R$le 5I $nder "&e!i%l %!tion".

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In this ase, %etitioner fi'ed his %etition as a s%e ia' a tion and %aid the orres%ondin! fee therefor. Th$s, the %etition was do 9eted as SPA;7/;-/-. This onfor#s to %etitionerLs ate!oriJation of his %etition as one to de 'are a fai'$re of e'e tions or ann$' e'e tion res$'ts. In ontrast, an e'e tion %rotest is assi!ned a do 9et n$#&er startin! with EEPC,F #eanin! e'e tion %rotest ase. Third+ &etitioner did not !o(&ly 'ith the re)$ire(ent" #or #iling %n ele!tion &rote"t* He #%iled to &%y the re)$ired #iling #ee %nd !%"h de&o"it" #or %n ele!tion &rote"t* 9%il$re to &%y #iling #ee" 'ill not ve"t the ele!tion tri-$n%l .$ri"di!tion over the !%"e* S$!h &ro!ed$r%l l%&"e on the &%rt o# % &etitioner 'o$ld !le%rly '%rr%nt the o$tright di"(i""%l o# hi" %!tion. 9o$rth+ %n en #anc de!i"ion o# Co(ele! in %n ordin%ry %!tion -e!o(e" #in%l %nd e e!$tory %#ter thirty /7J1 d%y" #ro( it" &ro($lg%tion+ 'hile %n en #anc de!i"ion in % "&e!i%l %!tion -e!o(e" #in%l %nd e e!$tory %#ter #ive /G1 d%y" #ro( &ro($lg%tion+ $nle"" re"tr%ined -y the S$&re(e Co$rt <&omelec 8ules of (rocedure 8ule 1$ Section 1* 3a4 3b4>. 9or th%t re%"on+ % &etition !%nnot -e tre%ted %" -oth %n ele!tion &rote"t %nd % &etition to de!l%re #%il$re o# ele!tion". 9i#th+ the %lleg%tion" in the &etition de!i"ively deter(ine it" n%t$re* Petitioner %lleged th%t the lo!%l ele!tion" #or the o##i!e o# vi!e,(%yor in P%r%n%)$e City held on :%y 00+ 0CCB+ denigr%te" the tr$e 'ill o# the &eo&le %" it '%" (%rred 'ith 'ide"&re%d %no(%lie" on %!!o$nt o# vote -$ying+ #lying voter" %nd gl%ring di"!re&%n!ie" in the ele!tion ret$rn"* He %verred th%t tho"e in!ident" '%rr%nt the de!l%r%tion o# % #%il$re o# ele!tion". +i"en these ir $#stan es, %$&'i res%ondent annot &e said to ha"e !ra"e'y erred in treatin! %etitionerLs a tion as a %etition to de 'are fai'$re of e'e tions or to ann$' e'e tion res$'ts. (6anaga 1r. v. C3ME'EC, --0 SCRA 82,, *$'y -,, 1222, En 3an @P$is$#&in!A5 2*%. What are pre,proclamation cases and e-ceptions thereto? &ourt has jurisdiction over pre,proclamation cases? What

Held: As a 57:78!@ 8C@7, !%ndid%te" %nd regi"tered &oliti!%l &%rtie" involved in %n ele!tion %re %llo'ed to #ile &re, &ro!l%(%tion !%"e" -e#ore the Co(ele!* Pre,&ro!l%(%tion !%"e" re#er to %ny )$e"tion &ert%ining to or %##e!ting the PROCEEDIN>S o# the BOARD o# CANHASSERS 'hi!h (%y -e r%i"ed -y %ny !%ndid%te or -y %ny regi"tered &oliti!%l &%rty or !o%lition o# &oliti!%l &%rtie" -e#ore the -o%rd or dire!tly 'ith the Co((i""ion+ or %ny (%tter r%i"ed $nder Se!tion" 577+ 57E+ 57G %nd 57I in rel%tion to the PREPARATION+ TRANS:ISSION+ RECEIPT+ CUSTOD; %nd APPRECIATION o# ele!tion ret$rn" (Se tion 1?,, 3mni#us Election Co$e5. The Co(ele! h%" E?CLUSIHE MURISDICTION over ALL &re, &ro!l%(%tion !ontrover"ie" (Se tion 1?1, supra5. As an 7"&7(;I9:, howe"er, to the !enera' r$'e, Se!tion 0G of Re&$-li! A!t F0II &rohi-it" !%ndid%te" in the &re"identi%l+ vi!e,&re"identi%l+ "en%tori%l %nd !ongre""ion%l ele!tion" #ro( #iling &re,&ro!l%(%tion !%"e". It statesI ESe!* 0G. (re,(roclamation &ases :ot !llowed in 7lections for (resident Fice,(resident Senator and ?embers of the 6ouse of 8epresentatives. ; 9or &$r&o"e" o# the ele!tion" #or Pre"ident+ Hi!e,Pre"ident+ Sen%tor %nd :e(-er o# the Ho$"e o# Re&re"ent%tive"+ no &re,&ro!l%(%tion !%"e" "h%ll -e %llo'ed on (%tter" rel%ting to the &re&%r%tion+ tr%n"(i""ion+ re!ei&t+ !$"tody %nd %&&re!i%tion o# ele!tion ret$rn" or the !erti#i!%te" o# !%nv%""+ %" the !%"e (%y -e. Ho'ever+ thi" doe" not &re!l$de the %$thority o# the %&&ro&ri%te !%nv%""ing -ody motu proprio or $&on 'ritten !o(&l%int o# %n intere"ted &er"on to !orre!t (%ni#e"t error" in the !erti#i!%te o# !%nv%"" or ele!tion ret$rn" -e#ore it.F

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The %rohi&ition %i(" to %void del%y in the &ro!l%(%tion o# the 'inner in the ele!tion+ 'hi!h del%y (ight re"$lt in % v%!$$( in the"e "en"itive &o"t". The 'aw, nonethe'ess, %ro"ides an 7"&7(;I9: ;9 ;67 7"&7(;I9:* The "e!ond "enten!e o# Se!tion 0G %llo'" the #iling o# &etition" #or !orre!tion o# M!NI=ES& ERR3RS in the !erti#i!%te o# !%nv%"" or ele!tion ret$rn" even in ele!tion" #or &re"ident+ vi!e, &re"ident %nd (e(-er" o# the Ho$"e o# Re&re"ent%tive" #or the simple reason th%t the !orre!tion o# (%ni#e"t error 'ill not &rolong the &ro!e"" o# !%nv%""ing nor del%y the &ro!l%(%tion o# the 'inner in the ele!tion. The r$'e is onsistent with and o#%'e#ents the a$thority of the Co#e'e $nder the Constit$tion to Eenfor e and ad#inister a'' 'aws and re!$'ations re'ati"e to the ond$ t of an e'e tion, %'e&is ite, initiati"e, referend$# and re a''F <Section 2314 !rticle I",& 1#$% &onstitution> and its %ower to Ede ide, e> e%t those in"o'"in! the ri!ht to "ote, a'' :$estions affe tin! e'e tions.F <Section 23*4 !rticle I",& supra> (=e$erico S. San$oval v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,--/?1, *an. 10, 1222 @P$noA5 2*$. Who has authority to rule on petitions for correction of manifest error in the certificate of canvass or election returns? Held: The %$thority to r$le on &etition" #or !orre!tion o# (%ni#e"t error i" ve"ted in the Comelec en #anc. Se!tion F of R$le 5F of the 7::* C3ME'EC Rules of Proce$ure (too9 effe t on 4e&r$ary ,., ,77-5 %ro"ides that i# the error i" di"!overed -e#ore &ro!l%(%tion+ the -o%rd o# !%nv%""er" (%y motu proprio+ or $&on veri#ied &etition -y %ny !%ndid%te+ &oliti!%l &%rty+ org%ni8%tion or !o%lition o# &oliti!%l &%rtie"+ %#ter d$e noti!e %nd he%ring+ !orre!t the error" !o((itted* The %ggrieved &%rty (%y %&&e%l the de!i"ion o# the -o%rd to the Co((i""ion %nd "%id %&&e%l "h%ll -e he%rd %nd de!ided -y the Co((i""ion en #anc* Se!tion G+ ho'ever+ o# the "%(e r$le "t%te" th%t % &etition #or !orre!tion o# (%ni#e"t error (%y -e #iled dire!tly 'ith the Co((i""ion en #anc &rovided th%t "$!h error" !o$ld not h%ve -een di"!overed d$ring the !%nv%""ing de"&ite the e er!i"e o# d$e diligen!e %nd &ro!l%(%tion o# the 'inning !%ndid%te h%d %lre%dy -een (%de. (=e$erico S. San$oval v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,--/?1, *an. 10, 1222 @P$noA5 2*#. Distinguish 7lection (rotest from (etition for Auo Warranto.

Held: In Sama$ v. C3ME'EC we e>%'ained that % PETITION 9OR N/3 B!RR!N&3 $nder the 3mni#us Election Co$e r%i"e" in i""$e the di"loy%lty or ineligi-ility o# the 'inning !%ndid%te* It i" % &ro!eeding to $n"e%t the re"&ondent #ro( o##i!e -$t not ne!e""%rily to in"t%ll the &etitioner in hi" &l%!e. An E'EC&I3N PR3&ES& i" % !onte"t -et'een the de#e%ted %nd 'inning !%ndid%te" on the gro$nd o# #r%$d" or irreg$l%ritie" in the !%"ting %nd !o$nting o# the -%llot"+ or in the &re&%r%tion o# the ret$rn"* It r%i"e" the )$e"tion o# 'ho %!t$%lly o-t%ined the &l$r%lity o# the leg%l vote" %nd there#ore i" entitled to hold the o##i!e. (Dumayas 1r. v. C3ME'EC, +.R. Nos. ,?,7.1;.-, A%ri' 12, 122,, En 3an @P$is$#&in!A5 2+2. What is a counter,protest? When should it be filed?

Held: =nder the Comelec Rules of Proce$ure, the &rote"tee (%y in!or&or%te in hi" %n"'er % !o$nter,&rote"t* It h%" -een "%id th%t % !o$nter,&rote"t i" t%nt%(o$nt to % !o$nter!l%i( in % !ivil %!tion %nd (%y -e &re"ented %" % &%rt o# the %n"'er 'ithin the ti(e he i" re)$ired to %n"'er the &rote"t+ i.e. 'ithin #ive /G1 d%y" $&on re!ei&t o# the &rote"t+ $nle"" % (otion #or e ten"ion i" gr%nted+ in 'hi!h !%"e it ($"t -e #iled -e#ore the e &ir%tion o# the e tended ti(e. As ear'y as in the ase of !rrieta v. Ro$riguez (.8 Phi'. 8,85, the SC had fir#'y sett'ed the r$'e that the !o$nter,&rote"t ($"t -e #iled 'ithin the &eriod &rovided -y l%'+ other'i"e+ the #or$( lo"e" it" .$ri"di!tion to entert%in the -el%tedly #iled !o$nter,&rote"t. (")o v. C3ME'EC, 187 SCRA ?0-, Se%t. 1., ,778, En 3an @TorresA5

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2+1. What is the effect of death of a party in an election protest? Should it warrant the dismissal of the protest? Held: An ele!tion &rote"t involve" -oth the &riv%te intere"t" o# the riv%l !%ndid%te" %nd the &$-li! intere"t in the #in%l deter(in%tion o# the re%l !hoi!e o# the ele!tor%te+ %nd #or thi" re%"on+ %n ele!tion !onte"t ne!e""%rily "$rvive" the de%th o# the &rote"t%nt or the &rote"tee. It is tr$e that a %$&'i offi e is %ersona' to the %$&'i offi er and is not a %ro%erty trans#issi&'e to his heirs $%on death, th$s, $%on the death of the in $#&ent, no heir of his #ay &e a''owed to ontin$e ho'din! his offi e in his %'a e. B$t 'hile the right to % &$-li! o##i!e i" &er"on%l %nd e !l$"ive to the &$-li! o##i!er+ %n ele!tion &rote"t i" not &$rely &er"on%l %nd e !l$"ive to the &rote"t%nt or to the &rote"tee "$!h th%t %#ter the de%th o# either 'o$ld o$"t the !o$rt o# %ll %$thority to !ontin$e the &rote"t &ro!eeding"* An ele!tion !onte"t+ %#ter %ll+ involve" not (erely !on#li!ting &riv%te %"&ir%tion" -$t i" i(-$ed 'ith &%r%(o$nt &$-li! intere"t"* The de%th o# the &rote"t%nt neither !on"tit$te" % gro$nd #or the di"(i""%l o# the !onte"t nor o$"t" the tri%l !o$rt o# it" .$ri"di!tion to de!ide the ele!tion !onte"t. (De Castro v. C3ME'EC, 108 SCRA /20, 4e&. 8, ,7785 2+2. Does the fact that one or a few candidates in an election got =ero votes in one or a few precincts ade'uately support a finding that the election returns are statistically improbable? Held: 9ro( e &erien!e" in &%"t ele!tion"+ it i" &o""i-le #or one !%ndid%te or even % #e' !%ndid%te" to get 8ero vote" in one or % #e' &re!in!t"* St%nding %lone %nd 'itho$t (ore+ the -%re #%!t th%t % !%ndid%te #or &$-li! o##i!e re!eived 8ero vote" in one or t'o &re!in!t" !%n not %de)$%tely "$&&ort % #inding th%t the "$-.e!t ele!tion ret$rn" %re "t%ti"ti!%lly i(&ro-%-le* A no,vote #or % &%rti!$l%r !%ndid%te in ele!tion ret$rn" i" -$t one "tr%nd in the 'e- o# !ir!$("t%nti%l eviden!e th%t tho"e ele!tion ret$rn" 'ere &re&%red $nder 2d$re""+ #or!e %nd inti(id%tion.F In the ase o# /na "i#a$ v. Comelec (1- SCRA .// @,70/A5, the SC '%rned th%t the do!trine o# "t%ti"ti!%l i(&ro-%-ility ($"t -e vie'ed re"tri!tively+ the $t(o"t !%re -eing t%6en le"t in &en%li8ing the #r%$d$lent %nd !orr$&t &r%!ti!e"+ inno!ent voter" -e!o(e di"en#r%n!hi"ed, a res$'t whi h hard'y o##ends itse'f. Doreo"er, the do trine of statisti a' i#%ro&a&i'ity in"o'"es a :$estion of fa t and a #ore %r$dentia' a%%roa h %rohi&its its deter#ination e- parte. (!rt)ur 2. 2elayo v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,-.0,-, Dar h 7, 1222, En 3an @P$noA5 2+*. What &ourt has jurisdiction over election protests and warranto proceedings involving Sangguniang Kabataan <SK> elections? 'uo

Held: Any !onte"t rel%ting to the ele!tion o# (e(-er" o# the S%ngg$ni%ng L%-%t%%n /in!l$ding the !h%ir(%n1 N 'hether &ert%ining to their eligi-ility or the (%nner o# their ele!tion N i" !ogni8%-le -y :TC"+ :CTC"+ %nd :eTC". Se!tion I of Comelec Resolution No. +.+4 whi h %ro"ides that !%"e" involving the eligi-ility or )$%li#i!%tion o# SL !%ndid%te" "h%ll -e de!ided -y the CityA:$ni!i&%l Ele!tion O##i!er 'ho"e de!i"ion "h%ll -e #in%l+ %&&lie" only to &ro!eeding" -e#ore the ele!tion* Be#ore &ro!l%(%tion+ !%"e" !on!erning eligi-ility o# SL o##i!er" %nd (e(-er" %re !ogni8%-le -y the Ele!tion O##i!er* B$t %#ter the ele!tion %nd &ro!l%(%tion+ the "%(e !%"e" -e!o(e Huo (arranto !%"e" !ogni8%-le -y :TC"+ :CTC"+ %nd :eTC"* The di"tin!tion i" -%"ed on the &rin!i&le th%t it i" the &ro!l%(%tion 'hi!h (%r6" o## the .$ri"di!tion o# the !o$rt" #ro( the .$ri"di!tion o# ele!tion o##i!i%l". The ase of 1ose M. Merca$o v. 6oar$ of Election Supervisors (1?SCRA ?1-, +.R. No. ,278,-, A%ri' 0, ,77.5, in whi h this Co$rt r$'ed

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that e'e tion %rotests in"o'"in! S) e'e tions are to &e deter#ined &y the 3oard of E'e tion S$%er"isors was de ided $nder the ae!is of Co#e'e Reso'$tion No. 1?77, whi h too9 effe t on A$!$st 18, ,771. Ho'ever+ Co(ele! Re"ol$tion No* 5B5E+ 'hi!h too6 e##e!t on 9e-r$%ry I+ 0CCI %nd '%" &%""ed &$r"$%nt to R*A* FBJB+ in rel%tion to Art"* 5G5,5G7 o# the O(ni-$" Ele!tion Code+ h%" "in!e tr%n"#erred the !ogni8%n!e o# "$!h !%"e" #ro( the Bo%rd o# Ele!tion S$&ervi"or" to the :TC"+ :CTC" %nd :eTC". Th$s, the do trine of ?ercado is no 'on!er ontro''in!. (=rancis "ing '. MarHuez v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,18-,/, A$!. 1., ,777, En 3an @P$risi#aA5 THE LAW O9 PUBLIC CORPORATIONS 2++. What is an autonomous region?

