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Dr G Balachandran Chief Technical Officer Kalyani Carpenter Special steels Ltd., Mundhwa, Pune - 411036
A4
Acm A2 A3
A1
Multi-Phase
Pearlite (-Fe + Fe3C ) Bainite -Fe + Fe3C -Fe + Fe3C
Dual Phase Austenite (-Fe) Duplex Phase Austenite (-Fe) + -Fe Carbides
Composition & Heat treatment modify the phase formation - This influences the mechanical properties
Austenite Iron Phase Face-center cubic crystal structure Stable from 740C to 1493C Density: 7.84 grams/cm 3 at 20C Strong, hard and tough phase
Delta Iron Phase Body-center cubic crystal structure Stable from 1394 C to 1538C Forms at very high temperatures
Understanding Phases
Dual Phase Structures Pearlite Ferrite + Fe3C
0.20%C
Pearlite Formation
Austenite precipitates Fe3C at Eutectoid Transformation Temperature (727C). When slow cooled, this is Pearlite (looks like Mother of Pearl)
Upper bainite
Lower bainite
Ausferrite
Retained Austenite
If we end up heat treatment in between Ms and Mf then - Residual austenite transforms to bainite/pearlite as a f(cooling rate) Even below Mf some Retained austenite is present Amount of retained austenite = f( Ms-Mf) - If (Ms-Mf) is narrow retained austenite increases - increases with alloying element Mn, Cr, Ni & C Below Ms & close to Ms slower cooling enhances martensite formation Below Ms & close to Mf accelerated cooling enhances martensite formation
(Fe,Mo)3C (Fe,W)3C
6-10%
Fe3W3C
Fe3W3C+Fe3W2
10-20% (FeCr)23C6
Spheroidite
If tempered for a long time, Fe3C forms spheres and grows inside Ferrite. Very soft, easy to machine
Time-Temperature Transformation
Slow Cooling
Medium Cooling
Fast Cooling
Tempering in 34CrNiMo6
w r t
Planar anisotropy
r0 r90 2r45 4
Normal anisotropy
r0 r90 2r45 rm 4
Cast Irons
Cast Iron
2 to 4%C 1-3% Si improve castability C is in the form of graphite & cementite Features: Low melting temperature (1153C to 1400C) Low shrinkage Easily machinable Low impact resistance Low ductility
Materials Selection
Mechanical properties
Stiffness, strength, ductility, fatigue, creep
Manufacturability
Machining, Mechanical working, Casting, Welding
Physical properties
Density, Melting point, Thermal conductivity
Cost
Availability, ease of processing
Cast Irons
Microstructure of cast iron modified by heat treatment Pearlite Ferrite Gray cast iron Fracture surface appears gray because of graphite flakes White cast iron Fracture surface appears white (shiny)
Cast Irons
Types Gray cast iron - Carbon as graphite flakes 2.5 - 4% C and 1 - 3% Si (Promotes formation of graphite) Nodular cast iron Carbon as spherical graphite nodules 3-4% C & 1.8 -2.8 % Si + Mg or Ce, and low impurities
Cast Irons
Types White cast iron Carbon as cementite Malleable cast iron Carbon as irregular graphite nodules Heat treating white cast iron
%E
Hardne ss (BHN)
22 17 18 15 12 12
Intermediate grade (Ferrite + Pearlite) 65-45-12 70-50-05 80-55-06 Intermediate grade (Pearlite + Ferrite) 600/3 80-60-03 100-70-03 120-90-02 D7003 600 700 800 900 372 416 471 526 3 2 2 2 216-247 247-265 245-335 280-360 D5506 D4512 450 500 552 305 339 379 10 7 6 150-172 172-216 187-255
Pearlitic grade
700/2 800/2 900/2
Classification of Steels
Nomenclature of Steels
Common nomenclature AISI/SAE and ASTM The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Others GOST, Japan, Russia, DIN, AFNOR etc. Universal/Unified Numbering System (UNS)
ASTM Specification
ASTM A 582/A 582M-95b (2000), Grade 303 Se Free maching bar
A- Means Ferrous Metal includes steels, cast iron, alloy & stainless steels No.582 Arbitrary no relevance to properties M- Metric or SI units, Absence of N => fps units 95 => year of adoption or last revision B => third revision in the std 2000 => year of last approval Grade 303 Se => indicates grade
ASTM Specification
Grade: describes chemical composition Type : indicates the type of deoxidation followed Class: Indicates strength level or surface finish Sometimes this may not be followed ASTM A 106-02a Grade A, Grade B, Grade C Seamless Carbon pipe for high temp service Grade A :0.25%C (max) ; >45 ksi Tensile strength Grade B :0.30%C (min) ; >60 ksi Tensile strength Grade A :0.35%C (max) ; >70 ksi Tensile strength ASTM A 276-03, Type 304, 316, 410 Stainless and Heat resisting Bars and shapes Type 304, 316, 410 are based on SAE designation for stainless steel
ASTM Specification
In Pipes-P, Tubes-T and Forging-F products ASTM A 335/A 335M-03, Grade P22 Seamless Ferritic Alloy Steel Pipe for High temperature service ASTM A 213/A 213M-03a, Grade T22, Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy Steel Boiler, superheater and Heat Exchanger Tubes ASTM A 312/A 312M-03, Grade TP304, Seamless and Welded Austenitic stainless steel Pipes ASTM A 336/A 336M-03a, Grade F22 Steel Forgings, Alloy for pressure and High Temperature Parts
