09 09 2006

atelier als supermedium

zaterdag 9 september 2006

opening: 15.00 uur

Sammersweg 2

2285 SB Den Haag / Rijswijk / route

Machiel van Soest Colors of ideologies

Dejan Grba Too Many Secrets
Ton Schuttelaar The Second Dealing

Met dank aan: Stroom Den Haag / Fonds BKVB

supermedium.nl
Dejan Grba, Too Many Secrets, 2006
Ton Schuttelaar, The argument to teach, 2006
Ton Schuttelaar, A hidden pattern, 2006
Ton Schuttelaar, Origins of the symbol, 2006
Machiel van Soest, Survival Blankets, 2006
Machiel van Soest, Natie, 2006
Ton Schuttelaar, The will and power, 2006
Machiel van Soest, Colors of ideologies, 2006
pattern, the use of the cross

• form: a perceptual structure; "the composition presents problems for students of musical
form"; "a visual pattern must include not only objects but the spaces between them"
• practice: a customary way of operation or behavior; "it is their practice to give annual
raises"; "they changed their dietary pattern"
• design: a decorative or artistic work; "the coach had a design on the doors"
• convention: something regarded as a normative example; "the convention of not naming
the main character"; "violence is the rule not the exception"; "his formula for impressing
visitors"
• a model considered worthy of imitation; "the American constitution has provided a pattern
for many republics"
• blueprint: something intended as a guide for making something else; "a blueprint for a
house"; "a pattern for a skirt"
• traffic pattern: the path that is prescribed for an airplane that is preparing to land at an
airport; "the traffic patterns around O'Hare are very crowded"; "they stayed in the pattern until
the fog lifted"
• model: plan or create according to a model or models
• form a pattern; "These sentences pattern like the ones we studied before"
• radiation pattern: graphical representation (in polar or Cartesian coordinates) of the spatial
distribution of radiation from an antenna as a function of angle
• A pattern is a form, template, or model (or, more abstractly, a set of rules) which can be
used to make or to generate things or parts of a thing, especially if the things that are
generated have enough in common for the underlying pattern to be inferred or discerned, in
which case the things are said to exhibit the pattern. The detection of underlying patterns is
called pattern recognition.

Category:Cross symbols
Subcategories
There are 4 subcategories shown below

C
• Civilian cross decorations
• Crossroads mythology
• Crux constellation

M
• Military cross decorations

category "Cross symbols"

A C cont. L

• Anarchist Black Cross • Cross of Tau • Lauburu

• Anchored Cross
• Ankh
• Arrow Cross
• Auschwitz cross
B •
• The Blue Cross
• Blue Cross and Blue
Shield Association E
• Bottony
• Brigid's cross
C F
• Cross pattée
• Cross pattée M
(crown)
• Crosstar • Maltese cross
• Crucifix • Market cross
Crucifixion
• Crux Gemmata N
• Crux decussata
• Nordic Cross Flag
O
• Eleanor cross
• Order of Christ
Cross

• Celtic cross • Fiery cross P

• Cercelée • Fylfot
• Christian cross • Papal Cross
• Cosmic cross G • Patriarchal cross
• Cross • Pectoral cross
• Cross (crown) • Globus cruciger
• Cross and Crown • Grapevine cross R
• Cross burning
• Cross of Lorraine H • Roisia's Cross
• Cross of Sacrifice
• Cross of St. Peter • High cross S
• Holy Cross
• Hot cross bun • Saint Andrew's
Cross (BDSM)
I • Sauwastika
• Serbian cross
• Intending cross • Sign of the cross
• Iron Cross • Skull and
crossbones
J • Southern Cross
Flag
• Jolly Roger • Stations of the
Cross
K • Sterzh Cross
• Sun cross
• Knight's Cross of • Swastika
the Iron Cross
• Knot of Isis T

