E. Handschin A.

Petroianu

Energy Management Systems

Operation and Control of Electric Energy Transmission Systems

With 43 Figures

Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg NewYork London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest

Contents
i 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 2 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.5 2.6 2.6.1 2.6.2 2.7 2.7.1 2.7.2 2.7.3 2.8 2.9 2.9.1 2.9.2 2.10 Introduction Electric energy systems Power system engineering Evolution of power system control technology Control centre justification Associated effort Factors justifying a new control centre Conclusions System engineering aspects of power system operation Classification Time decomposition Pre-dispatch Dispatch Post-dispatch Network level decomposition Transmission Sub-transmission Distribution General remarks Mode decomposition Operation Operational planning Operation state decomposition Activity decomposition Power management Network management Control decomposition Centralised control Decentralised control Centralised versus decentralised policy User oriented decomposition Analysis decomposition Primary analysis functions Secondary analysis functions Control flow decomposition 1 1 4 7 9 9 11 15 17 17 18 19 19 20 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 24 24 25 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 28

3 3.1 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.3 3.4 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.5 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3 4.5.4 4.5.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 5 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.3 5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2

Typical energy control centre functions System monitoring and security System economy Minimum cost of operation Minimum active power transmission losses Minimum deviation from a specific operating point Minimum number of controls scheduled System control Restorative control Power system control centre: hardware structure Overview Remote terminal unit Communication The real-time computer system Central processing unit Computer memory system Man-machine interface Review of hardware structure for network control centres The dual computer configuration The front-end computer configuration Triple configuration The quad computer configuration Distributed system configurations Hardware design considerations Hardware obsolescence Performance of SCADA/EMS Power system control centre: software structure Overview Data acquisition subsystem Collection of data Error checking and plausibility tests Conversion to engineering units Limit checking Handling of alarms Supervisory control subsystem Real-time software environment Operating system Real-time traffic manager subsystem

31 31 33 -34 34 34 35 35 36 37 37 37 39 39 39 42 43 45 46 47 48 48 49 51 53 53 58 58 59 60 60 60 60 61 61 62 62 62

XI 5.5 5.5.1 5.5.2 5.5.3 5.5.4 5.5.5 5.5.6 5.5.7 5.6 5.6.1 5.6.2 5.6.3 5.6.4 5.7 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.4 7.5 7.5.1 7.5.2 7.5.3 7.5.4 7.6 7.7 8 8.1 8.2 Data base management system Overview Requirements Software aspects Structure of the data base Storage and effort requirements Access methods Performance requirements Man-machine interface Importance Human factors Display formats Features, design, requirements Inter-utility communication subsystem Power system control centre: dispatcher's activities Introduction Salient features of the operator activity A conceptual model of the dispatcher's activity Requirements Trends in power dispatch operator's activity Power system and dispatch training simulator Introduction Power system technological requirements Functions of a training simulator General functions Specific functions Modelling aspects Different types of training simulators Stand-alone version Integrated version Implementation Economic considerations Training scenarios and training sessions Concluding remarks Existing energy management systems General remarks Energy management systems in a US utility 62 62 63 64 64 66 67 67 68 68 68 69 70 72 74 74 74 75 78 79 83 83 84 88 88 91 93 98 98 99 101 102 102 105 107 107 107

XII 8.2.1 8.2.2 8.2.3 8.2.4 8.3 8.3.1 8.3.2 8.3.3 8.3.4 8.4 8.4.1 8.4.2 8.4.3 8.4.4 9 9.1 9.2 9.2.1 9.2.2 9.2.3 9.2.4 9.2.5 9.2.6 9.2.7 9.2.8 9.2.9 9.2.10 9.3 9.3.1 9.3.2 9.3.3 9.3.4 9.3.5 9.3.6 9.3.7 9.4 9.4.1 9.4.2 System characteristics The concept of hierarchical control Enhanced control and security assessment Implementation Energy management systems in Germany Introduction Load-frequency control Energy management systems Concluding remarks Energy management systems in developing countries Introduction Electrical characteristics of longitudinal power systems Security assessment in longitudinal power systems Concluding remarks Project management of energy management systems Overview Stages in the implementation of a new control centre Feasibility study System justification Functional requirements and preliminary specifications Releasing the specification Evaluating proposals Negotiating a contract Design specifications Implementation and organisation Training System operation A step-by-step plan for implementing a new control centre Preliminary system design (pre-contract) Work statement System design (post-contract) Detailed design specifications Development System integration and tests System acceptance Design, development, and maintenance of software Software development phases Concluding remarks 107 108 109 109 111 111 113 116 117 118 118 119 123 125 126 126 129 130 130 130 131 131 132 133 133 133 133 134 134 134 135 135 135 136 136 137 137 139

XIII 10 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 Glossary References Expert systems for' power system operation Overview Security monitoring and control Definitions Structure of the expert system Possibilities and limits of expert systems Applications Conclusions 142 142 143 145 147 151 152 155 157 179