Chapter 16

16-1

Given: r = 300/2 = 150 mm, a = R = 125 mm, b = 40 mm, f = 0.28, F = 2.2 kN, 1 = 0,
2 = 120, and a = 90.
From which, sin a = sin90 = 1.
Eq. (16-2):
0.28 pa (0.040)(0.150) 120
0 sin (0.150 0.125 cos ) d
1
2.993 10 4 pa N m

Mf

Eq. (16-3):

pa (0.040)(0.150)(0.125) 120 2
sin d 9.478 104 pa N m

MN

c = 2(0.125 cos 30) = 0.2165 m

Eq. (16-4):

9.478 10 4 pa 2.993 10 4 pa
0.2165

2.995 10 3 pa

p a = F/ [2.995(103)] = 2200/ [2.995(103)]

= 734.5(103) Pa for cw rotation
Eq. (16-7):

2200

9.478 10 4 pa 2.993 10 4 pa
0.2165

p a = 381.9(103) Pa for ccw rotation

A maximum pressure of 734.5 kPa occurs on the RH shoe for cw rotation.
(b) RH shoe:
Eq. (16-6):
0.28(734.5)103 (0.040)0.1502 (cos 0o cos120o )
TR
277.6 N m
1
LH shoe:
381.9
TL 277.6
144.4 N m Ans.
734.5
T total = 277.6 + 144.4 = 422 N m Ans.

Ans.

Ans.

Chapter 16, Page 1/27

(c)

RH shoe:

F x = 2200 sin 30 = 1100 N, F y = 2200 cos 30 = 1905 N

Eqs. (16-8):

A sin 2
2

0o

Eqs. (16-9):

Rx

120o

Ry

0.375,

734.5 103 0.040(0.150)

1
3
734.5 10 0.04(0.150)

R [ 1007

LH shoe:

2 / 3 rad

B sin 2
2
4

1.264

[0.375 0.28(1.264)] 1100 1007 N

[1.264 0.28(0.375)] 1905 4128 N

1
41282 ]1/ 2 4249 N Ans.

F x = 1100 N, F y = 1905 N

Eqs. (16-10): Rx

381.9 103 0.040(0.150)

[0.375 0.28(1.264)] 1100 570 N

1
381.9 103 0.040(0.150)
[1.264 0.28(0.375)] 1905 751 N
Ry
1
1/ 2
R 597 2 7512 959 N Ans.

______________________________________________________________________________
16-2

Given: r = 300/2 = 150 mm, a = R = 125 mm, b = 40 mm, f = 0.28, F = 2.2 kN, 1 = 15,
2 = 105, and a = 90.
From which, sin a = sin90 = 1.
Eq. (16-2):
0.28 pa (0.040)(0.150) 105
4
Mf
15 sin (0.150 0.125 cos ) d 2.177 10 pa
1

Chapter 16, Page 2/27

MN

Eq. (16-3):

pa (0.040)(0.150)(0.125) 105 2
sin d 7.765 10 4 pa

15

c = 2(0.125) cos 30 = 0.2165 m

F

Eq. (16-4):

7.765 10 4 pa 2.177 10 4 pa
0.2165

2.58110 3 pa

p a = 2200/ [2.581(10 3)] = 852.4 (103) Pa

= 852.4 kPa on RH shoe for cw rotation Ans.

RH shoe:

TR

Eq. (16-6):
LH shoe:

2200

0.28(852.4)103 (0.040)(0.1502 )(cos15 cos105)

263 N m
1
7.765 10 4 pa 2.177 10 4 pa

pa 479.110

0.2165
Pa 479.1 kPa on LH shoe for ccw rotation

Ans.

0.28(479.1)103(0.040)(0.150 2 )(cos15 cos105)

148 N m
1
263 148 411 N m Ans.

TL
Ttotal

Comparing this result with that of Prob. 16-1, a 2.6% reduction in torque is obtained by
using 25% less braking material.
______________________________________________________________________________
16-3

Given: 1 = 0, 2 = 120, a = 90, sin a = 1, a = R = 3.5 in, b = 1.25 in, f = 0.30,

F = 225 lbf, r = 11/2 = 5.5 in, counter-clockwise rotation.
LH shoe:
Eq. (16-2), with 1 = 0:

f pabr 2
f pabr
a

sin r a cos d
Mf
r (1 cos 2 ) sin 2 2

sin a 1
sin a
2

0.30 pa (1.25)5.5
3.5 2

5.5(1 cos120o )
sin 120

1
2

14.31 pa lbf in
Eq. (16-3), with 1 = 0:

pabra 2 2
p bra 2 1

MN
sin d a
sin 2 2

sin a 1
sin a 2
4

pa (1.25)5.5(3.5) 120 1

sin 2(120)

