ABAQUS 1

1-1

. . . . . .. .. . .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .1

1-2

........................................................................................3

1-3

......................................................................................................4

1-4

....................................................................................5

1-5

.......................................................................................5

1-6

..............................................................................................................6

2 7
2-1

..................................................................................................7

2-2

...........................................................................................7

2-3

...........................................................................................8

2-4

...........................................................................................9

2-5

...........................................................................................9

2-6

.............................................................................................12

2-7

...........................................................................................16

2-8

..............................................................................17

3 22
3-1

......................................................................................22

3-2

............................................................................................24

4 26
4-1

............................................................................................................26

4-2

............................................................................................................26

4-3

ABAQUS .....................................................................................27
1

4-4

.....................................................................................................31

5 33
5-1

..............................................................................................33

5-2

..................................................................................................35

5-3

....................................................................................................36

5-4

...........................................................................42

6 49
6-1

......................................................................................................49

6-2

.........................................................................................49

6-3

....................................................................................................54

6-4

.................................................................................................55

6-5

..............................................................................................58

7 64
7-1

.................................................................................................64

7-2

.................................................................................................65

7-3

.................................................................................................66

7-4

ABAQUS ...............................................................................66

7-5

............................................................................................................70

8 7 3
8-1

................................................................................73

8-2

.................................................................................................74

8-3

.....................................................................................76

8-4

..........................................................................77

1
ABAQUS

1-1

(static loading)
(dynamic loading)

1.1.1(a) P
P
P(t) 1.1.1(b)
(inertial
forces)
P(t)

(b)

(a)

1.1.1

(mass)
(acceleration)

(quasi-static)
(centrifugal
loading)(frequency domain)

1.1.2
shallow arch
4

(snap through)

(arc-length method)Risks
ABAQUS

F ?0
v

REACTION FORCE -RF2

*static, riks
ABAQUS 1.1.3
-

DISPLACEMENT -U2

1.1.3 -

1.1.2

(latch) ABAQUS 1.1.4

ABAQUS
1.1.5

REACTION FORCE

*static, stabilize

DISPLACEMENT U1

1.1.5 -

1.1.4
5

ABAQUS ABAQUS

1-2

P I = mu&& = 0
(1.2.1)
&&
P I m u

P I = m u&& 0

REACTION FORCE -RF2

(1.2.2)
1.2.1

Riks

DISPLACEMENT -U2

1.2.2 -

1.2.1 -

10100 500
ABAQUS
2 1.2.2
1.2.3 10 0
650rad/sec( 100 /)

(1) 10s
(65rad/sec2)(2)10s (650rad/sec)(3)
(4)(10s)( T = 2

= 1 f ) 3

4
6

*DLOAD
rotor, ROTA, 65,
Mises 0.17MPa

*DLOAD, op=new
rotor, CENTRIF, 650,
Mises 34.4MPa
1.2.3
t10s
Mises 34.6MPa
(34.4MPa)
(0.17MPa)

*FREQUENCY
2
() 840 /s() 0.0012s
10s 0.0012s

1
2

1-3

90

1. x (t ) = x (t + T ) T
x (t ) = A sin(t + ) = A cos(t + )

2.

3.
4.

1-4

()()

(modeling)
()

()()
(element)
()

(
black box system)(gray box system)
()(response)
(system identification)(parameter identification)

5
4

1-5

Mu&& + I P = 0

(1.5.1)
M I P
I P

I = Ku + Cu&

(1.5.2)
8

 K C
I
(1.5.2)(1.5.1)

Mu&& + Cu& + Ku = P

(1.5.3)

ABAQUS

ABAQUS
1.5.1

ABAQUS

P(u)

u0
1.5.1 u0

1-6

2-1

(eigen-equations)
(eigenvalues)(eigenmodes)
(modal summation
methods)

Mu&& + Ku = 0

(2.1.1)

ABAQUS/Standard

( )( )
(2.1.2)

(K
K

MN

MN

2 M MN N = 0

(2.1.2)

M MN
Ndof Ndof
ABAQUS/Standard

K M

2-8

2-2

10

(Direct methods)
(Iterative methods)
Householder QR Givens

Guyan
(inverse iteration)(subspace iteration)
(Lanczos technique)
ABAQUS Lanczos

*FREQUENCY, EIGENSOLVER=SUBSPACE
*FREQUENCY, EIGENSOLVER=LANCZOS
Step
Create: Frequency: Basic: Eigensolver: Lanczos or Subspace

2-3

1.
Lanczos

Lanczos
20
2.
Lanczos
1.E-12 Lanczos
Lanczos

1.E-5
3.
Lanczos (restart analysis)
Lanczos

11

4. Lanczos
Lanczos

2-4

(2.4.1)(2.4.2)

T M = 0

(2.4.1)

T K = 0

(2.4.2)

ABAQUS

0 (w1, 2, 3 =0) 2.4.1

2
1
2.4.1 0

2.5.1
12

2-5

2.5.1
10 (C3D10)

*MATERIAL,NAME=Steel
*ELASTIC
101354.,0.25
*DENSITY
7.20E-9
7.20E-9T/mm3 2.5.2

2.5.2

2.5.3

Lanczos

100

2.5.3

13

*STEP
*FREQUENCY,EIGENSOLVER=LANCZOS
100, , ,-810000.
:
:
*END STEP
LANCZOS SUBSPACE
-180000
Lanczos ABAQUS

ABAQUS Lanczos
ABAQUS

2.5.4

*FREQUENCY 2.5.4
NORMALIZATION
1 1
PROPERTY EVALUATION

640285

402441

1920855

100

7626

2.82e+12

1.66 GB

3 GB

9.187 GB

Lanczos

7.013 GB
16.042 GB

IBM B80 375MHz 4GB 4GB

180GB 750MBStandard
14

 2000MB 2.5.5

2.5.5

10 2.5.6

10

2.5.6 10

2-6

2.6.1 L
36in E10Msi h2in b1in 0.0003
( Blevins, Formulas for Natural Frequency and Mode Shape, Krieger Publishing Co.,
1995.)
15

(1.875...) 2
L2

EI
A

(2.6.1)

2.6.1

245.5Hz

4285.2Hz
2.6.2

ABAQUS/CAE
2 4 2.6.2
1 3

TOTAL MASS OF MODEL

2.1600000E-02
LOCATION OF THE CENTER OF MASS OF THE MODEL
18.00000

0.0000000

0.0000000

MOMENTS OF INERTIA ABOUT THE ORIGIN

I(XX)
9.0000000E-03

I(YY)

I(ZZ)

9.331200

9.331200

PRODUCTS OF INERTIA ABOUT THE ORIGIN

I(XY)
0.000000

I(XZ)

I(YZ)

0.000000

0.000000

MOMENTS OF INERTIA ABOUT THE CENTER OF MASS

I(XX)
9.0000000E-03

I(YY)

I(ZZ)

2.332800

2.332800

PRODUCTS OF INERTIA ABOUT THE CENTER OF MASS

I(XY)
0.000000

I(XZ)

I(YZ)

0.000000

0.000000

16

(RAD/TIME) (CYCLES/TIME)
MODE NO

EIGENVALUE

FREQUENCY

GENERALIZED

COMPOSITE MASS

MODAL DAMPING

20445.

142.99

22.757

5.40000E-03

0.0000

81780.

285.97

45.514

5.40000E-03

0.0000

8.02960E+05

896.08

142.62

5.40000E-03

0.0000

3.21184E+06

1792.2

285.23

5.40000E-03

0.0000

6.29535E+06

2509.1

399.33

5.39997E-03

0.0000

1.72843E+07

4157.4

661.68

4.49857E-03

0.0000

2.41746E+07

4916.8

782.53

5.39987E-03

0.0000

2.51814E+07

5018.1

798.66

5.39997E-03

0.0000

6.34620E+07

7966.3

1267.9

1.08000E-02

0.0000

10

6.60620E+07

8127.9

1293.6

5.39965E-03

0.0000

mi

m q&& + c q& + kq = P

(2.6.2)

mi = iT Mi

(2.6.3)

1
(2.6.4)

ij =

1 T
i MT j
mi

(2.6.4)

T j

7
ij i j
0 0
MODE NO

X-COMPONENT

1.16098E-16

-5.87938E-18

Y-COMPONENT

Z-COMPONENT

-5.31945E-17

1.5660

1.5660

-6.79618E-16

X-ROTATION
-1.16204E-16
8.88258E-20

Z-ROTATION

-40.955

4.36320E-16

1.57866E-14

40.955

-1.00136E-15

1.43326E-16

-0.86787

6.5352

1.41999E-15

-4.25759E-15

-0.86787

-6.22473E-15

-4.51600E-15

2.65510E-14

-6.5352

0.50885

-9.12654E-15

-2.3340

-7.82337E-15

-7.63261E-15

-2.22581E-14

-9.72395E-15

7.04653E-14

6.70174E-13

-8.64429E-16

Y-ROTATION

-2.13728E-14
-0.36380

1.2734
-7.75658E-14

17

6.62988E-14
1.1911

-6.45957E-14

-1.00812E-13
3.12708E-12

-4.03433E-14

0.50885

1.2732

10

-5.56129E-12

-1.80870E-12

4.76181E-13

1.68286E-14

-1.58293E-12

2.3340

-1.27299E-12

-1.71292E-11

1.70052E-12

-9.53263E-12

6.41429E-12

0.28295

1.86502E-11

-0.72053

1.01045E-11

mijeff =m i (ij )

(2.6.5)

eff
ij

(2.6.6)

mij i j
eff

MODE NO

X-COMPONENT

Y-COMPONENT

Z-COMPONENT

X-ROTATION

7.29178E-35

9.0577

Z-ROTATION

7.27851E-35

1.52802E-35

1.86663E-37

1.32424E-02

5.41465E-33

1.10929E-34

9.78863E-32

4.06729E-03

3.30506E-31

5.10595E-31

2.62072E-31

2.22869E-30

2.05492E-30

2.68123E-29

2.42526E-27

7.14677E-04

8.78889E-30

1.39822E-03

1.22443E-27

1.52927E-30

1.35305E-26

2.94163E-02

1.75083E-02

3.34021E-25

1.75013E-26

3.16883E-24

3.12312E-26

9.81407E-25

10

1.76644E-26

4.32302E-04

1.87816E-24

2.80330E-03

2.22158E-25

1.32424E-02

Y-ROTATION

1.02803E-33

2.49416E-33

4.26061E-41

1.34577E-30

4.06729E-03

4.03508E-33

0.23063

1.08884E-32

2.09235E-31

1.10129E-31

3.80677E-30

0.23063

1.39822E-03

4.49783E-31

2.94163E-02

7.29512E-03
3.24881E-29

1.97736E-29
7.66042E-03

9.0577

2.25319E-29
4.57194E-29
5.28034E-26

5.51312E-25

2.16E-02Y 2 4 (1.32424E-02)+
(4.06729E-03)=1.73097E-02 80

MODE NO

EIGENVALUE

FREQUENCY

GENERALIZED MASS

(RAD/TIME) (CYCLES/TIME)
1

20445.

142.99

22.757

5.40000E-03

Z bend 1

81780.

285.97

45.514

5.40000E-03

Y bend 1

8.02960E+05

896.08

142.62

5.40000E-03

Z bend 2

3.21184E+06

1792.2

285.23

5.40000E-03

Y bend 2

6.29535E+06

2509.1

399.33

5.39997E-03

Z bend 3

1.72843E+07

4157.4

661.68

4.49857E-03

Torsion 1

2.41746E+07

4916.8

782.53

5.39987E-03

Z bend 4

2.51814E+07

5018.1

798.66

5.39997E-03

Y bend 3

6.34620E+07

7966.3

1267.9

1.08000E-02

Axial 1

10

6.60620E+07

8127.9

1293.6

5.39965E-03

Z bend 5

18


Y 2 4 8

2-7

ABAQUS

0
ABAQUS 6.1.2
2.7.1
1
2 32 lbf
F ?0
3 32 lbf

4
14 in
v
5 50 lbf
6 50 lbf
2.7.1

2.7.2 ABC
52.7Hz12.4Hz 31.7Hz
2.7.3

Mode 1: 31.7 Hz
Mode 1: 12.4 Hz
B

Mode 1: 52.7 Hz

2.7.2
19

1
1

0 lbf

50 lbf

32 lbf
aA 1

bB 1

cC 1

2.7.3

2-8

(complex
modal theory)
(projection method)(complex eigenvalues)

( 2 M MN + C MN + K MN ) N = 0
M

MN

(2.8.1)
MN

MN

M N
N

ABAQUS/Standard

ABAQUS/Standard

*COMPLEX FREQUENCY

Create Step: Linear perturbation: Complex frequency: Number of eigenvalues

requested: All or Value
(Brake Squeal Analysis)
TRW 2.8.1

20

 2.8.1 TRW ABAQUS

ABAQUS
ABAQUS

Mu&& + Cu& + Ku = 0
(2.8.1)
M C K
u

u = Ae t

(2.8.2)

= i

(2.8.3)

u = et ( A1 cos t + A2 sin t )

(2.8.4)

> 0

(1)

(2)
*MOTION, ROTATION
(3)

2.8.2a
2.8.2b

ABAQUS 2.8.2 26000

37000 440000 ABAQUS/CAE
2.8.3 2.8.4

21

(a)

(b)
2.8.2

2.8.3

2.8.4
22


*Step, name=preloading
*Static, nlgeom
:
*End Step
**
*Step, name=steady-state rotation
*Static, nlgeom
:
*Motion, type=VELOCITY, rotation
:
*End Step
**
*Step, name=extract natural frequencies
*Frequency
:
*End Step
*Step, name=extract complex eigenvalues
*Complex Frequency,
friction damping = [NO|YES]
:
*Select Eigenmodes
:
*End Step
**
*Step, name=change friction
*Static, nlgeom
:
*Change Friction
*Friction
:
*Motion, type=VELOCITY, rotation
:
*End Step
**
*Step, name=extract complex eigenvalues 2
*Complex Frequency,
friction damping = [NO|YES]
*End Step
ABAQUS
EIGREAL, EIGIMAG
U
GU
E, S
DAMPRATIO 2

