SCIENCE 1 (PHYSICS)

SELF INDUCTANCE

Self-Inductance and Inductive Reactance

The property of self-inductance is a particular form of electromagnetic induction. Self-inductance is defined as the induction of a voltage in a currentcarrying wire when the current in the wire itself is changing. In the case of selfinductance, the magnetic field created by a changing current in the circuit itself induces a voltage in the same circuit. Therefore, the voltage is self-induced.

The term inductor is used to describe a circuit element possessing the property of inductance and a coil of wire is a very common inductor. In circuit diagrams, a coil or wire is usually used to indicate an inductive component. Taking a closer look at a coil will help understand the reason that a voltage is induced in a wire carrying a changing current. The alternating current running through the coil creates a magnetic field in and around the coil that is increasing and decreasing as the current changes. The magnetic field forms concentric loops that surround the wire and join to form larger loops that surround the coil as shown in the image below. When the current increases in one loop the expanding magnetic field will cut across some or all of the neighbouring loops of wire, inducing a voltage in these loops. This causes a voltage to be induced in the coil when the current is changing.

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By studying this image of a coil, it can be seen that the number of turns in the coil will have an effect on the amount of voltage that is induced into the circuit. Increasing the number of turns or the rate of change of magnetic flux increases the amount of induced voltage. Therefore, Faraday's Law must be modified for a coil of wire and becomes the following.

Where:

VL = induced voltage in volts N = number of turns in the coil d/dt = rate of change of magnetic flux in webers/second

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The equation simply states that the amount of induced voltage (VL) is proportional to the number of turns in the coil and the rate of change of the magnetic flux (d/dt). In other words, when the frequency of the flux is increased or the number of turns in the coil is increased, the amount of induced voltage will also increase.

In a circuit, it is much easier to measure current than it is to measure magnetic flux, so the following equation can be used to determine the induced voltage if the inductance and frequency of the current are known. This equation can also be reorganized to allow the inductance to be calculated when the amount of inducted voltage can be determined and the current frequency is known.

Where:

VL = the induced voltage in volts L = the value of inductance in henries di/dt = the rate of change of current in amperes per second

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Lenz's Law

Soon after Faraday proposed his law of induction, Heinrich Lenz developed a rule for determining the direction of the induced current in a loop. Basically, Lenz's law states that an induced current has a direction such that its magnetic field opposes the change in magnetic field that induced the current. This means that the current induced in a conductor will oppose the change in current that is causing the flux to change. Lenz's law is important in understanding the property of inductive reactance, which is one of the properties measured in eddy current testing.

Inductive Reactance

The reduction of current flow in a circuit due to induction is called inductive reactance. By taking a closer look at a coil of wire and applying Lenz's law, it can be seen how inductance reduces the flow of current in the circuit. In the image below, the direction of the primary current is shown in red, and the magnetic field generated by the current is shown in blue. The direction of the magnetic field can be determined by taking your right hand and pointing your thumb in the direction of the current. Your fingers will then point in the direction of the magnetic field. It can be seen that the magnetic field from one loop of the wire will cut across the other loops in the coil and this will induce current flow (shown in green) in the circuit. According to Lenz's law, the induced current must flow in the opposite direction of the primary current. The induced current working against the primary current results in a reduction of current flow in the circuit.

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It should be noted that the inductive reactance will increase if the number of winds in the coil is increased since the magnetic field from one coil will have more coils to interact with.

Similarly to resistance, inductive reactance reduces the flow of current in a circuit. However, it is possible to distinguish between resistance and inductive reactance in a circuit by looking at the timing between the sine waves of the voltage and current of the alternating current. In an AC circuit that contains only resistive components, the voltage and the current will be in-phase, meaning that the peaks and valleys of their sine waves will occur at the same time. When there is inductive reactance present in the circuit, the phase of the current will be shifted so that its peaks and valleys do not occur at the same time as those of the voltage. This will be discussed in more detail in the section on circuits.

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SELF INDUCTANCE

Summary:

Self-Inductance Self-inductance is the property of a circuit whereby a change in current causes a change in voltage.

The amount of induced voltage (VL) is proportional to the rate of change of current flow (di/dt). When there is no change in current, di /dt = 0 and VL = 0. When the current is changing very rapidly, di/dt is a large value and so is the amount of VL. When the current is changing very slowly, di/dt is a small value and so is the amount of VL.

where: VL = the induced voltage in volts, V L = the value of selfinductance in henries, H di / dt = the rate of change in current in amperes per second, A/T

Self-inductance is also more simply known as inductance. The self-induction effect is multiplied by the value of inductance, L. Increasing the value of L increases the amount of voltage that is induced in response to a change in current. Decreasing the value of L decreases the amount of voltage that is induced in response to a change in current.