1
2 180 4

30.41 pa lbf in

Chapter 16, Page 3/27

 180o 2
o
c 2r cos
2(5.5) cos 30 9.526 in
2

30.41 pa 14.31 pa
1.690 pa
F 225
9.526
pa 225 / 1.690 133.1 psi

Eq. (16-6):

f pabr 2 (cos 1 cos 2 ) 0.30(133.1)1.25(5.52 )

[1 (0.5)]
sin a
1
2265 lbf in 2.265 kip in Ans.

TL

RH shoe:
30.41 pa 14.31 pa
4.694 pa
9.526
pa 225 / 4.694 47.93 psi
47.93
TR
2265 816 lbf in 0.816 kipin
133.1
F 225

T total = 2.27 + 0.82 = 3.09 kip in

Ans.
______________________________________________________________________________
16-4

(a) Given: 1 = 10, 2 = 75, a = 75, p a = 106 Pa, f = 0.24, b = 0.075 m (shoe width),
a = 0.150 m, r = 0.200 m, d = 0.050 m, c = 0.165 m.
Some of the terms needed are evaluated here:

2
2
2
2
1 2

A r sin d a sin cos d r cos a sin

1

1
1
2
1

75

200 cos 10 150 sin 2 77.5 mm

2
10
75 /180 rad
2
1

2
B sin d sin 2
0.528
1
2 4
10 /180 rad
75

sin cos d 0.4514

Now converting to Pascals and meters, we have from Eq. (16-2),

0.24 106 (0.075)(0.200)
f pabr
Mf
A
(0.0775) 289 N m
sin a
sin 75

Chapter 16, Page 4/27

From Eq. (16-3),

MN

pabra
106 (0.075)(0.200)(0.150)

B
(0.528) 1230 N m
sin a
sin 75

Finally, using Eq. (16-4), we have

F

MN M f
c

1230 289
5.70 kN
165

Ans.

(b) Use Eq. (16-6) for the primary shoe.

T

fpabr 2 (cos 1 cos 2 )

sin a

0.24 106 (0.075)(0.200)2 (cos 10 cos 75)

sin 75

541 N m

For the secondary shoe, we must first find p a . Substituting

1230
289
pa and M f 6 pa into Eq. (16 - 7),
6
10
10
(1230 / 106 ) pa (289 / 106 ) pa
5.70
, solving gives pa 619 103 Pa
165
MN

Then
T

0.24 619 103 0.075 0.2002 cos 10 cos 75

sin 75

335 N m

so the braking capacity is T total = 2(541) + 2(335) = 1750 N m

Ans.

(c) Primary shoes:

pabr
C f B Fx
sin a
106 (0.075)0.200

[0.4514 0.24(0.528)](10 3 ) 5.70 0.658 kN

sin 75
pabr
( B f C ) Fy
Ry
sin a
106 (0.075)0.200

[0.528 0.24(0.4514)] 10 3 0 9.88 kN

sin 75
Rx

Chapter 16, Page 5/27

Secondary shoes:
Rx

pabr
(C f B) Fx
sin a

0.619 106 0.075(0.200)

sin 75
0.143 kN
p br
Ry a ( B f C ) Fy
sin a

0.619 106 0.075(0.200)

4.03 kN

sin 75

[0.4514 0.24(0.528)] 10 3 5.70

[0.528 0.24(0.4514)] 10 3 0

Note from figure that +y for secondary shoe is opposite to

+y for primary shoe.
Combining horizontal and vertical components,
RH 0.658 0.143 0.801 kN
RV 9.88 4.03 5.85 kN
R (0.801) 2 5.852
5.90 kN Ans.
______________________________________________________________________________
16-5

Given: Face width b = 1.25 in, F = 90 lbf, f = 0.25.

Preliminaries: 1 = 45 tan1(6/8) = 8.13, 2 = 98.13, a = 90,
a = (62 + 82)1/2 = 10 in
Eq. (16-2):

f pabr 2
0.25 pa (1.25)6
Mf
sin r a cos d

sin a 1
1

98.13

sin 6 10 cos d

8.13

3.728 pa lbf in

Eq. (16-3):

MN

pabra 2 2
p (1.25)6(10)
sin d a

sin a 1
1

98.13

sin 2 d

8.13

69.405 pa lbf in

Eq. (16-4): Using Fc = M N M f , we obtain

90(20) (69.405 3.728) pa

pa 27.4 psi

Ans.