SENER

E I = ( r : r + i : i ) + [( r : r i : i ) 2 + ( r : i + i : r ) 2 ]1 2
23

 r i r i
CPU 23 100 17
5
2.8.5
2KHz 2.8.6 2.8.7 0.3 0.5
2KHz 0.5

Frequency (Hz)

1960

1950

1940
0.01

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Friction Coefficient

2.8.6 2KHz

2.8.5

= 0.3

= 0.5
2.8.7

24

3-1

Mu&& + Cu& + Ku = f (t )

(3.1.1)

1 2 n 1 2 n

i = {a1i , a2i ,L, ani }T

(3.1.2)

1 2 n
n

i =1

i i

=0

(3.1.3)

Mi = 0

(3.1.4)

j M
T

i =1

T
j

j Mi = 0 1 = 2 = L = n = 0
T

1 2 n
1 2 n n n
n n
n

u = i i

(3.1.5)

u =

(3.1.6)

j =1

25


N<<n

(3.1.1)
T

T M&& + T C& + T K = T f (t )

(3.1.7)

M&& + C & + K = f

(3.1.8)

M C K

mi = iT Mi
ci = iT C = 2 ii M i
k i = iT Ki = i2 M i

i2 = k i / mi

i = 1,2,L, n

(3.1.9)

f i = iT f (t )

(3.1.10)

(3.1.8)

mi&&i + ci&i + k i i = f i

i = 1,2,L, n

(3.1.11)

f i
t

i = hi ( ) f i (t )d

(3.1.12)

hi (t )
f i

f i = f i 0 e jt

(3.1.13)

i = i 0 e jt

(3.1.14)

(3.1.11)
26

fi

i =

(3.1.15)

k i mi 2 + jci

fi
fi
=
2
k i (1 + j 2 i i ) mii (1 i2 + j 2 i i )

i =

2
i

(3.1.16)

i = / i i ui (3.1.5)(3.1.6)
n

u=
i =1

iT f i
k i mi 2 + jci

(3.1.17)

f f

r f r = f r 0 e

jt

(3.1.17)
n

xsr =
i =1

ri si f r
k i mi 2 + jci

xsr =
i =1

n
ri si f r
ri si f r
=

2
2
k i (1 i + j 2 i i ) i =1 mii (1 i2 + j 2 i i )

(3.1.18)

3-2

3.2.1

27

3.2.2

3.2.3

3.2.4

(PSD)

ABAQUS

28

ABAQUS

4-1

(damping)

Mu&& + I P = 0
I = Ku + Cu&

(4.1.1)
(4.1.2)

C u&

4-2
ABAQUS/Standard

d = 1 2
d =

(4.2.1)

c
c c 0
cc

( < 0.1 )

29

 = 1
4.2.1

4.2.1

4-3 ABAQUS
ABAQUS
z

()

()

ABAQUS/Standard (Direct
Modal Damping)(Rayleigh Damping)(Composite Modal Damping)
(Structure Damping)
ABAQUS *MODAL DAMPING

4.3.1
1
10
4.3.1 (Direct modal)

30

m1

m2

4.3.1

ABAQUS
*MODAL DAMPING, MODAL=DIRECT
m1, m2,
*MODAL DAMPING MODAL=DIRECT
m1 m2 10
4%1120 5%
*MODAL DAMPING, MODAL=DIRECT
1100.04
11200.05

4.3.2

C =M + K

(4.3.1)

10%

ABAQUS/Standard
i i

i =

i
+ 2 ii
2i

(4.3.2)

i i (4.3.2)
31


ABAQUS 4.3.2 (Reyleigh)
insert row before
insert row after

m1

m2

4.3.2

ABAQUS
*MODAL DAMPING, RAYLEIGH
m1, m2, ,
RAYLEIGH m1 m2
10 = 0.2525 = 2.9 10 1120
3

= 0.2727 = 3.03 10
3

*MODAL DAMPING, RAYLEIGH

1,10,0.2525,2.9E-3
11,20,0.2727,3.03E-3

4.3.3

ABAQUS

1 M
( m M mMN )N
ma
m

m = M M MN N

(4.3.4)

a m m M m

MN

32

(4.3.3)

m
M

 ma
ABAQUS
4.3.3

4.3.3

4.3.4

ABAQUS
*MATERIAL, NAME=STEEL
*DAMPING, COMPOSITE=M
M STEEL
4.3.4
ABAQUS
*STEP
:
*MODAL DAMPING, MODAL=COMPOSITE

33

4.3.4

FDN = isI N

(4.3.5)

FD s I i i =

90 90

m1

m2

4.3.5

4.3.5 ABAQUS
*MODAL DAMPING, STRUCTURAL
m1, m2, s
STRUCTURAL m1 m2 s

4-4

34

= 0 0

ABAQUS

35

5.1

5.1.1

5.1.1 -

ku cu& ,

Mu&& + I P = 0

(5.1.1)

I = Ku + Cu&

(5.1.2)

P = P0 sin(t ) P0

n = c 2m,

n 2 = k m,

h = P0 m

(5.1.3)

(5.1.1)

u&& + 2nu& + n2u = h sin(t )

(5.1.4)

u = u1 + u2

(5.1.5)

&& + 2nu& + n u = 0 ( n < n )

u 1 u
2

u1 = e nt (C1 cos(d t ) + C2 sin(d t ))

36

(5.1.6)

 d =

n2 n 2 = n 1 2 u2 (5.1.4)
u2 = A sin(t )

(5.1.7)

(5.1.7)(5.1.4)

A=
=
tg =
=

h
(n2 2 ) 2 + 4n 2 2

(5.1.8)

ust
(1 2 ) 2 + (2 ) 2
2n
2
=
2
2
n 1 2

(5.1.9)

(5.1.4)

u = e nt (C1 cos(d t ) + C2 sin(d t )) +

h
(n2 2 ) 2 + 4n 2 2

sin(t )

(5.1.10)

t = 0 u = u0 u& = u&0

u = e nt (u0 cos(d t ) +

u&0 + nu0

+ Ae nt (sin cos(d t ) +

sin(d t ))

n sin cos

sin(d t ))

(5.1.11)

+ A sin(t )
(5.1.11) P0 sin t

(Steady State Dynamics)

(5.1.11)
ABAQUS/Standard

37

5-2
ABAQUS
z

(Direct-solution steady-state dynamic analysis)

(Mode-based steady-state dynamic analysis)

(Subspace projection steady-state dynamic analysis)

5.2.1

(ABAQUS )()

()

5.2.2

38

5.2.3

5.3
5.3.1

ABAQUS
a)

*STEADY STATE DYNAMICINTERVAL=RANGE

b)

*STEADY STATE DYNAMICINTERVAL=EIGENFREQUENCY

39

 5.3.1

ABAQUS

ABAQUS

*STEADY STATE DYNAMICS, FREQUENCY SCALE=LOGARITHMIC

*STEADY STATE DYNAMICS, FREQUENCY SCALE=LINEAR

ABAQUS
5.3.2

5.3.2 ( 7 )

f k

fk =

1
1
1/ p
( f1 + f 2 ) + ( f 2 f1 ) y sign ( y )
2
2

y = 1 + 2 ( k 1) / ( n 1)
40

(5.3.1)

f1
f 2
p
(5.3.1) p 1.0 p 1.0
p 1.0
(INTERVAL=RANGE) p 1.0
(INTERVAL=EIGENFREQUENCY) p 3.0

ABAQUS

*STEADY STATE DYNAMICS, DIRECT ()

0.01,10.0,5,2
0.01~10.0 5 2.0
12.0,20.0,5
12.0~20.0 5 1.0
15.0
15.0
25.0
25.0

5.3.2

5.3.3

*SELECT EIGENMODES
m1,m2,m3...
m1,m2,m3...ABAQUS GENERATE
GENERATE
GENERATE
41

*SELECT EIGENMODESGENERATE
n1,n2,i
n1 n2 i
1 13579
*SELECT EIGENMODESGENERATE
1,9,2

5.3.4

5.3.5

*BOUNDARYLOAD CASE=1

*BOUNDARYLOAD CASE=2
*AMPLITUDE
*BOUNDARY AMPLITUDE
*AMPLITUDE, NAME=name
*BOUNDARY, LOAD CASE=n, AMPLITUDE=name

*BOUNDARY *BASE MOTION

ABAQUS *BOUNDARY
*BASE MOTION
6 7
*AMPLITUDE

5.3.6

42

z
z

1~6
*CLOAD

*DLOAD

P ~ cos t ABAQUS

*CLOAD*DLOADLOAD CASE=1

*CLOAD*DLOADLOAD CASE=2

load 1 10.0
2 50.0

*Cload,
load, 1,
*Cload,
load, 2,

load case=1
10.
load case=2
50.

5.3.3 ABAQUS/CAE

ABAQUS *AMPLITUDE *CLOAD

*DLOAD AMPLITUDE

*AMPLITUDE, NAME=name
*CLOAD *DLOAD, LOAD CASE=n, AMPLITUDE=name
5.3.7

5.3.8

43

5.3.9
ABAQUS
z /
z
z
z

5.3.10
ABAQUS

u0 = u R2 + u I2

(5.3.2)

u
u = arctan I
uR

(5.3.3)

u R u I
ABAQUS 5.3.1
5.3.1 ABAQUS

PHS

PHE

PHEPG

PHEFL

PHMFL

PHMFT

PHCTF

PHCEF

PHCVF

PHCRF

PHCSF

PHCU

PHCCU

PHCV

44

PHCA

PU

PROR

PHPOT

PRF

TU

TV

TA

PTU

BM

*MODAL PRINT *MODAL FILE

GU

GV

GA

GPU

GPV

GPA

SNE

KE

SENER ELKE
*MODAL PRINT *MODAL FILE
ALLIE

5.4
5.4.1
175 SR14

5.4.1

45

5.4.1

200N 80~130Hz
20

5.4.2

5.4.2

(
)

5.4.2
46

*step,nlgeom=YES, name=Footprint
*static
*step, name=harmonic load
*steady state dynamics, direct,
INTERVAL=EIGENFREQUENCY,
FREQUENCY scale=LINEAR
80, 130, 20

ABAQUS/CAE
KEYWORDS EDITOR 5.4.3

/
5.4.3

ABAQUS
1.

SUBSPACE PROJECTION =ALL FREQUENCIES

5.4.4
47

 5.4.4

2.

SUBSPACE PROJECTION =CONSTANT

5.4.5

3.

SUBSPACE PROJECTION =EIGENFREQUENCY

5.4.6

4.

SUBSPACE PROJECTION =PROPERTY CHANGE, DAMPING CHANGE =factor1,

STIFFNESS CHANGE=factor2

5.4.7

48

5.4.3

80~130Hz 3.0

5.4.8

5.4.4
F z ~ co s t 200N
5.4.9

5.4.9

5.4.5

ABAQUS/CAE
5-9
49

 5-9

5-10 ALL FREQUENCY CONSTANT

5-10

5-2

50

DIRECT
SUBSPACE
FREQUENCY

1.0
PROJECTION=ALL

1.13

SUBSPACE
PROJECTION=EIGENFREQUENCY

1.85

SUBSPACE PROJECTION=CONSTANT

2.78

20,115
300,000
13.2

51

6-1
ABAQUS

ABAQUS/Standard ()

ABAQUS/Standard

ABAQUS/Explicit

ABAQUS/Standard

z
z
z
z
z

6-2
ABAQUS

52

6.2.1

q&& + 2 q& + 2 q = ft = ft t +

f
t
t

(6.2.1)

(6.2.1)

qt +t a11

=
q&t +t a21

a12 qt b11 b12 ft

+

a22 q&t b21 b22 ft +t

(6.2.2)

aij bij i, j = 1, 2
(6.2.2)

1) = 1 2

1 < 0
2

a11 = exp ( t ) sin t + cos t a12 = exp(t ) sin t

a21 = exp ( t )

sin t a22 = exp(t ) cos t

sin t

1
2

2

2 2 1
2
1
sin t + 2 + 3 cos t + 3
b11 = exp(t )
+ 2
t

t
t
2 2 1
1
2
2
b12 = exp ( t ) 2
sin t + 3 cos t + 2 3
t
t
t
53


2 2 1
b21 = exp ( t ) ( cos t sin t ) 2
+

t
2
1
1
( sin t + cos t ) 2 + 3 } 2
t t

2 2 1
b22 = exp ( t ) ( cos t sin t ) 2
t

+ ( sin t + cos t )

2
1
+ 2
3
t t

1 = 0
2

a11 = exp ( t )(1 + t ) a12 = exp ( t ) t

a21 = exp ( t )( ) t a22 = exp ( t )(1 t )

2

2 1
1
b11 = exp ( t ) (1 + t ) 2 + 3 + 2
t

1 1 2
2
b12 = exp ( t ) (1 + t ) 3 2 + 2 3
t t

2 1 t
1
2
1
b21 = exp ( t ) ( ) t 2 + 3 +

2
t t 2
t

2 1 t
1
2

b22 = exp ( t ) ( ) t 3
+ 2
2
t
t t

1 > 0
2

a11 = exp ( t ) sinh t + cosh t a12 = exp ( t ) sinh t

a21 = exp ( t )

sinh t a22 = exp ( t ) cosh t

sinh t

2 1

54


2
1
2 2 1
2 2
b11 = exp ( t )
sinh

t
+ 2

+
+

2
cosh t + 3
3
t
t
t
2 2 1
1
2
2
b12 = exp ( t ) 2
sinh t + 3 cosh t + 2 3
t
t
t

2 2 1
b21 = exp ( t ) ( cosh t sinh t ) 2
+

2
1
1
( sinh t + cosh t ) 2 + 3 2
t t

2 2 1
b22 = exp ( t ) ( cosh t sinh t ) 2
t

1
2
+ ( sinh t + cos t ) 3 + 2
t t
6.2.2
6.2.1

(6.2.1)

q&& + q& = f t t +

f
t
t

(6.2.3)