• The Winged Self

 W

• Wolfsangel

• • traverse: travel across or pass over; "The caravan covered almost 100 miles each day"
• intersect: meet at a point
• thwart: hinder or prevent (the efforts, plans, or desires) of; "What ultimately frustrated every
challenger was Ruth's amazing September surge"; "foil your opponent"
• a wooden structure consisting of an upright post with a transverse piece
• fold so as to resemble a cross; "she crossed her legs"
• crisscross: a marking that consists of lines that cross each other
• a representation of the structure on which Jesus was crucified; used as an emblem of
Christianity or in heraldry
• to cover or extend over an area or time period; "Rivers traverse the valley floor", "The
parking lot spans 3 acres"; "The novel spans three centuries"
• meet and pass; "the trains crossed"
• any affliction that causes great suffering; "that is his cross to bear"; "he bears his afflictions
like a crown of thorns"
• hybrid: an organism that is the offspring of genetically dissimilar parents or stock; especially
offspring produced by breeding plants or animals of different varieties or breeds or species; "a
mule is a cross between a horse and a donkey"
• trace a line through or across; "cross your `t'"
• cross(a): extending or lying across; in a crosswise direction; at right angles to the long axis;
"cross members should be all steel"; "from the transverse hall the stairway ascends
gracefully"; "transversal vibrations"; "transverse colon"
• hybridization: (genetics) the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants
and thus to produce hybrids
• crossbreed: breed animals or plants using parents of different races and varieties; "cross a
horse and a donkey"; "Mendel tried crossbreeding"; "these species do not interbreed"
• crabbed: perversely irritable
• A cross is the decoration located at the highest level of a crown on top of the monde. Its
usage traditionally symbolised the Christian nature of the monarchy of that country, through
not all crowns even in monarchies associated with Christianity used a cross as its top
decoration, with some French crowns using other national symbols.

News........

• new information about specific and timely events; "they awaited news of the outcome"
• new information of any kind; "it was news to me"
• news program: a program devoted to news; "we watch the 7 o'clock news every night"
• information reported in a newspaper or news magazine; "the news of my death was greatly
exaggerated"
• newsworthiness: the quality of being sufficiently interesting to be reported in news bulletins;
"the judge conceded the newsworthiness of the trial"; "he is no longer news in the fashion
world"
News is the reporting of current events usually by local, regional or mass media in the form of
newspapers, television and radio programs, or sites on the World Wide Web. News reporting
is a type of journalism, typically written or broadcast in news style. Most news is investigated
and presented by journalists (or reporters) and often distributed via news agencies. If the
content of news is significant enough, it eventually becomes history.
free

• grant freedom to; free from confinement

• rid: relieve from; "Rid the house of pests"
• dislodge: remove or force out from a position; "The dentist dislodged the piece of food that
had been stuck under my gums"; "He finally could free the legs of the earthquake victim who
was buried in the rubble"
• able to act at will; not hampered; not under compulsion or restraint; "free enterprise"; "a free
port"; "a free country"; "I have an hour free"; "free will"; "free of racism"; "feel free to stay as
long as you wish"; "a free choice"
• unconstrained or not chemically bound in a molecule or not fixed and capable of relatively
unrestricted motion; "free expansion"; "free oxygen"; "a free electron"
• exempt: grant relief or an exemption from a rule or requirement to; "She exempted me from
the exam"
• complimentary: costing nothing; "complimentary tickets"; "free admission"
• make (information) available publication; "release the list with the names of the prisoners"
• free from obligations or duties
• not occupied or in use; "a free locker"; "a free lane"
• free or remove obstruction from; "free a path across the cluttered floor"
• detached: not fixed in position; "the detached shutter fell on him"; "he pulled his arm free
and ran"
• absolve: let off the hook; "I absolve you from this responsibility"
• not held in servitude; "after the Civil War he was a free man"
• spare: not taken up by scheduled activities; "a free hour between classes"; "spare time on
my hands"
• release: part with a possession or right; "I am relinquishing my bedroom to the long-term
house guest"; "resign a claim to the throne"
• people who are free; "the home of the free and the brave"
• unblock: make (assets) available; "release the holdings in the dictator's bank account"
• not literal; "a loose interpretation of what she had been told"; "a free translation of the
poem"
• loose: without restraint; "cows in India are running loose"
commerce::::

• transactions (sales and purchases) having the objective of supplying commodities (goods
and services)
• Department of Commerce: the United States federal department that promotes and
administers domestic and foreign trade (including management of the census and the patent
office); created in 1913
• social exchange, especially of opinions, attitudes, etc.
non working beamer/lcd projector