Chapter 16, Page 6/27

Eq. (16-6):

fp br 2 cos 1 cos 2 0.25(27.4)1.25 6 cos8.13 cos 98.13

T a

sin a
1
348.7 lbf in Ans.
______________________________________________________________________________
2

16-6

For 3 f :

f f 3 f 0.25 3(0.025) 0.325

From Prob. 16-5, with f = 0.25, M f = 3.728 p a . Thus, M f = (0.325/0.25) 3.728 p a =
4.846 p a . From Prob. 16-5, M N = 69.405 p a .
Eq. (16-4): Using Fc = M N M f , we obtain
90(20) (69.405 4.846) pa

pa 27.88 psi

Ans.

From Prob. 16-5, p a = 27.4 psi and T = 348.7 lbfin. Thus,

0.325 27.88
T

348.7 461.3 lbf in

0.25 27.4

Ans.

Similarly, for 3 f :
f f 3 f 0.25 3(0.025) 0.175
M f (0.175 / 0.25) 3.728 pa 2.610 pa

90(20) = (69.405 2.610) p a

p a = 26.95 psi
0.175 26.95
T

348.7 240.1 lbf in Ans.

0.25 27.4
______________________________________________________________________________
16-7

Preliminaries: 2 = 180 30 tan1(3/12) = 136, 1 = 20 tan1(3/12) = 6,

a = 90, sin a = 1, a = (32 + 122)1/2 = 12.37 in, r = 10 in, f = 0.30, b = 2 in, p a = 150 psi.
Eq. (16-2):

Mf

0.30(150)(2)(10) 136o
6 sin (10 12.37 cos ) d 12 800 lbf in
sin 90

Eq. (16-3):

MN

150(2)(10)(12.37) 136 2
6 sin d 53 300 lbf in
sin 90

LH shoe:
c L = 12 + 12 + 4 = 28 in

Chapter 16, Page 7/27

Now note that M f is cw and M N is ccw. Thus,

Eq. (16-6):

FL

53 300 12 800
1446 lbf
28

TL

0.30(150)(2)(10) 2 (cos 6 cos136)

15 420 lbf in
sin 90

RH shoe:
M N 53 300

pa
355.3 pa ,
150

M f 12 800

pa
85.3 pa
150

On this shoe, both M N and M f are ccw. Also,

c R = (24 2 tan 14) cos 14 = 22.8 in
Fact FL sin14 361 lbf Ans.
FR FL / cos14 1491 lbf
Thus,

1491

Then,

TR

355.3 85.3
pa pa 77.2 psi
22.8

0.30(77.2)(2)(10) 2 (cos 6 cos136)

7940 lbf in
sin 90

T total = 15 420 + 7940 = 23 400 lbf in Ans.

______________________________________________________________________________
16-8
2

M f 2 ( fdN )(a cos r )

0

where dN pbr d

2 fpbr (a cos r ) d 0
0

From which
2

a cos d r d

r 2
r (60)( / 180)
a

1.209r
sin 2
sin 60

Ans.

Chapter 16, Page 8/27

Eq. (16-15):
a

4r sin 60
1.170r
2(60)( / 180) sin[2(60)]

Ans.

a differs with a by 100(1.170 1.209)/1.209 = 3.23 %

Ans.
______________________________________________________________________________
16-9

(a) Counter-clockwise rotation, 2 = / 4 rad, r = 13.5/2 = 6.75 in

Eq. (16-15):
4r sin 2
4(6.75) sin( / 4)

7.426 in
a
2 2 sin 2 2
2 / 4 sin(2 / 4)
e 2a 2(7.426) 14.85 in

Ans.

(b)

= tan1(3/14.85) = 11.4

M
F
x

0 3F x 6.375P

0 F x R x

F x 2.125P

R x F x 2.125P

F y F x tan11.4o 0.428P
Fy P F y R y
R y P 0.428P 1.428P

Left shoe lever.

