STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING GATE 2013 (COMPLETE IN TWO DAYS)

Sl.No. PROBLEM TYPE 1 CENTROID 2 MOMENT OF INERTIA Description of the problem Know how to find the centroid of compound section,( X ,Y) Know how to find first moment of inertia (which is useful to find the bending shear stress), second moment of inertia (which is useful to find the bending compressive and bending tensile stress), product of inertia (which is used to locate the principal axes, where the product inertia is zero) and polar moment of inertia (sum of second moment inertia about both axes). Also train up yourself for the direction of principal axes and the magnitude of principal moment of inertia. In the derivation between modulus of rigidity and the elastic modulus, the pure shear specimen (that is the specimen will be subjected to shear stress only) will have internally tensile stress and compressive stress diagonally, having magnitude equal to the shear stress. In the derivation of between elastic modulus and bulk modulus, you should know how to find the volumetric strain of a cube subjected to the hydrostatic pressure. Generalised hooks law equations for finding the change in dimensions, when the elastic body is subjected to uniaxial load or uniaxial stress, biaxial load or biaxial stress and triaxial load or triaxial stress. (concentrate on cylindrical specimen, where there is change in diameter or change in length) See the concept of the principal stresses AND principal strains. Also know how to find the direction of principal axes , magnitude of principal stresses or strains and the maximum shear stress or shear strain. So far principal strains or maximum shear strain problems are not given. See the problems on the axially loaded, prismatic or non prismatic members (tapered rods), composite members. Temperature effect and self weight effect on the members are also important. Know the concept in thin cylinders. Study various stresses and strains in the cylinder subjected to internal pressure. Also know how to design (i.e. finding the thickness of cylinder) the cylinder if the internal pressure and the permissible stress of the materials are given. Also know how to find the principal

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELASTIC CONSTANTS

PRINCIPAL STRESSES and PRINCIPAL STRAINS

PRISMATIC MEMBERS WITH AXIAL LOADS

THIN CYLINDERS

stresses and the principal strains. If time permits also see the thin spherical shells. Know what is slenderness ratio, radius of gyration and its relationship. Eulers formula, assumptions in deriving the various critical load formulas for various boundary conditions of columns. Also know the corresponding effective length of the column. Know core or kernel of a section (area where the axial load can be placed without any tensile stresses in the section). Know the difference in words of crippling load and buckling load Know what is torsional rigidity (i.e.GJ= modulus of rigidity x polar moment of inertia), Relationship between Horse power and Torsion Study the Truss stability i.e. minimum three members (or) m= 2j-3. For static indeterminacy it is sum of internal (i.e. m- (2j3)) and external ( i.e. No.of reactions -3). For kinematic indeterminacy it is Number of unrestrained displacements i.e. at each joint of 2D Truss frame, it is TWO DISPLACEMENTS i.e. horizontal and vertical displacement. So count the joints and multiply the TWO displacements. Also know the method of SECTIONS and method of joints in truss analysis. Also find the rules for TRUSS analysis, i.e. directly you can say some members are having zero forces. Practice a Cantilever TRUSS problems. Some TRUSS problems will be given without any loads at the joints, but you have to find the forces in the members due to temperature change in the members or shortage of length in the members or due to settlement of the supports. Mostly they will not ask you direct problems, but with continuous beams with internal hinge. So practice and know how the BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM with internal hinges. In some problems they will give either bending moment or shear force diagram, from that you have to identify the loading and the type of beam. In some beam problems, they may give different loading i.e. load will be eccentric to the beam or the support may be spring type instead of roller or hinge or fixed type. Cantilever beams with multiple curves (example sine boards)

COLUMNS

TORSION

TRUSS STABILITY, DETERMINATE OR INDETERMINATE OR STATIC INDETERMINANCY OR KINEMATIC INDETERMINANCY

10

TRUSS PROBLEMS WITH EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE OR SHORTAGE OF LENGTH OR SETTLEMENT OF THE SUPPORTS