An"'er: An !C;9:9?9CS 875I9: !on"i"t" o# &rovin!e"+ !itie"+ ($ni!i&%litie"+ %nd geogr%&hi!%l %re%" "h%ring !o((on %nd di"tin!tive hi"tori!%l %nd !$lt$r%l herit%ge+ e!ono(i! %nd "o!i%l "tr$!t$re"+ %nd other relev%nt !h%r%!teri"ti!" 'ithin the #r%(e'or6 o# the Con"tit$tion %nd the n%tion%l "overeignty %" 'ell %" the territori%l integrity o# the Re&$-li! o# the Phili&&ine". (Se!* 0G+ Art* ?+ 7:., Constitution5 2+.. What are administrative regions? !re they considered territorial and political subdivisions of the State? Who has the power to create administrative regions? Held: !D?I:IS;8!;IF7 875I9:S %re (ere gro$&ing" o# !ontig$o$" &rovin!e" #or %d(ini"tr%tive &$r&o"e"* They %re not territori%l %nd &oliti!%l "$-divi"ion" li6e &rovin!e"+ !itie"+ ($ni!i&%litie" %nd -%r%ng%y". While the &o'er to (erge %d(ini"tr%tive region" i" not e &re""ly &rovided #or in the Con"tit$tion+ it i" % &o'er 'hi!h h%" tr%dition%lly -een lodged 'ith the Pre"ident to #%!ilit%te the e er!i"e o# the &o'er o# gener%l "$&ervi"ion over lo!%l govern(ent". (!##as v. C3ME'EC, ,87 SCRA 1/8, No". ,2, ,7/7, En 3an @CortesA5 2+). Is there a conflict between the power of the (resident to merge administrative regions with the constitutional provision re'uiring a plebiscite in the merger of local government units? Held: There i" no !on#li!t -et'een the &o'er o# the Pre"ident to (erge %d(ini"tr%tive region" 'ith the !on"tit$tion%l &rovi"ion re)$iring % &le-i"!ite in the (erger o# lo!%l govern(ent $nit" -e!%$"e the re)$ire(ent o# % &le-i"!ite in % (erger e &re""ly %&&lie" only to &rovin!e"+ !itie"+ ($ni!i&%litie" or -%r%ng%y"+ not to %d(ini"tr%tive region". (!##as v. C3ME'EC, ,87 SCRA 1/8, No". ,2, ,7/7, En 3an @CortesA5 2+%. What is the ?etropolitan ?anila Development !uthority <??D!>? Is it a local government unit or public corporation endowed with legislative power? ?ay it validly e-ercise police power? 6ow is it distinguished from the former ?etro ?anila &ouncil <??&> created under (D :o. $2+? Held: ?7;89(9@I;!: or ?7;89 ?!:I@! is a #o$y compose$ of several local government units G i.e. t'elve /051 !itie" %nd #ive /G1 ($ni!i&%litie" * Bit) t)e passage of Repu#lic !ct No. ,:+4 in 7::5 Metropolitan Manila (as $eclare$ as a Cspecial $evelopment an$ a$ministrative regionM an$ t)e !$ministration of Cmetro(i$eM #asic services affecting t)e region place$ un$er Ca $evelopment aut)orityM referre$ to as t)e MMD!. The governing #oar$ of t)e MMD! is t)e Metro Manila Council. The Co$n!il i" !o(&o"ed o# the (%yor" o# the !o(&onent 05 !itie" %nd G ($ni!i&%litie"+ the &re"ident o# the :etro :%nil% Hi!e,:%yor"D Le%g$e %nd the &re"ident o# the :etro :%nil% Co$n!ilor"D Le%g$e* The Co$n!il

149

i" he%ded -y % Ch%ir(%n 'ho i" %&&ointed -y the Pre"ident %nd ve"ted 'ith the r%n6 o# !%-inet (e(-er* A" the &oli!y,(%6ing -ody o# the ::DA+ the :etro :%nil% Co$n!il %&&rove" (etro,'ide &l%n"+ &rogr%(" %nd &ro.e!t"+ %nd i""$e" the ne!e""%ry r$le" %nd reg$l%tion" #or the i(&le(ent%tion o# "%id &l%n"4 it %&&rove" the %nn$%l -$dget o# the ::DA %nd &ro($lg%te" the r$le" %nd reg$l%tion" #or the delivery o# -%"i! "ervi!e"+ !olle!tion o# "ervi!e %nd reg$l%tory #ee"+ #ine" %nd &en%ltie". 6 > > C'ear'y, the s o%e of the DDDALs f$n tion is 'i#ited to the de'i"ery of the se"en (85 &asi ser"i es. One of these is trans%ort and traffi #ana!e#ent > > >. It wi'' &e noted that the %owers of the DDDA are 'i#ited to the fo''owin! a tsI #or($l%tion+ !oordin%tion+ reg$l%tion+ i(&le(ent%tion+ &re&%r%tion+ (%n%ge(ent+ (onitoring+ "etting o# &oli!ie"+ in"t%ll%tion o# % "y"te( %nd %d(ini"tr%tion* &)ere is no sylla#le in R.!. No. ,:+4 t)at grants t)e MMD! police po(er let alone legislative po(er. Even the :etro :%nil% Co$n!il h%" not -een deleg%ted %ny legi"l%tive &o'er* Unli6e the legi"l%tive -odie" o# the lo!%l govern(ent $nit"+ there i" no &rovi"ion in R*A* No* FC5E th%t e(&o'er" the ::DA or it" Co$n!il 2to en%!t ordin%n!e"+ %&&rove re"ol$tion" %nd %&&ro&ri%te #$nd" #or the gener%l 'el#%re3 o# the inh%-it%nt" o# :etro :%nil%* The ::DA i" % 2develo&(ent %$thority*3 It i" %n %gen!y !re%ted #or the &$r&o"e o# l%ying do'n &oli!ie" %nd !oordin%ting 'ith the v%rio$" n%tion%l govern(ent %gen!ie"+ &eo&leD" org%ni8%tion"+ non,govern(ent%l org%ni8%tion" %nd the &riv%te "e!tor #or the e##i!ient %nd e &editio$" delivery o# -%"i! "ervi!e" in the v%"t (etro&olit%n %re%* !ll its functions are a$ministrative in nature %nd the"e %re %!t$%lly "$((ed $& in the !h%rter it"el# > > >. Secondly the ??D! is not the same entity as the ??& in Sangalang. !lthough the ??& is the forerunner of the present ??D! an e-amination of (residential Decree :o. $2+ the charter of the ??& shows that the latter possessed greater powers which were not bestowed on the present ??D!. Detro%o'itan Dani'a was first reated in ,78. &y Presidentia' De ree No. /1?. It o#%rised the +reater Dani'a Area o#%osed of the onti!$o$s fo$r (?5 ities of Dani'a, P$eJon, Pasay and Ca'oo an, and the thirteen (,-5 #$ni i%a'ities > > >. Detro%o'itan Dani'a was reated as a res%onse to the findin! that the ra%id !rowth of %o%$'ation and the in rease of so ia' and e ono#i re:$ire#ents in these areas de#and a a'' for si#$'taneo$s and $nified de"e'o%#entG that the %$&'i ser"i es rendered &y the res%e ti"e 'o a' !o"ern#ents o$'d &e ad#inistered #ore effi ient'y and e ono#i a''y if inte!rated $nder a syste# of entra' %'annin!G and this oordination, Ees%e ia''y in the #aintenan e of %ea e and order and the eradi ation of so ia' and e ono#i i''s that fanned the f'a#es of re&e''ion and dis ontent @wereA %art of the refor# #eas$res $nder Dartia' Law essentia' to the safety and se $rity of the State.F >. ?etropolitan ?anila was established as a /pu#lic corporation1 > >

&)e a$ministration of Metropolitan Manila (as place$ un$er t)e Metro Manila Commission 8MMC9 - - -. ;he ??& was the /central government1 of ?etro ?anila for the %$r%ose of esta&'ishin! and ad#inisterin! %ro!ra#s %ro"idin! ser"i es o##on to the area. As a E entra' !o"ern#entF it had the %ower to 'e"y and o''e t ta>es and s%e ia' assess#ents, the %ower to har!e and o''e t feesG the %ower to a%%ro%riate #oney for its o%eration, and at the sa#e ti#e, re"iew a%%ro%riations for the ity and #$ni i%a' $nits within its B$risdi tion. It was &estowed the %ower to ena t or a%%ro"e ordinan es, reso'$tions and fi> %ena'ties for "io'ation of s$ h ordinan es and reso'$tions. It a'so had the %ower to re"iew, a#end, re"ise or re%ea' a'' ordinan es, reso'$tions and a ts of any of the > > > ities and > > > #$ni i%a'ities o#%risin! Detro Dani'a.

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6 > > &)e creation of t)e MMC also carrie$ (it) it t)e creation of t)e Sangguniang 6ayan. Thi" '%" !o(&o"ed o# the (e(-er" o# the !o(&onent !ity %nd ($ni!i&%l !o$n!il"+ -%r%ng%y !%&t%in" !ho"en -y the ::C %nd "e!tor%l re&re"ent%tive" %&&ointed -y the Pre"ident* The Sangguniang 6ayan h%d the &o'er to re!o((end to the ::C the %do&tion o# ordin%n!e"+ re"ol$tion" or (e%"$re"* It (as t)e MMC itself )o(ever t)at possesse$ legislative po(ers. All ordin%n!e"+ re"ol$tion" %nd (e%"$re" re!o((ended -y the Sangguniang 6ayan 'ere "$-.e!t to the ::CD" %&&rov%l* :oreover+ the &o'er to i(&o"e t% e" %nd other levie"+ the &o'er to %&&ro&ri%te (oney+ %nd the &o'er to &%"" ordin%n!e" or re"ol$tion" 'ith &en%l "%n!tion" 'ere ve"ted e !l$"ively in the ::C. &)us Metropolitan Manila )a$ a Ccentral government M i.e. t)e MMC ()ic) fully possesse$ legislative an$ police po(ers. B)atever legislative po(ers t)e component cities an$ municipalities )a$ (ere all su#0ect to revie( an$ approval #y t)e MMC. !fter (resident &ora=on !'uino assumed power there was a 'a#or to restore the a$tono#y of the 'o a' !o"ern#ent $nits in Detro Dani'a. <en e, Se tions , and 1 of Arti 'e 6 of the ,7/8 Constit$tion > > >. The Constit$tion, howe"er, re o!niJed the ne essity of reatin! #etro%o'itan re!ions not on'y in the e>istin! Nationa' Ca%ita' Re!ion &$t a'so in %otentia' e:$i"a'ents in the Visayas and Dindanao. 6 > > The Constit$tion itse'f e>%ress'y %ro"ides that Con!ress #ay, &y 'aw, reate Es%e ia' #etro%o'itan %o'iti a' s$&di"isionsF whi h sha'' &e s$&Be t to a%%ro"a' &y a #aBority of the "otes ast in a %'e&is ite in the %o'iti a' $nits dire t'y affe tedG the B$risdi tion of this s$&di"ision sha'' &e 'i#ited to &asi ser"i es re:$irin! oordinationG and the ities and #$ni i%a'ities o#%risin! this s$&di"ision sha'' retain their &asi a$tono#y and their own 'o a' e>e $ti"e and 'e!is'ati"e asse#&'ies <Section 11 !rticle " 1#$% &onstitution>. Pendin! ena t#ent of this 'aw, the Transitory Pro"isions of the Constit$tion !a"e the President of the Phi'i%%ines the %ower to onstit$te the Detro%o'itan A$thority > > >. In ,772, President A:$ino iss$ed E>e $ti"e Order No. -71 and onstit$ted the Detro%o'itan Dani'a A$thority (DDA5. The %owers and f$n tions of the DDC were de"o'"ed to the DDA. It o$!ht to &e stressed, howe"er, that not a'' %owers and f$n tions of the DDC were %assed to the DDA. The ::AD" &o'er '%" li(ited to the 2delivery o# -%"i! $r-%n "ervi!e" re)$iring !oordin%tion in :etro&olit%n :%nil%*3 The ::AD" governing -ody+ the :etro&olit%n :%nil% Co$n!il+ %ltho$gh !o(&o"ed o# the (%yor" o# the !o(&onent !itie" %nd ($ni!i&%litie"+ '%" (erely given the &o'er o#: (,5 #or($l%tion o# &oli!ie" on the delivery o# -%"i! "ervi!e" re)$iring !oordin%tion %nd !on"olid%tionG and (15 &ro($lg%tion o# re"ol$tion" %nd other i""$%n!e"+ %&&rov%l o# % !ode o# -%"i! "ervi!e" %nd the e er!i"e o# it" r$le,(%6ing &o'er.F Cnder the 1#$% &onstitution the 'o a' !o"ern#ent $nits &e a#e %ri#ari'y res%onsi&'e for the !o"ernan e of their res%e ti"e %o'iti a' s$&di"isions. The MM!>s 0uris$iction (as limite$ to %ddre""ing !o((on &ro-le(" involving -%"i! "ervi!e" th%t tr%n"!ended lo!%l -o$nd%rie"* It $i$ not )ave legislative po(er. It" &o'er '%" (erely to &rovide the lo!%l govern(ent $nit" te!hni!%l %""i"t%n!e in the &re&%r%tion o# lo!%l develo&(ent &l%n"* Any "e(-l%n!e o# legi"l%tive &o'er it h%d '%" !on#ined to % 2revie' <o#= legi"l%tion &ro&o"ed -y the lo!%l legi"l%tive %""e(-lie" to en"$re !on"i"ten!y %(ong lo!%l govern(ent" %nd 'ith the !o(&rehen"ive develo&(ent &l%n o# :etro :%nil%+3 %nd to 2%dvi"e the lo!%l govern(ent" %!!ordingly.F B)en R.!. No. ,:+4 tooA effect Metropolitan Manila #ecame a Cspecial $evelopment an$ a$ministrative regionM an$ t)e MMD! a Cspecial $evelopment aut)orityM ()ose functions (ere C(it)out pre0u$ice to t)e autonomy of t)e affecte$ local government units.M &)e c)aracter of t)e

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MMD! (as c)arter.

clearly

$efine$

in

t)e

legislative

$e#ates

enacting

its

6 > > Clearly t)e MMD! is not a political unit of government. The &o'er deleg%ted to the ::DA i" th%t given to the :etro :%nil% Co$n!il to &ro($lg%te %d(ini"tr%tive r$le" %nd reg$l%tion" in the i(&le(ent%tion o# the ::DAD" #$n!tion"* &)ere is no grant of aut)ority to enact or$inances an$ regulations for t)e general (elfare of t)e in)a#itants of t)e metropolis. Thi" '%" e &li!itly "t%ted in the l%"t Co((ittee deli-er%tion" &rior to the -illD" &re"ent%tion to Congre"" . 6 > > It is t)us #eyon$ $ou#t t)at t)e MMD! is not a local government unit or a pu#lic corporation en$o(e$ (it) legislative po(er. It i" not even % 2"&e!i%l (etro&olit%n &oliti!%l "$-divi"ion3 %" !onte(&l%ted in Se!tion 00+ Arti!le ? o# the Con"tit$tion* The !re%tion o# % 2"&e!i%l (etro&olit%n &oliti!%l "$-divi"ion3 re)$ire" the %&&rov%l -y % (%.ority o# the vote" !%"t in % &le-i"!ite in the &oliti!%l $nit" dire!tly %##e!ted* R*A* No* FC5E '%" not "$-(itted to the inh%-it%nt" o# :etro :%nil% in % &le-i"!ite* The Ch%ir(%n o# the ::DA i" not %n o##i!i%l ele!ted -y the &eo&le+ -$t %&&ointed -y the Pre"ident 'ith the r%n6 %nd &rivilege" o# % !%-inet (e(-er* In #%!t+ &%rt o# hi" #$n!tion i" to &er#or( "$!h other d$tie" %" (%y -e %""igned to hi( -y the Pre"ident 'here%" in lo!%l govern(ent $nit"+ the Pre"ident (erely e er!i"e" "$&ervi"ory %$thority* Thi" e(&h%"i8e" the a$ministrative c)aracter o# the ::DA. Clearly t)en t)e MMC un$er P.D. No. .+4 is not t)e same entity as t)e MMD! un$er R.!. No. ,:+4. /nliAe t)e MMC t)e MMD! )as no po(er to enact or$inances for t)e (elfare of t)e community . It is the 'o a' !o"ern#ent $nits, a tin! thro$!h their res%e ti"e 'e!is'ati"e o$n i's that %ossess 'e!is'ati"e %ower and %o'i e %ower. In the ase at &ar, the San!!$nian! Pan'$n!sod of Da9ati City did not %ass any ordinan e or reso'$tion orderin! the o%enin! of Ne%t$ne Street, hen e, its %ro%osed o%enin! &y %etitioner DDDA is i''e!a' > > >. (MMD! v. 6elF!ir 2illage !ssociation Inc., -1/ SCRA /-0, Dar h 18, 1222, ,st Di". @P$noA5 2+$. Discuss the concept of local autonomy.

Held: !C;9:9?G is either $ecentralization of a$ministration or $ecentralization of po(er. There is $ecentralization of a$ministration when the !entr%l govern(ent deleg%te" %d(ini"tr%tive &o'er" to &oliti!%l "$-divi"ion" in order to -ro%den the -%"e o# govern(ent %nd in the &ro!e"" to (%6e lo!%l govern(ent" (ore re"&on"ive %nd %!!o$nt%-le+ %nd en"$re their #$lle"t develo&(ent %" "el#,reli%nt !o(($nitie" %nd (%6e the( (ore e##e!tive &%rtner" in the &$r"$it o# n%tion%l develo&(ent %nd "o!i%l &rogre"". At the sa#e ti#e, it re'ie"es the entra' !o"ern#ent of the &$rden of #ana!in! 'o a' affairs and ena&'es it to on entrate on nationa' on erns. The Pre"ident e er!i"e" gener%l "$&ervi"ion over the(+ -$t only to en"$re th%t lo!%l %##%ir" %re %d(ini"tered %!!ording to l%'* He h%" no !ontrol over their %!t" in the "en"e th%t he !%n "$-"tit$te their .$dg(ent" 'ith hi" o'n. Decentralization of po(er on the other hand, involve" %n %-di!%tion o# &oliti!%l &o'er in #%vor o# lo!%l govern(ent $nit" de!l%red %$tono(o$"* In th%t !%"e+ the %$tono(o$" govern(ent i" #ree to !h%rt it" o'n de"tiny %nd "h%&e it" o'n #$t$re 'ith (ini($( intervention #ro( !entr%l %$thoritie". !ccording to a constitutional author decentrali=ation of power amounts to /self,immolation 1 since in that event the autonomous government becomes accountable not to the central authorities but to its constituency. ('im#ona v. Mangelin, ,82 SCRA 8/0, 4e&. 1/, ,7/7, En 3an @Sar#ientoA5

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2+#. What Bind of local autonomy is contemplated by the &onstitution? What about the Bind of autonomy contemplated insofar as the autonomous regions are concerned? Held: ,. The %rin i%'e of 'o a' a$tono#y $nder the ,7/8 Constit$tion si#%'y #eans Ede!entr%li8%tion.F It doe" not (%6e lo!%l govern(ent" "overeign 'ithin the "t%te or %n 2i(&eri$( in i(&erio*3 Re(%ining to -e %n intr% "overeign "$-divi"ion o# one "overeign n%tion+ -$t not intended+ ho'ever+ to -e %n imperium in imperio M the lo!%l govern(ent $nit i" %$tono(o$" in the "en"e th%t it i" given (ore &o'er"+ %$thority+ re"&on"i-ilitie" %nd re"o$r!e". Power whi h $sed to &e hi!h'y entra'iJed in Dani'a, is there&y de on entrated, ena&'in! es%e ia''y the %eri%hera' 'o a' !o"ern#ent $nits to de"e'o% not on'y at their own %a e and dis retion &$t a'so with their own reso$r es and assets. (!lvarez v. Guingona 1r., 1.1 SCRA 07., *an. -,, ,770, En 3an @<er#osisi#aA5 1. The !on"tit$tion%l g$%r%ntee o# lo!%l %$tono(y in the Con"tit$tion re#er" to the !DMINIS&R!&I2E AUTONO:; o# lo!%l govern(ent $nit" or+ !%"t in (ore te!hni!%l l%ng$%ge+ the de!entr%li8%tion o# govern(ent %$thority. On the other h%nd+ the !re%tion o# %$tono(o$" region" in :$"li( :ind%n%o %nd the Cordiller%"+ 'hi!h i" &e!$li%r to the 0CBF Con"tit$tion+ !onte(&l%te" the gr%nt o# P3'I&IC!' %$tono(y %nd not .$"t %d(ini"tr%tive %$tono(y to the"e region". Th$s, the %ro"ision in the Constit$tion for an a$tono#o$s re!iona' !o"ern#ent with a &asi str$ t$re onsistin! of an e>e $ti"e de%art#ent and a 'e!is'ati"e asse#&'y and s%e ia' o$rts with %ersona', fa#i'y and %ro%erty 'aw B$risdi tion in ea h of the a$tono#o$s re!ions. (Cor$illera 6roa$ Coalition v. C3!, ,/, SCRA ?7., *an. 17, ,772, En 3an @CortesA5 2.2. Whether or not the Internal 8evenue allotments <I8!s> are to be included in the computation of the average annual income of a municipality for purposes of its conversion into an independent component city? Held: ;ES. The IRA" %re ite(" o# in!o(e -e!%$"e they #or( &%rt o# the gro"" %!!retion o# the #$nd" o# the lo!%l govern(ent $nit* The IRA" reg$l%rly %nd %$to(%ti!%lly %!!r$e to the lo!%l tre%"$ry 'itho$t need o# %ny #$rther %!tion on the &%rt o# the lo!%l govern(ent $nit. They th$" !on"tit$te in!o(e 'hi!h the lo!%l govern(ent !%n inv%ri%-ly rely $&on %" the "o$r!e o# ($!h needed #$nd". 6 > > @TAo reiterate, IRAs are a re!$'ar, re $rrin! ite# of in o#eG ni' is there a &asis, too, to 'assify the sa#e as a s%e ia' f$nd or transfer, sin e IRAs ha"e a te hni a' definition and #eanin! a'' its own as $sed in the Lo a' +o"ern#ent Code that $ne:$i"o a''y #a9es it distin t fro# s%e ia' f$nds or transfers referred to when the Code s%ea9s of Ef$ndin! s$%%ort fro# the nationa' !o"ern#ent, its instr$#enta'ities and !o"ern#ent;owned or ontro''ed or%orations.F Th$s, De%art#ent of 4inan e Order No. -.;7orre t'y en a%s$'iJes the f$'' i#%ort of the a&o"e dis:$isition when it defined ANN=AL INCODE to &e Ere"en$es and re ei%ts rea'iJed &y %ro"in es, ities and #$ni i%a'ities fro# re!$'ar so$r es of the Lo a' +enera' 4$nd including the internal revenue allotment and other shares %ro"ided for in Se tions 1/?, 172 and 17, of the Code, &$t e> '$si"e of non; re $rrin! re ei%ts, s$ h as other nationa' aids, !rants, finan ia' assistan e, 'oan %ro eeds, sa'es of fi>ed assets, and si#i'ar othersF. S$ h order, onstit$tin! e>e $ti"e or onte#%oraneo$s onstr$ tion of a stat$te &y an ad#inistrati"e a!en y har!ed with the tas9 of inter%retin! and a%%'yin! the sa#e, is entit'ed to f$'' res%e t and sho$'d &e a orded !reat wei!ht &y the o$rts, $n'ess s$ h onstr$ tion is 'ear'y shown to &e in shar% onf'i t with the Constit$tion, the

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!o"ernin! stat$te, or other 'aws. (!lvarez v. Guingona 07., *an. -,, ,770, En 3an @<er#osisi#a, *r., *.A5 2.1. State the importance of drawing with precise territorial boundaries of a local government unit.