UNS Designation
Alpha numeric with a letter followed by five numbers Represents only chemical composition Not a specification SAE 1040 is represented as UNS G 10400 G is prefix for Carbon and alloy steel Next four numeric degits are SAE designation of the steel The intermediate letters B & L is replaced by the fifth digit Prefix E EAF makes 5th digit SAE Grades with hardenability requirement are given by H HXXXXX Carbon and Alloy Steels not referred to in SAE system categorized prefix K
ASTM Specification
ASTM A 582/A 582M-95b (2000), Grade 303 Se Free maching bar
A- Means Ferrous Metal includes steels, cast iron, alloy & stainless steels No.582 Arbitrary no relevance to properties M- Metric or SI units, Absence of N => fps units 95 year of adoption or last revision B=> third revision in the std 2000 => year of last approval Grade 303 Se => indicates grade
1213
Plain Carbon AISI Grades 10XX Mn =1% Max 15XX Mn=1.0 to 1.6% 13XX Mn=1.6-1.9% 11XX Resulfurised 12XX Resulphurised & rephosphorised Generally when alloying elements >1.5% it is low alloy steel (13XX ) Above alloying elements >8% high alloy steel
European Standard
Comite Europeen de Normalisation [CEN] for steels is EN 10027 Part 1 Steel Names Part 2 Steel Numbers EN 10027-1 Based on application and mechanical or physical properties A letter indicates application a number follows qualifying properties S structural steel L- Line pipe steel R Rail steel P- Pressure related EN 10028-3 steel name P275N
EN 10027-2 Steel designated based on chemical composition Divided into 4 sub-groups EN 10222-2 steel name 13CrMo4-5 EN 10250-4 steel names X2 CrNi18-9
European Standard
EN 10027-2 - system for assigning number Steel Numbers 1.XXXX 1 refers to steel First two digits represent steel group number EN 10222-2 Steel Name 18CrMo4-5, steel number 1.7335 EN 10250-4 Steel Name X2CrNi18-9, steel number 1.4307
Ni-Cr-Mo Steels
Classification of Steels
Classification by Commercial name or application
Steel Alloys without Eutectic (<2%C) Plain Carbon Ferritic Low Carbon Steel (<0.2) Ferrite - pearlitic
Classification by structure
Precipitation Hardened
AusteniticFerritic Duplex structure
Steel Classification
Steel
Nb, Ti, V, Al, Cr, Ni, Mo Co, Cu, Mo, W, Mn, Si, Alloy Steel Low Carbon Steel C<0.2 Flat products Structural Rolled steels Low Alloy Steel High Alloy Steel Alloying Element >5%
Plain Carbon Steel High Carbon Steel C>0.9 Tool steel Wear, abrasion Heat resistance Corrosion resistance Medium Carbon Steel C=0.2-0.5 Machine parts Heat treatable
Automotive Panels
Steel Low Carbon Very Low Carbon Extra Low Carbon Ultra Low Carbon
5 Grades YS=280/500 UTS=600/800 %E=30/20 n=0.21 to 0.14 r=1.0 YS=700 UTS=800 %E=10/15 n=0.13 r=1.0
HSLA steel Grades YS=352 / 586 UTS=469 / 676 %E=52 / 17 n=0.15 / 0.12 r=1.1 / 1.0 / NA
305 18Cr/12Ni Increased Ni Lower work hardening 17Cr/7Ni 301 Lower Cr,Ni Work Hardening improved 18Cr/9Ni-0.07(S+Se) 303 S added Improved Machinability
0.15C/18Cr/5Ni 302
0.05C/18Cr/8Ni
304 Lower C Reduce carbide
0.1C/17Cr/12Ni/2Mo
0.15C/20Cr/11Ni
308 to 310 316 Cr, Ni increase Mo Corrosion Resist. Corrosion Resist Scael Resist High temp. strength
317 More Mo Better corrosion Resist 317L Welding
201 347 303Se Ni, replaced partly Nb, Ta Se added By Mn & N stabilisers Improved Cost savings machine surface
304L Welding
321 Ti stabilisers
Martensitic 17-4 PH 0.07C-0.2Mn-16Cr -4Ni-0.2Nb-3.4Cu 17-4 PH C Cr Ni Mo Co Ti Cb Cu Al 0.04 16.5 4.2 ---0.3 3.3 0.01 15-5 PH 15.0 4.0 ---0.3 3.5 -13-8 0.05 12.7 8.0 2.3 ----1.2
Semi Austenitic 17-7 PH 0.07C-0.6Mn -17Cr-7Ni-1.15 Al 17-7 PH 0.07 17 7 -----1.15 11-10 PH 0.03 11 10 2.0 -0.9 --0.2 Custom 450 0.05 14.8 6.5 0.8 --0.6 1.5 --
Austenitic
A286 0.08C-1.4Mn-15Cr -26Ni-1.3Mo- 2 Ti0.35Al-0.3V-0.003B Custom 455 0.05 11.5 8.6 --1.3 0.3 2.2 -Custom 465 0.05 12.0 11.0 1.0 -1.7 ---Custom 475 0.05 11.0 8.0 5.0 8.5 ---1.25
0.15C-13Cr 420
0.15C-12Cr 420F 440C S added C increased Improved For quench hadness Machinability Cr increased for Corrosion resist 440B C decreased Toughness improved 440A C decreased Toughness improved 403 Same alloy Higher quality 405 Al added Minimise air hardening Non-hardenable 410 Lower C Corrosion Resist.
416 414 S added Ni added Corrosion Machinability reist 431 Cr increase Corrosion resist
430
13%Cr 409 Cr reduced Cost saving Ti added for improved fabrication 430 Ti Ti added Improved Fabricability
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Molybdenum
Mo-------
Mo
Tungsten
Vanadium Titanium Columbium Aluminium Copper Lead 77
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W
V Ti Cb
W2C
V4C3 TiC CbC Al2O3:AlN Pb
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Conclusion