Het begrip Medium kan verschillende betekenissen hebben:* Een medium in de natuurkunde
zie Medium (natuurkunde)* Een medium kan dingen zien die normale mensen niet kunnen zie
Medium (esoterisch)* Een medium als apparaat in de communicatiewetenschappen zie
Medium (communicatiewetenschappen)
• a means or instrumentality for storing or communicating information
• the surrounding environment; "fish require an aqueous medium"
• an intervening substance through which signals can travel as a means for communication
• culture medium: (bacteriology) a nutrient substance (solid or liquid) that is used to cultivate
micro-organisms
• an intervening substance through which something is achieved; "the dissolving medium is
called a solvent"
• a liquid with which pigment is mixed by a painter
• (biology) a substance in which specimens are preserved or displayed
• a state that is intermediate between extremes; a middle position; "a happy medium"
• someone who serves as an intermediary between the living and the dead; "he consulted
several mediums"
• (usually plural) transmissions that are disseminated widely to the public
• average: around the middle of a scale of evaluation of physical measures; "an orange of
average size"; "intermediate capacity"; "a plane with intermediate range"; "medium bombers"
• (meat) cooked until there is just a little pink meat inside
• metier: an occupation for which you are especially well suited; "in law he found his true
metier"

technic

Techniek is het beheersen en manipuleren van met name de niet-levende natuur door de
mens. Technici zijn de mensen die techniek beoefenen. Ook bij het manipuleren van de
levende natuur wordt wel van techniek gesproken: de biotechnologie.

• center

• center: an area that is approximately central within some larger region; "it is in the center of
town"; "they ran forward into the heart of the struggle"; "they were in the eye of the storm"
• in-between: being neither at the beginning nor at the end in a series; "adolescence is an
awkward in-between age"; "in a mediate position"; "the middle point on a line"
• center(a): equally distant from the extremes
• an intermediate part or section; "A whole is that which has beginning, middle, and end"-
Aristotle
• the middle area of the human torso (usually in front); "young American women believe that
a bare midriff is fashionable"
• of a stage in the development of a language or literature between earlier and later stages;
"Middle English is the English language from about 1100 to 1500"; "Middle Gaelic"
• put in the middle
• time between the beginning and the end of a temporal period; "the middle of the war"; "rain
during the middle of April"
• between an earlier and a later period of time; "in the middle years"; "in his middle thirties"

• enlarge
• make larger; "She enlarged the flower beds"
• blow up: make large; "blow up an image"
• become larger or bigger
• elaborate: add details, as to an account or idea; clarify the meaning of and discourse in a
learned way, usually in writing; "She elaborated on the main ideas in her dissertation"

• a bold challenge
• discord resulting from a clash of ideas or opinions
• a hostile disagreement face-to-face
• the act of hostile groups opposing each other; "the government was not ready for a
confrontation with the unions"; "the invaders encountered stiff opposition"
• a focussed comparison; bringing together for a careful comparison
flowers

confusion by images
• disorder resulting from a failure to behave predictably; "the army retreated in confusion"
• a mental state characterized by a lack of clear and orderly thought and behavior; "a
confusion of impressions"
• a feeling of embarrassment that leaves you confused
• an act causing a disorderly combination of elements with identities lost and distinctions
blended; "the confusion of tongues at the Tower of Babel"
• a mistake that results from taking one thing to be another; "he changed his name in order to
avoid confusion with the notorious outlaw"
In common usage, an image (from Latin imago) or picture is an artifact that reproduces the
likeness of some subject—usually a physical object or a person.
drawings, paintings, photographs. Images provide visual insight to past events. When using
images as historical evidence, one must evaluate the artist's intent, cultural and educational
background, and medium. Prior to the invention of photography, drawings and paintings
provided the only visual record of past events. Today, photography is the most popular choice
for recording events as they happen.

• S: (n) image, mental image (an iconic mental representation) "her imagination forced
images upon her too awful to contemplate"
• S: (n) picture, image, icon, ikon (a visual representation (of an object or scene or
person or abstraction) produced on a surface) "they showed us the pictures of their
wedding"; "a movie is a series of images projected so rapidly that the eye integrates
them"
• S: (n) persona, image ((Jungian psychology) a personal facade that one presents to
the world) "a public image is as fragile as Humpty Dumpty"
• S: (n) prototype, paradigm, epitome, image (a standard or typical example) "he is the
prototype of good breeding"; "he provided America with an image of the good father"
• S: (n) trope, figure of speech, figure, image (language used in a figurative or
nonliteral sense)
• S: (n) double, image, look-alike (someone who closely resembles a famous person
(especially an actor)) "he could be Gingrich's double"; "she's the very image of her
mother"
• S: (n) image (the general impression that something (a person or organization or
product) presents to the public) "although her popular image was contrived it served
to inspire music and pageantry"; "the company tried to project an altruistic image"
• S: (n) effigy, image, simulacrum (a representation of a person (especially in the form
of sculpture)) "the coin bears an effigy of Lincoln"; "the emperor's tomb had his image
carved in stone"

perfect

• being complete of its kind and without defect or blemish; "a perfect circle"; "a perfect
reproduction"; "perfect happiness"; "perfect manners"; "a perfect specimen"; "a perfect day"
• arrant(a): without qualification; used informally as (often pejorative) intensifiers; "an arrant
fool"; "a complete coward"; "a consummate fool"; "a double-dyed villain"; "gross negligence";
"a perfect idiot"; "pure folly"; "what a sodding mess"; "stark staring mad"; "a thoroughgoing
villain"; "utter nonsense"; "the unadulterated truth"
• perfective: a tense of verbs used in describing action that has been completed (sometimes
regarded as perfective aspect)
• make perfect or complete; "perfect your French in Paris!"
• precisely accurate or exact; "perfect timing"
shape