1r., 1.1 SCRA

stroBes

the

Held: The i#%ortan e of drawin! with %re ise stro9es the territoria' &o$ndaries of a 'o a' $nit of !o"ern#ent annot &e o"ere#%hasiJed. The -o$nd%rie" ($"t -e !le%r #or they de#ine the li(it" o# the territori%l .$ri"di!tion o# % lo!%l govern(ent $nit* It !%n legiti(%tely e er!i"e &o'er" o# govern(ent only 'ithin the li(it" o# it" territori%l .$ri"di!tion* Beyond the"e li(it"+ it" %!t" %re ultra vires. Needle"" to "t%te+ %ny $n!ert%inty in the -o$nd%rie" o# lo!%l govern(ent $nit" 'ill "o' !o"tly !on#li!t" in the e er!i"e o# govern(ent%l &o'er" 'hi!h $lti(%tely 'ill &re.$di!e the &eo&leD" 'el#%re. This is the e"i' so$!ht to &e a"oided &y the Lo a' +o"ern#ent Code in re:$irin! that the 'and area of a 'o a' !o"ern#ent $nit #$st &e s%e''ed o$t in #etes and &o$nds, with te hni a' des ri%tions. (Mariano 1r. v. C3ME'EC, 1?1 SCRA 1,,, 1,8;1,7, Dar. 8, ,77., En 3an @P$noA5 2.2. 8.!. %$.+ was enacted converting the ?unicipality of ?aBati into a highly urbani=ed city. Section 2 thereof did not provide for a cadastral type of description of its boundary but merely provided that the boundary of the new city of ?aBati shall be the boundary of the present municipality of ?aBati. (etitioners contended in a petition brought the S& that 8.!. %$.+ was defective because it did not comply with the re'uirement in the @ocal 5overnment &ode that /the territorial jurisdiction of newly created or converted cities should be described by metes and bounds with technical descriptions.1 :ote that at the time the law was enacted there was a pending boundary dispute between ?aBati and one of its neighbors ;aguig before the regular court. Should the contention be upheld? Held: +i"en the fa ts of the ases at &en h, we annot %er ei"e how this e"i' ($n ertainty in the &o$ndaries of 'o a' !o"ern#ent $nits wi'' sow ost'y onf'i ts in the e>er ise of !o"ern#ent %owers whi h $'ti#ate'y wi'' %reB$di e the %eo%'eLs we'fare5 an &e &ro$!ht a&o$t &y the des ri%tion #ade in Se tion 1 of R.A. No. 8/.?. Petitioner" h%ve not de(on"tr%ted th%t the deline%tion o# the l%nd %re% o# the &ro&o"ed City o# :%6%ti 'ill !%$"e !on#$"ion %" to it" -o$nd%rie"* We note th%t "%id deline%tion did not !h%nge even -y %n in!h the l%nd %re% &revio$"ly !overed -y :%6%ti %" % ($ni!i&%lity* Se!tion 5 did not %dd+ "$-tr%!t+ divide+ or ($lti&ly the e"t%-li"hed l%nd %re% o# :%6%ti* In l%ng$%ge th%t !%nnot -e %ny !le%rer+ Se!tion 5 "t%ted th%t the !ityD" l%nd %re% 2"h%ll !o(&ri"e the present territory o# the ($ni!i&%lity.F The deli-er%tion" o# Congre"" 'ill reve%l th%t there i" % legiti(%te re%"on 'hy the l%nd %re% o# the &ro&o"ed City o# :%6%ti '%" not de#ined -y (ete" %nd -o$nd"+ 'ith te!hni!%l de"!ri&tion"* At the ti(e o# the !on"ider%tion o# R*A* No* FBGE+ the territori%l di"&$te -et'een the ($ni!i&%litie" o# :%6%ti %nd T%g$ig over 9ort Boni#%!io '%" $nder !o$rt litig%tion* O$t o# % -e!o(ing "en"e o# re"&e!t to % !o, e)$%l de&%rt(ent o# govern(ent+ the legi"l%tor" #elt th%t the di"&$te "ho$ld -e le#t to the !o$rt" to de!ide* They did not '%nt to #ore!lo"e the di"&$te -y (%6ing % legi"l%tive #inding o# #%!t 'hi!h !o$ld de!ide the i""$e* Thi" 'o$ld h%ve en"$ed i# they de#ined the l%nd %re% o# the &ro&o"ed !ity -y it" e %!t (ete" %nd -o$nd"+ 'ith te!hni!%l de"!ri&tion". We t%6e .$di!i%l noti!e o# the #%!t th%t Congre"" h%" %l"o re#r%ined #ro( $"ing the (ete" %nd -o$nd" de"!ri&tion o# the l%nd %re% o# other lo!%l govern(ent $nit" 'ith $n"ettled -o$nd%ry di"&$te". We hold th%t the e i"ten!e o# % -o$nd%ry di"&$te doe" not per se &re"ent %n in"$r(o$nt%-le di##i!$lty 'hi!h 'ill &revent Congre"" #ro( de#ining 'ith re%"on%-le !ertit$de the territori%l .$ri"di!tion o# % lo!%l govern(ent $nit* In the !%"e" %t -en!h+ Congre"" (%int%ined the e i"ting -o$nd%rie" o# the &ro&o"ed City o# :%6%ti -$t %" %n %!t o#

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#%irne""+ (%de the( "$-.e!t to the $lti(%te re"ol$tion -y the !o$rt" . Considerin! these %e $'iar ir $#stan es, we are not %re%ared to ho'd that Se tion 1 of R.A. No. 8/.? is $n onstit$tiona'. We s$stain the s$&#ission of the So'i itor +enera' in this re!ard, vi=N E+oin! now to Se tions 8 and ?.2 of the Lo a' +o"ern#ent Code, it is &eyond a"i' that the re:$ire#ent started therein, vi=N Othe territoria' B$risdi tion of new'y reated or on"erted ities sho$'d &e des ri&ed &y #etes and &o$nds, with te hni a' des ri%tionsF C was #ade in order to %ro"ide a #eans &y whi h the area of said ities #ay &e reasona&'y as ertained. In other words, the re)$ire(ent on (ete" %nd -o$nd" '%" (e%nt (erely %" % tool in the e"t%-li"h(ent o# lo!%l govern(ent $nit"* It i" not %n end in it"el#* Ergo "o long %" the territori%l .$ri"di!tion o# % !ity (%y -e re%"on%-ly %"!ert%ined+ i*e*+ -y re#erring to !o((on -o$nd%rie" 'ith neigh-oring ($ni!i&%litie"+ %" in thi" !%"e+ then+ it (%y -e !on!l$ded th%t the legi"l%tive intent -ehind the l%' h%" -een "$##i!iently "erved. Certain'y, Con!ress did not intend that 'aws reatin! new ities #$st ontain therein detai'ed te hni a' des ri%tions si#i'ar to those a%%earin! in Torrens tit'es, as %etitioners see# to i#%'y. To re:$ire s$ h des ri%tion in the 'aw as a ondition sine 'ua non for its "a'idity wo$'d &e to defeat the "ery %$r%ose whi h the Lo a' +o"ern#ent Code see9s to ser"e. The #anifest intent of the Code is to e#%ower 'o a' !o"ern#ent $nits and to !i"e the# their ri!htf$' d$e. It see9s to #a9e 'o a' !o"ern#ents #ore res%onsi"e to the needs of their onstit$ents whi'e at the sa#e ti#e ser"in! as a "ita' o! in nationa' de"e'o%#ent. To in"a'idate R.A. No. 8/.? on the #ere !ro$nd that no adastra' ty%e of des ri%tion was $sed in the 'aw wo$'d ser"e the 'etter &$t defeat the s%irit of the Code. It then &e o#es a ase of the #aster ser"in! the s'a"e, instead of the other way aro$nd. This o$'d not &e the intend#ent of the 'aw.F 6 > > (Mariano 1r. v. C3ME'EC, 1?1 SCRA 1,,, 1,8;1,7, Dar. 8, ,77., En 3an @P$noA5 2.*. What is the meaning of /D7F9@C;I9:1?

An"'er: The ter# ED7F9@C;I9:F refers to the %!t -y 'hi!h the N%tion%l govern(ent !on#er" &o'er %nd %$thority $&on the v%rio$" lo!%l govern(ent $nit" to &er#or( "&e!i#i! #$n!tion" %nd re"&on"i-ilitie" . (Se!* 0F<e=+ 5nd &%r*+ 'ocal Government Co$e5 2.+. 6ave the powers of the @and ;ransportation 9ffice <@;9> to register tricycles in particular as well as to issue licenses for the driving thereof been devolved liBewise to local government units? Held: Only the &o'er" o# the L%nd Tr%n"&ort%tion 9r%n!hi"ing Reg$l%tory Bo%rd /LT9RB1 to reg$l%te the o&er%tion o# tri!y!le",#or, hire %nd to gr%nt #r%n!hi"e" #or the o&er%tion thereo# h%ve -een devolved to lo!%l govern(ent" $nder the Lo!%l >overn(ent Code. C'ear'y $naffe ted &y the Lo a' +o"ern#ent Code are the %owers of the LTO $nder R.A. No. ?,-0 re:$irin! the re!istration of a'' 9inds of #otor "ehi 'es E$sed or o%erated on or $%on any %$&'i hi!hwayF in the o$ntry. This an &e !'eaned fro# the e>%'i it 'an!$a!e of the stat$te itse'f, as we'' as the orres%ondin! !$ide'ines iss$ed &y the DOTC. In fa t, e"en the %ower of L+=s to re!$'ate the o%eration of tri y 'es and to !rant fran hises for the o%eration thereof is sti'' s$&Be t to the !$ide'ines %res ri&ed &y the DOTC. ('&3 v. City of 6utuan, +.R. No. ,-,.,1, *an. 12, 1222, -rd Di". @Vit$!A5 2... Distinguish the power to grant a license or permit to do business and the power to issue a license to engage in the practice of a particular profession.

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Held: Distin tion #$st &e #ade &etween the gr%nt o# % li!en"e or &er(it to do -$"ine"" and the i""$%n!e o# % li!en"e to eng%ge in the &r%!ti!e o# % &%rti!$l%r &ro#e""ion. (,5 The #ir"t i" $"$%lly gr%nted -y the lo!%l %$thoritie" %nd the "e!ond i" i""$ed -y the Bo%rd or Co((i""ion t%"6ed to reg$l%te the &%rti!$l%r &ro#e""ion. (15 A -$"ine"" &er(it %$thori8e" the &er"on+ n%t$r%l or other'i"e+ to eng%ge in -$"ine"" or "o(e #or( o# !o((er!i%l %!tivity* A &ro#e""ion%l li!en"e+ on the other h%nd+ i" the gr%nt o# %$thority to % n%t$r%l &er"on to eng%ge in the &r%!ti!e or e er!i"e o# hi" or her &ro#e""ion. In the ase at &ar, what is so$!ht &y %etitioner (A e&edo O%ti a' Co#%any, In .5 fro# res%ondent City Dayor is a %er#it to en!a!e in the &$siness of r$nnin! an o%ti a' sho%. It does not %$r%ort to see9 a 'i ense to en!a!e in the %ra ti e of o%to#etry as a or%orate &ody or entity, a'tho$!h it does ha"e in its e#%'oy, %ersons who are d$'y 'i ensed to %ra ti e o%to#etry &y the 3oard of E>a#iners in O%to#etry. 6 > > In the %resent ase, the o&Be ti"e of the i#%osition of s$&Be t onditions on %etitionerLs &$siness %er#it o$'d &e attained &y re:$irin! the o%to#etrists in %etitionerLs e#%'oy to %rod$ e a "a'id ertifi ate of re!istration as o%to#etrists, fro# the 3oard of E>a#iners in O%to#etry. A -$"ine"" &er(it i" i""$ed &ri(%rily to reg$l%te the !ond$!t o# -$"ine"" %nd the City :%yor !%nnot+ thro$gh the i""$%n!e o# "$!h &er(it+ reg$l%te the &r%!ti!e o# % &ro#e""ion+ li6e th%t o# o&to(etry* S$!h % #$n!tion i" 'ithin the e !l$"ive do(%in o# the %d(ini"tr%tive %gen!y "&e!i#i!%lly e(&o'ered -y l%' to "$&ervi"e the &ro#e""ion+ in thi" !%"e the Pro#e""ion%l Reg$l%tion" Co((i""ion %nd the Bo%rd o# E %(iner" in O&to(etry. (!ce#e$o 3ptical Company Inc. v. C!, -17 SCRA -,?, Dar h -,, 1222, En 3an @P$risi#aA5 2.). ?ay a local government unit validly authori=e an e-propriation of private property through a mere resolution of its lawmaBing body? Held: The Lo!%l >overn(ent Code e &re""ly %nd !le%rly re)$ire" %n ORDINANCE or % LOCAL LAW #or th%t &$r&o"e* A re"ol$tion th%t (erely e &re""e" the "enti(ent or o&inion o# the :$ni!i&%l Co$n!il 'ill not "$##i!e. The ase of Province of Camarines Sur v. Court of !ppeals whi h he'd that a #ere reso'$tion #ay s$ffi e to s$%%ort the e>er ise of e#inent do#ain &y a 'o a' !o"ern#ent $nit is not in &oint -e!%$"e the %&&li!%-le l%' %t th%t ti(e '%" B*P* 77F+ the &revio$" Lo!%l >overn(ent Code+ 'hi!h h%d &rovided th%t % (ere re"ol$tion 'o$ld en%-le %n L>U to e er!i"e e(inent do(%in* In !ontr%"t+ R*A* F0IJ+ the &re"ent Lo!%l >overn(ent Code+ e &li!itly re)$ired %n ordin%n!e #or thi" &$r&o"e. (Municipality of ParanaHue v. 2.M. Realty Corp., 171 SCRA 08/, *$'y 12, ,77/ @Pan!ani&anA5 2.%. What are the re'uisites before a @ocal validly e-ercise the power of eminent domain? Held: ,5 An 3RDIN!NCE is ena ted &y the 'o a' 'e!is'ati"e o$n i' %$thori8ing the lo!%l !hie# e e!$tive, in &eha'f of the L+=, to e er!i"e the &o'er o# e(inent do(%in or &$r"$e e &ro&ri%tion &ro!eeding" over % &%rti!$l%r &riv%te &ro&ertyG 15 The %ower of e#inent do#ain is e er!i"ed #or &$-li! $"e+ &$r&o"e or 'el#%re+ or #or the -ene#it o# the &oor %nd the l%ndle""G -5 There is &%y(ent o# .$"t !o(&en"%tion, as re:$ired $nder Se tion 7, Arti 'e III of the Constit$tion, and other %ertinent 'awsG ?5 A v%lid %nd de#inite o##er h%" -een &revio$"ly (%de to the o'ner o# the &ro&erty "o$ght to -e e &ro&ri%ted+ -$t "%id o##er '%" not %!!e&ted. 5overnment Cnit can

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(Municipality of ParanaHue v. 2.M. Realty Corp., 171 SCRA 08/, *$'y 12, ,77/ @Pan!ani&anA5 2.$. ?ay the Sangguniang (anlalawigan validly disapprove a resolution or ordinance of a municipality calling for the e-propriation of private property to be made site of a 0armers &enter and 9ther 5overnment Sports 0acilities on the ground that said /e-propriation is unnecessary considering that there are still available lots of the municipality for the establishment of a government center1? Held: =nder the Lo a' +o"ern#ent Code, the San!!$nian! Pan'a'awi!an is !ranted the %ower to de 'are a #$ni i%a' reso'$tion in"a'id on the so'e !ro$nd that it is &eyond the %ower of the San!!$nian! 3ayan or Dayor to iss$e. As he'd in 2elazco v. 6las (+.R. No. L;-2?.0, *$'y -2, ,7/1, ,,. SCRA .?2, .??;.?.5, E The only gro$nd $&on 'hi!h % &rovin!i%l -o%rd (%y de!l%re %ny ($ni!i&%l re"ol$tion+ ordin%n!e or order inv%lid i" 'hen "$!h re"ol$tion+ ordin%n!e+ or order i" Q-eyond the &o'er" !on#erred $&on the !o$n!il or &re"ident (%6ing the "%(e.L A stri t'y 'e!a' :$estion is &efore the %ro"in ia' &oard in its onsideration of a #$ni i%a' reso'$tion, ordinan e, or order. The &rovin!i%l -o%rdD" di"%&&rov%l o# %ny re"ol$tion+ ordin%n!e+ or order ($"t -e &re(i"ed "&e!i#i!%lly $&on the #%!t th%t "$!h re"ol$tion+ ordin%n!e+ or order i" o$t"ide the "!o&e o# the leg%l &o'er" !on#erred -y l%'* I# % &rovin!i%l -o%rd &%""e" the"e li(it"+ it $"$r&" the legi"l%tive #$n!tion" o# the ($ni!i&%l !o$n!il or &re"ident. S$ h has &een the onsistent o$rse of e>e $ti"e a$thority.F ( Mo$ay v. C!, 10/ SCRA ./0, 4e&. 12, ,7785 2.#. Cnder Section $ !rticle " of the &onstitution /3;4he term of office of elective local officials - - - shall be three years and no such official shall serve for more than three consecutive terms.1 6ow is this term limit for elective local officials to be interpreted? Held: The ter# 'i#it for e'e ti"e 'o a' offi ia's #$st &e ta9en to refer to the rig)t to #e electe$ as (ell as t)e rig)t to serve in t)e same elective position. Conse:$ent'y, it i" not eno$gh th%t %n individ$%l h%" "erved three !on"e!$tive ter(" in %n ele!tive lo!%l o##i!e+ he ($"t %l"o h%ve -een E'EC&ED to the "%(e &o"ition #or the "%(e n$(-er o# ti(e" -e#ore the di")$%li#i!%tion !%n %&&ly. (6or0a 1r. v. C3ME'EC an$ Capco 1r. , +.R. No. ,--?7., Se%t. -, ,77/, 17. SCRA ,.8, En 3an @DendoJaA5 Case No. 7. Suppose ! is a vice,mayor who becomes mayor by reason of the death of the incumbent. Si- months before the ne-t election he resigns and is twice elected thereafter. &an he run again for mayor in the ne-t election? !ns(er< ;e"+ -e!%$"e %ltho$gh he h%" %lre%dy #ir"t "erved %" (%yor -y "$!!e""ion %nd "$-"e)$ently re"igned #ro( o##i!e -e#ore the #$ll ter( e &ired+ he h%" not %!t$%lly "erved three #$ll ter(" in %ll #or the &$r&o"e o# %&&lying the ter( li(it* Under Art* ?+ Se!* B+ vol$nt%ry ren$n!i%tion o# the o##i!e i" not !on"idered %" %n interr$&tion in the !ontin$ity o# hi" "ervi!e #or the #$ll ter( only i# the ter( i" one 2#or 'hi!h he '%" ele!ted .F Sin e A is on'y o#%'etin! the ser"i e of the ter# for whi h the de eased and not he was e'e ted, A annot &e onsidered to ha"e o#%'eted one ter#. <is resi!nation onstit$tes an interr$%tion of the f$'' ter#. Case No. +. Suppose E is elected ?ayor and during his first term he is twice suspended for misconduct for a total of 1 year. If he is twice reelected after that can he run for one more term in the ne-t election? !ns(er< "$!!e""ively* ;e"+ -e!%$"e he h%" "erved only t'o #$ll ter("