M R 0 7.78S x 15.28F x
15.28
Sx
(2.125P) 4.174P
7.78
S y f S x 0.30(4.174 P) 1.252P
Fy 0 R y S y F y

R y F y S y 0.428P 1.252 P 1.68P

Fx 0 R x S x F x
R x S x F x 4.174P 2.125P 2.049P

Chapter 16, Page 9/27

(c) The direction of brake pulley rotation affects the sense of Sy, which has no effect on
the brake shoe lever moment and hence, no effect on Sx or the brake torque.

The brake shoe levers carry identical bending moments but the left lever carries a
tension while the right carries compression (column loading). The right lever is
designed and used as a left lever, producing interchangeable levers (identical levers).
But do not infer from these identical loadings.
______________________________________________________________________________
16-10 r = 13.5/2 = 6.75 in,

b = 6 in,

2 = 45 = / 4 rad.

From Table 16-3 for a rigid, molded non-asbestos lining use a conservative estimate of
p a = 100 psi, f = 0.33.
Equation (16-16) gives the horizontal brake hinge pin reaction which corresponds to Sx in
Prob. 16-9. Thus,
p br
100(6)6.75
N S x a 2 2 sin 2 2
2 / 4 sin 2 45
2
2
5206 lbf

which, from Prob. 6-9 is 4.174 P. Therefore,

4.174 P = 5206

P = 1250 lbf = 1.25 kip

Ans.

Applying Eq. (16-18) for two shoes, where from Prob. 16-9, a = 7.426 in
T 2a f N 2(7.426)0.33(5206)
25 520 lbf in 25.52 kip in Ans.
______________________________________________________________________________

16-11 Given: D = 350 mm, b = 100 mm, p a = 620 kPa, f = 0.30, = 270.
Chapter 16, Page 10/27

Eq. (16-22):
pabD
620(0.100)0.350

10.85 kN
2
2

P1

Ans.

f 0.30(270)( / 180) 1.414

Eq. (16-19):

P 2 = P 1 exp( f ) = 10.85 exp( 1.414) = 2.64 kN

Ans.

T ( P1 P2 )( D / 2) (10.85 2.64)(0.350 / 2) 1.437 kN m Ans.

______________________________________________________________________________
16-12 Given: D = 12 in,

Eq. (16-22):

f = 0.28, b = 3.25 in, = 270, P 1 = 1800 lbf.

pa

2 P1
2(1800)

92.3 psi
bD 3.25(12)

Ans.

f 0.28(270o )( / 180o ) 1.319

P2 P1 exp( f ) 1800 exp(1.319) 481 lbf
T ( P1 P2 )( D / 2) (1800 481)(12 / 2)
7910 lbf in 7.91 kip in Ans.
______________________________________________________________________________
16-13

M O = 0 = 100 P 2 325 F P 2 = 325(300)/100 = 975 N Ans.

100
cos 1
51.32
160
270 51.32 218.7
f 0.30(218.7) / 180 1.145
P1 P2 exp( f ) 975exp(1.145) 3064 N
Ans.
T P1 P2 ( D / 2) (3064 975)(200 / 2)
209 103 N mm 209 N m

Ans.

______________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 16, Page 11/27

16-14 (a) D = 16 in, b = 3 in

n = 200 rev/min
f = 0.20, p a = 70 psi

Eq. (16-22):
P1

Eq. (16-14):

pabD
70(3)(16)
1680 lbf

2
2
f 0.20(3 / 2) 0.942

P2 P1 exp( f ) 1680 exp(0.942) 655 lbf

D
16
(1680 655)
2
2
8200 lbf in Ans.
Tn
8200(200)
H

26.0 hp
63 025
63 025
3P
3(1680)
504 lbf Ans.
P 1
10
10
T ( P1 P2 )

Ans.

(b) Force of belt on the drum:

R = (16802 + 6552)1/2 = 1803 lbf

Force of shaft on the drum: 1680 and 655 lbf
TP1 1680(8) 13 440 lbf in
TP2 655(8) 5240 lbf in

Net torque on drum due to brake band:

T TP1 TP2
13 440 5240
8200 lbf in

The radial load on the bearing pair is 1803 lbf. If the bearing is straddle mounted with
the drum at center span, the bearing radial load is 1803/2 = 901 lbf.

Chapter 16, Page 12/27

(c) Eq. (16-21):

2P
bD
2 P1
2(1680)

70 psi
3(16)
3(16)

p
p

Ans.

2P2
2(655)

27.3 psi Ans.