Inductance and Inductors Inductance is measured in units of Henries (H). The math symbol for inductance is L. The graphical symbol for an inductor resembles a coil of wire: Commonly used engineering units for inductance are: 1 H = 1 henry 1 x 10-3 H = 1 mH or millihenry 1 x 10microhenry

One henry is the amount of inductance that is required for generating one volt of induced voltage when the current is changing at the rate of one ampere per second.

VL = 1 V when L = 1 H and di /dt = 1 A / sec

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Questions:

What is meant by self inductance?

Any time charges move (like in a conductor), they build a magnetic field around their path of travel. The expansion of this magnetic field induces a voltage in that conductor that acts in a way to try to stop the charges that created it. Further, if charges are moving in a conductor, they have a magnetic field around their path of travel. And if the voltage that is causing the current to flow drops, the field will begin to collapse. The collapse of the field will induce a voltage that will try to keep the current flowing. This phenomenon is called self inductance. It (the self inductance) always acts in a way to resist a change of current flow in a conductor. That is the key point; it's the crux of the issue.

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SELF INDUCTANCE

PPISMP JULY 2009 INTAKE

SCIENCE 1 (PHYSICS)

SELF INDUCTANCE

Practice with Lenzs Law. In which direction is the current induced in the loop for each situation figure above? Answer: a) Initially, the magnetic field pointing out of the page passes through the loop. If you pull the loop out of the field, magnetic flux through the loop decreases; so the induced current will be in a direction to maintain the decreasing flux through the loop: the current will be counterclockwise to produce a magnetic field outward (toward the reader). b) The external field is into the page. The coil area gets smaller, so the flux will decrease; hence the induced current will be clockwise, producing its own field into the page to make up for the flux decrease. c) Magnetic field lines point out from the N pole of a magnet, so as the magnet moves toward the loop, the magnets field points into the page and is getting stronger. The current in the loop will be induced in the counterclockwise direction in order to produce a field

out of the page.

d) The field is in the plane of the loop, so no magnetic field lines pass through the loop and the flux through the loop is zero throughout the process; hence there is no change in external magnetic flux with time, and there will be no induced emf or current in the loop. e) Initially there is no flux through the loop. When you start to rotate the loop, the external field through the loop begins increasing to the left. To counteract this change in flux, the loop will have current induced in a counterclockwise

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direction so as to produce its own field to the right.

References: Book: 1. Cheong Foon Choong. (2009). Pre-U Text STPM Physics Volume 2. Selangor Darul Ehsan. Pearson Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. 2. Douglas C. Giancoli. (2005). Physics, Sixth Edition. United States of America. Pearson Education. Inc. 3. Paul E. Tippens (2007).Physics, Seventh Edition. New York. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Internet: 1. This is the title of the web page http://www.ndted.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/EddyCurrents/Physics/selfind uctance.htm was excess on 22 August 2010 at 2.34 p.m. 2. This is the title of the web page http://www.tpub.com/neets/book2/2a.htm was excess on 22 August 2010 at 2.35 p.m. 3. This is the title of the web page http://www.freeed.net/sweethaven/modelec/acee/frm0202.htm was excess on 23 August 2010 at 12.13 a.m.

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Reflection: First, thanks to God for giving me a chance to do this project with successful. Next, goes to my lecturer Sir Mohd Nasir Bin Abdullah for his afford to teach me since I am in semester 2 in this IPG and to all my friends that sharing his/her knowledge in this experiment.

Through this task, the objectives is achieved that is explore and retrieve information of science from various resources, apply science knowledge in problem solving and carry out and write scientific reports for experiments given.

By carry out this project, I face quite hard problems. Such as I do not yet learn about this topic and I do not understand about this topic. Then, the get the source is quite hard. But, thanks to God, give me a strange to finish up this project. To overcome this problems. Mostly I prefer to make books as my main references. Then, it goes to internet and also to my friends.

The moral value that I can create from this lesson is the knowledge/lecture that has been given from the past; I need to really understand from the basic. This is because, when we really understand the basic, we not easy to forget and we can carry this knowledge until the end. So, it is good for a teacher. Learn from the mistake, make us really appreciate and more understand what we want in this life. Better teachers, will create awesome students. Thank you.

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