Chapter 30.

Sources of the Magnetic Field

30.1 The Biot-Savart Law

Magnetic field is generated by a conductor carrying a steady
current.
dB =

0
4
Ids r
r
2

The vector dB is perpendicular both to ds (direction of
current) and r .

0
= 4 10
-7
Tm/A , is the permeability of free space.

Total magnetic field B due to a current-carrying conductor:
B =

0
I
4
ds r
r
2

Example: A thin, straight wire carrying a constant current I.
Calculate the total magnetic field at point P.

Solution: Using the Right-Hand Rule, the
direction of the field at P is into the
paper.

r = s
2
+ R
2

sin = sin( ) =
R
s
2
+ R
2


B = 2

0
I
4
Rds
(s
2
+ R
2
)
3/ 2
0

j
=

0
I
2R
s
(s
2
+ R
2
)
1/ 2
|
|
|
|
|
|
0

B =

0
I
2R

1
R



Important Result:
(1) The magnetic field lines generated by a long straight
current-carrying wire are circles concentric with the wire
and lie in planes perpendicular to the wire.
(2) The direction of the field can be determined by a Right-
hand rule.
(3) The magnitude of the magnetic field decreases with the
increase of the distance from the wire.


Example: Calculate the magnitude of B 4 cm from a long,
straight wire carrying a current of 5.0 A.

Solution: B = 2
(10
7
T m/ A)(5A)
4 10
2
m
= 2.510
5
T


Example: A circular loop of wire of radius R carrying a current I.
What is the magnetic field at the center of the loop?

Solution:
The direction of B at the center is out
of the paper.

B =

0
I
4
ds
R
2

=

0
I
4
(2R)
R
2
=

0
I
2R


B =

0
I
2R


I
R
ds
30.2 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors
Two long, straight, parallel
wires separated by a
distance a and carrying
currents I
1
and I
2
in the
same direction.

The magnetic field created
by wire 2 at wire 1 is
B
2
=

0
I
2
2d

The force on wire 1
(attractive):
F
12
= I
1
lB
2
=

0
I
1
I
2
l
2a


(a) Parallel conductors carrying currents in the same direction
attract each other.
(b) Parallel conductors carrying currents in opposite directions
repel each other.

Definition of the ampere:
F
12
l
=

0
I
1
I
2
2a
= 2 10
7
I
1
I
2
a


If two long, parallel wire 1 m apart carrying the same
current and the force per unit length on each wire is 2 10
-7

N/m, then the current is defined to be 1 A.


30.3 Ampere's Law

A thin, straight conductor carrying current I,

B =

0
I
2R

Line integral B

ds =

0
I
2R
ds

=
0
I

Ampere's Law:
The line integral of B ds around any closed path equals

0
I . I is the total steady current passing through any surface
bounded by the closed path.

B

ds =
0
I

Ampere's Law is useful for calculating
the magnetic field in a symmetry system



Example: Find values of B

ds.
a. B

ds =
b. B

ds =
c. B

ds =
d. B

ds =




Example: Find values of B

ds.
(a) B

ds =
(b) B

ds =
(c) B

ds =
(d) B

ds =



Example: A long, straight wire
carries a current I
0
that is uniformly
distributed through the cross-section.
Calculate B.

(a) Outside the wire: Use loop 1.

B

ds = B ds

= B(2r) =
0
I
0


B =

0
I
0
2r
(r R).

(b) Inside the wire: Use loop 2.
Let I
in
be the current inside the loop 2:
I
in
I
0
= ratio of cross-sectional area =
r
2
R
2
I
in
=
r
2
R
2
I
0


B
j
ds = B(2r) =
0
I
in
=
0
r
2
R
2
I
0
[
\
|

)
j

B =

0
I
0
2R
2





r (r < R).




r
B1/r
R
B
Br
I
0

2
1
r
R
Example: The magnetic field created by a Toroid.

N: the total number of
turns of wire.

Apply Ampere's Law,

B

ds = B ds

= B(2r)
=
0
NI


B =

0
NI
2r

1
r

B 1/r . B is not uniform within the coil.
If r >> cross sectional radius, B is approximately uniform.


Example: Calculate the force exerted on
the loop carrying current I
2
.

For the top and bottom half circles,
the force is 0. Because B|| ds, ds B = 0.

Forces on the two straight portions:
Ftotal = 2(I
2
L B)
Since B =

0
I
1
2R
,
F
total
=

0
I
1
I
2
L
R

I
1
L
R
I
2
F
F
30.4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid

Solenoid: A long wire wound in the
form of a helix to generate uniform
magnetic field inside.













An ideal solenoid: The turns are closely spaced and the length
is much greater than the radius of the turns.

For an ideal solenoid, line integral around the rectangular loop:

B ds =

B ds
a
b

= B ds = Bh
a
b

Let n be the number of
turns per unit length of the
solenoid.

The current passing through the loop is nIh.
An Ideal Solenoid

Apply Ampere's Law: Bh =
0
nIh
B =
0
nI (Ideal solenoid)

Example: A superconducting solenoid. B = 10 T, n = 2000 /m.
What is the required current?

I =
B

0
n
=
10 T
(2000 /m)(4 10
7
T m/A)
= 3979 A

* Class Demo*
30.5 Gausss Law in Magnetism

Define: Magnetic field flux through a
surface:
B
= B d A

Unit: weber (Wb), 1 Wb = 1 Tm
2



For Electric field:
Field lines start from
positive charges (or ), and
end at negative charges (or
).

E
= E d A

=
Q
total

0


For Magnetic field:
All lines are continuous
and form closed loops. The
number of lines entering a
surface = the number of lines
leaving.


Gausss law in magnetism:
The net magnetic flux
through any closed surface
is always zero. B dA

= 0

30.6 Magnetism im Matter

The magnetic Moments of Atoms

(a) Classical Model:
An electron moving in a circular orbit about the nucleus.

The effective current of moving electron:
I =
e
T
=
e
2
=
ev
2r


The magnetic moment: = IA =
1
2
evr

The orbital angular momentum: L = mvr

=
e
2m





L (Classical)

(b) Quantum Physics:
The magnetic moment is quantized.



=
e
2m
hi (Quantum Mechanics)
where,

h = h / 2 =1.06 10
34
J s, h is Planck's constant.
i = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..
L
r
v

Paramagnetism (most materials)
Such materials contain atomic magnetic
moments that are randomly oriented, and the
net magnetic moment is zero. An external
magnetic field, can partially align the atomic
magnetic moments, and result a weak net
magnetic moment. The net magnetic moment
disappears when external field is removed


Ferromagnetism (iron, nickel, )
Such materials contain atomic magnetic
moments that tend to align parallel to each
other. They form micro-domains within
which all magnetic moments are aligned. In
unmagnetized samples, the domains are
randomly oriented, and the net magnetic
moment is zero. An external magnetic field,
can align some domains and result a strong
net magnetic moment. The magnectic
moment partially remains when external field
is removed (magnetized).

Diamagnetism (silver, superconductors)
Such materials has no permanent
atomic magnetic moments. An external
magnetic field, can induce a weak
magnetic moment in the opposite direction
of the applied field. The induced magnetic
moment disappears when external field is
removed.
Paramagnetic
M
0
T
c
T
Ferromagnetic
30.7 The Magnetic Field of the Earch