3(16)
3(16)
______________________________________________________________________________
p

270

16-15 Given: = 270, b = 2.125 in, f = 0.20, T =150 lbf ft, D = 8.25 in, c 2 = 2.25 in (see
figure). Notice that the pivoting rocker is not located on the vertical centerline of the
drum.
(a) To have the band tighten for ccw rotation, it is necessary to have c 1 < c 2 . When
friction is fully developed,

P1 / P2 exp( f ) exp[0.2(3 / 2)] 2.566

If friction is not fully developed,
P 1 /P 2 exp( f )
To help visualize what is going on lets add a force W parallel to P 1 , at a lever arm of
c 3 . Now sum moments about the rocker pivot.

0 c3W c1P1 c2 P2

From which

c2 P2 c1P1
c3
The device is self locking for ccw rotation if W is no longer needed, that is, W 0.
It follows from the equation above
W

P1
c
2
P2
c1

When friction is fully developed

2.566 2.25 / c1
2.25
c1
0.877 in
2.566

When P 1 /P 2 is less than 2.566, friction is not fully developed. Suppose P 1 /P 2 = 2.25,

Chapter 16, Page 13/27

then
c1

2.25
1 in
2.25

We dont want to be at the point of slip, and we need the band to tighten.
c2
c1 c2
P1 / P2

When the developed friction is very small, P 1 /P 2 1 and c 1 c 2

Ans.

(b) Rocker has c 1 = 1 in

P1
c
2.25
2
2.25
P2
c1
1
ln( P1 / P2 ) ln 2.25
f

0.172

3 / 2
Friction is not fully developed, no slip.
T ( P1 P2 )

P
D
D
P2 1 1
2
P2
2

Solve for P 2
2T
2(150)(12)

349 lbf
[( P1 / P2 ) 1]D
(2.25 1)(8.25)
P1 2.25P2 2.25(349) 785 lbf
2P
2(785)
p 1
89.6 psi Ans.
2.125(8.25)
bD

P2

(c) The torque ratio is 150(12)/100 or 18-fold.

349
P2
19.4 lbf
18
P1 2.25P2 2.25(19.4) 43.6 lbf
89.6
p
4.98 psi Ans.
18
Comment:
As the torque opposed by the locked brake increases, P 2 and P 1 increase (although
ratio is still 2.25), then p follows. The brake can self-destruct. Protection could be
provided by a shear key.
______________________________________________________________________________
16-16 Given: OD = 250 mm, ID = 175 mm, f = 0.30, F = 4 kN.

Chapter 16, Page 14/27

(a) From Eq. (16-23),

2 4000
2F
pa

0.194 N/mm 2 194 kPa

Ans.
d ( D d ) (175)(250 175)
Eq. (16-25):
Ff
4000(0.30)
T
(D d )
(250 175)10 3 127.5 N m Ans.
4
4
(b) From Eq. (16-26),

4F
4(4000)

0.159 N/mm 2 159 kPa

2
2
2
2
( D d ) (250 175 )

pa
Eq. (16-27):
T

f pa ( D3 d 3 )

(0.30)159 103 2503 1753 10 3

Ans.

12
12
128 N m Ans.
______________________________________________________________________________

16-17 Given: OD = 6.5 in, ID = 4 in, f = 0.24, p a = 120 psi.

(a) Eq. (16-23):
pa d
(120)(4)
F
(D d )
(6.5 4) 1885 lbf Ans.
2
2
Eq. (16-24) with N sliding planes:
fpa d 2
(0.24)(120)(4)
T
(D d 2 ) N
(6.52 42 )(6)
8
8
7125 lbf in Ans.
(b)

(0.24)(120d )
8

(6.52 d 2 )(6)

d, in T, lbf in
2
5191
3
6769
4
7125
Ans.
5
5853
6
2545
(c) The torque-diameter curve exhibits a stationary point maximum in the range of
diameter d. The clutch has nearly optimal proportions.
______________________________________________________________________________
16-18 (a) Eq. (16-24) with N sliding planes:

Chapter 16, Page 15/27

 f pa d ( D 2 d 2 ) N

f pa N
8

D d d
2

Differentiating with respect to d and equating to zero gives

dT
f pa N 2

D 3d 2 0

8
dd
D
d*
Ans.
3
f pa N
3 f pa N
d 2T
6
d
d
2
8
4
dd

which is negative for all positive d. We have a stationary point maximum.

(b)

d*

6.5
3.75 in
3

Eq. (16-24):
T*

Ans.