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In -oth !%"e"+ the (%yor i" entitled to r$n #or reele!tion -e!%$"e the t'o !ondition" #or the %&&li!%tion o# the di")$%li#i!%tion &rovi"ion" h%ve not !on!$rred+ n%(ely+ th%t the lo!%l o##i!i%l !on!erned h%" -een ele!ted three !on"e!$tive ti(e" %nd th%t he h%" #$lly "erved three !on"e!$tive ter("* In the #ir"t !%"e+ even i# the lo!%l o##i!i%l i" !on"idered to h%ve "erved three #$ll ter(" not'ith"t%nding hi" re"ign%tion -e#ore the end o# the #ir"t ter(+ the #%!t re(%in" th%t he h%" not -een ele!ted three ti(e"* In the "e!ond !%"e+ the lo!%l o##i!i%l h%" -een ele!ted three !on"e!$tive ti(e"+ -$t he h%" not #$lly serve$ three !on"e!$tive ter(". Case No. *. ;he case of vice,mayor & who becomes mayor by succession involves a total failure of the two conditions to concur for the purpose of applying !rt. " Sec. $. Suppose he is twice elected after that term is he 'ualified to run again in the ne-t election? !ns(er< Yes, &e a$se he was not e'e ted to the offi e of #ayor in the first ter# &$t si#%'y fo$nd hi#se'f thr$st into it &y o%eration of 'aw. Neither had he ser"ed the f$'' ter# &e a$se he on'y ontin$ed the ser"i e, interr$%ted &y the death, of the de eased #ayor. ( 6or0a 1r. v. C3ME'EC an$ Capco 1r., +.R. No. ,--?7., Se%t. -, ,77/, 17. SCRA ,.8, En 3an @DendoJaA5 2)2. What are the policies embodied in the constitutional provision barring elective local officials with the e-ception of barangay officials from serving more than three consecutive terms? Held: To %re"ent the esta&'ish#ent of %o'iti a' dynasties is not the on'y %o'i y e#&odied in the onstit$tiona' %ro"ision in :$estion (&arrin! e'e ti"e 'o a' offi ia's, with the e> e%tion of &aran!ay offi ia's, fro# ser"in! #ore than three onse $ti"e ter#s5. The other %o'i y is that of enhan in! the freedo# of hoi e of the %eo%'e. To onsider, therefore, on'y stay in offi e re!ard'ess of how the offi ia' on erned a#e to that offi e C whether &y e'e tion or &y s$ ession &y o%eration of 'aw C wo$'d &e to disre!ard one of the %$r%oses of the onstit$tiona' %ro"ision in :$estion. (6or0a 1r. v. C3ME'EC an$ Capco 1r., +.R. No. ,--?7., Se%t. -, ,77/, 17. SCRA ,.8, En 3an @DendoJaA5 2)1. @on=anida was previously elected and served two consecutive terms as mayor of San !ntonio Dambales prior to the ?ay 1##. mayoral elections. In the ?ay 1##. elections he again ran for mayor of San !ntonio Dambales and was proclaimed winner. 6e assumed office and discharged the rights and duties of mayor until ?arch 1##$ when he was ordered to vacate the post by reason of the &9?7@7& decision on the election protest against him which declared his opponent Juan !lve= the duly elected mayor. !lve= served the remaining portion of the 1##., 1##$ mayoral term. Is @on=anida still 'ualified to run for mayor of San !ntonio Dambales in the ?ay 1##$ local elections? Held: The two re:$isites for the a%%'i ation of the three ter# r$'e were a&sent. =irst Lon8%nid% !%nnot -e !on"idered %" h%ving -een d$ly ele!ted to the &o"t in the :%y 0CCG ele!tion" , and se ond, he did not #$lly "erve the 0CCG,0CCB (%yor%l ter( -y re%"on o# invol$nt%ry relin)$i"h(ent o# o##i!e. A#ter % re,%&&re!i%tion %nd revi"ion o# the !onte"ted -%llot" the CO:ELEC it"el# de!l%red -y #in%l .$dg(ent th%t Lon8%nid% lo"t in the :%y 0CCG (%yor%l ele!tion" %nd hi" &revio$" &ro!l%(%tion %" 'inner '%" de!l%red n$ll %nd void* Hi" %""$(&tion o# o##i!e %" (%yor !%nnot -e dee(ed to h%ve -een -y re%"on o# % v%lid ele!tion -$t -y re%"on o# % void &ro!l%(%tion* It h%" -een re&e%tedly held -y the SC th%t % &ro!l%(%tion "$-"e)$ently de!l%red void i" no &ro!l%(%tion %t %ll %nd 'hile % &ro!l%i(ed !%ndid%te (%y %""$(e o##i!e on the "trength o# the &ro!l%(%tion o# the Bo%rd o# C%nv%""er" he i" only % &re"$(&tive 'inner 'ho %""$(e" o##i!e "$-.e!t to the #in%l o$t!o(e o# the ele!tion &rote"t* Lon8%nid% did not "erve % ter( %" (%yor o# S%n Antonio+ @%(-%le" #ro( :%y 0CCG to :%r!h 0CCB -e!%$"e he '%" not d$ly ele!ted to the &o"tG he #ere'y ass$#ed offi e as %res$#%ti"e winner, whi h %res$#%tion was 'ater o"ert$rned &y the

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CODELEC when it de ided with fina'ity that LonJanida 'ost in the Day ,77. #ayora' e'e tions. Secon$ Lon8%nid% !%nnot -e dee(ed to h%ve "erved the :%y 0CCG to 0CCB ter( -e!%$"e he '%" ordered to v%!%te hi" &o"t -e#ore the e &ir%tion o# the ter(* Hi" o&&onent"D !ontention th%t Lon8%nid% "ho$ld -e dee(ed to h%ve "erved one #$ll ter( #ro( :%y 0CCG,0CCB -e!%$"e he "erved the gre%ter &ortion o# th%t ter( h%" no leg%l -%"i" to "$&&ort it4 it di"reg%rd" the "e!ond re)$i"ite #or the %&&li!%tion o# the di")$%li#i!%tion+ i.e. th%t he h%" #$lly "erved three !on"e!$tive ter(". The se ond senten e of the onstit$tiona' %ro"ision $nder s r$tiny states, EHol$nt%ry ren$n!i%tion o# o##i!e for any lengt) of time "h%ll not -e !on"idered %" %n interr$&tion in the !ontin$ity o# "ervi!e #or the #$ll ter( #or 'hi!h he '%" ele!ted .F The 'ear intent of the fra#ers of the Constit$tion to &ar any atte#%t to ir $#"ent the three;ter# 'i#it &y a "o'$ntary ren$n iation of offi e and at the sa#e ti#e res%e t the %eo%'eLs hoi e and !rant their e'e ted offi ia' f$'' ser"i e of a ter# is e"ident in this %ro"ision. Vo'$ntary ren$n iation of a ter# does not an e' the reno$n ed ter# in the o#%$tation of the three ter# 'i#itG on"erse'y, in"o'$ntary se"eran e fro# offi e for any 'en!th of ti#e short of the f$'' ter# %ro"ided &y 'aw a#o$nts to an interr$%tion of ontin$ity of ser"i e. LonJanida "a ated his %ost a few #onths &efore the ne>t #ayora' e'e tions, not &y "o'$ntary ren$n iation &$t in o#%'ian e with the 'e!a' %ro ess of writ of e>e $tion iss$ed &y the CODELEC to that effe t. S$!h invol$nt%ry "ever%n!e #ro( o##i!e i" %n interr$&tion o# !ontin$ity o# "ervi!e %nd th$"+ Lon8%nid% did not #$lly "erve the 0CCG,0CCB (%yor%l ter(. In s$#, Lon8%nid% '%" not the d$ly ele!ted (%yor %nd th%t he did not hold o##i!e #or the #$ll ter(4 hen!e+ hi" %""$(&tion o# o##i!e #ro( :%y 0CCG to :%r!h 0CCB !%nnot -e !o$nted %" % ter( #or &$r&o"e" o# !o(&$ting the three ter( li(it. ('onzani$a v. C3ME'EC, -,, SCRA 021, *$'y 1/, ,777, En 3an @+onJa!a;ReyesA5 2)2. ?ay the (resident validly withhold a portion of the internal revenue allotments of @ocal 5overnment Cnits legally due them by administrative fiat? Held: The Con"tit$tion ve"t" the Pre"ident 'ith the &o'er o# "$&ervi"ion+ not !ontrol+ over lo!%l govern(ent $nit" /L>U"1 . S$ h %ower ena&'es hi# to see to it that L+=s and their offi ia's e>e $te their tas9s in a ordan e with 'aw. While he (%y i""$e %dvi"orie" %nd "ee6 their !oo&er%tion in "olving e!ono(i! di##i!$ltie"+ he !%nnot &revent the( #ro( &er#or(ing their t%"6" %nd $"ing %v%il%-le re"o$r!e" to %!hieve their go%l"* He (%y not 'ithhold or %lter %ny %$thority or &o'er given the( -y the l%'* Th$"+ the 'ithholding o# % &ortion o# intern%l reven$e %llot(ent" leg%lly d$e the( !%nnot -e dire!ted -y %d(ini"tr%tive #i%t. 6 > > Se!tion E of !3 *,+ !%nnot > > > -e $&held. A -%"i! #e%t$re o# lo!%l #i"!%l %$tono(y i" the automatic rele%"e o# the "h%re" o# L>U" in the N%tion%l intern%l reven$e* Thi" i" (%nd%ted -y no le"" th%n the Con"tit$tion. The Lo!%l >overn(ent Code 8Sec. +.;DaE9 "&e!i#ie" #$rther th%t the rele%"e "h%ll -e (%de dire!tly to the L>U !on!erned 'ithin #ive /G1 d%y" %#ter every )$%rter o# the ye%r %nd Cs)all not #e su#0ect to any lien or )ol$#acA t)at may #e impose$ #y t)e national government for ()atever purpose.M A" % r$le+ the ter( 2"h%ll3 i" % 'ord o# !o((%nd th%t ($"t -e given % !o(&$l"ory (e%ning*3 The &rovi"ion i"+ there#ore+ i(&er%tive. Se tion ? of AO -81, howe"er, orders the withho'din!, effe ti"e *an$ary ,, ,77/, of ,2 %er ent of the L+=sL IRA E%endin! the assess#ent and e"a'$ation &y the De"e'o%#ent 3$d!et Coordinatin! Co##ittee of the e#er!in! fis a' sit$ationF in the o$ntry. S$!h 'ithholding !le%rly !ontr%vene" the Con"tit$tion %nd the l%'* Altho$gh+ te(&or%ry+ it i" e)$iv%lent to % hold-%!6+ 'hi!h (e%n" 2"o(ething held -%!6 or 'ithheld.

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Often te#%orari'y.F Hen!e+ the 2te(&or%ry3 n%t$re o# the retention -y the n%tion%l govern(ent doe" not (%tter* Any retention i" &rohi-ited. In "$(+ 'hile Se!tion 0 o# AO 7F5 (%y -e $&held %" %n %dvi"ory e##e!ted in ti(e" o# n%tion%l !ri"i"+ Se!tion E thereo# h%" no !olor o# v%lidity %t %ll* The l%tter &rovi"ion e##e!tively en!ro%!he" on the #i"!%l %$tono(y o# lo!%l govern(ent". Con eded'y, the President was we'';intentioned in iss$in! his Order to withho'd the L+=sL IRA, &$t the r$'e of 'aw re:$ires that e"en the &est intentions #$st &e arried o$t within the %ara#eters of the Constit$tion and the 'aw. Veri'y, 'a$da&'e %$r%oses #$st &e arried o$t &y 'e!a' #ethods. (Pimentel 1r. v. !guirre, +.R. No. ,-17//, --0 SCRA 12,, *$'y ,7, 1222, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 2)*. What is meant by fiscal autonomy of @ocal 5overnments? Does it rule out in any manner national government intervention by way of supervision in order to ensure that local programs are consistent with national goals? Held: Under e i"ting l%'+ lo!%l govern(ent $nit"+ in %ddition to h%ving %d(ini"tr%tive %$tono(y in the e er!i"e o# their #$n!tion"+ en.oy #i"!%l %$tono(y %" 'ell* 9i"!%l %$tono(y (e%n" th%t lo!%l govern(ent" h%ve the &o'er to !re%te their o'n "o$r!e" o# reven$e in %ddition to their e)$it%-le "h%re in the n%tion%l t% e" rele%"ed -y the n%tion%l govern(ent+ %" 'ell %" the &o'er to %llo!%te their re"o$r!e" in %!!ord%n!e 'ith their o'n &rioritie"* It e tend" to the &re&%r%tion o# their -$dget"+ %nd lo!%l o##i!i%l" in t$rn h%ve to 'or6 'ithin the !on"tr%int" thereo#* They %re not #or($l%ted %t the n%tion%l level %nd i(&o"ed on lo!%l govern(ent"+ 'hether they %re relev%nt to lo!%l need" %nd re"o$r!e" or not. <en e, the ne essity of a &a'an in! of "iew%oints and the har#oniJation of %ro%osa's fro# &oth 'o a' and nationa' offi ia's who in any ase are %artners in the attain#ent of nationa' !oa's. Lo!%l #i"!%l %$tono(y doe" not+ ho'ever+ r$le o$t %ny (%nner o# n%tion%l govern(ent intervention -y '%y o# "$&ervi"ion+ in order to en"$re th%t lo!%l &rogr%("+ #i"!%l %nd other'i"e+ %re !on"i"tent 'ith n%tion%l go%l". Si!nifi ant'y, the President, &y onstit$tiona' fiat, is the head of the e ono#i and %'annin! a!en y of the !o"ern#ent <Section # !rticle "II of the &onstitution> %ri#ari'y res%onsi&'e for for#$'atin! and i#%'e#entin! ontin$in!, oordinated and inte!rated so ia' and e ono#i %o'i ies, %'ans and %ro!ra#s <Section * &hapter 1 Subtitle & ;itle II EooB F 79 2#2 3!dministrative &ode of 1#$%4> for the entire o$ntry. Ho'ever+ $nder the Con"tit$tion+ the #or($l%tion %nd the i(&le(ent%tion o# "$!h &oli!ie" %nd &rogr%(" %re "$-.e!t to 2!on"$lt%tion" 'ith the %&&ro&ri%te &$-li! %gen!ie"+ v%rio$" &riv%te "e!tor"+ %nd lo!%l govern(ent $nit"*3 The Pre"ident !%nnot do "o $nil%ter%lly. (Pimentel 1r. v. !guirre, --0 SCRA 12,, *$'y ,7, 1222, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 2)+. What are the re'uisites before the (resident may interfere in local fiscal matters? Held: > > > @TAhe 'ocal Government Co$e %ro"ides (Se . 1/?. See a'so Art. -87 of the 8ules and 8egulations Implementing the @ocal 5overnment &ode of 1##15I E> > > <I=n the event the n%tion%l govern(ent in!$r" %n $n(%n%ged &$-li! "e!tor de#i!it, the President of the Phi'i%%ines is here&y a$thoriJed, $&on the re!o((end%tion o# <the= Se!ret%ry o# 9in%n!e+ Se!ret%ry o# the Interior %nd Lo!%l >overn(ent %nd Se!ret%ry o# B$dget %nd :%n%ge(ent+ %nd "$-.e!t to !on"$lt%tion 'ith the &re"iding o##i!er" o# -oth Ho$"e" o# Congre"" %nd the &re"ident" o# the liga, to #a9e the ne essary adB$st#ents in the interna' re"en$e a''ot#ent of 'o a' !o"ern#ent $nits -$t in no !%"e "h%ll the %llot(ent -e le"" th%n thirty &er!ent /7JP1 o# the