• any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline); "he could barely make out their
shapes"
• the spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance; "geometry is the
mathematical science of shape"
• human body: alternative names for the body of a human being; "Leonardo studied the
human body"; "he has a strong physique"; "the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak"
• a concrete representation of an otherwise nebulous concept; "a circle was the embodiment
of his concept of life"
• form: the visual appearance of something or someone; "the delicate cast of his features"
• condition: the state of (good) health (especially in the phrases `in condition' or `in shape' or
`out of condition' or `out of shape')
• determine: shape or influence; give direction to; "experience often determines ability"; "mold
public opinion"
• make something, usually for a specific function; "She molded the rice balls carefully"; "Form
cylinders from the dough"; "shape a figure"; "Work the metal into a sword"
• Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe: the supreme headquarters that advises
NATO on military matters and oversees all aspects of the Allied Command Europe
• form: a perceptual structure; "the composition presents problems for students of musical
form"; "a visual pattern must include not only objects but the spaces between them"
• give shape or form to; "shape the dough"; "form the young child's character"
square

• raise to the second power

• (geometry) a plane rectangle with four equal sides and four right angles; a four-sided
regular polygon; "you can compute the area of a square if you know the length of its sides"
• the product of two equal terms; "nine is the second power of three"; "gravity is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance"
• make square; "Square the circle"; "square the wood with a file"
• public square: an open area at the meeting of two or more streets
• cause to match, as of ideas or acts
• having four equal sides and four right angles or forming a right angle; "a square peg in a
round hole"; "a square corner"
• something approximating the shape of a square
• position so as to be square; "He squared his shoulders"
• straight: characterized by honesty and fairness; "straight dealing"; "a square deal"
• be compatible with; "one idea squares with another"
• hearty: providing abundant nourishment; "a hearty meal"; "good solid food"; "ate a
substantial breakfast"; "four square meals a day"
• someone who doesn't understand what is going on
• square(p): leaving no balance; "my account with you is now all square"
• a formal and conservative person with old-fashioned views
• pay someone and settle a debt; "I squared with him"
• squarely: in a straight direct way; "looked him squarely in the eye"; "ran square into me"
• squarely: in a square shape; "a squarely cut piece of paper"; "folded the sheet of paper
square"
• feather: turn the paddle; in canoeing
• square(a): without evasion or compromise; "a square contradiction"; "he is not being as
straightforward as it appears"
• any artifact having a shape similar to a plane geometric figure with four equal sides and
four right angles; "a checkerboard has 64 squares"
• a hand tool consisting of two straight arms at right angles; used to construct or test right
angles; "the carpenter who built this room must have lost his square"
• feather: turn the oar, while rowing
• rigidly conventional or old-fashioned
• squarely: firmly and solidly; "hit the ball squarely"; "the bat met the ball squarely"; "planted
his great bulk square before his enemy"
city

• a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative
districts; "Ancient Troy was a great city"
• an incorporated administrative district established by state charter; "the city raised the tax
rate"
• people living in a large densely populated municipality; "the city voted for Republicans in
1994"
fire

• open fire: start firing a weapon

• the event of something burning (often destructive); "they lost everything in the fire"
• cause to go off; "fire a gun"; "fire a bullet"
• the process of combustion of inflammable materials producing heat and light and (often)
smoke; "fire was one of our ancestors' first discoveries"
• bake in a kiln so as to harden; "fire pottery"
• the act of firing weapons or artillery at an enemy; "hold your fire until you can see the whites
of their eyes"; "they retreated in the face of withering enemy fire"
• terminate the employment of; "The boss fired his secretary today"; "The company
terminated 25% of its workers"
• go off or discharge; "The gun fired"
• a fireplace in which a relatively small fire is burning; "they sat by the fire and talked"
• drive out or away by or as if by fire; "The soldiers were fired"; "Surrender fires the cold
skepticism"
• intense adverse criticism; "Clinton directed his fire at the Republican Party"; "the
government has come under attack"; "don't give me any flak"
• ardor: feelings of great warmth and intensity; "he spoke with great ardor"
• arouse: call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses); "arouse pity"; "raise a smile"; "evoke
sympathy"
• once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles)
• burn: destroy by fire; "They burned the house and his diaries"
• a severe trial; "he went through fire and damnation"
• fuel: provide with fuel; "Oil fires the furnace"
Fire is a form of combustion. Most typically, the word fire refers to the combination of the
brilliant glow and large amount of heat released during a rapid, self-sustaining exothermic
oxidation process of combustible gases ejected from a fuel. The flames are a body of gas that
releases heat and light. Fires start when a fuel is subjected to heat or another energy source,
e.g. a match or lighter, and are sustained by the further release of heat energy until all the
combustible fuel is consumed.