(0.24)(120) 6.5 / 3 2
2
6.5 6.5 / 3 (6) 7173 lbf in
8

(c) The table indicates a maximum within the range: 3 d 5 in

d
(d) Consider:
0.80
0.45
D
Multiply through by D,
0.45D d 0.80D
0.45(6.5) d 0.80(6.5)
2.925 d 5.2 in
*

1
d
0.577
d * /D
3
D
which lies within the common range of clutches.
Yes. Ans.
______________________________________________________________________________

16-19 Given: d = 11 in,

l = 2.25 in, T = 1800 lbf in,

D = 12 in,

f = 0.28.

0.5

tan 1
12.53
2.25

Chapter 16, Page 16/27

Uniform wear
Eq. (16-45):

f pa d 2
D d2

8sin
(0.28) pa (11) 2
1800
12 112 128.2 pa

8sin12.53
1800
14.04 psi Ans.
pa
128.2
T

Eq. (16-44):

pa d

(D d )

(14.04)11
2

(12 11) 243 lbf

Ans.

Uniform pressure
Eq. (16-48):

f pa
D3 d 3

12 sin
(0.28) pa
1800
123 113 134.1 pa

12sin12.53
1800
pa
Ans.
13.42 psi
134.1
T

Eq. (16-47):

pa

(13.42)

122 112 242 lbf Ans.

4
4
______________________________________________________________________________
F

(D 2 d 2 )

16-20 Uniform wear

Eq. (16-34):
Eq. (16-33):
Thus,

1
( 2 1) f pa ri ro2 ri 2
2
F = ( 2 1 ) p a r i (r o r i )
T

(1 / 2)( 2 1) f pa ri ro2 ri 2
T

f ( 2 1) pa ri (ro ri )( D)
f FD
r ri
D / 2 d / 2 1
d
o

1 O.K .
D
2D
2D
4

Ans.

Uniform pressure
Eq. (16-38):

1
( 2 1) f pa ro3 ri3
3

Chapter 16, Page 17/27

Eq. (16-37):

1
( 2 1) pa ro2 ri 2
2

Thus,

(1 / 3)( 2 1) f pa ro3 ri3

T
2 ( D / 2)3 (d / 2)3

f FD (1 / 2) f ( 2 1) pa ro2 ri 2 D
3 ( D / 2) 2 (d / 2)2 D
2( D / 2)3 1 (d / D)3
1 1 (d / D) 3

O.K . Ans.
3( D / 2)2 1 (d / D) 2 D 3 1 (d / D) 2
______________________________________________________________________________
16-21

2 n / 60 2 500 / 60 52.4 rad/s

T

2(103 )
38.2 N m
52.4

Key:
T
38.2

3.18 kN
r
12
Average shear stress in key is
3.18(103 )

13.2 MPa Ans.
6(40)
Average bearing stress is
F
3.18(103 )
b

26.5 MPa
Ab
3(40)
Let one jaw carry the entire load.
F

Ans.

1 26 45

17.75 mm
2 2
2
38.2
T
F

2.15 kN
rav 17.75

rav

The bearing and shear stress estimates are

2.15 103

22.6 MPa Ans.

10(22.5 13)
2.15(103 )
0.869 MPa Ans.

10 0.25 (17.75) 2

______________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 16, Page 18/27

16-22

1 2 n / 60 2 (1600) / 60 167.6 rad/s

2 0
From Eq. (16-51),
I1I 2
Tt1
2800(8)

133.7 lbf in s 2
I1 I 2 1 2 167.6 0

Eq. (16-52):
E

I1 I 2
133.7
2
(167.6 0) 2 1.877 106 lbf in
1 2
2 I1 I 2
2

H = E / 9336 = 1.877(106) / 9336 = 201 Btu

In Btu, Eq. (16-53):

Eq. (16-54):

H
201

41.9F Ans.
C pW
0.12(40)
______________________________________________________________________________
T

16-23

n1 n2
260 240

250 rev/min
2
2
C s = ( 2 1 ) / = (n 2 n 1 ) / n = (260 240) / 250 = 0.08
n

Eq. (16-62):

Ans.

= 2 (250) / 60 = 26.18 rad/s

From Eq. (16-64):
I

6.75 103
E2 E1

123.1 N m s 2
2
2
Cs
0.08(26.18)

m 2
do di2
8

8I
8(123.1)

233.9 kg
2
d di
1.52 1.42

Table A-5, cast iron unit weight = 70.6 kN/m3

Volume:

2
o

= 70.6(103) / 9.81 = 7197 kg / m3.

