Professional Documents
Culture Documents
History
Europe
England:
• Economics – enclosure
o Economy began to revive
o Enclosure: property owners fence off land for grazing
Squatters kicked off Hiof land => landless population
o Colonies = solution for landless peoples
• Merchant capitalism
o Merchants in look for investment opportunities
Development of joint-stock companies
• Nationalism
o Spain = Britain’s greatest rival
o Defeat of Spanish Armada
o Belief that Britain could compete with Spain
• Mercantilism
o Economic theory
o Increase nation’s wealth at expense of other countries
Export more
Import less
o Colonies to provide raw materials nonexistent in mother-country
o Colonies = increased consumers
o Colonies seen as subservient to mother-country
• Religion: Protestant Reformation, Henry VIII
o Henry VIII married to Catharine of Aragon
Birth of Mary Tudor
o Impregnates Anne Boleyn
Demands annulment from Pope
Pope refuses
o Henry VIII breaks away from Catholic church
Forms Catholic Church
Himself as head
o Anne Boleyn gives birth to girl
Elizabeth I
Anne Boleyn beheaded
o Marries Jane Seymour
Gives birth to boy
• Edward
Jane Seymour dies shortly after birth
o Marries Catherine Howard
Commits adultery
Beheaded
o Marries Catherine Parr
Page 1 of 34
U.S. History
Protestant ideals
o Throne inherited by Edward
Dies before adulthood
o Throne left to Mary Tudor and Elizabeth
Mary Tudor becomes queen
• Replaces Anglican church with Catholic church
• Allowed persecution of protestants
• Marries Philip II of Spain
• Dies from growth in stomach
Elizabeth I becomes queen
• Replaces Catholic church with Anglican Church
• Intense persecution of Catholics
Ireland:
Colonial America
The Chesapeake:
• Virginia
o Roanoke
Vanished Colony
Assumed Indian ambush
o Jamestown
John Smith
o Tobacco
Economic salvation
Needed cheap labor
Needed land
o Indentured Servants
Page 2 of 34
U.S. History
New England:
• Puritans
o Purify church and society
Make society better
o Work ethic
Key to glorification of God
Served his purpose
o Congregation and salvation
o Responsibility for unconverted
• Separatists-Puritans
o Went to Holland
o Attained charter to settle in New World
Settle in Plymouth
o Built the Mayflower
o Mayflower compact
o
Rules by which they would live
Page 3 of 34
U.S. History
Page 4 of 34
U.S. History
Domestic livestock
• Women took care of livestock preparation
Food preservation for winter
o Town life
Intra-town trading for needed goods
Restoration Colonies:
Page 5 of 34
U.S. History
• Equality
o William Penn
Receives charter from king
Advertises colonies/land in Europe
Offers freedom of religion
o Immigration
Germans
• Experiencing religious discrimination in Europe
• Known as ‘Pennsylvania Deutsch’
Scots-Irish
Swedes
o Conditions
Fertile land
Healthy climate
o Life
Best relationship with Indians out of all colonies
Immigrants = successful farmers
Very liberal
• Georgia
o Last colony to be established (1733)
o General Oglethorpe
Ruled with heavy hand
o Purpose
Established as military buffer-zone against Spaniards in Florida
o Immigrants
Convicts/criminals
Fewest English colonists
Largest Jewish population
• Extremely strong anti-Semitic sentiments
o Life
Colonists demand more land
General Oglethorpe replaced by royal rule
• Population Boom
o More women, larger families
o Mortality rates drop
o Very few immigrants actually attained dreams of wealth and property
• Interior
o France wanted to keep English from expanding west
o Spain wanted to keep English from expanding south
• Farming Society in the North
o Land ownership
Page 6 of 34
U.S. History
Higher ownership
Smaller income gap between rich and poor
Division of land amongst sons
o Farm size and fertility
Division of land = smaller farms per person
Land becomes less and less fertile
• Due to over-farming
o New values
More materialistic
More individualistic
Less spiritual
Concerns that younger generation is losing focus
o Women
Acted as business-partners for husbands
o More diversified economy
• Plantation South
o Improvements
o Tobacco coast
Gentry lifestyle (culture of leisure)
• To be a gentleman
o Gentleman of leisure
o Do not work for a living
o Negative association with work
o Higher education
o Arts
o Government service
o ‘Grand Tour’ of Europe
o Plantations
Large working farms
Fairly isolated
o Rice coast
Very rank/class-conscious society
Tobacco and rice = main crops
o Economic problems
Surplus of rice = lower prices
Ups and downs
• Witchcraft
• International Conflict
o European wars
Indians hired as mercenaries
Problems in North East (New England) due to Indian wars
• Slavery
o Beginnings
Page 7 of 34
U.S. History
Witch Trials:
• Origins
o Family/class rivalries
o Hysteria/superstition
o Lack of understanding
o Fear led to scapegoating
• Witchcraft tests
o Usually defied logical sense
Page 8 of 34
U.S. History
Instability:
• Revival of Mercantilism
