Formulas

Trigonometric formulas
sina sinb = 2 sin
1
2
(a b) cos
1
2
(a b)
cos a + cos b = 2 cos
1
2
(a + b) cos
1
2
(a b) cos a cos b = 2 sin
1
2
(a + b) sin
1
2
(b a)
sina cos b =
1
2
(sin(a b) + sin(a + b))
sina sinb =
1
2
(cos(a b) cos(a + b)) cos a cos b =
1
2
(cos(a b) + cos(a + b))
sin(a b) = sina cos b cos a sinb cos(a b) = cos a cos b sina sinb
Fourier series
Fourier series of f(x) dened on [L, L]:
1
2
a
0
+

n=1
(a
n
cos(nx/L) + b
n
sin(n/L))
where a
n
=
1
L
_
L
L
f(x) cos(nx/L)dx, b
n
=
1
L
_
L
L
f(x) sin(nx/L)dx.
Fourier cosine series (x [0, L]):
1
2
a
0
+

n=1
a
n
cos(nx/L) where a
n
=
2
L
_
L
0
f(x) cos(nx/L)dx.
Fourier sine series (x [0, L]):

n=1
b
n
sin(nx/L) where b
n
=
2
L
_
L
0
f(x) sin(nx/L)dx.
Dierentiation of a parameter in an integral
dI
dt
=
_
(t)
(t)
f
t
(x, t)dx + f((t), t)

(t) f((t), t)

(t).
Solution for wave equation with a source on R u
tt
c
2
u
xx
= f
u(x, t) =
1
2
[(x + ct) + (x ct)] +
1
2c
_
x+ct
xct
(s)ds +
1
2c
__

(x,t)
f
where (x) = u(x, 0), (x) = u
t
(x, 0), and
(x,t)
is the characteristic triangle for (x, t).
The Kirchho-Poisson solution for wave equation u
tt
c
2
u = 0
In 3D: u(x, t) =
1
4c
2

t
_
1
t
__
St
(

)d
_
+
1
4c
2
t
__
St
(

)d where S
t
is a sphere of radius ct.
In 2D: u(x, y, t) =
1
2c

t
_
__
Dt
(, )
_
(ct)
2
( x)
2
( y)
2
dd
_
+
1
2c
__
Dt
(, )
_
(ct)
2
( x)
2
( y)
2
dd where D
t
is a disk of radius ct.
Solution for the diusion equation with a source on R u
t
ku
xx
= f(x, t) (t > 0)
u(x, t) =
_

S(x y, t)(y)dy +
_
t
0
_

S(x y, t s)f(y, s)dyds (t > 0)

where S(x, t) =
1

4kt
e
x
2
/4kt
and (x) = u(x, 0).
The error function: Erf (x) =
2

_
x
0
e
p
2
dp; Erf () = 1.
1
in polar coordinates: =

2
r
2
+
1
r

r
+
1
r
2

2
in spherical coordinates: =

2
r
2
+
2
r

r
+
1
r
2
sin

sin

+
1
r
2
sin
2

2
Poissons formula for harmonic function in a disk: u(x) =
1
2a
_
|x

|=a
a
2
|x|
2
|x x

|
2
u(x

) ds

, or
u(r, ) =
1
2
_
2
0
a
2
r
2
a
2
2ar cos( ) + r
2
h()d where h() is the value of u on the circle r = a.
Greens rst identity:
__
D
v
u
n
dS =
___
D
v udV +
___
D
vudV
Greens second identity:
___
D
(uv vu)dV =
__
D
_
u
v
n
v
u
n
_
dS
Representation formula for a harmonic function u
u(x
0
) =
__
D
_
u(x)

n
K(x, x
0
) K(x, x
0
)
u
n
_
dS where K(x, x
0
) 1/(4|x x
0
|) for R
3
.
Solution of the Dirichlet problem for u = f using Greens function
u(x
0
) =
__
D
u(x)
G(x, x
0
)
n
dS +
___
D
f(x)G(x, x
0
) dV.
On the plane, dS and dV are replaced by dl (length element) and dA (area element), respectively.
Bessels dierential equation of order s:
d
2
dr
2
u +
1
r
d
dr
u + (1
s
2
r
2
)u = 0
Solutions of Bessels equation
For a non-integer s, the two independent solutions are
J
s
(r) =

j=0
(1)
j
(j + 1)(s + j + 1)
_
r
2
_
s+2j
where (s) =
_

0
e
t
t
s1
dt is the function.
For s = n, a non-negative integer, the solutions are
J
n
(r) =

j=0
(1)
j
j!(n + j)!
_
r
2
_
n+2j
Y
n
(r) =
2

_
+ ln
r
2
_
J
n
(r)
(1
n0
)

n1

j=0
(n j 1)!
j!
_
2
r
_
n2j

j=0
(1)
j
(H
j
+ H
n+j
)
j!(n + j)!
_
r
2
_
n+2j
Bessel functions of order s = 1/2: J
1/2
(r) =
_
2
r
sinr J
1/2
(r) =
_
2
r
cos r
For
sm
a,
sm
a being roots of the Bessel function J
s
_
a
0
J
s
(
sm
r)J
s
(
sm
r)rdr =
mm

1
2
a
2
[J

s
(
sm
a)]
2
=
mm

1
2
a
2
[J
s1
(
sm
a)]
2
Spherical harmonics: Y
m
l
(, ) = P
|m|
l
(cos ) e
im
_
2
0
_

0
Y
m
l
(, )Y
m

(, ) sindd =
ll

mm

4
2l + 1
(l + m)!
(l m)!
2