V = m / = 233.9 / 7197 = 0.0325 m3

V t d o2 d i2 / 4 t 1.52 1.4 2 / 4 0.2278t

Equating the expressions for volume and solving for t,

0.0325
t
0.143 m 143 mm
0.2278

Ans.

Chapter 16, Page 19/27

______________________________________________________________________________
16-24 (a) The useful work performed in one revolution of the crank shaft is
U = 320 (103) 200 (103) 0.15 = 9.6 (103) J
Accounting for friction, the total work done in one revolution is
U = 9.6(103) / (1 0.20) = 12.0(103) J
Since 15% of the crank shaft stroke accounts for 7.5% of a crank shaft revolution, the
energy fluctuation is
E 2 E 1 = 9.6(103) 12.0(103)(0.075) = 8.70(103) J
(b) For the flywheel,

Since
Eq. (16-64):

Ans.

n 6(90) 540 rev/min

2 n
2 (540)

56.5 rad/s

60
60

C s = 0.10
E E
8.70(103 )
I 2 21
27.25 N m s 2
2
Cs
0.10(56.5)

Assuming all the mass is concentrated at the effective diameter, d,

md 2
I mr
4
4I
4(27.25)
75.7 kg Ans.
m 2
d
1.22
______________________________________________________________________________
2

16-25 Use Ex. 16-6 and Table 16-6 data for one cylinder of a 3-cylinder engine.
Cs 0.30
n 2400 rev/min or 251 rad/s
3(3368)
Tm
804 lbf in
Ans.
4
E2 E1 3(3531) 10 590 in lbf
E E
10 590
0.560 in lbf s 2 Ans.
I 2 21
2
0.30(251 )
Cs
______________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 16, Page 20/27

16-26 (a)
(1)

(T2 )1 F21rP

T2
T
rP 2
rG
n

Ans.

Equivalent energy

(2)

(1 / 2) I 222 (1 / 2)( I 2 )1 12
I
22
( I 2 )1 2 I 2 22
1
n
2

(3)

Ans.

I G rG mG rG rG
n4
I P rP mP rP rP

From (2)

( I 2 )1

(b) I e I M I P n 2 I P

IL
n2

IG
n4 I P

n2I P
n2
n2

Ans.

Ans.

______________________________________________________________________________
16-27 (a) Reflect I L , I G2 to the center shaft

Chapter 16, Page 21/27

Reflect the center shaft to the motor shaft

I e I M I P n2I P

I P m2
I
2 I P 2L 2
2
n
n
mn

(b) For R = constant = nm, I e I M

(c) For R = 10,

Ans.

IP
R2I P
I
I P n I P 2 4 L2
n
n
R
2

Ans.

I e
2(1) 4(102 )(1)
0 0 2n(1) 3
00
n
n5
n
n6 n2 200 = 0

From which
n* 2.430 Ans.
10
m*
4.115
2.430

Ans.

Notice that n*and m* are independent of I L .

______________________________________________________________________________
16-28 From Prob. 16-27,
IP
R2I P
I

L2
2
4
n
n
R
1
100(1)
100
10 1 n 2 (1) 2
2
n
n4
10
100
1
12 n 2 2 4
n
n

Ie I M I P n2I P

Chapter 16, Page 22/27

Optimizing the partitioning of a double reduction lowered the gear-train inertia to

20.9/112 = 0.187, or to 19% of that of a single reduction. This includes the two additional
gears.
______________________________________________________________________________
16-29 Figure 16-29 applies,
t2 10 s, t1 0.5 s
t2 - t1 10 0.5

19
t1
0.5

The load torque, as seen by the motor shaft (Rule 1, Prob. 16-26), is
TL

1300(12)
1560 lbf in
10

The rated motor torque T r is

Tr

63 025(3)
168.07 lbf in
1125

For Eqs. (16-65):

2
(1125) 117.81 rad/s
60
2
(1200) 125.66 rad/s
s
60
168.07
Tr
a

21.41 lbf in s/rad

125.66 117.81
s r
168.07(125.66)
Trs
b

2690.4 lbf in
s r 125.66 117.81

Chapter 16, Page 23/27

The linear portion of the squirrel-cage motor characteristic can now be expressed as
Eq. (16-68):

T M = 21.41 + 2690.4 lbf in

19

1560 168.07
T2 168.07

1560 T2

One root is 168.07 which is for infinite time. The root for 10 s is desired. Use a
successive substitution method
T2
0.00
19.30
24.40
26.00
26.50