o Colonies begin to trade with many other countries other than Britain
o Britain begins to unify empire
o Navigation Acts
Taxes on trade
Customs house in ever port to enforce trade rules and taxes
Colonies begin to evade these regulations
• Dominion of New England
o Revoke charter of Massachusetts
o Under royal rule
o Colonies lost constitutional assemblies
o Unified all colonies of New England
• Glorious Revolution (1688)
o Rise of parliamentary power in England
o James II’s child accused of being ‘smuggled’
In reality, he was legitimate
o Son was baptized Roman Catholic
Religious motives to prevent inheritance of throne
Royal family forced to flee
o William and Mary of Orange = new rulers of England
Appointed by parliament
• Urban growth
o Political and economic importance
Centers of social and political exchange
Exchange of new ideas
• Enlightenment
o Contributed to revolutionary mindset
o Reason and self-thinking
o Potential for improvement
• Great Awakening 1720-1760
o Individual responsibility
o Religious pluralism
o Separation of church and state
Established church = official church of the state
o Rehearsal for revolution
Idea of being in charge of one’s own life
Vastly empowering
Page 9 of 34
U.S. History
• Political life
o Colonial government
Balanced interests
Composition
Voting and office-holding
• Women do not vote
• Indians do not vote
• Most blacks do not vote
Representation: actual/virtual
• Colonists = actual
o Elected representatives truly represent the local
voter
• British = virtual
o Elected representatives represent the whole of
Britain
o Legislative assemblies
Power to initiate legislation
• Ability to make laws themselves
Power of the purse
• Control of money
o Local politics
o Political protest tradition
Colonists believed that political protest was absolutely normal
and right
English believed complete opposite
Freedom of expression
• Political Ideas
o Republicanism
People rule through elected representatives
o People retain sovereignty
Political authority
o Government derives powers from people
Leaders answer to the people
Not God alone
o Government based on Locke’s social contract
Life
Liberty
Property
Government must be given consent by people
o Tyranny, slavery, liberty, virtue (virtuous citizen)
Hobbes v. Locke
Debate over whether human nature is evil or virtuous
• Seven Years War/French & Indian War
Page 10 of 34
U.S. History
Page 11 of 34
U.S. History
Page 12 of 34
U.S. History
o Crimes of king
List of grievances
o Public relations document
To secure foreign support
Clarify causes for break
“all men are created equal”
• ‘Men’ = white property owners
“life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”
• Locke’s ‘property’ changed to ‘pursuit of happiness’
• 3 phases
• Revolution in North
o British troops from Canada/Nova Scotia
o Boston taken
o George Washington
Great leader
Much experience
Weak military strategies
o Treaty of Paris
Ends war
America
Revolutionary Effects:
Page 13 of 34
U.S. History
States:
Page 14 of 34
U.S. History
Economy in stranglehold
o Revenue
States in debt
No money anywhere
o Congress
Unsuccessful in decisions
• Success
o Land policy
States ceded lands to Congress
Ordinance of 1784
• Process of statehood
Ordinance of 1785
• Grid system for land allocation
• Public school in every township section 16
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
• Established Northwest Territory north of Ohio River
o Religious freedom
o Jury trial
o No slavery
Pressure on Indians for Treaties
• Wayne
o Military commander
• Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)
Economic Problems:
• Shays’ Rebellion
o Massachusetts
o Debt relief
o Daniel Shays
• Depression and debt
• State debt and taxation
o To counter debts
• Poor farmer resistance & demand for paper money
o Increased printing of money = inflation
The Constitution:
• Demands
o Propertied interests
o Creditors
o Manufacturers
o Soldiers
• Annapolis Convention (1786)
Page 15 of 34
U.S. History
o Colonial representatives
o Discuss trade
o Only five states attended
o No quorum
• Shays’ Rebellion
o Unified states in recognition of problem and need for solution
• Constitutional Convention (1787)
o Key decisions
Washington
• Presides over convention
Secrecy
• Convention to be held in complete secrecy
• No leaks at all
• Wanted freedom from public pressure/political
repercussions
• James Madison (father of constitution)
Madison’s Virginia Plan
• Based on population
• Two house Congress
• Proportional representation (population)
• New Jersey Plan
o 1 house congress
o Equal sate representation
• Great Compromise
o Lower house
Population
o Upper house
Equal state representation elected by state legislatures
o 3/5 clause for representation & taxation
o Slave trade to continue for 20 years
o Fugitive slave provision
Provides for return of escaped slaves in North
• 3 Branches, new powers, checks & balances
o Power to tax, regulate commerce, etc.
