ADHIYAMAAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING.

Hosur.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

NEURAL NETWORKS
IN
POWER SYSTEMS

by
A.SATHISH (II-M.C.A)
[sathishat88@gmail.com]
A.ARUNKUMAR (II-M.C.A)
[arun.miself@gmail.com]

1.ABSTRACT:

(neurones) working in unison to solve

specific problems.

This report is an introduction to

artificial neural networks and fuzzy logic.
The
first artificial neuron was produced in 1943
by
the
neurophysiologist
Warren
McCulloch and the logician Walter
Pits.This paper deals with neural networks
introduction and applications of ANNs in
power
system
voltage
stability
improvement are described As power
systems grow in their size and
interconnections,
their
complexity
increases. Rising costs due to inflation and
increased environmental concerns has made
transmission, as well as generation systems
to be operated closer to design limits.
Hence Artificial Neural Networks(ANN)
are emerging as an Artificial Intelligence
tool,which give fast, though approximate,
but acceptable solutions in real time as they
mostly use parallel processing technique
for computation This paper deals with
development of ANN architecture, which
provide solutions for monitoring, and
control of voltage stability in the day-today operation of power systems.The term
FUZZY LOGIC emerged in the
development of the theory of fuzzy sets by
Lofti Zadeh.The worlds first Fuzzy logic
controller and building of fuzzy logic
controller is explained..

2.1Why use neural networks?

2. What is a Neural Network?

An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an
information processing paradigm that is
inspired by the way biological nervous
systems, such as the brain, process
information. The key element of this
paradigm is the novel structure of the
information processing system. It is
composed of a large number of highly
interconnected
processing
elements

Neural networks, with their remarkable

ability to derive meaning from complicated
or imprecise data, can be used to extract
patterns and detect trends that are too
complex to be noticed by either humans or
other computer techniques.

2.2 Human and Artificial Neurones

- investigating the similarities
2.2(a) How the Human Brain
Learns?
Much is still unknown about how the brain
trains itself to process information, so
theories abound. In the human brain, a
typical neuron collects signals from others
through a host of fine structures called
dendrites. The neuron sends out spikes of
electrical activity through a long, thin stand
known as an axon, which splits into
thousands of branches. At the end of each
branch, a structure called a synapse
converts the activity from the axon into
electrical effects that inhibit or excite
activity from the axon into electrical effects
that inhibit or excite activity in the
connected neurones. When a neuron
receives excitatory input that is sufficiently
large compared with its inhibitory input, it
sends a spike of electrical activity down its
axon. Learning occurs by changing the
effectiveness of the synapses so that the
influence of one neuron on another
changes.

The neuron model

Components of a neuron

3. An engineering approach-A
simple neuron

An artificial neuron is a device with many

inputs and one output. The neuron has two
modes of operation; the training mode and
the using mode. In the training mode, the
neuron can be trained to fire (or not), for
particular input patterns. In the using mode,
when a taught input pattern is detected at
the input, its associated output becomes the
current output. If the input pattern does not
belong in the taught list of input patterns,
2.2(b) From Human Neurones to the firing rule is used to determine whether
to fire or not.
Artificial Neurones
However because our knowledge of
neurones is incomplete and our computing
power is limited, our models are
necessarily gross idealisations of real
networks of neurones.

A simple neuron

interconnected processing elements that are

analogous to neurons and are tied together
with weighted connections that are
analogous to synapses.Back propagation
algorithm is used for training the neural
Power Systems operate most of the time network.
under quasi-steady state. Disturbances also
occur in power systems. Examples of such 4.2Algorithm for improvement of
disturbances are sudden change in load voltage stability
demand,generator failure or change in
transmission system configuration due to A minimization algorithm for improving
faults and line switching. Voltage stability voltage stability margin based on L-Index
is concerned with the ability of a power [4] and employing non-linear least squares
system to maintain acceptable voltages in optimization technique is presented. The
the system under normal conditions and control variables considered are switchable
after being subjected to a disturbance. A VAR compensators, OLTC transformers
system enters a state of voltage instability and generators excitation .A prototype of
when a disturbance causes a progressive an ANN for monitoring and control of
and uncontrollable decline in voltage. power system voltage stability margin
Fundamentally, voltage instability is caused improvement has been developed. The
by the system inability to meet reactive proposed ANN tries to improve the voltage
power demand. Instability can occur stability margin using SVCs, Generator
following simple reactive load increase, or excitation and OLTC transformers as
following contingencies which may bring controllers for different loading conditions
in increased losses in transmission lines, for a practical EHV Indian power system
higher reactive requirements from devices and encouraging results have been
such as induction motors, or diminished obtained.
reactive supply from static capacitors. The
objective of an ECC is, to ensure secure
and economic operation of power system.
The challenge to optimize power system
operation, while maintaining system
security and quality of supply to customers,
is increasing.