New T 2
19.30
24.40
26.00
26.50
26.67

Continue until convergence to

T 2 = 26.771 lbf in
Eq. (16-69):
a t2 t1
21.41(10 0.5)

110.72 lbf in s 2
ln T2 / Tr ln(26.771 / 168.07)
T b

a
T b 26.771 2690.4
max 2

124.41 rad/s Ans.

a
21.41
min 117.81 rad/s Ans.
124.41 117.81

121.11 rad/s
2
124.41 117.81
max min
Cs

0.0545 Ans.
(max min ) / 2 (124.41 117.81) / 2
1
1
E1 I r2 (110.72)(117.81) 2 768 352 in lbf
2
2
1
1
E2 I 22 (110.72)(124.41) 2 856 854 in lbf
2
2
E E2 E1 856 854 768 352 88 502 in lbf
I

Eq. (16-64):
E Cs I 2 0.0545(110.72)(121.11) 2
88 508 in lbf, close enough Ans.

Chapter 16, Page 24/27

During the punch

63 025H
n
TL (60 / 2 ) 1560(121.11)(60 / 2 )
H
28.6 hp

63 025
63 025
T

The gear train has to be sized for 28.6 hp under shock conditions since the flywheel is on
the motor shaft. From Table A-18,

m 2
W 2
d o di2
d o di2
8
8g
8gI
8(386)(110.72)
W 2

2
d o di
d o2 di2
I

If a mean diameter of the flywheel rim of 30 in is acceptable, try a rim thickness of 4 in

di 30 (4 / 2) 28 in
d o 30 (4 / 2) 32 in
8(386)(110.72)
189.1 lbf
W
322 282
Rim volume V is given by
V

d
4

2
o

di2

l
4

(322 282 ) 188.5l

where l is the rim width as shown in Table A-18. The specific weight of cast iron is
= 0.260 lbf / in3, therefore the volume of cast iron is
V

189.1
727.3 in 3
0.260

Equating the volumes,

188.5 l 727.3
727.3
l
3.86 in wide
188.5

Proportions can be varied.

______________________________________________________________________________
16-30 Prob. 16-29 solution has I for the motor shaft flywheel as

Chapter 16, Page 25/27

I = 110.72 lbf in s2
A flywheel located on the crank shaft needs an inertia of 102 I (Prob. 16-26, rule 2)
I = 102(110.72) = 11 072 lbf in s2
A 100-fold inertia increase. On the other hand, the gear train has to transmit 3 hp under
shock conditions.
Stating the problem is most of the solution. Satisfy yourself that on the crankshaft:
TL 1300(12) 15 600 lbf in
Tr 10(168.07) 1680.7 lbf in
r 117.81 / 10 11.781 rad/s
s 125.66 / 10 12.566 rad/s
a 21.41(100) 2141 lbf in s/rad
b 2690.35(10) 26903.5 lbf in
TM 2141c 26 903.5 lbf in
19

15 600 1680.5
T2 1680.6

15 600 T2

The root is 10(26.67) = 266.7 lbf in

121.11 / 10 12.111 rad/s

Cs 0.0549 (same)
max 121.11 / 10 12.111 rad/s Ans.
min 117.81 / 10 11.781 rad/s Ans.

E 1 , E 2 , E and peak power are the same. From Table A-18

6
8gI
8(386)(11 072) 34.19 10
W 2

d o di2
d o2 di2
d o2 di2

Scaling will affect d o and d i , but the gear ratio changed I. Scale up the flywheel in the
Prob. 16-29 solution by a factor of 2.5. Thickness becomes 4(2.5) = 10 in.
d 30(2.5) 75 in
do 75 (10 / 2) 80 in
di 75 (10 / 2) 70 in

Chapter 16, Page 26/27

34.19 106

3026 lbf
802 702
W
3026
V

11 638 in 3
0.260

l (802 702 ) 1178 l

4
11 638
l
9.88 in
1178

Proportions can be varied. The weight has increased 3026/189.1 or about 16-fold while
the moment of inertia I increased 100-fold. The gear train transmits a steady 3 hp. But the
motor armature has its inertia magnified 100-fold, and during the punch there are
deceleration stresses in the train. With no motor armature information, we cannot
comment.
______________________________________________________________________________
16-31 This can be the basis for a class discussion.

Chapter 16, Page 27/27