o Necessary & proper clause
Congress can do what is within their power to fulfill constitution
o Solved revenue problem
Nation no longer dependent on state decisions for money
• No definition of citizenship, protected rights
• Federalism
o Solved problems of sovereignty
Both states and fed. Government derived power from people
Federal Government can tax in addition to state
Page 16 of 34
U.S. History
• George Washington
• John Adams
o 1st vice president
• Executive branch
o State
Thomas Jefferson = Secretary of State
o Treasury
Alexander Hamilton = Secretary of the Treasury
o War
• Judiciary Act of 1789
o Set up federal court system (lower)
• Bill of Rights
o First 10 amendments to Constitution
1
• Freedom of religion
• Freedom of speech
• Freedom of press
• Fight to petition
• Peaceful assembly
2
• Right to bear arms
3
• Quartering of soldiers
4
• Search without warrant
5
• Capital crime by grand jury
• Cannot be forced to testify against yourself
• Can’t be tried twice for same conviction (double jeopardy)
• Due process of law
• Eminent domain
o Compensation for public usage of property
Page 17 of 34
U.S. History
6
• Speedy and public trial
• Right to witnesses
• Informed of nature of crime
• Right to have a lawyer
7
• Jury for civil trials
8
• No excessive bail
• No cruel or unusual punishment
9
• Existence of people’s other rights not mentioned
10
• Additional powers not mentioned left to the states/people
(implied powers) necessary powers can be followed
through by Congress
Political Parties:
• Jeffersonian Republicans
o French Revolution
French asks America for help
o Genet Affair
Frenchman criticizes Washington
o 1796 Adams Vs. Jefferson
o Quasi War
o France
High tensions between America and France
o XYZ Affair
French agents ask for bribes before negotiations
o Alien and Sedition Acts
Alien act: president has power to expel, imprison aliens without
trial
Sedition act: crime to express any ideas that criticizes/disrespects
government
Brings government into disrepute
o Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions 1789/99 nullification
Jefferson suggested that states have right to determine
constitutionality of federal laws
Nullification: right to pick and choose which laws to enforce
No supporters, but provoked much discussion on alien and
sedition acts, and the course of country
• Strong federal powers or more power to people
o Revolution of 1800
Election of 1800
• Thomas Jefferson elected
• More open, more liberal direction
o Judiciary Act of 1801 & Midnight Appts.
Passed by congress under Madison
• Marbury Vs. Madison (1803)
o Marbury = suing judge
o John Marshall
Member of supreme court
Made many important rulings
Rules that Marbury is entitled to court commission, BUT decides
Judiciary Act of 1789’s Writ of Mandamus unconstitutional
o Judicial review
Power of judicial branch to review/deem laws unconstitutional
• McCulloch Vs. Maryland (1819)
o Implied powers
Government has powers to do what is deemed ‘necessary and
proper’
Page 19 of 34
U.S. History
Jeffersonian Era:
• Limited Government
o Supported by Jefferson
o Did not think that government had/needed much power
Only needed foreign affairs, land management, etc.