0

(6.2.2)

a11 = 1 a12 =
b11 =
b12 =
b21 =

(1 exp ( t ) ) a

21

= 0 a22 = exp ( t )

(1 exp ( t ) ) 1 + 1t + t 1 + 1t 2t

(1 exp( t ))

t
1
1
2+
t
2
2

1
1
1
1 +
(1 exp ( t ) )
t

55

b22 =

1
1
1 exp ( t ) ) +
(
t

(6.2.1)

q&& = f t t +

f
t
t

(6.2.4)

(6.2.2)

a11 = 1 a12 = t a21 = 0 a22 = 1

t 2
t 2
t
t
b12 =
b21 =
b22 =
b11 =
3
6
2
2
6.2.3

u = q

= q

(6.2.5)

= q

R = R q

q =

1 M MN N
M x0
m

(6.2.6)

q& =

1 M MN N
M x&0
m

(6.2.7)

56

x0

6-3

6.3.1

1 1

LANCZOS

*FREQUENCYEIGENSOLVER=LANCZOS

*FREQUENCYEIGENSOLVER=SUBSPACE

*MODAL DYNAMIC

6.3.2

*SELECT EIGENMODES
m1,m2,m3...
m1,m2,m3...ABAQUS GENERATE

*SELECT EIGENMODESGENERATE
n1,n2,i
n1 n2 i 1
ABAQUS
*MODAL DAMPING 4
Keyword Editor*SELECT EIGENMODES

57

6.3.3

*MODAL DAMPINGMODAL=DIRECT

*MODAL DAMPINGMODAL=RAYLEIGH

*MODAL DAMPINGMODAL=COMPOSITE
*MODAL DAMPING *SELECT EIGENMODES
4

6.3.4

6.3.5
ABAQUS
z /
z
z
z

6-4
6.4.1
*BOUNDARY
(*BASE MOTION)
*BOUNDARY
*FREQUENCY
7

BASE NAME
58


*BASE MOTION DOF
AMPLITUDE
AMPLITUDE
3 amp
*BASE MOTION, DOF=3, AMPLITUDE=amp

AMPLITUDE SCALE
1.0
2.0
*BASE MOTION, DOF=3, AMPLITUDE=ampSCALE=2.0

ABAQUS

BASE NAME

*BASE MOTION, DOF=n, AMPLITUDE=name, BASE NAME=secondary base

ABAQUS
*HEADING

*AMPLITUDE, NAME=amplitude

**
*STEP
*FREQUENCY

*BOUNDARY

*BOUNDARY, BASE NAME=base

*END STEP
**
*STEP
*MODAL DYNAMIC

59

*SELECT EIGENMODES

*MODAL DAMPING

*BASE MOTION, DOF=dof, AMPLITUDE=amplitude

*BASE MOTION, DOF=dof, AMPLITUDE=amplitude, BASE NAME=base
*END STEP

6.4.2
ABAQUS
z 1~6
*CLOAD
z
*DLOAD

6.4.3
ABAQUS *TEMPERATURE
*FIELD

6.4.4
ABAQUS
*MODAL DYNAMIC, CONTINUE=NO

*MODAL DYNAMIC, CONTINUE=YES

CONTINUE NO 0*INITIAL
CONDITIONSTYPE=VELOCITY 0
CONTINUE YES

z
*INITIAL CONDITIONSTYPE=VELOCITY

CONTINUE YES NO

6.4.5
ABAQUS
60


ABAQUS
*MODAL PRINT *MODAL FILE
GU

GV

GA

SNE

KE

BM

( SENER)( ELKE)
*MODAL PRINT *MODAL FILE ALLIE

6-5
6.5.1
6.5.1
ABC D (E )
z x y (E )
0.2 10KN
6.5.2

6.5.1

61

 6.5.2

0.2s

6.5.2
6.5.3
z
z

6.5.3

30 6.5.4
62

ABAQUS

*STEP, name="Extract frequencies"

*FREQUENCY, EIGENSOLVER=LANCZOS
30,
:
*END STEP

6.5.4

1~30 5%
ABAQUS/CAE *SELECT EIGENMODES
(Keywords Editor)
*STEP, name="Transient dynamics"
Simulation of Drop Load
*MODAL DYNAMIC, CONTINUE=NO
0.005, 0.5
*MODAL DAMPING, MODAL=DIRECT
1, 30, 0.05
*SELECT EIGENMODES, GENERATE
1, 30, 1
:
*END STEP

6.5.5

*STEP, name="Transient dynamics"

*MODAL DYNAMIC, CONTINUE=NO
0.005, 0.5
*MODAL DAMPING, MODAL=DIRECT
1, 30, 0.05
*SELECT EIGENMODES, GENERATE
1, 30, 1
63

:
*END STEP

6.5.6

6.5.7

6.5.7

ABAQUS
6.5.1
6.5.1

CONTINUE=NO

CONTINUE=YES

6.5.3
6-4
64

MODE NO

EIGENVALUE

FREQUENCY

(RAD/TIME)

GENERALIZED

COMPOSITE

MASS

MODAL DAMPING

(CYCLES/TIME)

1773.5

42.113

6.7025

151.93

0.0000

7016.2

83.763

13.331

30.208

0.0000

29

3.13942E+05

560.31

89.175

272.81

0.0000

30

3.64670E+05

603.88

96.110

65.355

0.0000

30 96Hz 0.0104s
0.005s

MODE

X-COMPONENT

Y-COMP

Z-COM

X-ROTATION

Y-ROT

Z-ROT

5515.4

0.174

5.61E-05

5.79E-03

310.00

77.31

1.03

2.00

1.98E-05

8.80E-05

1.15E-03

85.87

2.75

217.75

2.14E-03

5.83E-03

9.50E-02

7778.3

29

2.63E-02

3.64E-03

5.77E-03

2.66E-03

6.60E-02

30

0.150

2.12E-02

1.12

TOTAL

22.181

378.25

373.63

2.13E-03

3.07E-02

8.00

2.11E-02

269.75

8348.0

8518.0

414.34 kg 385kg

90%
30 1 23
2 1 30

6.5.8
3 2
5 30
0.2s 5~30

65

 6.5.8

6.5.9

6-9
66

7-1

7.1.1
ABAQUS

ufront(t)

urear(t)
bumpy road

flat road (reference)

7.1.1

BASE NAME
ABAQUS

*BOUNDARY

*BOUNDARYBASE NAME=name

*BASE MOTION

*BASE MOTIONBASE NAME=name

67

7-2
ABAQUS
u ub ut

ut = u + ub

(7.1.1)

ut

[ M ]{u&&} + [C ]{u&} + [ K ]{u} = [ M ]{u&&b }

(7.2.2)

ub [C ]{u&b } = 0 [ K ]{ub } = 0

&&b }
[ M ]{u
ABAQUS/Standard {T } j
z j ( j = 1, 2,K , 6 )
6

{ub } = {T } j z j

(7.2.3)

j =1

q&&m +

6
cm
k
q&m + m qm = ( m ) j &&
zj
mm
mm
j =1

(7.2.4)

qm m

{}m

km cm mm

( m ) j =

1
T
{}m [ M ]{T } j m j
mm

7-3

68

PsN = M big u&&sN

(7.3.1)

&&s N
M big u

[ M ]{u&&} + [C ]{u&} + [ K ]{u} = [ M ]{u&&b } + {Ps }

(7.3.2)

{Ps } = M bigi {u&&si }

(7.3.3)

M big
i

{u&& }
i
s

[M ]

q&&m +

6
cm
k
1
T
q&m + m qm = ( m ) j &&
zj +
{}m { Ps }
mm
mm
mm
j =1

(7.3.4)

6 106
106

7-4 ABAQUS
ABAQUS/CAE Keywords Editor

*BOUNDARY BASE NAME

69


AMPLITUDE

ABAQUS *TRANSFORM 1~6

DOF *BASE MOTION

[x0, y0, z0] 4 amp

*BASE MOTION,
x0, y0, z0

DOF=4, AMPLITUTE=amp

AMPLITUDE SCALE
1.0
2.0
*BASE MOTION, DOF=3, AMPLITUDE=ampSCALE=2.0

ABAQUS

*BASE MOTION, DOF=n, AMPLITUDE=name, TYPE=ACCELERATION

*BASE MOTION, DOF=n, AMPLITUDE=name, TYPE=VELOCITY

*BASE MOTION, DOF=n, AMPLITUDE=name, TYPE=DISPLACEMENT

BASE NAME
*BASE MOTION, DOF=n, AMPLITUDE=name, BASE NAME=secondary base
1 4

*BOUNDARY
1, 1, 6
4, 1, 1
4, 3, 6

4 Y

70

 1 4 2

*STEP
*FREQUENCY

*BOUNDARY, BASE NAME=BASE2

4, 2, 2
4 Y
*END STEP

**
*STEP
*MODAL DYNAMIC

*BASE MOTION, DOF=2, AMP=name

*BASE MOTION, DOF=2, AMP=name, BASE NAME=BASE2

*END STEP

*BOUNDARY BASE NAME

*STEP
*FREQUENCY

*BOUNDARY

1, 1, 6
4, 1, 1
4, 3, 6
*BOUNDARY, BASE NAME=BASE2
4, 2, 2
*END STEP
**
*STEP
*MODAL DYNAMIC

*BASE MOTION, DOF=2, AMP=name

*BASE MOTION, DOF=2, AMP=name, BASE NAME=BASE2

*END STEP
71

*BASE MOTION
*BASE MOTION, TYPE=[DISP | VEL | ACCEL], DOF=i, AMP=name, SCALE=s,
LOAD CASE=j, BASE NAME=name
x0, y0, z0
7.4.1
7.4.1

TYPE

DOF=i

1~6

AMP=name

MODAL DYNAMIC
STEADY STATE DYNAMICS

SCALE=s

LOAD CASE=j

j = 1 ,
j = 2 ,

BASE
NAME=name

*FREQUENCY *BOUNDARY BASE NAME

x0, y0, z0

7.5
7.5.1

72

 7.5.2
2.0
z
z

50.8 mm (2.0 in)

25.4 mm (1.0 in)
206.8 GPa
(3.0x107 lb/in2)
3
7780 kg/m
(0.00078 lb-s2/in4)

RIGHT

LEFT

u&&g ( t )

u&&g ( t )

7.5.2

*BASE MOTION BASE NAME

*HEADING
:
*AMPLITUDE, INPUT=QUAKE01.AMP, NAME=EQ
*BOUNDARY
LEFT, 1, 6

RIGHT, 1, 6
*STEP
*FREQUENCY
10,
*END STEP
*STEP
EARTHQUAKE INPUT
*MODAL DYNAMIC
.01 , 2.
*MODAL DAMPING

1,6
6
*SELECT EIGENMODES, GENERATE
()
1,6,1
73

*BASE MOTION, DOF=2, AMPLITUDE=EQ, SCALE=386.09

*END STEP
*BASE MOTION BASE NAME
*BASE MOTION BASE NAME
BASE_LEFTEND
*HEADING
:

*AMPLITUDE,
NAME=SHIFT_EQ,
INPUT=QUAKE21.AMP
*BOUNDARY
RIGHT, 1, 6
LEFT, 1

LEFT, 6
*STEP
*FREQUENCY
10

*BOUNDARY, BASE NAME=BASE_LEFTLEFT, 2

*END STEP

(KEYWORD EDITOR)

*STEP
*MODAL DYNAMIC
0. 01, 2.0
*SELECT EIGENMODES, GENERATE
1, 6, 1
*BASE MOTION, DOF=2, AMPLITUDE=EQ, SCALE=386.09
*BASE MOTION, DOF=2, AMPLITUDE=SHIFT_EQ, SCALE=386.09,
BASE NAME=BASE_LEFT

*END STEP

74


(KEYWORD EDITOR)

7.5.2
7.5.3

7.5.3

75

8.1

z
a f (t )
a a + f (t ) T
F ( ) aT

a sin(

) /(

) at F ( )

a /
2

z
ABAQUS

76

ABAQUS/Standard *AMPLITUDE
ABAQUS *BASELINE

8.2
8.2.1

8.2.1 a
11 22b

X S (t )

t
X

X S (t )

X N (t )

X N (t )
t

t
(a)

(b)

8.2.1

8.2.1

8.2.2

77

ABAQUS/Standard

E.T.O. (End Time Zero Technique)

E.T.O.

C 0 + C1t + C 2 t 2 + C 3t 3 X&& 0 (t )
X&& c (t ) = X&& 0 (t ) + C 0 + C1t + C 2 t 2 + C 3 t 3

(8.2.1)

C 0 C1 C 2 C 3
E.T.O.