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!olle!tion o# n%tion%l intern%l reven$e t% e" o# the third #i"!%l ye%r &re!eding the !$rrent #i"!%l ye%r > > >F There are therefore se"era' re:$isites &efore the President #ay interfere in 'o a' fis a' #attersI (,5 an $n(%n%ged &$-li! "e!tor de#i!it o# the n%tion%l govern(entG (15 !on"$lt%tion" 'ith the &re"iding o##i!er" o# the Sen%te %nd the Ho$"e o# Re&re"ent%tive" an$ t)e presi$ents of t)e various local leaguesO and (-5 the !orre"&onding re!o((end%tion o# the "e!ret%rie" o# the De&%rt(ent o# 9in%n!e+ Interior %nd Lo!%l >overn(ent+ %nd B$dget %nd :%n%ge(ent. 4$rther#ore, %ny %d.$"t(ent in the %llot(ent "h%ll in no !%"e -e le"" th%n thirty &er!ent /7JP1 o# the !olle!tion o# n%tion%l intern%l reven$e t% e" o# the third #i"!%l ye%r &re!eding the !$rrent one. (Pimentel 1r. v. !guirre, --0 SCRA 12,, *$'y ,7, 1222, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 2).. Distinguish an ordinance from a mere resolution. Held: A #$ni i%a' ordinan e is different fro# a reso'$tion. An 98DI:!:&7 is a l%', &$t a 87S9@C;I9: is (erely % de!l%r%tion o# the "enti(ent or o&inion o# % l%'(%6ing -ody on % "&e!i#i! (%tter. An 98DI:!:&7 %ossesses a gener%l %nd &er(%nent !h%r%!ter, &$t a 87S9@C;I9: is te(&or%ry in n%t$re. Additiona''y, the two are ena ted different'y C % third re%ding i" ne!e""%ry #or %n ordin%n!e+ -$t not #or % re"ol$tion+ $nle"" de!ided other'i"e -y % (%.ority o# %ll the S%ngg$ni%n (e(-er". (Municipality of ParanaHue v. 2.M. Realty Corporation, 171 SCRA 08/, *$'y 12, ,77/ @Pan!ani&anA5 2)). 9n its first regular session may the Sanggunian transact business other than the matter of adopting or updating its e-isting rules or procedure? Held: We annot infer the #andate of the (Lo a' +o"ern#ent5 Code that no other &$siness #ay &e transa ted on the first re!$'ar session e> e%t to ta9e $% the #atter of ado%tin! or $%datin! r$'es. A'' that the 'aw re:$ires is that E on the #ir"t reg$l%r "e""ion > > > the sanggunian !on!erned "h%ll %do&t or $&d%te it" e i"ting r$le" or &ro!ed$re".F There i" nothing in the l%ng$%ge thereo# th%t re"tri!t" the (%tter" to -e t%6en $& d$ring the #ir"t reg$l%r "e""ion (erely to the %do&tion or $&d%ting o# the ho$"e r$le"* I# it 'ere the intent o# Congre"" to li(it the -$"ine"" o# the lo!%l !o$n!il to "$!h (%tter"+ then it 'o$ld h%ve done "o in !le%r %nd $ne)$ivo!%l ter("* B$t %" it i"+ there i" no "$!h intent. Doreo"er, ado%tin! or $%datin! of ho$se r$'es wo$'d ne essari'y entai' wor9 &eyond the day of the first re!$'ar session. Does this #ean that %rior thereto, the 'o a' o$n i'Ls hands were tied and o$'d not a t on any other #atterQ That wo$'d ertain'y &e a&s$rd for it wo$'d res$'t in a hiat$s and a %ara'ysis in the 'o a' 'e!is'at$reLs wor9 whi h o$'d not ha"e &een intended &y the 'aw. (Malonzo v. @amora, -,, SCRA 11?, *$'y 18, ,777, En 3an @Ro#eroA5 2)%. ?ay an incumbent Fice,5overnor while concurrently the !cting 5overnor continue to preside over the sessions of the Sangguniang (anlalawigan <S(>? If no who may preside in the meantime? Held: Being the %!ting governor+ the Hi!e,governor !%nnot !ontin$e to "i($lt%neo$"ly e er!i"e the d$tie" o# the l%tter o##i!e+ "in!e the n%t$re o# the d$tie" o# the Provin!i%l >overnor !%ll" #or % #$ll,ti(e o!!$&%nt to di"!h%rge the(. S$ h is not on'y onsistent with &$t a'so a%%ears to &e the 'ear rationa'e of the new (Lo a' +o"ern#ent5 Code wherein the %o'i y of %erfor#in! d$a' f$n tions in &oth offi es has a'ready &een a&andoned. To re&e%t+ the !re%tion o# % te(&or%ry v%!%n!y in the o##i!e o# the >overnor !re%te" % !orre"&onding v%!%n!y in the o##i!e o# the Hi!e,>overnor 'henever the l%tter %!t" %" >overnor -y virt$e o# "$!h te(&or%ry v%!%n!y* Thi" event !on"tit$te" %n 2in%-ility3 on the &%rt o# the reg$l%r &re"iding o##i!er /Hi!e,

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>overnor1 to &re"ide d$ring the SP "e""ion"+ 'hi!h th$" !%ll" #or the o&er%tion o# the re(edy "et in Arti!le EC/-1 o# the Lo!%l >overn(ent Code N !on!erning the ele!tion o# % te(&or%ry &re"iding o##i!er . The ontin$ity of the A tin! +o"ernorLs (Vi e;+o"ernor5 %owers as %residin! offi er of the SP is s$s%ended so 'on! as he is in s$ h a%a ity. =nder Se!tion EC/-1, Ein the event o# the in%-ility o# the reg$l%r &re"iding o##i!er to &re"ide %t the "%ngg$ni%n "e""ion+ the (e(-er" &re"ent %nd !on"tit$ting % )$or$( "h%ll ele!t #ro( %(ong the("elve" % te(&or%ry &re"iding o##i!er.F (Gam#oa 1r. v. !guirre 1r., +.R. No. ,-?1,-, *$'y 12, ,777, En 3an @Ynares;Santia!oA5 2)$. What is recall?

Held: 87&!@@ is a (ode o# re(ov%l o# % &$-li! o##i!er -y the &eo&le -e#ore the end o# hi" ter( o# o##i!e* The &eo&leD" &rerog%tive to re(ove % &$-li! o##i!er i" %n in!ident o# their "overeign &o'er %nd in the %-"en!e o# !on"tit$tion%l re"tr%int+ the &o'er i" i(&lied in %ll govern(ent%l o&er%tion"* S$!h &o'er h%" -een held to -e indi"&en"%-le #or the &ro&er %d(ini"tr%tion o# &$-li! %##%ir". Not $ndeser"ed'y, it is fre:$ent'y des ri&ed as a f$nda#enta' ri!ht of the %eo%'e in a re%resentati"e de#o ra y. (Garcia v. C3ME'EC, 118 SCRA ,2/, O t. ., ,77-, En 3an @P$noA5 2)#. What is the ground for recall? in'uiry? Is this subject to judicial

Held: 4or#er Senator A:$i'ino Pi#ente', *r., a #aBor a$thor of the s$&Be t 'aw in his &oo9 ;he @ocal 5overnment &ode of 1##1N ;he Key to :ational Development, stressed the sa#e reason why the s$&stanti"e ontent of a "ote of 'a 9 of onfiden e is &eyond any in:$iry, th$sI EThere i" only one gro$nd #or re!%ll o# lo!%l govern(ent o##i!i%l": lo"" o# !on#iden!e* Thi" (e%n" th%t the &eo&le (%y &etition or the Pre&%r%tory Re!%ll A""e(-ly (%y re"olve to re!%ll %ny lo!%l ele!tive o##i!i%l 'itho$t "&e!i#ying %ny &%rti!$l%r gro$nd e !e&t lo"" o# !on#iden!e* There i" no need #or the( to -ring $& %ny !h%rge o# %-$"e or !orr$&tion %g%in"t the lo!%l ele!tive o##i!i%l" 'ho %re "$-.e!t o# %ny re!%ll &etition. In the ase of Evar$one v. Commission on Elections et al., 12? SCRA ?0?, ?81 (,77,5, the Co$rt r$'ed that Olo"" o# !on#iden!eL %" % gro$nd #or re!%ll i" % &oliti!%l )$e"tion* In the 'ord" o# the Co$rt+ Q'hether or not the ele!tor%te o# the ($ni!i&%lity o# S$l%t h%" lo"t !on#iden!e in the in!$(-ent (%yor i" % &oliti!%l )$e"tion.LF (Garcia v. C3ME'EC, 118 SCRA ,2/, O t. ., ,77-, En 3an @P$noA5 2%2. ;he members of the (reparatory 8ecall !ssembly <(8!> of the province of Eataan adopted a resolution calling for the recall of 5overnor 5arcia. It was admitted however by the proponents of the recall resolution that only those members of the assembly inclined to agree were notified of the meeting where said resolution was adopted /as a matter of strategy and security.1 ;hey justified these selective notices on the ground that the law <@ocal 5overnment &ode> does not specifically mandate the giving of notice. Should this submission be sustained? Held: We re.e!t thi" "$-(i""ion o# the re"&ondent"* The d$e &ro!e"" !l%$"e o# the Con"tit$tion re)$iring noti!e %" %n ele(ent o# #%irne"" i" inviol%-le %nd "ho$ld %l'%y" -e !on"idered &%rt %nd &%r!el o# every l%' in !%"e o# it" "ilen!e* The need #or noti!e to %ll the (e(-er" o# the %""e(-ly i" %l"o i(&er%tive #or the"e (e(-er" re&re"ent the di##erent "e!tor" o# the ele!tor%te o# B%t%%n* To the e tent th%t they %re not noti#ied o# the (eeting o# the %""e(-ly+ to th%t e tent i" the "overeign voi!e o# the &eo&le they re&re"ent n$lli#ied* The re"ol$tion to re!%ll "ho$ld %rti!$l%te the (%.ority 'ill o# the (e(-er"

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o# the %""e(-ly -$t the (%.ority 'ill !%n -e gen$inely deter(ined only %#ter %ll the (e(-er" o# the %""e(-ly h%ve -een given % #%ir o&&ort$nity to e &re"" the 'ill o# their !on"tit$ent". Need'ess to stress, the re)$ire(ent o# noti!e i" (%nd%tory #or it i" indi"&en"%-le in deter(ining the !olle!tive 'i"do( o# the (e(-er" o# the Pre&%r%tory Re!%ll A""e(-ly* It" non,o-"erv%n!e i" #%t%l to the v%lidity o# the re"ol$tion to re!%ll &etitioner >%r!i% %" >overnor o# the &rovin!e o# B%t%%n. (Garcia v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,,,.,,, Se%t. 1,, ,77-G 118 SCRA ,22, O t. ., ,77-, En 3an @P$noA5 2%1. Will it be proper for the &ommission on 7lections to act on a petition for recall signed by just one person? Held: A &etition #or re!%ll "igned -y .$"t one &er"on i" in viol%tion o# the "t%t$tory 5GP (ini($( re)$ire(ent %" to the n$(-er o# "ign%t$re" "$&&orting %ny &etition #or re!%ll. Se!* IC/d1 of the 'ocal Government Co$e of ,77, e>%ress'y %ro"ides that Ore!%ll o# %ny ele!tive ($ni!i&%l o##i!i%l (%y %l"o -e v%lidly initi%ted $&on &etition o# %t le%"t t'enty,#ive &er!ent /5GP1 o# the tot%l n$(-er o# regi"tered voter" in the lo!%l govern(ent $nit !on!erned d$ring the ele!tion in 'hi!h the lo!%l o##i!i%l "o$ght to -e re!%lled '%" ele!ted.L The 'aw is %'ain and $ne:$i"o a' as to what onstit$tes re a'' %ro eedin!sI on'y a %etition of at 'east 1.R of the tota' n$#&er of re!istered "oters #ay "a'id'y initiate re a'' %ro eedin!s. (!ngo#ung v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,10.80, Dar h ., ,7785 2%2. Section %+ of the @ocal 5overnment &ode provides that /no recall shall taBe place within one year - - - immediately preceding a regular local election.1 What does the term /regular local election 1 as used in this section mean? Held: The ter# Ereg$l%r lo!%l ele!tionF $nder Se!* FE of the 'ocal Government Co$e of ,77, whi h %ro"ides that Eno re!%ll "h%ll t%6e &l%!e 'ithin one /01 ye%r i((edi%tely &re!eding % reg$l%r lo!%l ele!tion3 re#er" to one 'here the &o"ition o# the o##i!i%l "o$ght to -e re!%lled i" to -e %!t$%lly !onte"ted %nd #illed -y the ele!tor%te (Paras v. Comelec, +.R. No. ,1-,07, No". ?, ,7705. The one,ye%r ti(e -%r 'ill not %&&ly 'here the lo!%l o##i!i%l "o$ght to -e re!%lled i" % :%yor %nd the %&&ro%!hing ele!tion i" % -%r%ng%y ele!tion. (!ngo#ung v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,10.80, Dar h ., ,7785 2%*. Does the word /8ecall1 in paragraph <b> of Section %+ of the @ocal 5overnment &ode include the convening of the (reparatory 8ecall !ssembly and the filing by it of a recall resolution? Discuss. Held: Petitioner ontends that the ter# E87&!@@F in Se . 8? (&5 refers to a %ro ess, in ontrast to the ter# Ere a'' e'e tionF fo$nd in Se . 8? (a5, whi h o&"io$s'y refers to an e'e tion. <e 'ai#s that Ewhen se"era' &aran!ay hair#en #et and on"ened on Day ,7, ,777 and $nani#o$s'y reso'"ed to initiate the re a'', fo''owed &y the ta9in! of "otes &y the PRA on Day 17, ,777 for the %$r%ose of ado%tin! a reso'$tion Oto initiate the re a'' of *o"ito C'a$dio as Dayor of Pasay City for 'oss of onfiden e,L the %ro ess of re a'' &e!anF and, sin e Day 17, ,777 was 'ess than a year after he had ass$#ed offi e, the PRA was i''e!a''y on"ened and a'' %ro eedin!s he'd thereafter, in '$din! the fi'in! of the re a'' %etition on *$'y 1, ,777, were n$'' and "oid. The CODELEC, on the other hand, #aintains that the %ro ess of re a'' starts with the fi'in! of the %etition for re a'' and ends with the ond$ t of the re a'' e'e tion, and that, sin e the %etition for re a'' in this ase was fi'ed on *$'y 1, ,777, e>a t'y one year and a day after %etitionerLs ass$#%tion of offi e, the re a'' was "a'id'y initiated o$tside the one;year %rohi&ited %eriod. 3oth %etitioner C'a$dio and the CODELEC th$s a!ree that the ter# Ere a''F as $sed in Se . 8? refers to a %ro ess. They disa!ree on'y as

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to when the %ro ess starts for %$r%ose of the one;year 'i#itation in %ara!ra%h (&5 of Se . 8?. We !%n %gree th%t re!%ll i" % &ro!e"" 'hi!h -egin" 'ith the !onvening o# the &re&%r%tory re!%ll %""e(-ly or the g%thering o# the "ign%t$re" %t le%"t 5GP o# the regi"tered voter" o# % lo!%l govern(ent $nit+ %nd then &ro!eed" to the #iling o# % re!%ll re"ol$tion or &etition 'ith the CO:ELEC+ the veri#i!%tion o# "$!h re"ol$tion or &etition+ the #i ing o# the d%te o# the re!%ll ele!tion+ %nd the holding o# the ele!tion on the "!hed$led d%te* Ho'ever+ %" $"ed in &%r%gr%&h /-1 o# Se!* FE+ 2re!%ll3 re#er" to the ele!tion it"el# -y (e%n" o# 'hi!h voter" de!ide 'hether they "ho$ld ret%in their lo!%l o##i!i%l or ele!t hi" re&l%!e(ent. 6 > > To s$# $%, the ter# E87&!@@F in &%r%gr%&h /-1 re#er" to the re!%ll ele!tion %nd not to the &reli(in%ry &ro!eeding" to initi%te re!%ll C ,5 Be!%$"e Se!* FE "&e%6" o# li(it%tion" on 2re!%ll3 'hi!h+ %!!ording to Se!* IC+ i" % &o'er 'hi!h "h%ll -e e er!i"ed -y the regi"tered voter" o# % lo!%l govern(ent $nit. Sin e the "oters do not e>er ise s$ h ri!ht e> e%t in an e'e tion, it is 'ear that the initiation of re a'' %ro eedin!s is not %rohi&ited within the one;year %eriod %ro"ided in %ara!ra%h (&5G 15 Be!%$"e the &$r&o"e o# the #ir"t li(it%tion in &%r%gr%&h /-1 i" to &rovide voter" % "$##i!ient -%"i" #or .$dging %n ele!tive lo!%l o##i!i%l+ %nd #in%l .$dging i" not done $ntil the d%y o# the ele!tionG and -5 Be!%$"e to !on"tr$e the li(it%tion in &%r%gr%&h /-1 %" in!l$ding the initi%tion o# re!%ll &ro!eeding" 'o$ld $nd$ly !$rt%il #reedo( o# "&ee!h %nd o# %""e(-ly g$%r%nteed in the Con"tit$tion. (1ovito 3. Clau$io v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,?2.02, Day ?, 1222, En 3an @DendoJaA5 2%+. Who lawsuits? has the legal authority to represent a municipality in

Held: Only the &rovin!i%l #i"!%l+ &rovin!i%l %ttorney+ %nd ($ni!i&%l %ttorney "ho$ld re&re"ent % ($ni!i&%lity in it" l%'"$it"* Only in E%CEP&I3N!' INS&!NCES (%y % &riv%te %ttorney -e hired -y % ($ni!i&%lity to re&re"ent it in l%'"$it". (Ramos v. C!, 107 SCRA -?, Dar h -, ,7785 2%.. What are the 7"&7(;I9:!@ I:S;!:&7S when a private attorney may be validly hired by a municipality in its lawsuits? Held: In !linsug v. R&C 6r. 5. San Carlos City Negros 3cci$ental (11. SCRA ..-, A$!. 1-, ,77-5, it was he'd that Ethe l%' %llo'" % &riv%te !o$n"el to -e hired -y % ($ni!i&%lity only 'hen the ($ni!i&%lity i" %n %dver"e &%rty in % !%"e involving the &rovin!i%l govern(ent or %nother ($ni!i&%lity or !ity 'ithin the &rovin!e. This %ro"ision has its a%%arent ori!in in De Guia v. &)e !u$itor General (?? SCRA ,07, Dar h 17, ,7875 where the Co$rt he'd that the ($ni!i&%lityD" %$thority to e(&loy % &riv%te %ttorney i" e &re""ly li(ited only to "it$%tion" 'here the &rovin!i%l #i"!%l 'o$ld -e di")$%li#ied to "erve %nd re&re"ent it.F (Ramos v. C!, 107 SCRA -?, Dar h -, ,7785 2%). &ite instances when the provincial fiscal may be dis'ualified to represent in court a particular municipality.