Focus should be at state level
Wanted to reduce national debt
• Agrarian Republic
o Political liberty
In order to have true political liberty, equal distribution of political
power (equality)
Broad wealth distribution
Believed political equality lay in farming society
o Independent yeoman farmer
Independent, self-sustaining farmer
Concerned with public good (virtuous citizen)
Has investment in community
Need land for such society
o Benefits of expansion
Secure borders
More living room
Sale of public lands = reduce national debt
• Louisiana Purchase
o Lewis & Clark Expedition
Searched for water-route to Pacific
Collected information on flora and fauna
Retuned home with animals and plant samples
o Indians
Hostile, and docile groups
• Foreign Affairs and Neutral Rights
o Trade: Britain & France
Both countries try to prevent American trade with the other
• Violation of American rights as neutral country
o Impressment
British practice
Captured American/Frenchmen and forced them into service
Brutal conditions/discipline
Seized American merchant ships (claimed desertion)
• British did not recognize ‘naturalization’ of French
immigrants
Violation of American rights as neutral country
H.M.S. Leopard Vs. U.S.S. Chesapeake
Page 20 of 34
U.S. History
Page 21 of 34
U.S. History
• Effects of War
o Nationalism
o Economic growth, manufacturing, tariffs
Tariffs = taxes on imported goods
Importation of manufacturing technologies
Hurts south, who had always imported goods
o Expansion
Indians
Transportation
• Steamboat
• Railways
West
• Opening of western land
• Land speculation increase
• Era of Good Feelings
o After War of 1812
o President Monroe tours all of country
o Only one political party
• Panic of 1819
o Economic depression
o Began in land speculation
Easy credit policies
Bad loans
Foreclosures
Page 22 of 34
U.S. History
Page 23 of 34
U.S. History
Page 24 of 34
U.S. History
Economic Growth:
• Economic Expansion
o Great population increase
Both natural and by immigration
• Immigrants = cheap labor
o Transportation
Roads, canals, railroads
o Government sponsorship for economic growth
Court-supported property laws
Innovation
New businesses
Emphasis on education
• Free public education
• North – Agriculture
• South – Cotton
• Manufacturing
o Mainly in north
o Industrial manufacturing
• Capitalism
o Economic policies (capitalism) of Adam Smith
o Economic competition
Free market
Based on supply and demand/competition
The South:
Page 25 of 34
U.S. History
• Cotton
o Brokers/factors as bankers
Advances/lends money to planters for growing season
o Lack of transportation
Planters did not need/build means of transportation
o Profitability of cotton
Bulk of southern economy
Due to northern textile mill growth
o Investment in land and slaves
o Values
Culture of leisure
• Did not believe in actual work
Gentry lifestyle
• Frowned upon factory management
• Society
o ¼ slave owners
¼ of whites
Majority owned 5 or fewer slaves
o Planter class – new rich
20 slaves = requirement to enter Planter class
o Risky business, instability
Cycles of prosperity and inflation
o Determination to defend status
o Avoid ‘work’, admiration of military
o Honor – dignity and authority, manhood
o Lady – right of protection, duty to obey, active producers, little education
• Poor Whites
o Yeoman farmer, no education
Unable to break in to planting
Lived near cotton terrain, tried to set aside some land to move up
to cotton
Supported planters by ginning and other small jobs
o Hill people and subsistence agriculture
Small family farmers
Lived in mountainous terrain
‘Hillbillies’
Just enough income to feed family
o Isolated from commercial cotton economy
Lack of education and status
Nowhere to go
Stuck in their class
o Other small farmers dependent on planters
Gins
Markets
Page 26 of 34
U.S. History
Credit
o Household economy
• Free Blacks
Reform:
• Cycles of history
• Foundations of reform
o Areas that need improvement become noticed
• Second Great Awakening
o Emphasis on personal responsibility
o Idea of universal salvation
• Poverty, Women, Slavery
o Women play more active role in charity organizations
o Human equality before God
Churches come to believe that slavery is morally wrong
• Most significant reform movements & why?
o Abolition
Many believed transition should be gradual rather than
immediate
• Compensation for owners?
• Sudden loss of labor
• Colonization of Africans in Africa was possible solution
o Present day Liberia – African colonization effort
o Temperance (anti-alcohol)
Seen as
• Religious reform
• Pro-family
• Pro-children
Problems of domestic violence
Squandering of family wage by men
• Drinking
• Gambling at the saloons
• Prostitution
o Venereal diseases
o Women’s Rights
Closely allied with abolitionist movement
Lack of suffrage seen as main problem
• Women had no political clout
Large convention at Seneca Falls
• Wide array of issues/grievances
Later on, women seen as tool to gather more votes
• To further men’s own agendas
• (slavery, temperance, etc.)