10 0.04
10

L.M.S.V.Least Mean Square Velocity Technique

&& (t ) = C + C t + C t X&& (t )
X
0
1
2
2

&& (t ) X&& (t ) X& (t )

X
0
c
c
X&& c (t ) = X&& 0 (t ) + C0 + C1t + C 2 t 2

(T j < t < T j +1)

1
1
X& c (t ) = X& 0 (t ) + C0 t + C1t 2 + C 2 t 3 (T j < t < T j +1)
2
3

(8.2.2)
(8.2.3)

T j , T j +1

T j +1
1
[ X& c (t )]2 dt

Tj
(T j +1 T j )

(8.2.4)

(8.2.4) C 0 C1 C 2

78


[ X& c (t )]2 dt = 0
Tj

T j +1 &
[ X c (t )]2 dt = 0

C1 T j

T j +1 &
2
[
X
(
t
)]
dt
0
=

c
C 2 T j

C 0

T j +1

(8.2.5)

(8.2.5) C 0 C1 C 2

300 T j+1 &

900 T j+1 &
630 T j+1

X 0 (t ) tdt +
X 0 (t ) t 2 dt 5 X& 0 (t ) t 3dt
3 T
4 T
T
j
j
j
T
T
T

T j +1
1800 Tj+1 &
5760 Tj+1 &
4200

2
3
&
C1 =
X 0 (t ) tdt
X 0 (t ) t dt +
X 0 (t ) t dt
4 T
5 T
6 T
j
j
j
T
T
T

6300 Tj+1 &

4725 T j+1 &
1890 T j+1 &

2
3
X 0 (t ) t dt
C2 =
X 0 (t ) tdt +
X 0 (t ) t dt
7 T
5 T
6 T
j
j
j
T
T
T

C0 =

X& 0 (t ) =

T j +1

Tj

(8.2.6)

X&& 0 (t )dt

(8.2.6) C 0 C1 C 2 C 0 C1 C 2 (8.2.2),

&& (t ) X& (t ) X (t )
X
c
c
c
L.M.S.V.

z L.M.S.V.
z L.M.S.V.

ABAQUS
ABAQUS/Standard *BASELINE L.M.S.V.
*BASELINE

8.3

ABAQUS/CAE *AMPLITUDE
*BASELINE CORRECTION

*BASELINE CORRECTION

z
79

z

9 INPUT *BASELINE CORRECTION
*AMPLITUDE
9

9 *BASELINE CORRECTION T=0 s

9

8.4

ABAQUS
ABAQUS

8.4.1

8.4.1 L = 300(in) ,

H W = 2(in) 1(in)
33Hz E = 3.0 10 (lb / in )
7

DENS = 0.00728(lb s 2 / in 4 )
8.4.2

ABAQUS

ABAQUS/CAE


9

CAE *.inp
ABAQUS
ABAQUS/CAE ABAQUS/Command
80

 ABAQUS/CAE

8.4.1

8.4.3 ABAQUS/CAE
ABAQUS/CAE

1
FEATURE
z
z
z
z PART
ABAQUS INPUT
81

*.ODB MESH
INPUT MESH
z Module Part Part
z
z 8.4.2 Name=Part-1 Modeling Space
Type
Wire
Approximate size 300

z ABAQUS
8.4.3
030000

2
3
4

8.4.2

82

8.4.3

1
3

4
8.4.4

z
z Assembly
z Module Assembly Assembly
z

Part-1 Create Instance Part-1

83


z Mesh
z Module Mesh Mesh
z 8.4.5

30

8.4.5

8.4.6

z
84

ABAQUS/Standard 3

B23B23 Beam 8.4.6

z

z 8.4.7 Mesh>Creat Mesh Part

Part-1-mesh-1 Mesh part name
Part-1-mesh-1

8.4.7 Part-1-mesh-1

2
Property Part-1-mesh-1
z Module Property Property
z Part Part-1-mesh-1 Part-1-mesh-1

8.4.8

z Name A1
z General>DensityDATA 0.000728(lb s / in )
2

Use temperature dependent data

z Mechanical>Elasticity>Elastic 8.4.9
Type IsotropicDATA Youngs Modulus
3 10 lb / in Poissons Ration 0
7

z Material Options A1

85

A1

4
5
6
8.4.8

1
2

8.4.9

86

8.4.10a

z Name Profile-1ABAQUS 10

8.4.10bab 1 2
Profile-1

1
4

3
(a)

(b)

8.4.10

z 8.4.11a B23
Category Beam Type Beam

z 8.4.11b Section Integration During

analysis Profile name Profile-1 Material name
A1 Section Poissons ratio 0
Part-1-mesh-1
Part-1-mesh-1

8.4.12

87

Section-1

z Part-1-mesh-1

Part-1-mesh-1

0,0,1

1
3

6
7

2
4

(a)

(b)

8.4.11

8.4.12

Assembly Part-1-mesh-1 Part-1-mesh-1

z Module Assembly Assembly
z

Part-1-mesh-1 Create Instance

88

Part-1-mesh-1

z 1 Part-1-1 Feature>Manager
8.4.13 Part-1-1 Delete Part-1-1
3

z Module Load Load
z

8.4.14 Dsplacement/Rotation.

Step Initial Name BC_1

1
2
8.4.13

89

1
2
3

4
8.4.14

z 00

z 8.4.15 12 3

1
2
8.4.15

90

z Tools>Set>Manager 8.4.16

8.4.16

8.4.17

z
z 8.4.17 Name ENDS Type
Node

z Shift ,
z
z
z
z

10 PR
EALL

Tools>Amplitude>Create 8.4.18a Name
A1ABAQUS 7 Tabular
*Baseline

z Tabular

8.4.18b

Read from File

z QUAKE.AMP

9 QUAKE.AMP ABAQUS/FETCH ABAQUS

91

9
9

9
Tool>Amplitude QUAKE.AMP Baseline
Correction 8.4.18b
9 8.4.19 Correction Single interval

z
9
9

QUAKE.AMP Baseline Correction 8.4.18b

8.4.20 Correction Multiple intervals

t i = 8.3( s ) , 16.7( s ) , 24.99( s )

1
2
4
3
(a)

(b)
8.4.18

92

1
2

8.4.19

1
2
3
8.4.20

4

z Module Step Step
z

z Name Step-1Procedure type ABAQUS

Linear perturbation 8.4.21

93

1
2
3

4
5

8.4.21

1
2

4
8.4.22

z
z 8.4.22 Eigensolver
Lanczos Number of eigenvalues requested 10
z

94

z ABAQUS *.dat*.fil *.odb

CAE
Keyword CAE Keyword
z Model>Edit Keywords Keyword
z Keyword **OUTPUT REQUESTS
z .DAT
*EL PRINT,FREQUENCY=0
9 FREQUENCY=0
*NODE PRINT
U,
9

*OUTPUT,FIELD,OP=NEW
9 .ODB OP
*NODE OUTPUT
U,
9

*MODAL FILE
9

1
2
3
4
8.4.23

5

z Module Step Step
z

8.4.23

z Name Step-2Procedure type

Modal dynamics,
95

z 8.4.24 Description
EARTHQUAKE INPUT
Time period 10 Time increment 0.01

ABAQUS/CAE Keyword
z Model>Edit Keywords 8.4.25

*SELECT EIGENMODES,GENERATE
1,6,1
9 16
*BASE MOTION,DOF=1,AMPLITUDE=A1,SCALE=386.09

9 1 A1A1 3SCALE

2
3

5
8.4.24

z Keyword **OUTPUT REQUESTS

*PRINT,FREQUENCY=50
9 .DAT
*EL PRINT,ELSET=PR,FREQUENCY=500
S,E
9 ELSET PR SE 500
*NODE PRINT,FREQUENCY=100
U,TU
V,A
96

9
9

U v A 100

*NODE FILE,NSET=ENDS
U,V,A,TU
.FIL ENDS U v A
1
*MODAL FILE
GU,GV,GA
GU GV GA
*OUTPUT,FIELD, OP=NEW, FREQUENCY=100
.ODB OP NEW
100
*NODE OUTPUT,NSET=ENDS
U,V,A,TU
ENDS U TU V A
*OUTPUT,HISTORY,OP=NEW,
FREQUENCY=1

4
8.4.25 Keyword

.ODB 1
97

*NODE OUTPUT,NSET=ENDS
U,V,A,TU
9

9
ENDS U TU V A

*MODAL OUTPUT
GU,GV,GA
GU GV GA .ODB

6
Module Job Job

8.4.26a Name Job-1

Model-1

8.4.26b

1
2
3
(a)

4
(b)
8.4.26
98

8.4.27

8.4.27

8.4.4
1

*HEADING
EARTHQUAKE ANALYSIS B23

*NODE
*NGEN *NSET ENDS B23
*ELEMENT *ELGEN *ELSET EALL

*NODE
1 ,0., 300.,0.
11,0.,0.,0
*NSET,NSET=ENDS
1,11
*NGEN
1,11
9

*ELSET,ELSET=PR
10,
99

*ELEMENT,TYPE=B23
1,1,2
*ELGEN,ELSET=EALL
1,10
9
9
E = 3 10 (lb / in )
7

DENS = 7.28 10 lb s / in
4

*MATERIAL *ELASTIC *DENSITY

*MATERIAL,NAME=A1
A1
*ELASTIC
30.E6,
9

E = 3 10 (lb / in )
7

*DENSITY
.000728,
9
*BEAM SECTION EALL
SECTION=RECT
*BEAM SECTION,SECTION=RECT,MATERIAL=A1,ELSET=EALL
1. , 2.
9
11 *BOUNDARY
*BOUNDARY
11, 1, 6

QUAKE.AMP *AMPLITUDE
NAME=A1 DEFINITION
ABAQUS 7 (TABULAR)(EQUALLY
SPACED)TABULARVALUE
*AMPLITUDE,VALUE=RELATIVE,INPUT=QUAKE.AMP,NAME=A1
QUAKE.AMP QUAKE.AMP
ABAQUS/FETCH ABAQUS
z
*BASELINE CORRECTION
z [0,8.3],(8.3,16.7],(16.7,24.99]
*BASELINE CORRECTION
8.3,16.7,24.99
*RESTART,WRITE,FREQUENCY=100
100

*RESTART FREGQUENCY *.res

FREQUENCY=100.

2
ABAQUS
*STEP~*END STEP

STEP
*STEP
*FREQUENCY,EIGENSOLVER=LANCZOS
10,
LANCZOS 10
*EL PRINT,FREQUENCY=0
*NODE PRINT
U,
*MODAL FILE
*OUTPUT,FIELD,OP=NEW
*NODE OUTPUT
U,
8.4.3 4
*END STEP
STEP
*STEP
EARTHQUAKE INPUT
EARTHQUAKE INPUT
*MODAL DYNAMIC
.01 , 10.
10 s 0.01 s
*SELECT EIGENMODES,GENERATE
1,6,1
9
*MODAL DAMPING
1,6
1 6 0
*BASE MOTION,DOF=1,AMPLITUDE=EQ,SCALE=386.09
SCALE
8.4.3 5
*PRINT,FREQUENCY=50
*EL PRINT,ELSET=PR,FREQUENCY=500
S,E
*NODE PRINT,FREQUENCY=100
U,TU
101

V,A
*NODE FILE,NSET=ENDS
U,V,A,TU
*MODAL FILE
GU,GV,GA
BM,
*OUTPUT,FIELD, FREQUENCY=100,OP=NEW
*NODE OUTPUT,NSET=ENDS
U,V,A,TU
*OUTPUT,HISTORY, FREQUENCY=1,OP=NEW
*NODE OUTPUT,NSET=ENDS
U,V,A,TU
*MODAL OUTPUT
GU,GV,GA
BM,
*END STEP

8.4.4

3 8.4.28

8.4.29
8.4.30

ABAQUS

102

Relative Displacement (in)

3
2
1
0
-1

-2
-3

TIME (sec)
8.4.28

8.4.29

103

10

8.4.30

104

9.1
9.1.1
1

q q

9.1.1 k

( Ri ) max
k

( Ri ) max
= i (qmax ) k
k
i

105

(9.1.1)

i i

(qmax ) k k k

(qmax ) k = C k S ki ( , ) t kj j
j

(9.1.2)

Ck k S ki
S ki k i
3

t
k
j

3
ABAQUS

9.1.2
ABAQUS

z ABAQUS

z
1
2
3
4
z

9.2

ABAQUS COMP
SUM
106

9.2.1
z

9.2.1

qmax = (qmax ) k

9.2.1

z
z

*RESPONSE SPECTRUM,COMP=ALGEBRAIC,SUM=ABS
9 COMP=ALGEBRAIC ABAQUS

9 SUM=ABS

9.2.2
z

ABAQUS
SUM 9.3
k

(R i )

k 9.2.2
max

(R )

max

= i (qmax ) k

9.2.2

i i
9.2.3ABAQUS 9.3 ABAQUS
9.2.4

(R )
i

max

(R )

max

( )

= Ri

max

9.2.3

(R )

i max

((R )

i max 2
k

RESPONSE SPECTRUM,COMP=SRSS,SUM=ABS
107

9.2.4

9
9

COMP=SRSS ABAQUS

SUM=ABS

9.3

ABAQUS

z ABS
z SRSS
z NRL
z CQC
z TEMP
 9.2 COMP
ALGEBRAIC ABAQUS

ABAQUS SUM

9.3.1 ABS
ABS

ABS 9.3.1

(R )

i max
k

(R )

( )

= Ri

max
k

9.3.1

i max
k

k i

9.3.2 SRSS

SRSS SRSS ABS

SRSS 9.3.2;

(R )

i max
k

((R )

108

max 2

9.3.2

9.3.3 NRL
ABS SRSS ABS SRSS
NRL ABS
SRSS
NRL 9.3.3

(R )

i max
k

( )

= R i

max
k

((R )

max 2

9.3.3

9.3.4 TEMP
TEMP 1976 TEMP
SRSS TEMP 10

TEMP ;

(R )

i max
k

< 10%

((R ) ) + 2 (R )
i

max

<

max 2

<

( )

max

R i

9.3.4

TEMP

SRSS

9.3.5 CQC
CQC CQC
;

(R )

i max
k

((R )

i

max

( )