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Held: As he'd in EnriHuez Sr. v. Gimenez (,28 Phi'. 7-1 @,702A5, the %ro"in ia' fis a' #ay &e dis:$a'ified to re%resent in o$rt a %arti $'ar #$ni i%a'ity in the fo''owin! instan esI ,5 I# %nd 'hen origin%l .$ri"di!tion o# !%"e involving the ($ni!i&%lity i" ve"ted in the S$&re(e Co$rtG 15 When the ($ni!i&%lity i" % &%rty %dver"e to the &rovin!i%l govern(ent or to "o(e other ($ni!i&%lity in the "%(e &rovin!eG and -5 When+ in % !%"e involving the ($ni!i&%lity+ he+ or hi" 'i#e+ or !hild+ i" &e!$ni%rily involved+ %" heir+ leg%tee+ !reditor or other'i"e. (Ramos v. C!, 107 SCRA -?, Dar h -, ,7785 2%%. ?ay a municipality be represented by a private law firm which had volunteered its services gratis in collaboration with the municipal attorney and the fiscal? Held: N3. S$ h re%resentation wi'' &e viol%tive o# Se!tion 0CB7 o# the old Ad(ini"tr%tive Code* Thi" "tri!t !oheren!e to the letter o# the l%' %&&e%r" to h%ve -een di!t%ted -y the #%!t th%t 2the ($ni!i&%lity "ho$ld not -e -$rdened 'ith e &en"e" o# hiring % &riv%te l%'yer3 %nd th%t 2the intere"t" o# the ($ni!i&%lity 'o$ld -e -e"t &rote!ted i# % govern(ent l%'yer h%ndle" it" litig%tion".F Priv%te l%'yer" (%y not re&re"ent ($ni!i&%litie" on their o'n* Neither (%y they do "o even in !oll%-or%tion 'ith %$thori8ed govern(ent l%'yer"* Thi" i" %n!hored on the &rin!i&le th%t only %!!o$nt%-le &$-li! o##i!er" (%y %!t #or %nd in -eh%l# o# &$-li! entitie" %nd th%t &$-li! #$nd" "ho$ld not -e e &ended to hire &riv%te l%'yer". (Ramos v. C!, 107 SCRA -?, Dar h -, ,7785 2%$. ?ay a municipality adopt the worB already performed in good faith by a private lawyer which worB proved beneficial to it? Held: A'tho$!h a #$ni i%a'ity #ay not hire a %ri"ate 'awyer to re%resent it in 'iti!ations, in the interest of s$&stantia' B$sti e, howe"er, it was he'd that % ($ni!i&%lity (%y %do&t the 'or6 %lre%dy &er#or(ed in good #%ith -y "$!h &riv%te l%'yer+ 'hi!h 'or6 i" -ene#i!i%l to it (,5 &rovided th%t no in.$"ti!e i" there-y he%&ed on the %dver"e &%rty and (15 &rovided #$rther th%t no !o(&en"%tion in %ny g$i"e i" &%id there#or -y "%id ($ni!i&%lity to the &riv%te l%'yer* Unle"" "o e &re""ly %do&ted+ the &riv%te l%'yerD" 'or6 !%nnot -ind the ($ni!i&%lity. (Ramos v. C!, 107 SCRA -?, Dar h -, ,7785 2%#. ?ay the (unong Earangay validly appoint or remove the barangay treasurer the barangay secretary and other appointive barangay officials without the concurrence of the majority of all the members of the Sangguniang Earangay? Held: The Lo a' +o"ern#ent Code e>%'i it'y "ests on the punong barangay, $&on %&&rov%l -y % (%.ority o# %ll the (e(-er" o# the sangguniang #arangay+ the &o'er to %&&oint or re&l%!e the #arangay tre%"$rer+ the #arangay "e!ret%ry+ %nd other %&&ointive #arangay o##i!i%l". Veri'y, the &o'er o# %&&oint(ent i" to -e e er!i"ed !on.ointly -y the punong #arangay %nd % (%.ority o# %ll the (e(-er" o# the sangguniang #arangay* Witho$t "$!h !on.oint %!tion+ neither %n %&&oint(ent nor % re&l%!e(ent !%n -e e##e!t$%l. A&&lying the r$le th%t the &o'er to %&&oint in!l$de" the &o'er to re(ove+ the )$e"tioned di"(i""%l #ro( o##i!e o# the #arangay o##i!i%l" -y the punong #arangay 'itho$t the !on!$rren!e o# the (%.ority o# %ll the (e(-er" o# the Sangguniang 6arangay !%nnot -e leg%lly .$"ti#ied. To r$'e otherwise o$'d a'so reate an a&s$rd sit$ation of the Sangguniang Earangay #e#&ers ref$sin! to !i"e their a%%ro"a' to the re%'a e#ents se'e ted &y the punong barangay who has $ni'atera''y

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ter#inated the ser"i es of the in $#&ents. It is 'i9e'y that the 'e!is'at$re did not intend this a&s$rdity to fo''ow fro# its ena t#ent of the 'aw. (Ramon !lHuizola Sr. v. Gallar$o 3col, +.R. No. ,-1?,-, A$!. 18, ,777, -rd Di". @Vit$!A5 PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 2$2. What is the doctrine of incorporation? local courts? 6ow is it applied by

Held: =nder the D9&;8I:7 90 I:&98(98!;I9:, r$le" o# intern%tion%l l%' #or( &%rt o# the l%' o# the l%nd %nd no #$rther legi"l%tive %!tion i" needed to (%6e "$!h r$le" %&&li!%-le in the do(e"ti! "&here. The do trine of in or%oration is %&&lied 'henever ($ni!i&%l tri-$n%l" /or lo!%l !o$rt"1 %re !on#ronted 'ith "it$%tion" in 'hi!h there %&&e%r" to -e % !on#li!t -et'een % r$le o# intern%tion%l l%' %nd the &rovi"ion" o# the Con"tit$tion or "t%t$te o# the lo!%l "t%te* E##ort" "ho$ld #ir"t -e e erted to h%r(oni8e the(+ "o %" to give e##e!t to -oth "in!e it i" to -e &re"$(ed th%t ($ni!i&%l l%' '%" en%!ted 'ith &ro&er reg%rd #or the gener%lly %!!e&ted &rin!i&le" o# intern%tion%l l%' in o-"erv%n!e o# the In!or&or%tion Cl%$"e in Se!tion 5+ Arti!le II o# the Con"tit$tion* In % "it$%tion ho'ever+ 'here the !on#li!t i" irre!on!il%-le %nd % !hoi!e h%" to -e (%de -et'een % r$le o# intern%tion%l l%' %nd ($ni!i&%l l%'+ .$ri"&r$den!e di!t%te" th%t ($ni!i&%l l%' "ho$ld -e $&held -y the ($ni!i&%l !o$rt" #or the re%"on th%t "$!h !o$rt" %re org%n" o# ($ni!i&%l l%' %nd %re %!!ordingly -o$nd -y it in %ll !ir!$("t%n!e". The fa t that internationa' 'aw has &een #ade %art of the 'aw of the 'and does not %ertain to or i#%'y the %ri#a y of internationa' 'aw o"er nationa' or #$ni i%a' 'aw in the #$ni i%a' s%here. The D9&;8I:7 90 I:&98(98!;I9:, as a%%'ied in #ost o$ntries, de rees that r$le" o# intern%tion%l l%' %re given e)$%l "t%nding 'ith+ -$t %re not "$&erior to+ n%tion%l legi"l%tive en%!t(ent". A ordin!'y, the &rin!i&le o# 'E% P3S&ERI3R DER3G!&E PRI3RI t%6e" e##e!t N % tre%ty (%y re&e%l % "t%t$te %nd % "t%t$te (%y re&e%l % tre%ty. In states where the Constit$tion is the hi!hest 'aw of the 'and, s$ h as the Re%$&'i of the Phi'i%%ines, -oth "t%t$te" %nd tre%tie" (%y -e inv%lid%ted i# they %re in !on#li!t 'ith the Con"tit$tion. (Secretary of 1ustice v. Hon. Ralp) C. 'antion, +.R. No. ,-7?0., *an. ,/, 1222, En 3an @De'oA5 2$1. Is sovereignty really absolute and all,encompassing? what are its restrictions and limitations? If not

Held: While "overeignty h%" tr%dition%lly -een dee(ed %-"ol$te %nd %ll,en!o(&%""ing on the do(e"ti! level+ it i" ho'ever "$-.e!t to re"tri!tion" %nd li(it%tion" vol$nt%rily %greed to -y the Phili&&ine"+ e &re""ly or i(&liedly+ %" % (e(-er o# the #%(ily o# n%tion"* By the do!trine o# in!or&or%tion+ the !o$ntry i" -o$nd -y gener%lly %!!e&ted &rin!i&le" o# intern%tion%l l%'+ 'hi!h %re !on"idered to -e %$to(%ti!%lly &%rt o# o$r o'n l%'"* One o# the olde"t %nd (o"t #$nd%(ent%l r$le" in intern%tion%l l%' i" pacta sunt servan$a N intern%tion%l %gree(ent" ($"t -e &er#or(ed in good #%ith* A "t%te 'hi!h h%" !ontr%!ted v%lid intern%tion%l o-lig%tion" i" -o$nd to (%6e in it" legi"l%tion" "$!h (odi#i!%tion" %" (%y -e ne!e""%ry to en"$re the #$l#ill(ent o# the o-lig%tion". By their inherent n%t$re+ tre%tie" re%lly li(it or re"tri!t the %-"ol$tene"" o# "overeignty* By their vol$nt%ry %!t+ n%tion" (%y "$rrender "o(e %"&e!t" o# their "t%te &o'er in e !h%nge #or gre%ter -ene#it" gr%nted -y or derived #ro( % !onvention or &%!t. After a'', states, 'i9e indi"id$a's, 'i"e with oe:$a's, and in %$rs$it of #$t$a''y o"enanted o&Be ti"es and &enefits, they a'so o##on'y a!ree to 'i#it the e>er ise of their otherwise a&so'$te ri!hts. Th$s, treaties ha"e &een $sed to re ord a!ree#ents &etween States on ernin!

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s$ h wide'y di"erse #atters as, for e>a#%'e, the 'ease of na"a' &ases, the sa'e or ession of territory, the ter#ination of war, the re!$'ation of ond$ t of hosti'ities, the for#ation of a''ian es, the re!$'ation of o##er ia' re'ations, the sett'in! of 'ai#s, the 'ayin! down of r$'es !o"ernin! ond$ t in %ea e and the esta&'ish#ent of internationa' or!aniJations. The "overeignty o# % "t%te there#ore !%nnot in #%!t %nd in re%lity -e !on"idered %-"ol$te* Cert%in re"tri!tion" enter into the &i!t$reI (,5 li(it%tion" i(&o"ed -y the very n%t$re o# (e(-er"hi& in the #%(ily o# n%tion" and (15 li(it%tion" i(&o"ed -y tre%ty "ti&$l%tion". (&ana$a v. !ngara, 181 SCRA ,/, Day 1, ,778 @Pan!ani&anA5 2$2. What must a person who feels aggrieved by the acts of a foreign sovereign do to espouse his cause? Held: =nder &oth P$&'i Internationa' Law and Transnationa' Law, a %erson who fee's a!!rie"ed &y the a ts of a forei!n so"erei!n an %"6 hi" o'n govern(ent to e"&o$"e hi" !%$"e thro$gh di&lo(%ti! !h%nnel". Priv%te re"&ondent !%n %"6 the Phili&&ine govern(ent+ thro$gh the 9oreign O##i!e+ to e"&o$"e it" !l%i(" %g%in"t the Holy See* It" #ir"t t%"6 i" to &er"$%de the Phili&&ine govern(ent to t%6e $& 'ith the Holy See the v%lidity o# it" !l%i("* O# !o$r"e+ the 9oreign O##i!e "h%ll #ir"t (%6e % deter(in%tion o# the i(&%!t o# it" e"&o$"%l on the rel%tion" -et'een the Phili&&ine govern(ent %nd the Holy See. On!e the Phili&&ine govern(ent de!ide" to e"&o$"e the !l%i(+ the l%tter !e%"e" to -e % &riv%te !%$"e. A ordin! to the Per#anent Co$rt of Internationa' *$sti e, the forer$nner of the Internationa' Co$rt of *$sti eI EBy t%6ing $& the !%"e o# one o# it" "$-.e!t" %nd -y re"orting to di&lo(%ti! %!tion or intern%tion%l .$di!i%l &ro!eeding" on hi" -eh%l#+ % St%te i" in re%lity %""erting it" o'n right" N it" right to en"$re+ in the &er"on o# it" "$-.e!t"+ re"&e!t #or the r$le" o# intern%tion%l l%' .F <;he ?avrommatis (alestine &oncessions 1 6udson World &ourt 8eports 2#* *22 31#2+4> (Holy See &)e v. Rosario 1r., 1-/ SCRA .1?, .--;.-?, De . ,, ,77?, En 3an @P$iasonA5 2$*. Discuss the International @aw. Status of the Fatican and the 6oly See in

Held: 3efore the anne>ation of the Pa%a' States &y Ita'y in ,/82, the Po%e was the #onar h and he, as the <o'y See, was onsidered a s$&Be t of Internationa' Law. With the 'oss of the Pa%a' States and the 'i#itation of the territory $nder the <o'y See to an area of ,2/.8 a res, the %osition of the <o'y See in Internationa' Law &e a#e ontro"ersia'. In ,717, Ita'y and the <o'y See entered into the L%ter%n Tre%ty, where It%ly re!ogni8ed the e !l$"ive do(inion %nd "overeign .$ri"di!tion o# the Holy See over the H%ti!%n City. It a'so re!ogni8ed the right o# the Holy See to re!eive #oreign di&lo(%t"+ to "end it" o'n di&lo(%t" to #oreign !o$ntrie"+ %nd to enter into tre%tie" %!!ording to Intern%tion%l L%'. The L%ter%n Tre%ty e"t%-li"hed the "t%tehood o# the H%ti!%n City 2#or the &$r&o"e o# %""$ring to the Holy See %-"ol$te %nd vi"i-le inde&enden!e %nd o# g$%r%nteeing to it indi"&$t%-le "overeignty %l"o in the #ield o# intern%tion%l rel%tion".F In "iew of the wordin!s of the Lateran Treaty, it is diffi $'t to deter#ine whether the statehood is "ested in the <o'y See or in the Vati an City. So#e writers e"en s$!!ested that the treaty reated two internationa' %ersons C the <o'y See and Vati an City.

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The H%ti!%n City #it" into none o# the e"t%-li"hed !%tegorie" o# "t%te"+ %nd the %ttri-$tion to it o# 2"overeignty3 ($"t -e (%de in % "en"e di##erent #ro( th%t in 'hi!h it i" %&&lied to other "t%te" . In % !o(($nity o# n%tion%l "t%te"+ the H%ti!%n City re&re"ent" %n entity org%ni8ed not #or &oliti!%l -$t #or e!!le"i%"ti!%l &$r&o"e" %nd intern%tion%l o-.e!t"* De"&ite it" "i8e %nd o-.e!t+ the H%ti!%n City h%" %n inde&endent govern(ent o# it" o'n+ 'ith the Po&e+ 'ho i" %l"o he%d o# the Ro(%n C%tholi! Ch$r!h+ %" the Holy See or He%d o# St%te+ in !on#or(ity 'ith it" tr%dition"+ %nd the de(%nd" o# it" (i""ion in the 'orld* Indeed+ the 'orld,'ide intere"t" %nd %!tivitie" o# the H%ti!%n City %re "$!h %" to (%6e it in % "en"e %n 2intern%tion%l "t%te.F One a$thority wrote that the re o!nition of the Vati an City as a state has si!nifi ant i#%'i ation C that it is %ossi&'e for any entity %$rs$in! o&Be ts essentia''y different fro# those %$rs$ed &y states to &e in"ested with internationa' %ersona'ity. Inas#$ h as the Po%e %refers to ond$ t forei!n re'ations and enter into transa tions as the <o'y See and not in the na#e of the Vati an City, one an on '$de that in the Po%eLs own "iew, it is the <o'y See that is the internationa' %erson. The Re&$-li! o# the Phili&&ine" h%" %!!orded the Holy See the "t%t$" o# % #oreign "overeign* The Holy See+ thro$gh it" A(-%""%dor+ the P%&%l N$n!io+ h%" h%d di&lo(%ti! re&re"ent%tion" 'ith the Phili&&ine govern(ent "in!e 0CGF. This a%%ears to &e the $ni"ersa' %ra ti e in internationa' re'ations. (Holy See &)e v. Rosario 1r., 1-/ SCRA .1?, .--;.-?, De . ,, ,77?, En 3an @P$iasonA5 2$+. What are international organi=ations? Discuss their nature.

Held: I:;78:!;I9:!@ 985!:ID!;I9:S are in"tit$tion" !on"tit$ted -y intern%tion%l %gree(ent -et'een t'o or (ore St%te" to %!!o(&li"h !o((on go%l"* The leg%l &er"on%lity o# the"e intern%tion%l org%ni8%tion" h%" -een re!ogni8ed not only in ($ni!i&%l l%'+ -$t in intern%tion%l l%' %" 'ell. Per#anent internationa' o##issions and ad#inistrati"e &odies ha"e &een reated &y the a!ree#ent of a onsidera&'e n$#&er of States for a "ariety of internationa' %$r%oses, e ono#i or so ia' and #ain'y non;%o'iti a'. In "o #%r %" they %re %$tono(o$" %nd -eyond the !ontrol o# %ny one St%te+ they h%ve di"tin!t .$ridi!%l &er"on%lity inde&endent o# the ($ni!i&%l l%' o# the St%te 'here they %re "it$%ted* A" "$!h+ they %re dee(ed to &o""e"" % "&e!ie" o# intern%tion%l &er"on%lity o# their o'n. (SE!=DECF!ND v. N'RC, 120 SCRA 1/-, 4e&. ,?, ,7715 2$.. Discuss the E!SI& I??C:I;I7S 90 I:;78:!;I9:!@ 985!:ID!;I9:S and the reason for affording them such immunities. Held: One of the &asi i##$nities of an internationa' or!aniJation is i(($nity #ro( lo!%l .$ri"di!tion+ i.e. th%t it i" i(($ne #ro( leg%l 'rit" %nd &ro!e""e" i""$ed -y the tri-$n%l" o# the !o$ntry 'here it i" #o$nd. The o&"io$s reason for this is that the "$-.e!tion o# "$!h %n org%ni8%tion to the %$thority o# the lo!%l !o$rt" 'o$ld %##ord % !onvenient (edi$( thro$gh 'hi!h the ho"t govern(ent (%y inter#ere in their o&er%tion" or even in#l$en!e or !ontrol it" &oli!ie" %nd de!i"ion"4 -e"ide"+ "$!h "$-.e!tion to lo!%l .$ri"di!tion 'o$ld i(&%ir the !%&%!ity o# "$!h -ody to di"!h%rge it" re"&on"i-ilitie" i(&%rti%lly on -eh%l# o# it" (e(-er,"t%te". (SE!=DECF!ND v. N'RC, 120 SCRA 1/-, 4e&. ?, ,7715 2$). Discuss the two conflicting concepts of sovereign immunity from suit.