4. ANN Application to Power

System
Voltage
Stability
Improvement:

4.1Artificial
Architecture:

Neural

Network

ANNs are composed of simple elements

operating in parallel. These elements are
inspired by the functioning of biological
nervous systems. The key element of ANN
paradigm is the novel structure of the
information processing system. It is
composed of a large number of highly

The fuzzy logic analysis and control

method is, therefore:
1. Receiving of one, or a large number, of
measurement or other assessment of
conditions existing in some system we wish
to analyze or control.
2.. Processing all these inputs according to
human based, fuzzy "If-Then" rules, which
can be expressed in plain language words,
in combination with traditional non-fuzzy
processing.
3. Averaging and weighting the resulting
outputs from all the individual rules into
one single output decision or signal which
decides what to do or tells a controlled
system what to do. The output signal
eventually arrived at is a precise appearing,
defuzzified, "crisp" value. The following is
the Fuzzy Logic Control/Analysis Method
diagram:

5. WHAT IS FUZZY LOGIC:

FL is a problem solving
control system methodology that lends
itself to implementation in systems ranging
from
simple,small,embedded
microcontrollers
to
large,networked,multichanneled PC or workstation-based data
acquisition and control systems.Fuzzy logic
is the way the human brain works, and we
can mimic this in machines so they will
perform somewhat like humans (not to be
confused with Artificial Intelligence, where
the goal is for machines to perform
EXACTLY like humans). Fuzzy logic
control and analysis systems may be
electro-mechanical in nature, or concerned
only with data, for example economic data,
in all cases guided by "If-Then rules" stated
in human language.

5.1: The Fuzzy Logic Method:

5.2: The World's First Fuzzy Logic

Controller

In England in 1973 at the University of

London, a professor and student were
trying to stabilize the speed of a small
steam engine the student had built. They
had a lot going for them, sophisticated
equipment like a PDP-8 minicomputer and
conventional digital control equipment.
But, they could not control the engine as
well as they wanted. Engine speed would
either overshoot the target speed and arrive
at the target speed after a series of
oscillations, or the speed control would be
too sluggish, taking too long for the speed
to arrive at the desired setting, as in Figure
1, below.

The steam engine speed control graph

using the fuzzy logic controller appeared
as in Figure 2,

The speed approached the desired value

very quickly, did not overshoot and
remained stable.
The MAMDANI PROJECT made use of
four inputs: boiler pressure error,rate of
change of boiler pressure error,engine
speed error and rate of change of engine
speed error.There were two outputs:control
of heat to the boiler and control of the
throttle.They operated independently.
Following is a system diagram, Figure 3,
for a "getting acquainted with fuzzy"
project that provides speed control and
regulation for a DC motor. The motor
maintains "set point" speed, controlled by a
stand-alone converter-controller, directed
by a BASIC fuzzy logic control program in
a personal computer.

6. CONCLUSION:
They are very well suited for real time
systems because of their fast responseand
computational times which are due to their
parallel architecture. Neural networks also
contribute to other areas of research such as
neurology and psychology Finally, I would
like to state that even though neural
networks have a huge potential we will
only get the best of them when they are
intergrated with computing, AI, fuzzy logic
and related subjects.

7. Bibliography:
1. An introduction to neural computing.
Aleksander, I. and Morton, H.

2. Zimmermann,h. J.:Fuzzy sets theory and

its applicstions.2nd edition.