R i

max
k

)
9.3.5

3/ 2

(1 ) 2 + 4 (1 + ) + 4( + )
2

9.3.6

9.3.7
109

<< 1

CQC SRSS

CQC

9.4
ABAQUS

z *SPECTRUM
z *SPECTRUM INPUT

*SPECTRUM, TYPE=[DISP | VEL | ACCEL | G], G=g, NAME=name, INPUT=filename

S, f,

*SPECTRUM NAME
TYPE ABAQUS
4

9 TYPE=G G
9 INPUT
S, f, S f

9 ABAQUS f,

9.5
9.5.1

Biggs1964 ABAQUS
9.5.1a 37 mm1.458 in 355.6 mm
14 in 1.0473 10 kg / m
5

( 0.0098lb s / in ) E = 206.8GPa
2

30 10 lb / in
6

9.5.1b
B21 B23
0

110

9.5.1

9.5.2

Biggs1964

t d = 0.1 g g 0

t
1

u&& = g (1 cos t + t sin t t )

d
d

u&& = u&& = 2t cos (t 2t ) u = 2t 2 sin (t 2t )

t
d
d
t
d
d

(t 2t d )
(t > 2t d )

9.5.1

9.5.1
9.5.2
ABAQUS
TYPE v = a /

u = a / 2 9.5.3 9.5.4

111

2.0

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.4
5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

HZ

7.0

7.5

8.0

9.5.2

26

in/sec

24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

HZ

7.0

7.5

8.0

9.5.3

0.8

in

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2
5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

HZ

7.0

7.5

9.5.4

112

8.0

9.5.3 ABAQUS/CAE
1.
z PART
ABAQUS INPUT
*.ODB MESH
INPUT MESH
9 Module Part Part
9 9.5.5 Name=Part-1 Modeling Space
Type
Wire
Approximate size 300

2
3
4
5

9.5.5

ABAQUS

00240

Assembly 9.5.6
9 Module Assembly Assembly
113

Part-1 Create Instance Part-1

Mesh
9 Module Mesh Mesh
9

9.5.7

24

1
3

4
9.5.6

9.5.7

ABAQUS/Standard 3

B23B23 Beam Element Controls Cubic

formulation ABAQUS/Standard 2 B21B21 Beam
Element Controls Shear-flexible 9.5.8
114

9.5.8

9.5.9 MeshCreat Mesh Part Pmesh1

Mesh part name Pmesh1

2.
z Property Pmesh1
Module Property Property
Part Pmesh1 Pmesh1

9.5.10

Name A1
GeneralDensityDATA 0.0098(lb s / in )
2

Use temperature dependent data

MechanicalElasticityElastic 9.5.11
Type IsotropicDATA Youngs Modulus
115

3 10 7 lb / in 2 Poissons Ration 0

1
2

9.5.9 Pmesh1

4
5
6
9.5.10

Material Options A1

116

A1

1
2

9.5.11

9.5.12a

Name Profile-1ABAQUS 10

9.5.12b

ab 1.45772441 14

Profile-1

9.5.13a B23 B21

Category Beam Type Beam

9.5.13b Section Integration During

analysis Profile name Profile-1 Material name
A1 Section Poissons ratio 0

117

1
4

3
a

b
9.5.12

1
3

6
7

2
4

b
9.5.13

Pmesh1

Pmesh1

9.5.14 Section-1

118

 Pmesh1

Pmesh1

0,0,1

9.5.14

Assembly Pmesh1 Pmesh1

Module Assembly Assembly

Pmesh1 Create Instance Pmesh1

1 Part-1-1 FeatureManager
9.5.15 Part-1-1 Delete Part-1-1

1
2
9.5.15

Module Load Load

9.5.16 Dsplacement/Rotation.

Step Initial Name BC_1

119

 Shift 240,0

1
2
3

9.5.16

9.5.17 12 U1=0
U2=0

1
2
9.5.17

00 1

120

 ToolsSetManager 9.5.18

9.5.18

9.5.19 Name BOUND Type

Node

9.5.19

Shift
ODB_NSET
BMS
EP

ABAQUS/CAE Keyword

ModelEdit Keywords Keyword Keyword 9.5.20

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 1

*SPECTRUM

*SPECTRUM NAME
BIGGSACG TYPE TYPE=DISPLACEMENT
TYPE=VELOCITY TYPE=ACCELERATION TYPE=G
G
121

TYPE=G 9.5.2

S ki ( , ) 9.5.20

1
3
2
9.5.20 Keyword

Module Step Step

Name Step-1 Procedure type

Linear perturbation
9.5.21

9.5.22 Eigensolver Lanczos

Biggs
Number of eigenvalues requested 1

122

1
2
3

5
9.5.21

1
2

4
9.5.22
123


*MODAL FILE
ABAQUS/CAE Keyword
ModelEdit Keywords Keyword
*Restart, write, frequency=1
*MODAL FILE

Module Step Step ;

9.5.23

2
3
4
9.5.23

Name Step-2 Procedure type Linear

perturbation Response spectrum

9.5.24 Description
ACCELERATION SPECTRUM IN G Excitations
9.2 Single direction Summations
SRSS 9.3
124

Use response spectrum biggsacg Direction cosines

0,1,0 Y Scale factor

Ck = 1

Excitations Second directionThird

direction
9.5.24 Damping ABAQUS
Rayleigh 4

3
5

7
9.5.24

1
2

3
9.5.25
125

 9.5.25 Direct modal

Use direct damping data
1 0

ModelEdit Keywords Keyword

*Modal Damping

*SELECT EIGENMODES,GENERATE
1,1
1

Keyword **OUTPUT REQUESTS

.DAT
*EL PRINT,ELSET=EP,POSITION=AVERAGED AT NODES
S,
E,
SF,
.FIL
ELSET EP SESF
1
*NODE FILE
U,
.FIL U
*EL FILE,ELSET=EP,POSITION=AVERAGED AT NODES
S,
E,
SF,
FIL EP SESF
1
.ODB
*OUTPUT,FIELD
*NODE OUTPUT
U,
.ODB S U
*ELEMENT OUTPUT,ELSET=EP
S,
E,
SF,
.ODB EP S
ESF
126

 1
*OUTPUT,HISTORY
.ODB 1
*NODE OUTPUT, NSET=ODB_NSET
U,
ODB_NSET U
*MODAL OUTPUT

6
Module Job Job

9.5.26a Name Job-1

Model-1

9.5.26b

1
2
4

3
a

9.5.26
127

9.5.27

9.5.27

*HEADING
RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

B23 B21
9.5.1 *NODE *NSET&*NGEN BOUND OBD_NSET
*ELEMENT *ELSET&*ELGEN EP BMS

*NODE,NSET=BOUND
10,0.
110,240.
*NGEN, NSET=ODB_NSET
10,110,10

*ELEMENT,TYPE=B23
10,10,20
*ELGEN,ELSET=BMS
10,10,10,10
*ELSET,ELSET=EP
50,60

E = 3 10 (lb / in )
7

128

DENS = 9.8 10 3 lb s / in 4 *MATERIAL *ELASTIC *DENSITY

*MATERIAL,NAME=A1
A1
*ELASTIC
30.E6,
E = 3 10 (lb / in )
7

*DENSITY
0.0098,

*BEAM SECTION EALL

SECTION=RECT
*BEAM SECTION,SECTION=RECT,MATERIAL=A1,ELSET=BMS
1.4577244 ,14

*BOUNDARY
*BOUNDARY
BOUND,2,2,0.
10,1,1,0.
*SPECTRUM NAME=BIGGSACG
TYPE ABAQUS
4 INPUT

*SPECTRUM,TYPE=G,NAME=BIGGSACG,G=386.4
2.,5.,0.
1.6667,6.,0.
1.6399,6.098,0.
1.4286,7.,0.
1.453,8.,0.

STEP
*STEP
*FREQUENCY,EIGENSOLVER=LANCZOS
1,
LANCZOS 1
*MODAL FILE
*.fil
129

*END STEP
STEP
*STEP
ACCELERATION SPECTRUM IN G
ACCELERATION SPECTRUM IN G
*RESPONSE SPECTRUM, SUM=SRSS,COMP=SRSS
BIGGSACG,0.,1.,0.,1.
SUM=SRSS SRSS
COMP=SRSS SRSS BIGGSACG 2
010 1
*modal damping, modal=direct
1,1,0.
0
*select eigenmodes, generate
1, 1

9.5.3
*NODE FILE
U,
*EL PRINT,ELSET=EP,POSITION=AVERAGED AT NODES
S,
E,
SF,
*EL FILE,ELSET=EP,POSITION=AVERAGED AT NODES
S,
E,
SF,
*OUTPUT,FIELD
*NODE OUTPUT
U,
*ELEMENT OUTPUT,ELSET=EP
S,
E,
SF,
*OUTPUT,HISTORY
*NODE OUTPUT, NSET=ODB_NSET
U,
*ELEMENT OUTPUT,ELSET=EP
S,
E,
SF,
*END STEP
130


Biggs1964 f1 = 6.1Hz
1 = 1.27324 ABAQUS B23 10
f1 = 6.098 Hz B21 f1 = 6.088 Hz
1.2733 1.2628 ABAQUS Biggs(1964)
B23 B21

Biggs1964 9.5.1
ABAQUS
9.5.1

in lbin

1
B23
0.549
949300
2
B21
0.55
925100
3
B23
0.55
949300
4
B21
0.551
925100
Biggs
5
0.56
959500
9.5.1 ABAQUS

131

 10

10.1

ABAQUS

10.1.1

*MODAL DYNAMICS t

z *FREQUENCY
*FREQUENCY NLGOEM*MODAL DYNAMICS
*MODAL DYNAMICS

10.1.2

ABAQUS *DYNAMIC

132

ABAQUS/Standard Hilber, Hughes and Taylor

Hilber, Hughes and Taylor ABAQUS/Standard

t
ABAQUS/Standard
SUBSPACE
*DYNAMIC,SUBSPACE

ABAQUS/Explicit

ABAQUS/Explicit
t t

t min
t min

ABAQUS/Explicit

ABAQUS/Explicit

10.2

[M ]{u&&} + [I ] [P] = 0
133

(10.2.1)

[M ]{u&&} + [C ]{u&}+ [K ]{u} = [P]

(10.2.2)

[M ]

[C ]
[K ]
[I ][C ]{u&}+ [K ]{u}
[P]
{u&&}
{u&}
{u}
&&}
10.2.1 t [M ]{u
[I ] [P ] 10.2.1

ABAQUS Central difference

time integration Hilber, Hughes, and Taylor H.H.T.
ABAQUS/Explicit H.H.T.

&&}
{u&} {u

10.3

10.3.1 Newmark
1Newmark

134


Newmark
n n n

[M ]{u&&} + [I ] [P] = 0

10.3.1

[M ]

[I ][C ]{u&}+ [K ]{u}

[P]
{u} {u&} {u&&}
t t + t

[M ]{u&&}t + [I ]t [P]t = 0
[M ]{u&&}t + t + [I ]t + T [P ]t + T

10.3.2

=0

10.3.3

10.3.1

[M ]{u&&(t )}+ [C (t )]{u& (t )}+ [K (t )]{u (t )} = [P(t )]

10.3.4

Newmark t + t

{u}t +t = {u}t + t {u&}t + t 2 [( 12 ) {u&&}t + {u&&}t +t ]

10.3.5

{u&}t +t = {u&}t + t [(1 ) {u&&}t + {u&&}t +t ]

10.3.6

(0, 12 ) (0,1 ]

&&}t + t 10.3.5
10.3.3 t + t {u
10.3.6 t + t

Newmark

2Newmark
12 Newmark 10.3.6

{u& }t + t = {u& }t

+ t [ 12 {u&&}t + 12 {u&&}t + t ]
135

10.3.7

 Newmark

1
2

<

1
2

12 14 Newmark
10.3.6
10.3.710.3.5

{u}t +t = {u}t + t {u&}t + t 2 [14 {u&&}t + 14 {u&&}t +t ]

10.3.8

12 0 Newmark
ABAQUS/Explicit 10.3.6
10.3.710.3.5

{u}t + t = {u}t + t {u&}t + t 2 [12 {u&&}t ]

10.3.9

Hilber-Hughes-Taylor

&&}t + t
t + t 10.3.3 t + t [M ]{u
t t + t

[M ]{u&&}t +t + (1 + ) [I P ]t +t [I P]t = 0

10.3.10

10.3.5

10.3.610.3.10
10.3.11

14 1 2

1
= 2

10.3.11

10.3.6
10.3.5
t + t
 Rayleigh
Hilber-Hughes-Taylor
Newmark ABAQUS/Standard

10.3.2 Newmark
1 Newmark
Newmark 12 0

136

 12 0

+ t [ 12 {u&&}t + 12 {u&&}t + t ]

{u& }t + t = {u& }t

{u}t + t = {u}t + t {u&}t + t 2 [12 {u&&}t ]

(10.3.7)
10.3.9

t t 10.3.9

{u}t t = {u}t t {u&}t + t 2 [12 {u&&}t ]

10.3.12

10.3.1210.3.9 t

{u&}t =

1
{ {u}t + t {u}t t }
2t
{u&&}t = 1 2 {{u}t +t 2{u}t + {u}t t }
t

10.3.13
10.3.14

10.3.2
10.3.13
10.3.14

{u&&}t = [M ]1 ([P]t [I ]t )
t +

t
2

10.3.15

{u&}t +

t
2

= {u&}t t +
2

t + t

(t t + t + t t )
{u&&}t
2

{u}t +t = {u}t + tt +t {u&}t +

t
2

10.3.16

10.3.17

&&}t [I ]t
[I ]t 10.3.15 {u
{u}t {u}t t

[I ]t

I (u t t , u& t t )
2

t
2

10.3.18

10.3.1510.3.1610.3.17

ABAQUS/Explicit
2 Newmark
ABAQUS/Standard

&&}t 10.3.19
{u
137

{u&&}t = [M ]1 ([P]t [I ]t )