burning

• the act of burning something; "the burning of leaves was prohibited by a town ordinance"
• producing or having a painfully hot sensation; "begged for water to soothe his burning
throat"
• burn: pain that feels hot as if it were on fire
• burning(a): intensely hot; "a burning fever"; "the burning sand"
• combustion: a process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give heat and light
• ardent: characterized by intense emotion; "ardent love"; "an ardent lover"; "a burning
enthusiasm"; "a fervent desire to change society"; "a fervent admirer"; "fiery oratory"; "an
impassioned appeal"; "a torrid love affair"
• electrocution: execution by electricity
• ablaze(p): lighted up by or as by fire or flame; "forests set ablaze (or afire) by lightning";
"even the car's tires were aflame"; "a night aflare with fireworks"; "candles alight on the tables";
"blazing logs in the fireplace"; "a burning cigarette"; "a flaming crackling fire"; "houses on fire"
• execution by fire
• burning(a): of immediate import; "burning issues of the day"
• a form of torture in which cigarettes or cigars or other hot implements are used to burn the
victim's skin
• consuming fuel; used in combination; "coal-burning (or wood-burning) stoves"
absent

• not in a specified place physically or mentally

• go away or leave; "He absented himself"
• lost in thought; showing preoccupation; "an absent stare"; "an absentminded professor";
"the scatty glancing quality of a hyperactive but unfocused intelligence"
Artist: Dejan Grba

Work title: Too Many Secrets

Work type: Site-specific audio installation.

File name: Too Many Secrets.mp3.

Duration: 00:01:58:10 (SMPTE).

File size: 4.64MB.

File type: MP3 Audio.

Audio format: MPEG Layer-3.

Audio attributes: 44.100 Hz, 16 Bit, Stereo.

MP3 compression: CBR, 320kbs.

Technical requirements: PC or MAC computer capable of playing mp3 files, with

studio-quality audio card; hi-fi audio system (stereo amplifier or active stereo mixette with
minimum two speakers, or minimum two active speakers); amplification power as high as
possible.

Description: Remix of the traditional Muslim call to prayer [Ezan] is played very loud at the
central city location according to the actual Salat hours throughout the day. In The Hague,
however, it will be played at the opening of the show in Supermedium.

Comment: Too Many Secrets tackles the ideological nature of the notion of “cultural
differences” in the Western world and the implementation of ideology through common social
procedures. With its disturbing potential, the work aimes to provoke the reassessment of the
ethical, practical and political constituents of individual and public identity that are mystified in
every culture.
Artist: Dejan Grba

Work title: Too Many Secrets

Work type: Site-specific audio installation.

Duration: 00:01:58:10 (SMPTE).

Description: Remix of the traditional Muslim call to prayer [Ezan] is played very loud at the
central city location according to the actual Salat hours throughout the day. In The Hague,
however, it will be played at the opening of the show in Supermedium.

Comment: Too Many Secrets tackles the ideological nature of the notion of “cultural
differences” in the Western world and the implementation of ideology through common social
procedures. With its disturbing potential, the work aimes to provoke the reassessment of the
ethical, practical and political constituents of individual and public identity that are mystified in
every culture.
REFLECTIVE SURVIVAL BLANKET

The reflective surface keeps the cold out and heat in. Intended for use a part of
an emergency pack.
Open size: 127cm x 200cm (50 inches x 79 inches)
Colour: Silver

The reflective surface keeps the heat out and cold in. Intended for use a part of
an emergency pack.
Open size: 127cm x 200cm (50 inches x 79 inches)
Colour: Gold

In mythology, a lunar deity is a god or goddess associated with or symbolizing the

moon: These deities can have a variety of functions and traditions depending upon
the culture, but they are often related to or an enemy of the solar deity.