168

Held: There are two onf'i tin! on e%ts of so"erei!n i##$nity, ea h wide'y he'd and fir#'y esta&'ished. A ordin! to the &@!SSI&!@ 98 !ES9@C;7 ;6798G, % "overeign !%nnot+ 'itho$t it" !on"ent+ -e (%de % re"&ondent in the !o$rt" o# %nother "overeign . A ordin! to the newer or 87S;8I&;IF7 ;6798G, the i(($nity o# the "overeign i" re!ogni8ed only 'ith reg%rd to &$-li! %!t" or %!t" 0ure imperii o# % "t%te+ -$t not 'ith reg%rd to &riv%te %!t" or %!t" 0ure gestionis. So#e states %assed 'e!is'ation to ser"e as !$ide'ines for the e>e $ti"e or B$di ia' deter#ination when an a t #ay &e onsidered as jure gestionis. The =nited States %assed the 4orei!n So"erei!n I##$nities A t of ,780, whi h defines a o##er ia' a ti"ity as Eeither a re!$'ar o$rse of o##er ia' ond$ t or a %arti $'ar o##er ia' transa tion or a t.F 4$rther#ore, the 'aw de 'ared that the E o##er ia' hara ter of the a ti"ity sha'' &e deter#ined &y referen e to the nat$re of the o$rse of ond$ t or %arti $'ar transa tion or a t, rather than &y referen e to its %$r%ose.F The Canadian Par'ia#ent ena ted in ,7/1 an A t to Pro"ide 4or State I##$nity in Canadian Co$rts. The A t defines a E o##er ia' a ti"ityF as any %arti $'ar transa tion, a t or ond$ t or any re!$'ar o$rse of ond$ t that &y reason of its nat$re, is of a E o##er ia' hara ter.F The restri ti"e theory, whi h is intended to &e a so'$tion to the host of %ro&'e#s in"o'"in! the iss$e of so"erei!n i##$nity, has reated %ro&'e#s of its own. Le!a' treatises and the de isions in o$ntries whi h fo''ow the restri ti"e theory ha"e diffi $'ty in hara teriJin! whether a ontra t of a so"erei!n state with a %ri"ate %arty is an a t jure gestionis or an a t jure imperii. The restri ti"e theory a#e a&o$t &e a$se of the entry of so"erei!n states into %$re'y o##er ia' a ti"ities re#ote'y onne ted with the dis har!e of !o"ern#enta' f$n tions. This is %arti $'ar'y tr$e with res%e t to the Co##$nist states whi h too9 ontro' of nationa'iJed &$siness a ti"ities and internationa' tradin!. (Holy See &)e v. Rosario 1r., 1-/ SCRA .1?, De . ,, ,77?, En 3an @P$iasonA5 2$%. &ite some transactions by a foreign state with private parties that were considered by the Supreme &ourt as acts /jure imperii1 and acts /jure gestionis.1 Held: This Co$rt has onsidered the fo''owin! transa tions &y a forei!n state with %ri"ate %arties as a ts 0ure imperiiI (,5 the le%"e -y % #oreign govern(ent o# %&%rt(ent -$ilding" #or $"e o# it" (ilit%ry o##i!er" (SyHuia v. 'opez, /? Phi'. -,1 @,7?7A5G (15 the !ond$!t o# &$-li! -idding #or the re&%ir o# % 'h%r# %t % United St%te" N%v%l St%tion (/nite$ States of !merica v. Ruiz supra.5G and (-5 the !h%nge o# e(&loy(ent "t%t$" o# -%"e e(&loyee" (San$ers v. 2eri$iano, ,01 SCRA // @,7//A5. On the other hand, this Co$rt has onsidered the fo''owin! transa tions &y a forei!n state with %ri"ate %arties as a ts 0ure gestionisI (,5 the hiring o# % !oo6 in the re!re%tion !enter+ !on"i"ting o# three re"t%$r%nt"+ % !%#eteri%+ % -%6ery+ % "tore+ %nd % !o##ee %nd &%"try "ho& %t the Mohn H%y Air St%tion in B%g$io City+ to !%ter to A(eri!%n "ervi!e(en %nd the gener%l &$-li! (/nite$ States of !merica v. Ro$rigo, ,/1 SCRA 0?? @,772AG and (15 the -idding #or the o&er%tion o# -%r-er "ho&" in Cl%r6 Air B%"e in Angele" City (/nite$ States of !merica v. Guinto, ,/1 SCRA 0?? @,772A5. The o%eration of the resta$rants and other fa i'ities o%en to the !enera' %$&'i is $ndo$&ted'y for %rofit as a o##er ia' and not a !o"ern#enta' a ti"ity. 3y enterin! into the e#%'oy#ent ontra t with the oo9 in the dis har!e of its %ro%rietary f$n tion, the =nited States !o"ern#ent i#%'ied'y di"ested itse'f of it so"erei!n i##$nity fro# s$it. (Holy See &)e v. Rosario 1r., 1-/ SCRA .1?, De . ,, ,77?, En 3an @P$iasonA5

169

2$$. What should be the guidelines to determine what activities and transactions shall be considered /commercial1 and as constituting acts /jure gestionis1 by a foreign state? Held: In the a&sen e of 'e!is'ation definin! what a ti"ities and transa tions sha'' &e onsidered E o##er ia'F and as onstit$tin! a ts jure gestionis we ha"e to o#e o$t with o$r own !$ide'ines, tentati"e they #ay &e. Certain'y, the #ere enterin! into a ontra t &y a forei!n state with a %ri"ate %arty annot &e the $'ti#ate test. S$ h an a t an on'y &e the start of the in:$iry. The 'o!i a' :$estion is whether the forei!n state is en!a!ed in the a ti"ity in the re!$'ar o$rse of &$siness. If the forei!n state is not en!a!ed re!$'ar'y in a &$siness or trade, the %arti $'ar a t or transa tion #$st then &e tested &y its nat$re. If the a t is in %$rs$it of a so"erei!n a ti"ity, or an in ident thereof, then it is an a t jure imperii es%e ia''y when it is not $nderta9en for !ain or %rofit. As he'd in /nite$ States of !merica v. Guinto <supra.>I EThere is no :$estion that the =nited States of A#eri a, 'i9e any other state, wi'' &e dee#ed to ha"e i#%'ied'y wai"ed its non;s$a&i'ity if it has entered into a ontra t in its %ro%rietary or %ri"ate a%a ity. It is on'y when the ontra t in"o'"es its so"erei!n or !o"ern#enta' a%a ity that no s$ h wai"er #ay &e i#%'ied.F (Holy See &)e v. Rosario 1r., 1-/ SCRA .1?, De . ,, ,77?, En 3an @P$iasonA5 2$#. ?ay the 6oly See be sued for selling the land it ac'uired by donation from the !rchdiocese of ?anila to be made site of its mission or the !postolic :unciature in the (hilippines but which purpose cannot be accomplished as the land was occupied by s'uatters who refused to vacate the area? Held: In the !%"e %t -en!h+ i# &etitioner /Holy See1 h%" -o$ght %nd "old l%nd" in the ordin%ry !o$r"e o# % re%l e"t%te -$"ine""+ "$rely the "%id tr%n"%!tion !%n -e !%tegori8ed %" %n %!t 0ure gestionis. <owe"er, %etitioner has denied that the a :$isition and s$&se:$ent dis%osa' of Lot .;A were #ade for %rofit &$t 'ai#ed that it a :$ired said %ro%erty for the site of its #ission or the A%osto'i N$n iat$re in the Phi'i%%ines. 6 > > Lot G,A '%" %!)$ired -y &etitioner %" % don%tion #ro( the Ar!hdio!e"e o# :%nil%* The don%tion '%" (%de not #or !o((er!i%l &$r&o"e+ -$t #or the $"e o# &etitioner to !on"tr$!t thereon the o##i!i%l &l%!e o# re"iden!e o# the P%&%l N$n!io* The right o# % #oreign "overeign to %!)$ire &ro&erty+ re%l or &er"on%l+ in % re!eiving "t%te+ ne!e""%ry #or the !re%tion %nd (%inten%n!e o# it" di&lo(%ti! (i""ion+ i" re!ogni8ed in the 0CI0 Hienn% Convention on Di&lo(%ti! Rel%tion". Thi" tre%ty '%" !on!$rred in -y the Phili&&ine Sen%te %nd entered into #or!e in the Phili&&ine" on Nove(-er 0G+ 0CIG. In Arti!le 70/%1 of the Con"ention, % di&lo(%ti! envoy i" gr%nted i(($nity #ro( the !ivil %nd %d(ini"tr%tive .$ri"di!tion o# the re!eiving "t%te over %ny re%l %!tion rel%ting to &riv%te i((ov%-le &ro&erty "it$%ted in the territory o# the re!eiving "t%te 'hi!h the envoy hold" on -eh%l# o# the "ending "t%te #or the &$r&o"e" o# the (i""ion* I# thi" i(($nity i" &rovided #or % di&lo(%ti! envoy+ 'ith %ll the (ore re%"on "ho$ld i(($nity -e re!ogni8ed %" reg%rd" the "overeign it"el#+ 'hi!h in thi" !%"e i" the Holy See. The de!i"ion to tr%n"#er the &ro&erty %nd the "$-"e)$ent di"&o"%l thereo# %re li6e'i"e !lothed 'ith % govern(ent%l !h%r%!ter* Petitioner did not "ell Lot G,A #or &ro#it or g%in* It (erely '%nted to di"&o"e o## the "%(e -e!%$"e the ")$%tter" living thereon (%de it %l(o"t i(&o""i-le #or &etitioner to $"e it #or the &$r&o"e o# the don%tion.

170

(Holy See @P$iasonA5

&)e v. Rosario

1r., 1-/ SCRA .1?, De . ,, ,77?, En 3an

2#2. 6ow is sovereign or diplomatic immunity pleaded in a foreign court? Held: In P$&'i Internationa' Law, when a state or internationa' a!en y wishes to %'ead so"erei!n or di%'o#ati i##$nity in a forei!n o$rt, it re)$e"t" the 9oreign O##i!e o# the "t%te 'here it i" "$ed to !onvey to the !o$rt th%t "%id de#end%nt i" entitled to i(($nity. In the =nited States, the %ro ed$re fo''owed is the &ro!e"" o# 2"$gge"tion+3 where the #oreign "t%te or the intern%tion%l org%ni8%tion "$ed in %n A(eri!%n !o$rt re)$e"t" the Se!ret%ry o# St%te to (%6e % deter(in%tion %" to 'hether it i" entitled to i(($nity* I# the Se!ret%ry o# St%te #ind" th%t the de#end%nt i" i(($ne #ro( "$it+ he+ in t$rn+ %"6" the Attorney >ener%l to "$-(it to the !o$rt % 2"$gge"tion3 th%t the de#end%nt i" entitled to i(($nity . In En!'and, a si#i'ar %ro ed$re is fo''owed, on'y the 4orei!n Offi e iss$es a ertifi ation to that effe t instead of s$&#ittin! a Es$!!estionF. In the Phili&&ine"+ the &r%!ti!e i" #or the #oreign govern(ent or the intern%tion%l org%ni8%tion to #ir"t "e!$re %n e e!$tive endor"e(ent o# it" !l%i( o# "overeign or di&lo(%ti! i(($nity. 3$t how the Phi'i%%ine 4orei!n Offi e on"eys its endorse#ent to the o$rts "aries. In International Cat)olic Migration Commission v. Calle0a, ,72 SCRA ,-2 (,7725, the Se retary of 4orei!n Affairs B$st sent a letter dire t'y to the Se retary of La&or and E#%'oy#ent, infor#in! the 'atter that the res%ondent;e#%'oyer o$'d not &e s$ed &e a$se it enBoyed di%'o#ati i##$nity. In Borl$ Healt) 3rganization v. !Huino, ?/ SCRA 1?1 (,7815, the Se retary of 4orei!n Affairs sent the tria' o$rt a telegr%( to that effe t. In 6aer v. &izon, .8 SCRA , (,78?5, the =.S. E#&assy %"6ed the Se retary of 4orei!n Affairs to re:$est the So'i itor +enera' to #a9e, in &eha'f of the o##ander of the =nited States Na"a' 3ase at O'on!a%o City, Na#&a'es, a E"$gge"tionF to res%ondent *$d!e. The So'i itor +enera' e#&odied the Es$!!estionF in a :%ni#e"t%tion %nd :e(or%nd$( as amicus curiae. In the ase at &en h, the De%art#ent of the Offi e of Le!a' Affairs #o"ed with this inter"ene on the side of %etitioner. The De%art#ent to fi'e its #e#orand$# in s$%%ort so"erei!n i##$nity. 4orei!n Affairs, thro$!h Co$rt to &e a''owed to Co$rt a''owed the said of %etitionerLs 'ai# of

In so#e ases, the defense of so"erei!n i##$nity was s$&#itted dire t'y to the 'o a' o$rts &y the res%ondents thro$!h their %ri"ate o$nse's. In ases where the forei!n states &y%ass the 4orei!n Offi e, the o$rts an in:$ire into the fa ts and #a9e their own deter#ination as to the nat$re of the a ts and transa tions in"o'"ed. ( Holy See &)e v. Rosario 1r., 1-/ SCRA .1?, De . ,, ,77?, En 3an @P$iasonA5 2#1. Is the determination of the e-ecutive branch of the government that a state or instrumentality is entitled to sovereign or diplomatic immunity subject to judicial review or is it a political 'uestion and therefore conclusive upon the courts? Held: The i""$e o# &etitionerD" /The Holy See1 non,"$%-ility !%n -e deter(ined -y the tri%l !o$rt 'itho$t going to tri%l in light o# the &le%ding" > > >. 3esides, the %ri"i'e!e of so"erei!n i##$nity in this ase was s$ffi ient'y esta&'ished &y the De#orand$# and Certifi ation of the De%art#ent of 4orei!n Affairs. As the de%art#ent tas9ed with the ond$ t of the Phi'i%%inesL forei!n re'ations, the De%art#ent of 4orei!n Affairs has for#a''y inter"ened in this ase and offi ia''y ertified that the E#&assy of the <o'y See is a d$'y a redited di%'o#ati #ission to the Re%$&'i of the Phi'i%%ines e>e#%t fro# 'o a' B$risdi tion and entit'ed to a'' the ri!hts, %ri"i'e!es and i##$nities of a di%'o#ati #ission or e#&assy in this o$ntry. The deter(in%tion

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o# the e e!$tive %r( o# govern(ent th%t % "t%te or in"tr$(ent%lity i" entitled to "overeign or di&lo(%ti! i(($nity i" % &oliti!%l )$e"tion th%t i" !on!l$"ive $&on the !o$rt". Where the &le% o# i(($nity i" re!ogni8ed %nd %##ir(ed -y the e e!$tive -r%n!h+ it i" the d$ty o# the !o$rt" to %!!e&t thi" !l%i( "o %" not to e(-%rr%"" the e e!$tive %r( o# the govern(ent in !ond$!ting the !o$ntryD" #oreign rel%tion". As in International &atholic ?igration &ommission and in World 6ealth 9rgani=ation we a&ide &y the ertifi ation of the De%art#ent of 4orei!n Affairs. (Holy See &)e v. Rosario 1r., 1-/ SCRA .1?, De . ,, ,77?, En 3an @P$iasonA5 2#2. What is 7";8!DI;I9:? ;o whom does it apply?

Held: It is the E&ro!e"" -y 'hi!h &er"on" !h%rged 'ith or !onvi!ted o# !ri(e %g%in"t the l%' o# % St%te %nd #o$nd in % #oreign St%te %re ret$rned -y the l%tter to the #or(er #or tri%l or &$ni"h(ent* It applies to tho"e 'ho %re (erely !h%rged 'ith %n o##en"e -$t h%ve not -een -ro$ght to tri%l4 to tho"e 'ho h%ve -een tried %nd !onvi!ted %nd h%ve "$-"e)$ently e"!%&ed #ro( !$"tody4 %nd tho"e 'ho h%ve -een !onvi!ted in %-"enti%* It $oes not apply to &er"on" (erely "$"&e!ted o# h%ving !o((itted %n o##en"e -$t %g%in"t 'ho( no !h%rge h%" -een l%id or to % &er"on 'ho"e &re"en!e i" de"ired %" % 'itne"" or #or o-t%ining or en#or!ing % !ivil .$dg(ent.F (Weston 0alB DP !mato International 'a( an$ 3r$er, 1nd ed., %. 0-2 @,772A, ited in Dissenting 9pinion Puno 1. in Secretary of 1ustice v. Hon. Ralp) C. 'antion, +.R. No. ,-7?0., *an. ,/, 1222, En 3an 5 2#*. Discuss the basis for allowing e-tradition.

Held: E>tradition was first %ra ti ed &y the E!y%tians, Chinese, Cha'deans and Assyro;3a&y'onians &$t their &asis for a''owin! e>tradition was $n 'ear. So#eti#es, it was !ranted d$e to %a tsG at other ti#es, d$e to %'ain !ood wi''. The classical commentators on internationa' 'aw th$s fo $sed their ear'y "iews on the nature of the duty to s$rrender an e>tradite ;;; whether the d$ty is 'e!a' or #ora' in hara ter. +roti$s and Vatte' 'ed the s hoo' of tho$!ht that internationa' 'aw i#%osed a legal duty a''ed civitas ma-ima to e>tradite ri#ina's. In shar% ontrast, P$ffendorf and 3i''ot 'ed the s hoo' of tho$!ht that the so; a''ed d$ty was &$t an /imperfect obligation whi h o$'d &e o#e enforceable only &y a ontra t or a!ree#ent &etween states. :odern n%tion" tilted to'%rd" the vie' o# P$##endor# %nd Billot th%t $nder intern%tion%l l%' there i" no d$ty to e tr%dite in the %-"en!e o# tre%ty+ 'hether -il%ter%l or ($ltil%ter%l. Th$s, the =S S$%re#e Co$rt in /S v. Rausc)er (,,7 =S ?28, ?,,, 8 S Ct. 1-?, 1-0, -2 L. ed. ?1. @,//0A5, he'dI E> > > it i" only in mo$ern times th%t the n%tion" o# the e%rth h%ve i(&o"ed $&on the("elve" the o-lig%tion o# delivering $& the"e #$gitive" #ro( .$"ti!e to the "t%te" 'here their !ri(e" 'ere !o((itted+ #or tri%l %nd &$ni"h(ent* Thi" h%" -een done gener%lly -y tre%tie" > > >. Prior to these treaties, and a%art fro# the# there was no we'';defined o&'i!ation on one o$ntry to de'i"er $% s$ h f$!iti"es to anotherG and tho$!h s$ h de'i"ery was often #ade it was $%on the %rin i%'e of o#ity > > >.F ( Dissenting 3pinion Puno 1., in Secretary of 1ustice v. Hon. Ralp) C. 'antion, +.R. No. ,-7?0., *an. ,/, 1222, En 3an 5 2#+. What is the nature of an e-tradition proceeding? criminal proceeding? Is it aBin to a

Held: <A=n e tr%dition &ro!eeding i" sui eItra$i. It i" not a criminal procee$ing 'hi!h 'ill !%ll into o&er%tion all the right" o# %n %!!$"ed %" g$%r%nteed -y the Bill o# Right"* To -egin 'ith+ t)e process of eItra$ition $oes not involve t)e $etermination of t)e guilt or innocence of an accuse$. Hi" g$ilt or inno!en!e 'ill -e %d.$dged in the !o$rt o# the "t%te 'here he 'ill -e e tr%dited* Hen!e+ %" % r$le+

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!on"tit$tion%l right" th%t %re only relev%nt to deter(ine the g$ilt or inno!en!e o# %n %!!$"ed !%nnot -e invo6ed -y %n e tr%ditee e"&e!i%lly -y one 'ho"e e tr%dition &%&er" %re "till $ndergoing ev%l$%tion. As he'd &y the =S S$%re#e Co$rt in /nite$ States v. GalanisN EAn e tr%dition &ro!eeding i" not % !ri(in%l &ro"e!$tion+ %nd the !on"tit$tion%l "%#eg$%rd" th%t %!!o(&%ny % !ri(in%l tri%l in thi" !o$ntry do not "hield %n %!!$"ed #ro( e tr%dition &$r"$%nt to % v%lid tre%ty.F <Wiehl 7-tradition @aw at the &rossroadsN ;he ;rend ;oward 7-tending 5reater &onstitutional (rocedural (rotections ;o 0ugitives 0ighting 7-tradition from the Cnited States 1# ?ichigan Journal of International @aw %2# %+1 31##$4 citing Cnited States v. 5alanis +2# 0. Supp. 121. 3D. &onn. 1#%%4> There are other differences &etween an e>tradition %ro eedin! and a ri#ina' %ro eedin!. An e tr%dition &ro!eeding i" "$((%ry in n%t$r%l 'hile !ri(in%l &ro!eeding" involve % #$ll,-lo'n tri%l. In !ontr%di"tin!tion to % !ri(in%l &ro!eeding+ the r$le" o# eviden!e in %n e tr%dition &ro!eeding %llo' %d(i""ion o# eviden!e $nder le"" "tringent "t%nd%rd". In ter(" o# the )$%nt$( o# eviden!e to -e "%ti"#ied+ % !ri(in%l !%"e re)$ire" &roo# -eyond re%"on%-le do$-t #or !onvi!tion 'hile % #$gitive (%y -e ordered e tr%dited 2$&on "ho'ing o# the e i"ten!e o# % &ri(% #%!ie !%"e*3 9in%lly+ $nli6e in % !ri(in%l !%"e 'here .$dg(ent -e!o(e" e e!$tory $&on -eing rendered #in%l+ in %n e tr%dition &ro!eeding+ o$r !o$rt" (%y %d.$dge %n individ$%l e tr%dit%-le -$t the Pre"ident h%" the #in%l di"!retion to e tr%dite hi(. The =nited States adheres to a si#i'ar %ra ti e where&y the Se retary of State e>er ises wide dis retion in &a'an in! the e:$ities of the ase and the de#ands of the nationLs forei!n re'ations &efore #a9in! the $'ti#ate de ision to e>tradite. !s an eItra$ition procee$ing is not criminal in c)aracter an$ t)e evaluation stage in an eItra$ition procee$ing is not aAin to a preliminary investigation t)e $ue process safeguar$s in t)e latter $o not necessarily apply to t)e former. Thi" 'e hold #or the &ro!ed$r%l d$e &ro!e"" re)$ired -y % given "et o# !ir!$("t%n!e" 2($"t -egin 'ith % deter(in%tion o# the precise nature of t)e government function involve$ as (ell as t)e private interest t)at )as #een affecte$ #y governmental action.1 The on e%t of d$e %ro ess is fle-ible for Enot a'' sit$ations a''in! for %ro ed$ra' safe!$ards a'' for the sa#e 9ind of %ro ed$re.F (Secretary of 1ustice v. Hon. Ralp) C. 'antion , +.R. No. ,-7?0., O t. ,8, 1222, En 3an @P$noA5 2#.. Will the retroactive application of an e-tradition treaty violate the constitutional prohibition against He- post factoH laws? Held: The &rohi-ition %g%in"t eI post facto l%' %&&lie" only to !ri(in%l legi"l%tion 'hi!h %##e!t" the "$-"t%nti%l right" o# the %!!$"ed* Thi" -eing "o+ there i" no (erit in the !ontention th%t the r$ling "$"t%ining %n e tr%dition tre%tyD" retro%!tive %&&li!%tion viol%te" the !on"tit$tion%l &rohi-ition %g%in"t eI post facto l%'"* The tre%ty i" neither % &ie!e o# !ri(in%l legi"l%tion nor % !ri(in%l &ro!ed$r%l "t%t$te. (Brig)t v. C!, 1-. SCRA -?,, A$!. ,., ,77? @)a%$nanA5 2#). Discuss the rules in the interpretation of e-tradition treaties.