10.3.19

ABAQUS/Explicit

t t min =
z

max

10.3.20

max

2
( 1 + max
max )

(10.3.21

max max max

10.3.3 Newmark
1
Newmark 12 14 Newmark

2Hilber-Hughes-Taylor
Hilber Hilber
Hilber-Hughes-Taylor Hilber-Hughes-Taylor
12 14
Hilber
138

Hilber t + t Newmark 10.3.3 t + t

&&}t + t t t + t
[M ]{u

[M ]{u&&}t +t + (1 + ) [I P ]t +t [I P]t = 0

10.3.10

t + t Newmark

{u}t +t = {u}t + t {u&}t + t 2 [( 12 ) {u&&}t + {u&&}t +t ]

10.3.5

{u&}t +t = {u&}t + t [(1 ) {u&&}t + {u&&}t +t ]

10.3.6

14 1 2

1
= 2

10.3.11

13 ,0 10.3.5
10.3.6 t + t
= 0 Hilber-Hughes-Taylor
 Rayleigh

t
Newmark
t

10.3.4

ABAQUS ABAQUS

ABAQUS
ABAQUS/Standard

&&}t
[ P ]t [ I ]t [M ]{u

&&}t
[ I ]t [M ]{u

[M ]{u&&}t + [I ]t [P]t = 0
139

10.3.22

*STEP~*END
STEP

ABAQUS

ABAQUS
(.RES)
.ODB.FIL

ABAQUS ABAQUS

ABAQUS
2

[P ] 10.3.1 ABAQUS t [u ]t
[K ]t [P ] [C ]t + t / 2 [C ]t + t / 2

[u ]t +t / 2

[K ]t
[P ]t + t / 2
[P ]t

[R ]t + t / 2

[M ][u&&]t + t / 2 + [I ]t + t / 2

[C ]t + t / 2

[u ]t

[u ]t + t / 2

[u ]

10.3.1

Newmark t
140

[u&&]t +t / 2 = 1 {[u&&]t +t + [u&&]t }

10.3.23

Newmark t + t / 2

[u ]t +t / 2 = [u ]t + 18 [u ] + 83 t [u& ]t + t

16

[u&&]t

[u& ]t +t / 2 = [u ] + (1 + ) [u& ]t + t [u&&]t

t

10.3.24

10.3.25

[u ] = [u ]t + t [u ]t
=

( 12 )

(1 ) 2

[u ]t + t / 2 ABAQUS [K ]tt / 2 [K ]tt / 2

&&]t + t / 2
[ I ]tt / 2 [u

&&}tt / 2 10.3.26
[M ]{u

[P]t +t / 2 = [P]t + 12 [P]

10.3.26

&&}tt / 2
t + t / 2 [P ]t + t / 2 [ I ]tt / 2 [M ]{u
[R ]t + t / 2

[R]t +t / 2 = [M ]{u&&}tt / 2 + [ I ]tt / 2 [P]t +t / 2

10.3.27

[R ]t + t / 2 10.3.1 b

z [R ]t + t / 2
ABAQUS HAFTOL

[R ]t + t / 2 HAFTOL ABAQUS [R ]t + t / 2
t + t / 2 [P ]t + t / 2 [ I ]tt / 2

[M ]{u&&}tt / 2 [u ]t +t / 2
141

z ABAQUS [C ]t + t / 2
[u ] = [u ]t + t / 2 [u ]t [C ]t + t / 2 [u ]

C n = 1% ABAQUS

z ABAQUS [P ] [ I ]

&&} [K ]tt / 2 [R ]t + t / 2
[M ]{u
[C ]

*CONTROLS
z *CONTROLS
*CONTROLS,PARAMETERS=FIELD,FIELD=DISPLACEMENT

, Cn ,
PARAMETERS FIELD

Cn

z ABAQUS/CAE Cn
9

9 STEP
Other>General Solution Controls>Manager 10.3.2
STEP

1
2
10.3.2

10.3.3 ABAQUS 3
Propagate from previous step STEP
Reset all parameters to their system-defined defaolts
142

Specify

1
2

3
9

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10.3.3

Specify 4

Cn 10.3.3

ABAQUS
ABAQUS/Standard
ABAQUS/Explicit

10.4
10.4.1
t

ABAQUS
143

ABAQUS STEP
ABAQUS
ABAQUS
ABAQUS

10.4.2

I R = 8 ABAQUS
0.25
ABAQUS ABAQUS
5
ABAQUS
I 0 = 4
I 0 = 4 ABAQUS
1.5

10.4.3
*CONTROLS
I R I 0
*CONTROLS
*CONTROLS, PARAMETERS=TIME INCREMENTATION

I 0 , I R ,,,
ABAQUS I 0 = 8 I R = 10

*CONTROLS,ANALYSIS=DISCONTINUOUS
ABAQUS/CAE STEP
10.4.1
z STEP
z Other>General Solution Controls>Manager 10.4.1
STEP

144

1
2
10.4.1

z 10.4.2 ABAQUS 3
Specify 4
Time Incrementation

I 0 , I R

z Discontinuous analysis

9

ABAQUS 10.5
ABAQUS

145

2
4 3

6
10.4.2

10.5 ABAQUS/Standard
ABAQUS
ABAQUS/Standard

ABAQUS

ABAQUS

10.5.1
Hilber-Hughes-Taylor
t T t / T Hilber-Hughes-Taylor
t max
146

Hilber-Hughes-Taylor
f max 1 / 10 10.5.1

t max

1
10 f max

10.5.1

t max

t max f max 1 / 180

t max

1
180 f max

10.5.2

 t max t max

10.5.2 Hilber-Hughes-Taylor
1 HAFTOL
ABAQUS/Standard
HAFTOL
HAFTOL
HAFTOL HAFTOL [ P ] P
HAFTOL
*

[ R]

t + t / 2

0.1 [ P]

147

[ R]

t + t / 2

[ P]

[ R]

[ R]

t + t / 2

10 [ P ]

t + t / 2

100 [ P ]

2 HAFTOL
Hilber-Hughes-Taylor *DYNAMIC
HAFTOL [ R ]

t + t / 2

*STEP
*DYNAMIC,ALPHA= -0.06,HAFTOL=0.1
0.1,10,0.01,0.2
9 ALPHA -0.06 HAFTOL
HAFTOL
ABAQUS/CAE
z STEP

z 10.5.1 Name
General Dynamic implicit
Continue

1
2
3
4
z

10.5.1

z 10.5.2 Basic
Description Time period Incrementation Type
Automatic Maximum number of
increments Increment size t init t min
148

 t max Half-step residual tolerance HAFTOL

Other

21
5

3
4

6
10.5.2

STEP

1
 *STEP
HAFTOL

10.6 ABAQUS/Explicit
10.6.1 ABAQUS/Explicit

ABAQUS/Explicit t min

t > t min

t t min =

max
149

10.6.1

max

2
( 1 + max
max )

10.6.2

max

max max
z t min 10.6.3

t min = k l min

10.6.3

ABAQUS/Explicit
t min ABAQUS
t min t min
t min
t min ABAQUS
t min
z
*STEP
*DYNAMIC, EXPLICIT, ELEMENT BY ELEMENT
9

ELEMENT BY ELEMENT t min

z ABAQUS/CAE
9
9

STEP

10.6.1 Name
General Dynamic Explicit
Continue

150

1
2
3
4
10.6.1

10.6.2 Incrementation Type

Automatic Stable increment
estimator Global
Element-by-element Max. time increment
t max Time scaling factor f t min

2 1

3
5

6
10.6.2

151

 ABAQUS/Explicit t init
t min t init
ABAQUS/Explicit f
t min f

f
*STEP
*DYNAMIC,EXPLICIT,SCALE FACTOR= f

10.6.2 t min
1 t min
10.6.3 t min

Cd =

10.6.4

Le

t min =

Le
Cd

10.6.5

10.6.3

Le Cd

t min t min
Le
152

 C d
C d
ABAQUS/Explicit 10.6.110.6.2

2 t min
t min

5000( / ) 20mm
6

t min4 10 0.4

10 5
t min

ABAQUS/Explicit ABAQUS/Explicit

10.7

ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit

1
ABAQUS/Standard *STEP
ABAQUS/Explicit Contact pair algorithm
STEP General contact algorithm
STEP
ABAQUS/Standard
ABAQUS/Explicit

153

ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit ABAQUS/Standard

ABAQUS/Explicit
2ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit
ABAQUS/Explicit
ABAQUS/Standard Lagrange

ABAQUS/Standard
ABAQUS/Standard
ABAQUS/explicit (General Contact)

10.8 ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit

ABAQUS ABAQUS/Standard
ABAQUS/Explicit
ABAQUS/Explicit

ABAQUS/Standard H.H.T t
t ABAQUS/Explicit
t min

ABAQUS/Standard
ABAQUS/Explicit
ABAQUS/Explicit

ABAQUS/Standard

t max

ABAQUS/Explicit

ABAQUS/Standard
t / T ABAQUS/Explicit t min

ABAQUS/Explicit

ABAQUS/Explicit 10.8.1
154

 10.8.1

ABAQUS/Standard

ABAQUS/Standard
ABAQUS/Standard
ABAQUS/Explicit
Explicit

155

 11
ABAQUS

11.1
11.1.1

ABAQUS *FREQUENCY

11.1.2
1 3

STEP
ABAQUS/Viewer
ABAQUS/CAE
ABAQUS ABAQUS/CAE
8.4.3
ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit
2ABAQUS/Standard INPUT
*HEADING *STEP
*HEADING
9

*BOUNDARY
156

9
*INITIAL CONDITIONS
9
*AMPLITUDE, NAME=name
9 ABAQUS 7
INPUT

*STEP~*END STEP
*STEP (,NLGEOM)
9 *STEP NELGEOM

*DYNAMIC, HAFTOL=tolerance
9 *DYNAMIC HAFTOL

*BOUNDARY
9

*CLOAD/ *DLOAD / *INCIDENT WAVE

9

*CLOAD
*DLOAD *INCIDENT WAVE
*TEMPERATURE/ *FIELD
9

*END STEP
9
*STEP~*END STEP
3ABAQUS/Explicit INPUT
*HEADING *STEP
*HEADING
9

*MATERIAL, NAME=name
9 ABAQUS
ABAQUS
*MATERIAL NAME
*MATERIAL
*ELASTIC
9 *ELASTIC

157

*PLASTIC
9 *PLASTIC
*DENSITY
9 *DENSITY
*DAMPING, ALPHA = , BETA=
9 ABAQUS
[C ] ABAQUS
Rayleigh
*BOUNDARY
9
*INITIAL CONDITIONS, TYPE=type
9 TYPE

*AMPLITUDE, NAME=name
9 ABAQUS 7

*STEP
9 *STEP ABAQUS/Explicit

*DYNAMIC, EXPLICIT,FACTOR=fELEMENT BY ELEMENT

9 *DYNAMIC,EXPLICIT FACTOR

ELEMENT BY ELEMENT
t min

*DIAGNOSTICS, DEFORMATION SPEED CHECK=SUMMARY

9 *DIAGNOSTICS .STA .MSG
DEFORMATION SPEED CHECK=SUMMARY
.DAT
*BOUNDARY, AMPLITUDE=name
9
name
*CLOAD / *DLOAD
9
*CLOAD/*DLOAD
*TEMPERATURE / *FIELD
9
*FILE OUTPUT, NUMBER INTERVAL=n
158

9 *FIEL OUTPUT *ENERGY/NODE/EL FILE .SEL

NUMBER INTERVAL=n
*EL FILE
9 .SEL
*NODE FILE
9 .SEL
*ENERGY FILE
9 .SEL
*OUTPUT, FIELD, NUMBER INTERVAL=n
9 *OUTPUT,FIELD *ELEMENT /NODE OUTPUT .ODB
NUMBER INTERVAL=n
*ELEMENT OUTPUT
9 .ODB
*NODE OUTPUT
9 .ODB
*OUTPUT, HISTORY, TIME INTERVAL=t
9 *OUTPUT,HISTORY *ELEMENT /NODE OUTPUT .ODB
TIME
INTERVAL=t
*ELEMENT OUTPUT, ELSET=e_name
9 e_name .ODB .
*NODE OUTPUT, NSET=n_name
9 n_name .ODB
*ENERGY OUTPUT
9 .ODB
*END STEP
9
*STEP~*END STEP

11.2
11.2.1

1*DYNAMIC
*DYNAMIC, ADIABATIC, DIRECT=, ALPHA=,INITIAL=,HAFTOL=,NONAF,

t init t total t min t max

159

*DYNAMIC ABAQUS/Standard
ABAQUS/Explicit
ADIABATIC
MISES
DIRECT
HAFTOL
DIRECT
DIRECT NO STEP ABAQUS/Standard

NOHAF ABAQUS/Standard
ABAQUS/Standard

NOHAF
ALPHA ABAQUS/Standard 0 ~ 0.333
= 0.333 ALPHA = 0.05
HAFTOL
ABAQUS/Standard HAFTOL
HAFTOL ABAQUS/Standard

HAFTOL HAFTOL
HAFTOL
z

HAFTOL = 10 ~ 100 F
HAFTOL = 1 ~ 10 F
z ABAQUS/Standard
HAFTOL HAFTOL = 1 ~ 10 F
HAFTOL = 0.1 ~ 1 F
INITIAL a0 ABAQUS/Standard

INITIAL = NO *STEP
a00 *STEP a0

t init t init t total

t min t init ABAQUS
t min = 10

t total t max

t max = t total
160

2 ABAQUS/CAE
ABAQUS/CAE
Module Step Step

11.2.1

1
2
3
4
11.2.1

Name Procedure type General

Dynamic Implicit

11.2.2 Basic Description

Nonlinear dynamic analysis
Time period t total10s Nlgeom
Include adiabatic heating
effects
Incrementation 11.2.3 TYPE
Automatic Fixed