A solar deity is a god or goddess who represents the sun, or an aspect of it. People
have worshipped the sun and solar deities for all of recorded history; sun worship is
also known as heliolatry. Hence, many beliefs and legends have been formed around
this worship, most notably the various myths containing the "missing sun" motif from
around the world. Although many sources contend that solar deities are generally
male, and the brother, father, husband and/or enemy of the lunar deity (usually
female), this is not cross-culturally upheld, as sun goddesses are found on every
continent. Some mythologists, such as Brian Branston, therefore contend that sun
goddesses are more common worldwide than their male counterparts. They also claim
that the belief that solar deities are primarily male is linked to the fact that a few better
known mythologies (such as those of ancient Greece and Egypt) sometimes break
from this rule. The dualism of sun/male/light and moon/female/darkness is found in
many (but not all) European traditions that derive from Orphic and Gnostic
philosophies, with a notable exception being Germanic mythology, where the Sun is
female and the Moon is male.

On September 1, 2004, Beslan's Middle School Number One was seized by Chechen
terrorists. The siege ended on September 3 with a bloody shootout between the
terrorists and Russian security forces.

In zootomy and dermatology, skin is an organ of the integumentary system made up

of multiple layers of epithelial tissues that guard underlying muscles and organs. As
the interface with the surroundings, it plays the most important role in protecting
against pathogens. Its other main functions are insulation and temperature regulation,
sensation and vitamin D and B synthesis.

Damaged skin will try to heal by forming scar tissue, often giving rise to discoloration
and depigmentation of the skin.
The skin is often known as "the largest organ of the human body". This applies to
exterior surface, as it covers the body, appearing to have the largest surface area of all
the organs. Moreover, it applies to weight, as it weighs more than any single internal
organ, accounting for about 15 percent of body weight. For the average adult human,
the skin has a surface area of between 1.5-2.0 square meters, most of it is between 2-3
mm thick. The average square inch of skin holds 650 sweat glands, 20 blood vessels,
60,000 melanocytes, and more than a thousand nerve endings.

The use of natural or synthetic cosmetics to treat the appearance of the face and
condition of the skin (such as pore control and black head cleansing) is common
among many cultures.

One of the most influential doctrines in history is that all humans are divided into
groups called nations. It is an ethical and philosophical doctrine in itself, and is the
starting point for the ideology of nationalism. The nationals are the members of the
"nation" and are distinguished by a common identity, and almost always by a
common origin, in the sense of ancestry, parentage or descent. The national identity
refers both to the distinguishing features of the group, and to the individual's sense of
belonging to it. A very wide range of criteria is used, with very different applications.
Small differences in pronunciation may be enough to categorise someone as a
member of another nation. On the other hand, two people may be separated by
difference in personalities, belief systems, geographical locations, time and even
spoken language, yet regard themselves and be seen by others, as members of the
same nation. Nationals are considered to share certain traits and norms of behavior,
certain duties toward other members, and certain responsibilities for the actions of the
members of the same nation.

Nations extend across generations, and include the dead as full members. More
vaguely, they are assumed to include future generations. No-one fixes a timespan, but
a nation is typically several centuries old. Past events are evaluated in this context, for
instance by referring to "our soldiers" in conflicts which took place hundreds of years
ago.

The term nation is often used as a synonym for ethnic group (sometimes "ethnos"),
but although ethnicity is now one of the most important aspects of cultural or social
identity for the members of most nations, people with the same ethnic origin may live
in different nation-states and be treated as members of separate nations for that reason.
National identity is often disputed, down to the level of the individual.

Almost all nations are associated with a specific territory, the national homeland.
Some live in a historical diaspora, that is, mainly outside the national homeland. A
state which explicitly identifies as the homeland of a particular nation is a nation-state,
and most modern states fall into this category, although there may be violent disputes
about their legitimacy. Where territory is disputed between nations, the claims may be
based on which nation lived there first. Especially in areas of historical European
settlement (1500-1950), the term "First Nations" is used by groups which share an
aboriginal culture, and seek official recognition or autonomy.
Ideology
An ideology is a collection of ideas. The word ideology was coined by Count Destutt de Tracy in the late 18th
century to define a "science of ideas." An ideology can be thought of as a comprehensive vision, as a way of
looking at things (compare Weltanschauung), as in common sense (see Ideology in everyday society) and
several philosphical tendencies (see Political ideologies), or a set of ideas proposed by the dominant class of a
society to all members of this society (the Marxist definition of ideology - see Ideology as an instrument of
social reproduction).