Page 27 of 34
U.S. History
o Education
Growth of public schools
Growth of colleges
Standardization of curriculum
Webster’s dictionary
o Prisons
Old prisons modeled on European system
Limits on who could be jailed (no debtors, etc.)
Emphasis shift from punishment to more rehabilitation
Sectionalism:
• Manifest Destiny
o Idea that America’s cultural and ideological superiority gave us right and
duty to expand to rest of continent
• Texas
o Alamo
Major defeat
Mexican general Santana overwhelms Fort Alamo
Americans fight to the death
• Martyrs
o San Jacinto
American Victory
Texas established as the ‘Lone Star’
• Wants to join the union as state
• Turned down because of upset of free-slave state balance
• James Polk
o Wanted territory
o Sends negotiators to Mexico
Wants to purchase California and Mexican territories
• The Mexican War
o Motivation
Expansion
Territorial greed
o War
American army stationed along border
Mexicans => Pre-emptive attack
o Objections
Northerners opposed to war
• Saw war as a Southern war for expansion of slavery
o Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
U.S. receives 1/3 of Mexican land
• Includes land all the way to entire western seaboard
• Development of Sectionalism
Page 28 of 34
U.S. History
Civil War:
• Union strategy
o Split Confederacy down Mississippi
Capture of Louisiana successful
• Confederate strategy
o Based on defense (easier)
• Policy and politics
o Foreign policy
Page 29 of 34
U.S. History
Page 30 of 34
U.S. History
• Extremely uncompromising
• Emancipation Proclamation
o Announced after Battle of Antietam
o Military measure
o Southern states would be freed if Southern states do not cease fighting
Only Southern states, border states untouched
• In order to keep border states with union
o Hurts Confederacy
States see hope
Production slows
Slaves escape
o African American men can volunteer for military service
Border state slave enlistment = high
African American enlistment = 1/8 of all troops
Extremely critical for war, reconstruction, rights movements
• 1863-1863 Union Gains
o Battle of Gettysburg
o Civil war considered ‘first modern war’
Large casualty rates due to technological improvements
Desertion rates increase
• Successful Union generals
o Grant
Eastern front
o Sherman
Rips through deep south
Appropriation of any supplies that could support South
Reaches Savannah near Christmas, plows on through North
Carolina
• Appomatox
o Lee surrenders
o ‘healing peace’
No harsh feelings
o Lincoln assassinated 5 days later by John Wilkes Booth
Ford’s Theatre
First presidential assassination
National shock
o 618,000 men dead
• Aftermath
o Mass loss of middle-aged men
o Women in workforce
o Kids must grow fast
o Injured men must continue work/business
o Heavy economic costs
Page 31 of 34
U.S. History
Reconstruction
• Johnson
o Restoration of property rights
o Full pardon
o Amnesty
• Congress
o Civil Rights Act
o Fourteenth Amendment
Citizenship
Due process
Suffrage
Office holding
Compensation
• Moderate Republicans & 15th Amendment
o Race
o Politics
o Gender
• Johnson
• Congress
o Civil Rights Act
o Fourteenth Amendment
Citizenship
Page 32 of 34
U.S. History
Due process
Suffrage
Officeholding
Compensation
• Moderate Republicans & 15th Amendment
o Race
o Politics
o Gender
• Southern Economics
o Crop lien system (sharecropping)
Farmers (both black and white)
Provides a degree of independence compared to contract laboring
Farmland rented out
• Share of crop at end of harvest
• Equipment/supplies lent out on credit
o High interest
o Perpetual debt
o Vicious cycle
o Provided cheap labor force for landowning class
o Scapegoat of blacks to prevent a united laboring
class
o Black Self-Help
African Americans take things into their own hands
• Black public schools
• Black colleges
• Creation of black middle class
o Leads others through transition
• Jim Crow segregation
o Banks, stores, restaurants, etc.
• Black banks
o Created opportunities
o Supported black communities
• Black Insurance
o Because white insurance companies would not
serve blacks
o State Reconstruction
Carpetbaggers
• Northern republicans (many former Northern soldiers)
• Detested by Southerners
• Looked for business opportunities
Scalawags
• ‘scoundrels’ that betrayed the South by cooperating with
North
Page 33 of 34
U.S. History
Page 34 of 34