Automatic Maximum number of increments

Increment size t init t max t min Half-step

residual tolerance
Fixed Increment size
t init Half-step residual tolerance
ABAQUS/Standard
Suppress half-step residual calculation
161

1
4

2
5

11.2.2

Basic

1
2
5

3
4

11.2.3 Incrementation

Other , 11.2.4 Matrix solver

162

 Default load
variation with time Instantaneous(Ramp linearly over
step) Numerical damping control parameter
0 ~ 0.333 ALPHA = 0.05

2
3

5
6
11.2.4 Other

Bypass calculations of initial accelerations at beginning of step

a0 ABAQUS/Standard

Accept solution after reaching maximum number of iterations

ABAQUS/Standard

11.2.2
ABAQUS/Standard
*FREQUENCY

1*DYNAMIC,SUBSPACE

*DYNAMIC, SUBSPACE,

t init t total
163

 SUBSPACE ABAQUS/Standard

t init t init
t total

*SELECT EIGENMODES,GENERATE
1,2
*SELECT EIGENMODES

2 ABAQUS/CAE
ABAQUS/CAE

Module Step Step

11.2.5

Name Procedure type

Dynamic, Subspace,

11.2.6
z Basic
Description
Subspace method Time period
t total10s Nlgeom

Number of modes to use

z Incrementation
Maximum number of
increments

Increment size t init

2
3
4
11.2.5

164

1
3

2
4

5
6
11.2.6

z Other Default load variation with time

Instantaneous(Ramp linearly over step)

11.2.3
ABAQUS/Explicit
ABAQUS/Explicit ABAQUS/Standard
ABAQUS/Standard

1*DYNAMIC,EXPLICIT
*DYNAMIC, EXPLICIT, DIRECT USE CONTROL, ELEMENT BY ELEMENT, FIXED TIME
INCREMENTATION, ADIABATIC, SCALE FACTOR=

t init t total t max

EXPLICIT ABAQUS

DIRECT USE CONTROL t init

ELEMENT BY ELEMENT t min

165

t min t min
ABAQUS
t min t min
FIXED TIME INCREMENTATION ABAQUS
t min
ADIABATIC
MISES

SCALE FACTOR

1
ELEMENT BY ELEMENT
FIXED TIME INCREMENTATION
DIRECT USE CONTROL
2 ABAQUS/CAE

ABAQUS/CAE

Module Step Step

11.2.7

Name Procedure type

General Dynamic, Explicit

166

2
3
4
11.2.7

1
4

11.2.8 Basic

11.2.8
z Basic Description
A dynamic analysis in ABAQUS/Explicit Time period
t total10s Nlgeom ABAQUS/Explicit
Include adiabatic heating effects
z Incrementation TYPE
Automatic Fixed

9 11.2.9 Automatic Stable increment

estimator Max.
time increment t max SCALE FACTOR
1
9 Fixed User defined time increment
t init 11.2.10 Use element-by-element time
increment estimator SCALE FACTOR
1

167

1
2

6
11.2.9 Incrementation

168

3
4

5
11.2.10 Incrementation

11.2.4

*INITIAL CONDITIONS

1*INITIAL CONDITIONS

*INITIAL CONDITIONS,TYPE=VELOCITY
NODE_SET, n , v 0
9 NODE_SET n v 0
2ABAQUS/CAE
ABAQUS/CAE
z Module Load Step Initial Load

ABAQUS /

17
169

Velocity/Angular velocity

11.2.11

1
3

4
11.2.11

11.2.12

2
3

1
4

5
11.2.12
170


9 ABAQUS
9 ABAQUS

9
9 *STATIC *DYNAMIC

*AMPLITUDE ABAQUS/CAE STEP

11.2.13

11.2.13

11.3Trapezoidal Rule
Newmark 12 14 Newmark

Hilber Hilber-Hughes-Taylor

t t

171

11.3.1
11.3.1 ABAQUS/Standard *DYNAMIC

m = 1( kg ) k = 1( N / m) c = 0
v0 = 1( m / s ) 11.3.1

mv&&(t ) + cv&(t ) + kv(t ) = 0

11.3.1

11.3.1

1 rad / s
m

11.3.2

v(t ) = cost = cos t

11.3.3

u (t ) =

v0

sin t = sin t

11.3.4

a(t ) = sin t

11.3.1

ABAQUS

*HEADING
Implicit Integration Demonstration
172

11.3.5

9 *HEADING Implicit Integration Demonstration

*NODE, NSET=NALL
1, 0., 0., 0.
2, 2., 0., 0.
9 *NODE NALL

*ELEMENT, TYPE=SPRINGA, ELSET=SPRING

1, 1, 2
9 *ELEMENT,TYPE=SPRINGA SPRING 12

*SPRING, ELSET=SPRING
1.,
9 *SPRING 1 (N/m)

*ELEMENT, TYPE=MASS, ELSET=MASS

2, 2
9 *ELEMENT, TYPE=MASS 2 MASS

*MASS, ELSET=MASS
1.,
9 *MASS M=1 kg

*BOUNDARY
1, 1, 3
2, 2, 3
9 1 13 2 23

*INITIAL CONDITIONS, TYPE=VELOCITY

2, 1, 1.0
9 1 v0 = 1(m / s )
2

*STEP, INC=40
*DYNAMIC, ALPHA=0.0, NOHAF
.25, 10.
9 *DYNAMIC
40 0 t total = 10( s )
t int = 0.25( s ) t int = 0.25( s ) 0.5( s ) 1(s) 2( s )

*OUTPUT, HISTORY, FREQ=1

*NODE OUTPUT,NSET=NALL
U,V,A
9 NALL .ODB
*END STEP
9
tint
173

 ABAQUS/VIEWER 2 1 11.3.2
11.3.3
11.3.411.3.5
z t int = 0.25( s ) ABAQUS
z t int = 0.5( s ) t int = 1( s )
tint

m
m/s
m/s^2

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

10

t init = 0.25s 2 1

11.3.3

m
m/s
m/s^2

1.5

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

10

t init = 0.5s 2 1
m
m/s
m/s^2

10

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

11.3.4

1.5

1.0

11.3.2

m
m/s
m/s^2

1.5

1.5

10

t init = 1s 2 1

11.3.5

t init = 2s 2 1

z tint 2
Newmark

ABAQUS t
t init
t init
174

11.3.2
11.3.1 0
Hilber-Hughes-Taylor
H.H.T. T t

1.0

21m

21m

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

10

20

30

40

50

10

(a)

30

40

50

t init = 0.25s 2 1

(b)

t init = 0.5s 2 1

1.0

21m

1.0

21m

20

0.5

0.0

-0.5

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.0

10

20

30

40

50

(c)

t init = 1s 2 1
11.3.6

10

20

(d)

40

50

t init = 2 s 2 1

= 0.05 2 1

175

30

1.0

21m

21m

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

10

20

30

40

50

10

(a)

30

40

50

t init = 0.25s 2 1

(b)

t init = 0.5s 2 1

1.0

21m

1.0

21m

20

0.5

0.0

-0.5

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.0

10

20

30

40

50

(c)

t init = 1s 2 1
11.3.7

10

20

30

40

50

(d)

t init = 2 s 2 1

= 0.33 2 1

11.3.1
[ 1 / 3,0] 0.05 0.05 0.33
2 1 11.3.611.3.7
 11.3.1

*STEP, INC=400
*DYNAMIC, ALPHA=0.05, NOHAF
.25, 50.
9 400 0.05 0.33

t total = 50( s ) t init = 0.25( s ) t init = 2( s )

11.3.611.3.7 t init T t init / T << 1

176

 t init

ABAQUS/Standard

0.05 ABAQUS
5%

11.4

11.3.2 ABAQUS

11.4.1 Reyleigh
1Reyleigh
Reyleigh Reyleigh

11.4.1

[C ] = [M ] + [K ]

(11.4.1)

 Hilber-Hughes-Taylor
Newmark
*DAMPING ALPHA BETA

( i ) ( i ) i
i i

( i )

+
2 i
2

11.4.2

i , j
177

 11.4.1 10 01 ( i ) i
i
[E t ]
[E t ] [E t ]
ABAQUS

( i )

1
2
11
2
i ( Hz )
11.4.1

Reyleigh

T t T
= 10% 11.4.2

0.2 T 0.1 T
=
2

11.4.3

Hilber-Hughes-Taylor i

11.4.1 Reyleigh
1*MATERIAL Reyleigh

*MATERIAL, NAME =name.

178

*DAMPING, ALPHA=
9 NAME *DAMPING ALPHA

*MATERIAL, NAME =name

*DAMPING, BETA=
9 NAME *DAMPING BETA
2 ABAQUS/CAE Reyleigh
z Module Property Property
z

11.4.2 MechanicalDamping

z 11.4.3

11.4.2

179

 11.4.3

11.5
11.5.1 HAFTOL
Hilber-Hughes-Taylor [ R ]

t + t / 2

HAFTOL t
[ R ]t + t / 2
*

[ R ]

t + t / 2

11.5.1

.
11.5.1

180

 Hilber-Hughes-Taylor
t T
ABAQUS/Standard HAFTOL
HAFTOL

HAFTOL HAFTOL [ P ]
HAFTOL 0.1F ~ 100 F

z [ R]

t + t / 2

0.1 [ P]

z [ R]

t + t / 2

[ P]

z [ R]

t + t / 2

10 [ P ]

z [ R]

t + t / 2

100 [ P ]

11.5.2
HAFTOL
HAFTOL

HAFTOL

181

 12

12.1

F ?0

, F

12.1.1
F ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit

z 12.2.2
z

ABAQUS/Explicit

v
ABAQUS/Standard

, v
12.2.2

12.1.1

12.2
12.2.1
12.2.1
182

12.2.1

12.2
ABAQUS/Standard

ABAQUS/Standard
*Dynamic,alpha=-0.05,haftol=1e+06
2.6e-05, 0.001, 3e-09, 0.001
12.2.2

12.2.2

ABAQUS/Explicit

ABAQUS/Explicit
*Dynamic, Explicit
, 0.001
12.2.3

183

 12.2.3

12.2.4

(Initial conditions)

*Initial Conditions, type=VELOCITY

ballRef, 1, 0.
ballRef, 2, 9000.
ballRef, 3, 30000.
12.2.4

ABAQUS
(Status (.sta) file)
STEP

INC

ATT

SEVERE

EQUIL

TOTAL

TOTAL

DISCON

ITERS

ITERS

TIME/

ITERS

STEP
TIME/LPF

INC OF
TIME/LPF

DOF
MONITOR

FREQ

2.60e-005

2.60e-005

2.600e-005

3.14e-005

3.14e-005

5.407e-006

184

IF
RIKS

3.14e-005 3.14e-005 2.600e-011

(Message (.msg) file)

INCREMENT

3, ATTEMPT NUMBER 1, TIME INCREMENT

2.600E-11

CALCULATION OF VELOCITY JUMPS DURING IMPACT AND ACCELERATIONS AFTER IMPACT

2.600e-011
ITERATION SUMMARY FOR THE INCREMENT:

1 TOTAL ITERATIONS, OF WHICH

0 ARE SEVERE DISCONTINUITY ITERATIONS AND 1 ARE EQUILIBRIUM ITERATIONS.

TIME INCREMENT COMPLETED
STEP TIME COMPLETED

2.600E-11, FRACTION OF STEP COMPLETED

3.141E-05, TOTAL TIME COMPLETED

12.2.3
12.2.5

12.2.5

12.2.6

185

3.141E-02
3.141E-05

 12.2.