Ideology in everyday society

Every society has an ideology that forms the basis of the "public opinion" or common sense, a basis that
usually remains invisible to most people within the society. This dominant ideology appears as "neutral", while
all others that differ from the norm are often seen as radical, no matter what the actual vision may be. The
philosopher Michel Foucault wrote about this concept of apparent ideological neutrality.

Organisations that strive for power influence the ideology of a society to become what they want it to be.
Political organisations (governments included) and other groups (e.g. lobbyists) try to influence people by
broadcasting their opinions, which is the reason why so often many people in a society seem to "think alike".

When most people in a society think alike about certain matters, or even forget that there are alternatives to the
current state of affairs, we arrive at the concept of Hegemony, about which the philosopher Antonio Gramsci
wrote. The much smaller scale concept of groupthink also owes something to his work. Modern linguists study
the mechanism of conceptual metaphor, by which this 'thinking alike' is thought to be transmitted.

There are many different kinds of ideology: political, social, epistemological, ethical, and so on.

Political ideologies

Chart of political ideologies

arranged along the lines of how
society should work and the steps
allowed to get there.

In social studies, a political ideology is a certain ethic, set of ideals, principles, doctrine, myth or symbols of a
social movement, institution, class, or large group that explain how society should work, and offer some
political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to
allocate power and to what ends it should be used. It can be a construct of political thought, often defining
political parties and their policy. The popularity of an ideology is in part due to the influence of moral
entrepreneurs, who sometimes act in their own interests.

Ideology studied as ideology (rather than examples of specific ideologies) has been carried out under the name
systematic ideology.

Political ideologies have two dimensions:

#How society should work (or be arranged).
#The rules (blueprint) most appropriate to achieving the ideal arrangement.

The Ideal Moral Order

Achieving or preserving the ideal social arrangement is the goal of politics.

 Egalitarianism

Some ideologies (e.g. socialism, liberalism) have the notion of a flat social order. These have very few levels in
their social hierarchy. For instance, they may believe that:
#All ethnicities are equal (e.g. anti-racism)
#Men equal women (e.g. Equity feminism)
#All cultures are equally valuable (e.g. multiculturalism)
#All countries are equally important (cf. globalism)
#All religions are equivalent (e.g. universalism)
#All lifestyles are acceptable, etc.
A flat social order is thought to foster diversity of thought and behavior across society. It encourages each
individual to accomplish their personal desires by not conforming to any pre-defined standard. People on this
side of the conformist/non-conformist divide may support:
#Separation of church and state
#Gay and minority rights
#Drug legalization
#Freedom of expression, etc.

Establishmentarianism

Other ideologies (e.g. authoritarianism, conservatism) have the notion of a structured social order. These tend
to have very many levels in their social hierarchy. For instance, they may believe that:
#God ranks above people (cf. theism)
#Men rank above women (e.g. sexism)
#Some cultures rank above others (cf. The White Man's Burden)
#Some countries rank above others (e.g. nationalism)
#Some lifestyles rank above others
#Some social classes rank above others, etc.
A structured social order is thought to bring uniformity of thought and behavior across society. It encourages
each individual to respect the established social order. People on this side of the conformist/non-conformist
divide may support:
#Integration of church and state
#Family values
#Military programs
#Abortion-Control, etc.

The Rules to the Game

Implementing the cultural blueprint is the object of politics.

Individualism

Some ideologies (e.g. liberalism, conservatism) have the notion of rewarding individual initiatives over
collective initiatives. Ideologies on this side of the independence/interdependence divide tend to reward actions
that:
#Help members achieve self-sufficiency (economic, emotional, etc.) from the rest of society.
#Result from each member's individual effort.
#Help members acquire self-discipline as a condition to achieving self-sufficiency.
Rewarding individual initiatives first tends to create a society with a high level of economic independence
among the various members of society (for instance through accumulation of wealth). Ideologies on this side of
the independence/interdependence divide may support:
#Economic freedom
#Lower taxes
#Gun ownership
#Crime repression, etc.

Collectivism

Other ideologies (e.g. socialism, authoritarianism) have the notion of rewarding collective initiatives over
individual initiatives. Ideologies on this side of the independence/interdependence divide tend to reward actions
that:
#Increase the strengths of social ties (economic, emotional, etc.).
#Empathise with less fortunate members of society.
#Help members achieve happiness as a condition of empathy towards others.
Rewarding collective initiatives first tends to create a society with a high level of economic interdependence
among the various members of society (for instance through redistribution of wealth). Ideologies on this side of
the independence/interdependence divide may support:
#Strong government
#Social programs
#Gun control
#Crime prevention, etc.
 Socialistic Political Ideologies

Other examples include: christian democracy, social-democracy, and communism. (The communist theories of
Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and their followers, often known as marxism, are regarded as one of the most
influential and well-defined political ideologies of the 20th century. However, Marx and Engels himself
repeatedly denounced ideology in general, describing it in terms such as "false consciousness", by which they
meant that it was a belief that did not reflect historical materialist circumstances.)