Held: <A=ll tre%tie"+ in!l$ding the RP,US E tr%dition Tre%ty+ "ho$ld -e interprete$ in lig)t of t)eir intent. Nothin! 'ess than the Fienna &onvention on the @aw of ;reaties to whi h the Phi'i%%ines is a si!natory %ro"ides that E% tre%ty "h%ll -e inter&reted in good #%ith in %!!ord%n!e 'ith the ordin%ry (e%ning to -e given to the ter(" o# the tre%ty in their !onte t %nd in lig)t of its o#0ect an$ purpose .F 6 > >. It annot &e !ainsaid that today, o$ntries 'i9e the Phi'i%%ines for!e e>tradition treaties to arrest the dra#ati rise of internationa' and transnationa' ri#es 'i9e terroris# and dr$! traffi 9in!.

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E>tradition treaties %ro"ide the ass$ran e that the %$nish#ent of these ri#es wi'' not &e fr$strated &y the frontiers of territoria' so"erei!nty. I#%'i it in the treaties sho$'d &e the $n&endin! o##it#ent that the %er%etrators of these ri#es wi'' not &e odd'ed &y any si!natory state. It o$!ht to fo''ow that the RP;=S E>tradition Treaty a''s for an inter%retation that wi'' #ini#iJe if not %re"ent the es a%e of e>tradites fro# the 'on! ar# of the 'aw and e>%edite their tria'. 6 > > @AAn e:$a''y o#%e''in! fa tor to onsider is the understanding of the parties the#se'"es to the RP;=S E>tradition Treaty as we'' as the general interpretation of the issue in 'uestion by other countries with similar treaties with the (hilippines. The r$'e is re o!niJed that whi'e o$rts ha"e the %ower to inter%ret treaties, the #eanin! !i"en the# &y the de%art#ents of !o"ern#ent %arti $'ar'y har!ed with their ne!otiation and enfor e#ent is a orded !reat wei!ht. The reason for the r$'e is 'aid down in Santos III v. Nort)(est 3rient !irlines et al. (1,2 SCRA 1.0, 10, @,771A5, where we stressed that a treaty is a Boint e>e $ti"e;'e!is'ati"e a t whi h enBoys the %res$#%tion that Eit was first aref$''y st$died and deter#ined to &e onstit$tiona' &efore it was ado%ted and !i"en the for e of 'aw in the o$ntry.F (Secretary of 1ustice v. Hon. Ralp) C. 'antion, +.R. No. ,-7?0., O t. ,8, 1222, En 3an @P$noA5 2#%. What is a ;reaty? Discuss.

Held: A ;87!;G, as defined &y the 2ienna Convention on t)e 'a( of &reaties, is E%n intern%tion%l in"tr$(ent !on!l$ded -et'een St%te" in 'ritten #or( %nd governed -y intern%tion%l l%'+ 'hether e(-odied in % "ingle in"tr$(ent or in t'o or (ore rel%ted in"tr$(ent"+ %nd 'h%tever it" &%rti!$l%r de"ign%tion.F There are #any other ter#s $sed for a treaty or internationa' a!ree#ent, so#e of whi h areI a t, %roto o', a!ree#ent, compromise dP arbitrage, on ordat, on"ention, de 'aration, e> han!e of notes, %a t, stat$te, harter and modus vivendi. A'' writers, fro# <$!o +roti$s onward, ha"e %ointed o$t that the na#es or tit'es of internationa' a!ree#ents in '$ded $nder the !enera' ter# treaty ha"e 'itt'e or no si!nifi an e. Certain ter#s are $sef$', &$t they f$rnish 'itt'e #ore than #ere des ri%tion Arti!le 5/51 of the 2ienna Convention %ro"ides that Ethe &rovi"ion" o# &%r%gr%&h 0 reg%rding the $"e o# ter(" in the &re"ent Convention %re 'itho$t &re.$di!e to the $"e o# tho"e ter("+ or to the (e%ning" 'hi!h (%y -e given to the( in the intern%l l%' o# the St%te.F (6!?!N D6agong !lyansang MaAa#ayanE v. EIecutive Secretary Ronal$o @amora, +.R. No. ,-/.82, O t. ,2, 1222, En 3an @3$enaA5 2#$. Discuss the binding effect of treaties and e-ecutive agreements in international law. Held: <I=n intern%tion%l l%'+ there i" no di##eren!e -et'een tre%tie" %nd e e!$tive %gree(ent" in their -inding e##e!t $&on "t%te" !on!erned+ %" long %" the #$n!tion%rie" h%ve re(%ined 'ithin their &o'er". Internationa' 'aw ontin$es to #a9e no distin tion &etween treaties and e>e $ti"e a!ree#entsI they are e:$a''y &indin! o&'i!ations $%on nations. (6!?!N D6agong !lyansang MaAa#ayanE v. EIecutive Secretary Ronal$o @amora, +.R. No. ,-/.82, O t. ,2, 1222, En 3an @3$enaA5 2##. Does the (hilippines recogni=e the binding effect of e-ecutive agreements even without the concurrence of the Senate or &ongress? Held: In o$r .$ri"di!tion+ 'e h%ve re!ogni8ed the -inding e##e!t o# e e!$tive %gree(ent" even 'itho$t the !on!$rren!e o# the Sen%te or Congre"". In Commissioner of Customs v. Eastern Sea &ra$ing (- SCRA -.,, -.0;-.8 @,70,A5, we had o asion to %rono$n eI

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E> > > the right o# the E e!$tive to enter into -inding %gree(ent" (it)out the ne!e""ity o# "$-"e)$ent Congre""ion%l %&&rov%l h%" -een confirme$ #y long usage. 9ro( the e%rlie"t d%y" o# o$r hi"tory 'e h%ve entered into e e!$tive %gree(ent" !overing "$!h "$-.e!t" %" !o((er!i%l %nd !on"$l%r rel%tion"+ (o"t,#%vored,n%tion right"+ &%tent right"+ tr%de(%r6 %nd !o&yright &rote!tion+ &o"t%l %nd n%vig%tion %rr%nge(ent" %nd the "ettle(ent o# !l%i("* &)e vali$ity of t)ese )as never #een seriously Huestione$ #y our courts. / (6!?!N D6agong !lyansang MaAa#ayanE v. EIecutive Secretary Ronal$o @amora, +.R. No. ,-/.82, O t. ,2, 1222, En 3an @3$enaA5 *22. What is a /(89;9&9@ D7 &@9;C871? the Senate? Will it re'uire concurrence by

Held: A final act, so#eti#es a''ed protocol $e cloture is %n in"tr$(ent 'hi!h re!ord" the 'inding $& o# the &ro!eeding" o# % di&lo(%ti! !on#eren!e %nd $"$%lly in!l$de" % re&rod$!tion o# the te t" o# tre%tie"+ !onvention"+ re!o((end%tion" %nd other %!t" %greed $&on %nd "igned -y the &leni&otenti%rie" %ttending the !on#eren!e* It i" not the tre%ty it"el#* It i" r%ther % "$((%ry o# the &ro!eeding" o# % &rotr%!ted !on#eren!e 'hi!h (%y h%ve t%6en &l%!e over "ever%l ye%r"* It 'ill not re)$ire the !on!$rren!e o# the Sen%te* The do!$(ent" !ont%ined therein %re dee(ed %do&ted 'itho$t need #or r%ti#i!%tion. (&ana$a v. !ngara, 181 SCRA ,/, Day 1, ,778 @Pan!ani&anA5 *21. What is the /most,favored,nation1 clause? What is its purpose?

An"'er: ,. The ?9S;,0!F987D,:!;I9: &@!CS7 #ay &e defined, in !enera', as % &ledge -y % !ontr%!ting &%rty to % tre%ty to gr%nt to the other &%rty tre%t(ent not le"" #%vor%-le th%n th%t 'hi!h h%" -een or (%y -e gr%nted to the 2(o"t #%vored3 %(ong other !o$ntrie". The 'a$se has &een o##on'y in '$ded in treaties of o##er ia' nat$re. There are !enera''y t'o ty&e" of #ost;fa"ored;nation 'a$se, na#e'y, &9:DI;I9:!@ and C:&9:DI;I9:!@. A ordin! to the 'a$se in its unconditional for#, %ny %dv%nt%ge o# 'h%tever 6ind 'hi!h h%" -een or (%y in #$t$re -e gr%nted -y either o# the !ontr%!ting &%rtie" to % third St%te "h%ll "i($lt%neo$"ly %nd $n!ondition%lly -e e tended to the other $nder the "%(e or e)$iv%lent !ondition" %" tho"e $nder 'hi!h it h%" -een gr%nted to the third St%te. (Salonga L ?ap Pu#lic International 'a( .th 7dition 1##2 pp. 1+1,1+25 1. The &$r&o"e o# % (o"t #%vored n%tion !l%$"e i" to gr%nt to the !ontr%!ting &%rty tre%t(ent not le"" #%vor%-le th%n th%t 'hi!h h%" -een or (%y -e gr%nted to the 2(o"t #%vored3 %(ong other !o$ntrie"* The (o"t #%vored n%tion !l%$"e i" intended to e"t%-li"h the &rin!i&le o# e)$%lity o# intern%tion%l tre%t(ent -y &roviding th%t the !iti8en" or "$-.e!t" o# the !ontr%!ting n%tion" (%y en.oy the &rivilege" %!!orded -y either &%rty to tho"e o# the (o"t #%vored n%tion. (Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. S.C. 1o)nson an$ Son Inc., -27 SCRA /8, ,28;,2/, *$ne 1., ,777, -rd Di". @+onJa!a;ReyesA5 *22. What is the essence of the principle behind the /most,favored, nation1 clause as applied to ta- treaties? Held: The e""en!e o# the &rin!i&le i" to %llo' the t% &%yer in one "t%te to %v%il o# (ore li-er%l &rovi"ion" gr%nted in %nother t% tre%ty to 'hi!h the !o$ntry o# re"iden!e o# "$!h t% &%yer i" %l"o % &%rty &rovided th%t the "$-.e!t (%tter o# t% %tion i" the "%(e %" th%t in the t% tre%ty $nder 'hi!h the t% &%yer i" li%-le. In Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. S.C. 1o)nson an$ Son Inc., -27 SCRA /8, *$ne 1., ,777, the SC did not !rant the 'ai# fi'ed &y S.C. *ohnson and Son, In ., a non;resident forei!n or%oration &ased

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in the =SA, with the 3IR for ref$nd of o"er%aid withho'din! ta> on roya'ties %$rs$ant to the #ost;fa"ored;nation 'a$se of the RP;=S Ta> Treaty in re'ation to the RP;West +er#any Ta> Treaty. It he'dI >iven the &$r&o"e $nderlying t% tre%tie" %nd the r%tion%le #or the (o"t #%vored n%tion !l%$"e+ the !on!e""ion%l t% r%te o# 0J &er!ent &rovided #or in the RP,>er(%ny T% Tre%ty "ho$ld %&&ly only i# the t% e" i(&o"ed $&on roy%ltie" in the RP,US T% Tre%ty %nd in the RP,>er(%ny T% Tre%ty %re &%id $nder "i(il%r !ir!$("t%n!e". This wo$'d #ean that %ri"ate res%ondent (S.C. *ohnson and Son, In .5 #$st %ro"e that the RP;=S Ta> Treaty !rants si#i'ar ta> re'iefs to residents of the =nited States in res%e t of the ta>es i#%osa&'e $%on roya'ties earned fro# so$r es within the Phi'i%%ines as those a''owed to their +er#an o$nter%arts $nder the RP;+er#any Ta> Treaty. The RP,US %nd the RP,We"t >er(%ny T% Tre%tie" do not !ont%in "i(il%r &rovi"ion" on t% !rediting* Arti!le 5E o# the RP,>er(%ny T% Tre%ty e &re""ly %llo'" !rediting %g%in"t >er(%n in!o(e %nd !or&or%tion t% o# 5JP o# the gro"" %(o$nt o# roy%ltie" &%id $nder the l%' o# the Phili&&ine"* On the other h%nd+ Arti!le 57 o# the RP,US T% Tre%ty+ 'hi!h i" the !o$nter&%rt &rovi"ion 'ith re"&e!t to relie# #or do$-le t% %tion+ doe" not &rovide #or "i(il%r !rediting o# 5JP o# the gro"" %(o$nt o# roy%ltie" &%id. 6 > > 6 > > The entit'e#ent of the ,2R rate &y =.S. fir#s des%ite the a&sen e of #at hin! redit (12R for roya'ties5 wo$'d dero!ate fro# the desi!n &ehind the #ost fa"ored nation 'a$se to !rant e:$a'ity of internationa' treat#ent sin e the ta> &$rden 'aid $%on the in o#e of the in"estor is not the sa#e in the two o$ntries. The si#i'arity in the ir $#stan es of %ay#ent of ta>es is a ondition for the enBoy#ent of #ost fa"ored nation treat#ent %re ise'y to $nders ore the need for e:$a'ity of treat#ent. *2*. What is ratification? process. Discuss its function in the treaty,maBing

Held: 8!;I0I&!;I9: is !enera''y he'd to &e %n e e!$tive %!t+ $ndert%6en -y the he%d o# "t%te or o# the govern(ent+ %" the !%"e (%y -e+ thro$gh 'hi!h the #or(%l %!!e&t%n!e o# the tre%ty i" &ro!l%i(ed. A State #ay %ro"ide in its do#esti 'e!is'ation the %ro ess of ratifi ation of a treaty. The onsent of the State to &e &o$nd &y a treaty is e>%ressed &y ratifi ation whenI (a5 the tre%ty &rovide" #or "$!h r%ti#i!%tion, (&5 it i" other'i"e e"t%-li"hed th%t the negoti%ting St%te" %greed th%t r%ti#i!%tion "ho$ld -e re)$ired, ( 5 the re&re"ent%tive o# the St%te h%" "igned the tre%ty "$-.e!t to r%ti#i!%tion, or (d5 the intention o# the St%te to "ign the tre%ty "$-.e!t to r%ti#i!%tion %&&e%r" #ro( the #$ll &o'er" o# it" re&re"ent%tive+ or '%" e &re""ed d$ring the negoti%tion. (6!?!N D6agong !lyansang MaAa#ayanE v. EIecutive Secretary Ronal$o @amora, +.R. No. ,-/.82, O t. ,2, 1222, En 3an @3$enaA5 *2+. 7-plain the /(!&;! SC:; S78F!:D!1 rule.

Held: One of the o'dest and #ost f$nda#enta' r$'es in internationa' 'aw is pacta sunt servanda L intern%tion%l %gree(ent" ($"t -e &er#or(ed in good #%ith. EA tre%ty eng%ge(ent i" not % (ere (or%l o-lig%tion -$t !re%te" % leg%lly -inding o-lig%tion on the &%rtie" * A "t%te 'hi!h h%" !ontr%!ted v%lid intern%tion%l o-lig%tion" i" -o$nd to (%6e in it" legi"l%tion" "$!h (odi#i!%tion" %" (%y -e ne!e""%ry to en"$re the #$l#ill(ent o# the o-lig%tion" $ndert%6en.F (&ana$a v. !ngara, 181 SCRA ,/, Day 1, ,778 @Pan!ani&anA5

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*2.. 7-plain the /87ECS SI& S;!:;IECS1 rule <i.e. things remaining as they are>. Does it operate automatically to render a treaty inoperative? Held: A ordin! to Jessup, the do trine onstit$tes %n %tte(&t to #or($l%te % leg%l &rin!i&le 'hi!h 'o$ld .$"ti#y non,&er#or(%n!e o# % tre%ty o-lig%tion i# the !ondition" 'ith rel%tion to 'hi!h the &%rtie" !ontr%!ted h%ve !h%nged "o (%teri%lly %nd "o $ne &e!tedly %" to !re%te % "it$%tion in 'hi!h the e %!tion o# &er#or(%n!e 'o$ld -e $nre%"on%-le* The 6ey ele(ent o# thi" do!trine i" the vit%l !h%nge in the !ondition o# the !ontr%!ting &%rtie" th%t they !o$ld not h%ve #ore"een %t the ti(e the tre%ty '%" !on!l$ded. The do trine of rebus sic stantibus doe" not o&er%te %$to(%ti!%lly to render the tre%ty ino&er%tive* There i" % ne!e""ity #or % #or(%l %!t o# re.e!tion+ $"$%lly (%de -y the he%d o# "t%te+ 'ith % "t%te(ent o# the re%"on" 'hy !o(&li%n!e 'ith the tre%ty i" no longer re)$ired. (Santos III v. Nort)(est 3rient !irlines, 1,2 SCRA 1.0, *$ne 1-, ,7715 *2). What is the /D9&;8I:7 90 7007&;IF7 :!;I9:!@I;G1 <genuine linB doctrine>? Held: This %rin i%'e is e>%ressed in Arti!le G of the Hague Convention of 7:*- on the Conflict of Nationality 'a(s as fo''owsI Art. .. Within % third St%te % &er"on h%ving (ore th%n one n%tion%lity "h%ll -e tre%ted %" i# he h%d only one* Witho$t &re.$di!e to the %&&li!%tion o# it" l%' in (%tter" o# &er"on%l "t%t$" %nd o# %ny !onvention in #or!e+ % third St%te "h%ll+ o# the n%tion%litie" 'hi!h %ny "$!h &er"on &o""e""e"+ re!ogni8e e !l$"ively in it" territory either the n%tion%lity o# the !o$ntry in 'hi!h he i" h%-it$%lly %nd &rin!i&%lly re"ident or the n%tion%lity o# the !o$ntry 'ith 'hi!h in the !ir!$("t%n!e" he %&&e%r" to -e in #%!t (o"t !lo"ely !onne!ted. (=rival$o v. C3ME'EC, ,8? SCRA 1?., *$ne 1-, ,7/75

Sig(% RhoA%rd

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