11

BEAMS VERSES SHEAR FORCE OR BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM

and perpendicular bendings with a loading of couple or point loads also tried. In all the above problems what you have to learn is that FREE BODY DIAGRAM i.e. separate the beam parts and do the analysis. 12 BENDING TENSILE OR BENDING COMPRESSIVE STRESS AND BENDING SHEAR STRESS You know both pure bending formula, where you have to concentrate on the TRANFORMATION (changing into one material with modular ratio, generally if you want change from the lower modulus to higher modulus you have to multiply with modular ratio = ratio of Higher modulus of elasticity to the lower modulus of elasticity of that dimension, whereas if you want to change from higher modulus to lower modulus to the dimension should be multiplied with the modular ratio) of the given section i.e. problems on flitched beams i.e. timber and steel or concrete and steel reinforcement and bending shear stress formula- in this you have to concentrate on the I beams or T-beams i.e. Timber joists. When you connect flange member with web member, the connection called NAILS are to be used. These nails are to be placed with spacing. This spacing can be found using TOTAL BENDING SHEAR FORCE Calculation. Also know the Bending shear stress distribution for various sections i.e. I section, T-section etc. Know the analysis of three hinged arches using different loads i.e. point loads or partially or fully uniformly distributed loads on the span Compatibility method to solve two span continuous beam and propped cantilever beam for udl and point loads Know how to calculate the kinematic and static indeterminacy of beams and rigid frames. Know the difference between kinematic indeterminacy- number of unknown or unrestrained displacements, Static Indeterminacy- number of unknown forces in the members and reactions. Try to see many problems to find the slope and deflections using double differential equation Understand the concept, that how to form the conjugate beam for a given type of beam and loading. This method is also used to find the slope and deflection after forming the conjugate beam. Check the concepts of approximate methods of analysis in the notes given in the ADVANCED REINFORCED CONCRETE

13

THREE HINGED ARCHES

14 15

BENDING MOMENT IN SIMPLE INDETERMINATE BEAMS OR DETERMINATE FRAMES LIKE PROPPED CANTILEVER BEAM KINEMATIC INDETERMINANCY AND STATIC INDETERMINANCY

16 17

SLOPE AND DEFLECTIONS OF STANDARD CASES CONJUGATE BEAM

18

APPROXIMATE METHODS OF ANALYSIS-CANTILEVER AND SUBSTITUTE FRAME METHOD

19 20

DEFLECTION DIAGRAMS FOR FRAMES OR BEAMS FLEXIBILITY MATRIX and STIFFNESS MATRIX

21 22

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STIFFNESS MATRIX AND FLEXIBILITY MATRIX STRAIN ENERGY

23

UNIT LOAD METHOD and VIRTUAL WORK METHOD FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS SHEAR CENTRE

24

25

ILD FOR DETERMINATE OR INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

26

ILD FOR THREE HINGED ARCHES

DESIGN- VII SEMESTER. We know that the SUSTITUTE FRAME METHOD IS USED TO FIND THE BENDING MOEMENT AND SHEAR FORCE AT ANY FLOOR LEVEL USING GRAVITY LOADS ONLY i.e. dead load and live loads, whereas CANTILEVER METHOD OR PORTAL METHODS ARE USED TO FIND THE BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE ON THE RIGIG FRAMES SUBJECTED TO HORIZONTAL LOADS (i.e. wind loads and earthquake loads) Know how to draw the deflection diagrams of continuous beams and frames subjected to loads. Know the concepts of flexibility and stiffness methods. Also know how to form the stiffness and flexibility matrix of beams, frames and trusses of simple case i.e. of the order of 2 x 2 matrix. Know how to convert from flexibility matrix to stiffness matrix or vice versa of the order of 2 x 2 matrix or 3x3 matrix only. Know the strain energy of axially loaded members (i.e. for truss members), beam members (in the beams) and torsional members (in shafts generally). Know the TWO THEOREMS OF CASTIGLIANOS FIRST AND SECOND and its APPLCIATIONS (i.e. to find the slope and deflections or unknown force. Know also MAXWELLS RECIPROCAL THEOREMS UNIT LOAD METHOD AND VIRTUAL WORK METHOD is the extension to Strain energy concepts to find the unknown forces in the indeterminate truss problems Know the concept of Shear Centre. If the load either axial load (in the case of columns) or transverse loads (in the case of beams) are not passing through the shear centre, then the members will have torsion. So to avoid the torsion in the members, pass the load through the shear centre. Also know how to find the shear centre for various cross sections. ILD is the variation of a particular force, when the unit load is travelled from one point to other point. This ILD can be drawn to a member in the truss or reaction to the structure or bending moment or shear force in the beams. Also know the concept in the ILD for the reaction, bending moment and shear force of an indeterminate structures using Muller Breslau Principle Know how to find the ILD for THRUST, SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT OF arche