Authoritarian Political Ideologies

Other examples include: Communitarianism, fascism, monarchism, nationalism and nazism.

Liberalistic Political Ideologies

Other examples include: anarchism and libertarianism.

Conservative Political Ideologies

See also "capitalism as an ideology", a section of the article on capitalism.

Other examples include: capitalism and corporate liberalism.

Epistemological ideologies

Even when the challenging of existing beliefs is encouraged, as in science, the dominant paradigm or mindset
can prevent certain challenges, theories or experiments from being advanced. The philosophy of science
mostly concerns itself with reducing the impact of these prior ideologies so that science can proceed with its
primary task, which is (according to science) to create knowledge.

There are critics who view science as an ideology in itself, called scientism. Some scientists respond that,
while the scientific method is itself an ideology, as it is a collection of ideas, there is nothing particularly wrong
or bad about it.

Other critics point out that while science itself is not a misleading ideology, there are some fields of study within
science that are misleading. Two examples discussed here are in the fields of ecology and economics.

A special case of science adopted as ideology is that of ecology, which studies the relationships between living
things on Earth. Perceptual psychologist J. J. Gibson believed that human perception of ecological
relationships was the basis of self-awareness and cognition itself. Linguist George Lakoff has proposed a
cognitive science of mathematics wherein even the most fundamental ideas of arithmetic would be seen as
consequences or products of human perception - which is itself necessarily evolved within an ecology.

Deep ecology and the modern ecology movement (and, to a lesser degree, Green parties) appear to have
adopted ecological sciences as a positive ideology.

Some accuse ecological economics of likewise turning scientific theory into political economy, although theses
in that science can often be tested. The modern practice of green economics fuses both approaches and
seems to be part science, part ideology.

This is far from the only theory of economics to be raised to ideology status - some notable economically-
based ideologies include mercantilism, social darwinism, communism, laissez-faire economics, and "free trade".
There are also current theories of safe trade and fair trade which can be seen as ideologies.

Ideology as an instrument of social reproduction

Karl Marx proposed a base/superstructure model of society. The base refers to the means of production of society.
The superstructure is formed on top of the base, and comprises that society's ideology, as well as its legal system,
political system, and religions. Marx proposed that the base determines the superstructure. It is the ruling class that
controls the society's means of production - and thus the superstructure of society, including its ideology, will be
determined according to what is in the ruling class' best interests. On the other hand, critics of the Marxist approach
feel that it attributes too much importance to economic factors in influencing society.

The ideologies of the dominant class of a society are proposed to all members of that society in order to make the
ruling class' interests appear to be the interests of all, and thereby achieve hegemony. To reach this goal, ideology
makes use of a special type of discourse: the lacunar discourse, as discussed by Althusser. A number of propositions,
which are never untrue, suggest a number of other propositions, which are. In this way, the essence of the lacunar
discourse is what is not told (but is suggested).

For example, the statement 'All are equal before the law', which is a theory behind current legal systems, suggests
that all people may be of equal worth or have equal 'opportunities'. This is not true, because the concept of private
property over the means of production results in some people being able to own more (much more) than others, and
their property brings power and influence (the rich can afford better lawyers, among other things, and this puts in
question the principle of equality before the law).

The dominant forms of ideology in capitalism are (in chronological order):

#classical liberalism
#social democracy
#neo-liberalism
and they correspond to the stages of development of capitalism:
#extensive stage
#intensive stage
#contemporary capitalism (or late capitalism, or current crisis)

"We are socialists, we are enemies of today's capitalistic economic system for the exploitation
of the economically weak, with its unfair salaries, with its unseemly evaluation of a human
being according to wealth and property instead of responsibility and performance, and we are
all determined to destroy this system under all conditions." --Adolf Hitler

(Speech of May 1, 1927. Quoted by Toland, 1976, p. 306)

Bush: U.S. at war with 'Islamic fascists'

GREEN BAY, Wisconsin (CNN) -- President Bush said Thursday that an uncovered
British terror plot to blow up planes flying to the United States was further proof "that
this nation is at war with Islamic fascists."