12.3
12.3.1
15 6.0706m/s
12.3.1

12.3.1

T3D2 E0 = 6.895GPa
186

 = 0.3 = 1143kg / m 44.48KN ABAQUS *INITIAL

3

CONDITIONS
R3D4

150 S4R
F3D4

12.3.2

vi

12.3.2

12.3.2
12.3.3abcdef

187

d 7.5

b 2.5

e 10

c 5

15

12.3.3

12.3.4 ALLIE ALLKE ALLVD

ALLFD ALLWK ETOTAL ETOTAL

12.3.4

3.2.5

12.3.3

tennis.inp ABAQUS/FETCH ABAQUS

tennis.inp FETCH
** F3D4
*HEADING
188

**

RACKET AND BALL IMPACT

*NODE
** Bottom curve.
104, -2.700,-6.625,0.
109, 0.000,-8.500,0.
114, 2.700,-6.625,0.
** Left side curve.
501, -4.020,-3.750,0.
1201, -4.520, 0.000,0.
1901, -3.780, 3.750,0.
** Right side curve.
517, 4.020,-3.750,0.
1217, 4.520, 0.000,0.
1917, 3.780, 3.750,0.
** Top curve.
2103, -3.240, 4.500,0.
2109, 0.000, 5.500,0.
2115, 3.240, 4.500,0.
** Rectangular portion.
202, -3.780,-6.625,0.
216, 3.780,-6.625,0.
502, -3.780,-3.750,0.
516, 3.780,-3.750,0.
1902, -3.780, 3.750,0.
1916, 3.780, 3.750,0.
2002, -3.780, 4.500,0.
2016, 3.780, 4.500,0.
*NGEN,NSET=N200
202,216,1
*NGEN,NSET=N500
502,516,1
*NGEN,NSET=N1900
1902,1916,1
*NGEN
2002,2016,1
*NFILL,NSET=STRINGS
N200,N500,3,100
N500,N1900,14,100
*NGEN,NSET=STRINGS,LINE=P
104,114,1,109
517,1917,100,1217
189

501,1901,100,1201,0.,0.,1.
2103,2115,1,2109,0.,0.,1.
*NSET,NSET=MIDPLANE,GEN
105,113,1
2104,2114,1
501,1801,100
517,1817,100
*NSET,NSET=MIDPLANE
204,303,402,214,315,416
1902,2003,1916,2015
*ELEMENT,TYPE=T3D2,ELSET=STRINGS
1, 204, 205
11, 303, 304
23, 402, 403
247,2003,2004
1001, 402, 502
1016, 303, 403
1033, 204, 304
1231, 315, 415
1248, 416, 516
2001, 501, 502
2015, 516, 517
2029, 105, 205
2038,2004,2104
*ELGEN,ELSET=STRINGS
1, 10,1,1
11, 12,1,1
23, 14,1,1, 16,100,14
247, 12,1,1
1001, 15,100,1
1016, 17,100,1
1033, 18,100,1, 11,1,18
1231, 17,100,1
1248, 15,100,1
2001, 14,100,1
2015, 14,100,1
2029, 9,1,1
2038, 11,1,1
*SOLID SECTION,ELSET=STRINGS,MATERIAL=STRING
7.854E-3,
*NSET, NSET=NCONTACT, GENERATE
205,213,1
190

304,314,1
403,415,1
502,516,1
602,616,1
702,716,1
802,816,1
902,916,1
1002,1016,1
1102,1116,1
1202,1216,1
1302,1316,1
1402,1416,1
1502,1516,1
1602,1616,1
1702,1716,1
1802,1816,1
1903,1915,1
2004,2014,1
** .
*NCOPY,CHANGE NUMBER=10000,OLD SET=MIDPLANE,SHIFT,
NEW SET=FRONT
0.,0.,.25
0.,0.,0., 0.,0.,1., 0.0
*NCOPY,CHANGE NUMBER=20000,OLD SET=MIDPLANE,SHIFT,
NEW SET=BACK
0.,0.,-.25
0.,0.,0., 0.,0.,1., 0.0
*NODE
10000, 0,0.,0.
*ELEMENT,TYPE=R3D4,ELSET=FRAME
3001,
105, 106, 10106, 10105
3009,
113, 214, 10214, 10113
3010,
214, 315, 10315, 10214
3011,
315, 416, 10416, 10315
3012,
416, 517, 10517, 10416
3013,
517, 617, 10617, 10517
3036, 1817, 1916, 11916, 11817
3037, 1916, 2015, 12015, 11916
3038, 2015, 2114, 12114, 12015
3039, 2105, 2104, 12104, 12105
3049, 2104, 2003, 12003, 12104
3050, 2003, 1902, 11902, 12003
191

3051, 1902, 1801, 11801, 11902

3052,
601, 501, 10501, 10601
3065,
501, 402, 10402, 10501
3066,
402, 303, 10303, 10402
3077,
303, 204, 10204, 10303
3078,
204, 105, 10105, 10204
4001,
105, 106, 20106, 20105
4009,
113, 214, 20214, 20113
4010,
214, 315, 20315, 20214
4011,
315, 416, 20416, 20315
4012,
416, 517, 20517, 20416
4013,
517, 617, 20617, 20517
4036, 1817, 1916, 21916, 21817
4037, 1916, 2015, 22015, 21916
4038, 2015, 2114, 22114, 22015
4039, 2105, 2104, 22104, 22105
4049, 2104, 2003, 22003, 22104
4050, 2003, 1902, 21902, 22003
4051, 1902, 1801, 21801, 21902
4052,
601, 501, 20501, 20601
4065,
501, 402, 20402, 20501
4066,
402, 303, 20303, 20402
4077,
303, 204, 20204, 20303
4078,
204, 105, 20105, 20204
*ELGEN,ELSET=FRAME
3001, 8,1,1
3013, 13,100,1
3039, 10,1,1
3052, 13,100,1
4001, 8,1,1
4013, 13,100,1
4039, 10,1,1
4052, 13,100,1
*NODE,NSET=SPHERE,INPUT=tennis_ef1.inp
** SPHEREtennis_ef1.inp ABAQUS/FETCH
*NSET,NSET=REFNODE
30001
*NSET, NSET=QA_TEST
30022,30023,30024,
*ELSET, ELSET=QA_TEST
40013,40014,40018,
*ELEMENT,TYPE=S4R,ELSET=SPHERE,
192

INPUT=tennis_ef2.inp
** SPHEREtennis_ef2.inp ABAQUS/FETCH
*SHELL SECTION,ELSET=SPHERE,MATERIAL=RUBBER
.2,3
*PHYSICAL CONSTANTS, ABSOLUTE ZERO=-273.16
*ELEMENT,TYPE=F3D4,ELSET=CAVITY,
INPUT=tennis_ef3.inp
** SPHEREtennis_ef3.inp ABAQUS/FETCH
*FLUID PROPERTY,ELSET=CAVITY,REF NODE=30001,
AMBIENT=14.7
*FLUID DENSITY
0.1E-4,
** .
*MATERIAL,NAME=RUBBER
*DENSITY
1.E-4,
*HYPERELASTIC,N=1
100.,25.,1.E-4
*MATERIAL,NAME=STRING
** Nylon type 6 general purpose.
*DENSITY
1.07E-4,
*ELASTIC
1.E6,
**
*INITIAL CONDITIONS,TYPE=STRESS
** Tension in strings is 10 lb.
STRINGS,1273.
SPHERE,22.5,22.5
*INITIAL CONDITIONS,TYPE=VELOCITY
** Initial velocity of ball is 22 fps at a
** 15 degree angle of attack.
SPHERE, 1, 68.3
SPHERE, 2, 0.
SPHERE, 3,-255.
*BOUNDARY
10000,1,6
*INITIAL CONDITIONS,TYPE=FLUID PRESSURE
30001,6.
**
*RESTART,WRITE,NUM=30
*SURFACE,TYPE=ELEMENT,NAME=SPHERE
193

SPHERE,SPOS
*SURFACE,TYPE=NODE,NAME=STRINGS
NCONTACT,
*RIGID BODY,ELSET=FRAME,REF NODE=10000
*********************************************************
******************************************************* *
*STEP
*DYNAMIC,EXPLICIT
,15.E-3
**
*SURFACE INTERACTION,NAME=SPH_STRING
*FRICTION
0.1,
*CONTACT PAIR,INTERACTION=SPH_STRING
SPHERE,STRINGS
**
*FILE OUTPUT, NUM=2, TIMEMARKS=YES
*EL FILE
ELEN,
S,LE,ERV
*NODE FILE
U,V
*OUTPUT,FIELD,OP=NEW,NUMBER INTERVAL=5,
TIMEMARKS=NO
*ELEMENT OUTPUT
S,
*NODE OUTPUT
U,
*OUTPUT,HISTORY,OP=NEW,TIME INTERVAL=3.E-5
*ENERGY OUTPUT
ALLAE,ALLIE,ALLKE,ALLFD,ALLPD,ALLSE,ALLVD,ALLWK,ETOTAL
*NODE OUTPUT,NSET=REFNODE
PCAV,CVOL
*OUTPUT, FIELD, NUMBER=2
*ELEMENT OUTPUT, ELSET=QA_TEST
S,
*NODE OUTPUT, NSET=QA_TEST
U,
*END STEP

12.4
194

12.4.1

12.4.1
(Anvil)

12.4.1

ABAQUS/Standard

0.25mm 19 0.28mm C3D8R

R3D4

12.4.2
12.4.2

195

(c)
(a)

(d)

(b)

12.4.2

12.4.3 12.4.2d

12.4.3

196

3.2.6

12.4.3

crimp_gcont.inp ABAQUS/FETCH ABAQUS

crimp_assembly FETCH
crimp_gcont.inp
*Heading
*Preprint, model=YES, history=YES
**.DAT
**
*Part, name=CRIMP_REDU_PART-1
*End Part
*Part, name=CRIMP_REDU_PART-10-1
*End Part
*Part, name=CRIMP_REDU_PART-11-1
*End Part
*Part, name=CRIMP_REDU_PART-12-1
*End Part
*Part, name=CRIMP_REDU_PART-13-1
*End Part
*Part, name=CRIMP_REDU_PART-14-1
*End Part
*Part, name=CRIMP_REDU_PART-16-1
*End Part
*Part, name=CRIMP_REDU_PART-17-1
*End Part
*Part, name=CRIMP_REDU_PART-18-1
*End Part
*Part, name=CRIMP_REDU_PART-19-1
*End Part
*Part, name=CRIMP_REDU_PART-2-1
*End Part
*Part, name=CRIMP_REDU_PART-20-1
*End Part
*Part, name=CRIMP_REDU_PART-21-1
*End Part
*Part, name=CRIMP_REDU_PART-22-1
*End Part
*Part, name=CRIMP_REDU_PART-3-1
*End Part
*Part, name=CRIMP_REDU_PART-4-1
*End Part
*Part, name=CRIMP_REDU_PART-5-1
197

*End Part
*Part, name=CRIMP_REDU_PART-6-1
*End Part
*Part, name=CRIMP_REDU_PART-7-1
*End Part
*Part, name=CRIMP_REDU_PART-8-1
*End Part
*Part, name=CRIMP_REDU_PART-9-1
*End Part
*Part, name=rigid_top
*End Part
*Include, Input=crimp_assembly.inp
**crimp_assembly.inp FETCH
*SECTION CONTROLS, Name=Sect1,
HOURGLASS=STIFFNESS
*Amplitude, name=PUNCH_DOWN_DISP,
definition=SMOOTH STEP, value=ABSOLUTE
0.,0.,0.018,-0.9,0.030833,-4.75,0.090833,-6.25,
0.122333, -6.88
** PUNCH_DOWN_DISP
** 50 mm/sec
** 300 mm/sec
** 25 mm/sec
** 20 mm/sec
**
*Material, name=COPPER_WIRE
*Density
0.0085,
*Elastic
117000., 0.35
*Plastic
241.5,
0.
268.2, 0.00075
282., 0.00164
287.5, 0.0026
290.3,
0.017
4100.,
20.
*Material, name=GRIP_MATERIAL
*Density
0.0085,
*Elastic
112000., 0.34
198

*Plastic
391.,
0.
418., 0.00075
431.5, 0.00164
437., 0.0026
440.,
0.017
4270.,
20.
**
*Surface Interaction, name="GLOBAL PROPERTY"
*Friction
0.,
*Surface Interaction, name=GRIP_BOT_RIGID
*Friction, taumax=300.
0.3,
*Surface Interaction, name=GRIP_TOP_RIGID
*Friction, taumax=300.
0.15,
*Surface Interaction, name=WIRES
*Friction
0.15,
**
*Boundary
_G85, ENCASTRE
*Boundary
WIRES_END, PINNED
*Boundary
TOP_RIGID_REFNODE, 1,1, 0.0
TOP_RIGID_REFNODE, 3,6, 0.0
*********************************************************
*********************************************************
*Step, name=Step-1
PUNCHDOWN
*Dynamic, Explicit
,0.122333
*Bulk Viscosity
0.06, 1.2
**
*Boundary, amplitude=PUNCH_DOWN_DISP
TOP_RIGID_REFNODE, 2, 2
**
*Contact, op=NEW
*Contact Inclusions, ALL ELEMENT BASED
199

*Contact property assignment

, , "GLOBAL PROPERTY"
WIRES_EXT_SURF , , WIRES
BOT_RIGID_SURF , GRIP_EXT_SURF , GRIP_BOT_RIGID
Top_Rigid_surf , GRIP_EXT_SURF , GRIP_TOP_RIGID
GRIP_EXT_SURF , , GRIP_BOT_RIGID
*Surface Property Assignment,
PROPERTY=FEATURE EDGE CRITERIA
, 20.0
**
*Restart, write, number interval=1, time marks=NO
*Monitor, dof=2, node=REFNODE_MONITOR
*Output, field, variable=PRESELECT,
number interval=50
*Output, history, variable=PRESELECT,
time interval=0.000970065
*Output, history, time interval=0.000970065
*Node Output, nset=TOP_RIGID_REFNODE
U2, RF2
*End Step

12.5
12.5.1
ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit

12.5.1
ABAQUS/Standard
ABAQUS/Explicit

200

 12.5.1 ABAQUS

12.5.2
ABAQUS *IMPORT
12.5.2 *IMPORT
ABAQUS/Standard

ABAQUS/Explicit
Import stress state

Static procedure
Centrifugal Loading

Initial Conditions: Spin at

Import

appropriate velocity

Verify Steady state

Throw Blade

Obtain associated
stress state

12.5.2 *IMPORT

9 ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit

9 ABAQUS/Standard (
CENTRIF)
9 ABAQUS/Explicit
9

12.5.2
12.5.3 ()

201

4.0E+07

Internal energy

3.8E+07
3.6E+07
3.4E+07
3.2E+07

Version
6.3
Visco
Version
6.4
Enha

3.0E+07
2.8E+07
2.6E+07
0

0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008

0.01

Analysis time (seconds)

12.5.3 IMPORT

a t=2.5

b t=5

d t=10

c t=7.5

12.5.4

12.5.4

12.5.3

202

 ABAQUS/Explicit

10
10

12.6
12.6.1
ABAQUS/Explicit

ABAQUS/Standard
ABAQUS/Explicit ABAQUS/Explicit

12.6.1

12.6.1

(blank shot )
0.5 45 (ft-lbs) 0.25
()
ABAQUS/Explicit

203

12.6.2
12.6.2

12.6.2

ABAQUS/Explicit
12.6.3 ABAQUS/Explicit

204

 12.6.3

12.6.4 12.6.2

12.6.4

12.6.3 2400psi

205

 12.6.5

12.6.4

(Nail shot)
99%
12.6.6

12.6.6

206

 12.6.6

207